Shubham Pathak

Shubham Pathak

WHAT WILL YOU GET?

1. HOW TO WRITE ANSWERS IN HISTORY?

2. CHAPTER WISE MOST REPEATED PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

WITH ANSWER!

3. THE BIGGEST SURPRISE IN THE HISTORY OF EDUCATION!

Shubham Pathak
Shubham Pathak

HOW TO WRITE ANSWERS IN HISTORY?

Shubham Pathak

Describe any three economic hardships faced by Europe in 1830s.

[Delhi 2017]
or
‘Great economic hardships in Europe prevailed in 1830’s’. Support the
statement with arguments. [AI 2016]
Or
Why was the decade of 1830 is known as great economic hardships in
Europe? Explain any three reasons.
Shubham Pathak

The three economic hardships faced by Europe in 1830s were:

a. High rise in population led to the unemployment condition and scarcity of jobs.

b. The small producers faced stiff competition due to the import of cheap machine
goods from England.

c. Due to the burden of the feudal dues and taxes, there was bad harvest.

d. There was rise in the prices of food grains due to the bad harvest which made
the condition of the common people miserable.
Shubham Pathak

Culture had played an important role in the development of

nationalism in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries. Support the
statement with examples.
[Foreign 2016]
or
How did nationalism develop through culture in Europe? Explain. Ans :
[AI 2015]
Shubham Pathak

It is true to say that culture had played an important role in the development of
nationalism in Europe during the 18th and 19th centimes. This can be justified with
the following examples:

a. Romanticism and cultural movements in Greece helped in developing the feeling

of nationalism, sense of togetherness and love for the country through language,
art, poetry, stories, folk songs, music and the past experiences.

b. Karol Kurpinski a polish artist was able to develop the feeling of nationalist
through his operas, music and folk dances.

c. The Poland people were fighting with Russia for their language and culture.
Shubham Pathak

Explain the process of unification of Italy.

[Delhi 2013, 2012]

Shubham Pathak

Giuseppe Mazzini started initiative for the unification of Italy. He formed a secret
society called ‘Young Italy’. He tried twice but failed both times

Later, King Victor Emmanuel II the only italian speaking king of politically
fragmented Italy tried to unify Italian with the help of his chief minister Cavour.

Chief Minister Cavour and large number of armed volunteers under the leadership
of Giuseppe Garibaldi finally unified Italy and Victor Emmanuel became the king
of unified Italy in 1861.
Shubham Pathak

Explain the process of unification of Germany.

[Delhi 2013, 2012]

Explain the contribution of Otto van Bismarck in German unification.

[Delhi 2011]
Shubham Pathak

The efforts of installing a constitutional monarchy in Germany with the

help of political associations were failed by the year 1848.

The failure of the Frankfurt parliament clearly indicated that Germany

can be unified only with the combined effort of the monarchy and the
army.
The movement of unification of Germany was leaded by Prussia.

There the chief minister of Prussia (Otto von Bismarck) became the main
architect in the process of unification of Germany.

Three wars were fought with Austria, Denmark and France over seven
years which finally ended with the Prussian victory and then after the
process of unification of Germany was completed.
Shubham Pathak

Explain any three ways in which nationalists feelings were kept alive
in Poland in the 18th and 19th century. [AI 2011]

OR

LANGUAGE had played an important role in the development of

nationalism in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries. Support the
statement with example.

Explain any three ways in which nationalists feelings were kept alive
in Poland in the 18th and 19th century. [AI 2011]
Shubham Pathak

The three ways in which nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland in the 18th
and 19th century were as follows:

a. The polish people used their culture in maintaining and upgrading their national
identity.

b. For their unity and identity they had used music. For example, Karol Kurpinski
was able to develop the feeling of nationalist through his operas, music and folk
dances.

c. They used their language as a national resistance in church gatherings and

other religious instructions
Shubham Pathak

Explain any three features of the ‘nation-state’ that emerged in Europe

in the twentieth century. [Foreign 2011]

OR

What was Nation state? How was it different from a modern state?
Shubham Pathak

The three features of the nation-state that emerged in Europe in the 20th century
were:

a. There were intense rivalry among the nations due to expansion of trade and
colonies

b. The disintegration of the Ottoman Empire.

c. The subject countries declared themselves as an independent countries.

Shubham Pathak

Explain any three measures introduced by the French revolutionaries to

create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. [Delhi
2010]

OR

How did French revolution become the first clear expression of

nationalism? Give 5 reasons.

OR

Analyse the measures and practices introduced by the French

revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French
people. [Delhi 2016]
Shubham Pathak

The three measures introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of

collective identity amongst the French people were:

a. The idea of la patrie and le Citoyen helped the people enjoying the equal rights
under a constitution.

b. The former royal standard flag was replaced by a new French tricolor flag.

c. The new estate general was elected.

d. New hymns were composed and martyrs were commemorated.

e. The regional dialects were discouraged in France and French was declared the
common language of the nation.
Shubham Pathak

Describe in brief the process by which the ‘British nation’ came into
existence. [All India 2010]

OR

How had Britain come into existence? [Delhi 2018, 2013]

Shubham Pathak

The formation of Britain or the unification of Britain was a result of long drawn
parliamentary process. Before the 18th century there was no such nation called
Britain.

It was all comprised by the English, Welsh, Scot and Irish lived in the British Isles.
All these regions had their own cultural and political traditions.

Gradually, England grew in importance due to its rising wealth and power which
resulted in expansion of her influence over the other countries in that region.

Incorporation of Scotland: In the year 1707, the act of union between England and
Scotland resulted in the formation of United Kingdom of Great Britain.

Incorporation of Ireland: Irish people were subjected to divide and rule policy and
forcefully incorporated. Finally the British nation had its own English culture,
British flag, national anthem and English language.
Shubham Pathak

Describe any three reforms introduced by Napoleon in the territories he conquered.

[Delhi 2011]

OR

Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had
incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational
and efficient. Analyse the statement with arguments. [AI 2016]

or

“Napoleon had, no doubt destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative

field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system
more rational and efficient”. Support the statement. [Delhi 2012]
Shubham Pathak

The reforms introduced by Napoleon in the territories he conquered were:

Napoleon introduced the Civil Code in the year 1804 which was also called as the
Napoleon Code. It was introduced in order to abolish the privileges which were
based on birth, to establish equality before the law and to give the right to
property to all.

He also introduced a system of uniform weight and measures and a system of

common currency for the nation which helped the people in trade from one region
to another.

He had changed the system of transport and communications and made it more
advanced.
Shubham Pathak

Describe the explosive conditions that prevailed in Balkans after 1871

in Europe. [Delhi 2018]
Shubham Pathak

The modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia

etc. were comprised together called the Balkans. They had conflict with one
another on the basis of feelings of nationalism.

The different Balkan regions were jealous of each other and always for their own
identity.

They wanted to gain more territory at the expense of the others.

Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry. Each power-Russia, Germany,
England were keen to take hold on Balkans.

The Balkans people used history to prove that they had once been independent.
Shubham Pathak

‘Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal democratic

sentiments by the last quarter of the 19th century in Europe.’ Analyse
the statement with examples. [Foreign 2016]
Shubham Pathak

It is true to say that Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal

democratic sentiments by the last quarter of the 19th century in Europe. It was so
due to the following reasons:

a. Nationalism started becoming narrower in belief with inadequate ends.

b. Now the concept of nationalism was changing in its meaning as more area of
influence.

c. The nationalists were manipulated by the chief European authorities.

d. The problem of Balkan state was not solved rather it was being watched by the
countries to become fruitful for them.
Shubham Pathak

Explain any four changes brought about in Europe by the Treaty

of Vienna [1815]. [Foreign 2011]
Shubham Pathak

Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed
Rowlatt Act 1919 Explain any three reasons

[All India 2010, 2014, Delhi 2015, 2017]

Shubham Pathak
Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the
proposed Rowlatt Act, 1919 due to the following three reasons:

a. The Rowlatt Act was passed hurriedly by the Imperial Legislative

Council despite the opposition by the Indian members.

b. The Rowlatt Act gave enormous power to the government for

repressing the political activities.

c. According to this Act, the government can detain the political

prisoners without trial for a period of two years.
Shubham Pathak

Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the Non Cooperation Movement in February
1922? Explain any three reasons.

[Delhi 2015, All India 2017]

Shubham Pathak
Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement in
February 1922 due to the following three reasons:

a. The Non-Cooperation Movement was turning violent in many

places.

b. Chauri Chaura incident led to the death of 11 police officers and

Gandhiji immediately called off Non-cooperation after that.

C. Some of the Congress leaders were not willing to continue the

non-cooperation because they were tired of the mass struggle,
wanted to participate in the council elections and they wanted to
criticize the British policies within the council.
Shubham Pathak

‘The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation

Movement.’ Support the statement with examples.

[Delhi 2016, All India 2014]

Shubham Pathak

Non- Cooperation Movement Civil Disobedience Movement

Launched in the 1920s. Launched in the 1930s.

Indians were only asked not to Indians were only asked not to
cooperate with the British cooperate & also to break the civil
Government. laws.

Movement called off- Chauri Chaura Movement ended with Gandhi- Irwin
incident. pact.

Participation of the small farmers. No participation of the small farmers.

Shubham Pathak

How did Salt March become an effective tool of resistance against colonialism?
Explain. [AI 2015]

or

Why did Mahatma Gandhi find in ‘salt’ a powerful symbol that could unite the
nation? Explain.
[Delhi 2016]
Shubham Pathak
Salt became an important weapon to unite Indians during the Civil Disobedience Movement due to its universal
necessity and symbolic significance. Here's why:

1. Essential for All Classes

● Salt was a basic necessity for every Indian, irrespective of caste, creed, or class. The British monopoly on its
production and taxation impacted all sections of society equally, making it a unifying issue.

2. Symbol of Colonial Oppression

● The British imposed heavy taxes on salt and prohibited Indians from making their own salt, even though it
was naturally available along the coasts. This control represented the broader exploitation under colonial
rule.

4. Widespread Appeal

● The issue of salt resonated with everyone in the country. It brought together rural farmers, urban workers,
women, and even children, creating a mass movement.
Shubham Pathak

Describe the main features of the ‘Salt March’.

[All India 2014, 2016, 2019]

Explain the importance of the ‘Salt March’ of Gandhiji as a

symbol to unite the nation. [Foreign 2017]
Shubham Pathak
The main features of the ‘Salt March’ are:

a. On 31st March 1930, Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating
eleven demands out of which abolishment of salt law and salt tax was one.

b. When Lord Irwin didn’t fulfil any of these demands, Mahatma Gandhi
started the Salt March from his home in Sabarmati Ashram.

C. He walked for over 240 miles with his 78 trusted volunteers from Sabarmati
to Dandi. They walked for 10 miles a day for 24 days. He violated the salt law
by manufacturing salt by boiling the sea water on 6th April 1930.

d. This started Civil Disobedience Movement in India. Now Gandhiji wanted

Indians to refuse all the oppressive colonial laws.
Shubham Pathak

Explain the idea of Satyagraha according to Gandhiji.

[Delhi 2014]

OR

“A Satyagrahi wins the battle through non-violence.” Explain with examples.

[Foreign 2010]
Shubham Pathak
● The idea of Satyagraha according to Gandhiji was a novel method of
mass agitation which emphasizes the power of truth and the need to
search for the truth.

● Satyagraha literally means holding onto truth and Gandhian

satyagraha included staying true to the cause of protest and always
being non-violent.

● Mahatma Gandhi said that if you are fighting for the truth and against
injustice then there is no need of physical force to defeat the oppressor.
This can be possible without being aggressive. The oppressors can be
persuaded to see the truth with the use of nonviolence.
Shubham Pathak

How did first world war create a new economic situation in colonial India? Give 3
reasons.

Delhi 2011]
Shubham Pathak
New economic and political situation created in India by the First World War
in following ways:

A. The defence expenditure increased in India.

B. Custom duties were raised by colonial government and income tax was
introduced.

C. Increased prices of the commodities caused economic hardship for the

common people.

D. For the continuous supply of the soldiers the villages were called upon and
recruitment was done forcefully.

D. There was a period of crop failure in many parts of the country which
caused acute food shortages and nation wide deaths.
Shubham Pathak
How did cultural processes help in creating a sense of collective belongingness in India?
Explain. [Delhi 2011]

or

How did a variety of cultural processes play an important role in developing a sense of
nationalism in India? Explain with examples. [Foreign 2010, Delhi 2016]
Shubham Pathak

The cultural processes helped in creating a sense of collective belongingness in India:

A. The image of India was first visualized as Bharat Mata by Bankim Chandra
Chattopadhyay

B. He also made a hymn ‘Vande Mataram’ was written by him in 1870s. This hymn was
later included in his novel Anandmath and sung in the swadeshi movement in Bengal.

C. A tricolor swadeshi flag, using red, green and yellow was designed during the
swadeshi movement in Bengal which had 8 lotuses for the representation of the 8
provinces and a crescent moon for symbolizing the Hindus and the Muslims.

D. A tricolor Swaraj flag was designed by Gandhiji in the year 1921 using the colours
red, green and white.
Shubham Pathak

Evaluate the role of business classes in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement.’?

[All India 2017]
or
Describe the role of merchants and the industrialists in the ‘Civil Disobedience
Movement’. [Foreign 2014]
Shubham Pathak

Explain any three features of handwritten manuscripts before the age of print in
India.

[CBSE 2010, 2014, 2016]

OR

What were the limitations of the written manuscripts in India? Explain. [CBSE 2014]
Shubham Pathak
The three features of the handwritten manuscripts before the age of print in
India are:

In India, they were written in different languages which were copied on palm
leaves or on handmade papers.

These manuscripts were highly expensive, fragile and needed careful

handling.

These were preserved by pressing between the wooden covers or sewn

together.

Reading the manuscripts was not easy as they were written in different styles
which limits its use.
Shubham Pathak

How did the print bring the reading public and hearing public closer?
[CBSE 2015]
Shubham Pathak
Print brought the reading public and hearing public closer in following ways:

The reading culture was only limited to the elites and they only read the books
individually and silently. The reason behind this culture was low literacy confined to
elites. Also, books were expensive, and produced less in numbers.

To solve the problem of illiteracy as a barrier in the wider reach of the printed books,
the popular ballads and folk tales beautifully illustrated with pictures were published
which were sung and recited in the village gatherings and the taverns in towns.

The common people had the oral culture while only the rich people had the reading
culture. The common people heard the texts collectively which were read out or
recited or narrated to them.

Hence the line separating the oral culture and the reading culture started becoming
blurred.
Shubham Pathak

How far is it right to say that the print culture was responsible for the French
Revolution? Explain. (2014)

Or

“Many historians argued that the conditions within which French Revolution
occurred were created by the print culture”. Support this statement with three
suitable arguments. (2013)
Shubham Pathak
The print culture spread the ideas of the great thinkers like Voltaire and
Rousseau. They wanted rule of reason, questioning and rationality.

Debate and dialogue started due to the coming of the print culture which
resulted in the re-evaluation of the values, norms and the institutions. This
had brought the idea of social revolution.

The morality of the royal powers were criticized and the social order was
questioned. Hence, the people stood against the monarchy.

It is not true to say that the print culture was the direct cause of the French
revolution. The print culture spread the ideas but people were reading
different kinds of literature in which people like Voltaire and Rousseau were
also exposed. The people interpreted the things in their own way as they
accepted some ideas and rejected others.
Shubham Pathak
What made the Englishmen, under colonial rule, demand a clamp down on the ‘native press’,
after the revolt of 1857? How was it done? (2013)

Or

Why did the attitude of the colonial Government towards the freedom of the press change after
the revolt of 1857? What repressive measures were adopted by them to control the freedom of
press? (2013)
Shubham Pathak

Reasons for Clampdown on the Native Press:

1. Fear of Unrest: The 1857 Revolt showed the potential of the press to incite dissent and unify
Indians against British rule.
2. Spread of Nationalism: Vernacular newspapers increasingly criticized British policies and
spread nationalist ideas.
3. Challenge to Authority: The press was seen as undermining British control by exposing colonial
exploitation.

Repressive Measures:

● Vernacular Press Act (1878): Empowered the government to confiscate publications inciting
rebellion.
● Licensing and Censorship: Indian newspapers required licenses, and offensive content faced
penalties.
Shubham Pathak

How did a new reading public emerge with the printing press? Explain.

[CBSE 2009]
Shubham Pathak

With the printing press, a new reading public emerged in following ways:

Printing reduced the cost of books. The time and labour required to produce each
book came down, and multiple copies could be produced with greater ease.

Books flooded the market, reaching out to an ever-growing readership. Access to

books created a new culture of reading.

Before the age of print, books were not only expensive but they could not be
produced in sufficient numbers. Now books could reach out to wider sections of
people.

Earlier, reading was restricted to the elites. Common people lived in a world of oral
culture. If earlier there was a hearing public, now a reading public came into
being.
Shubham Pathak

What was the attitude of the liberal and conservative Indians towards women’s
reading? How did women like Kailashbhashini Debi respond to this in their
writings?

[CBSE 2014,2015]
Shubham Pathak

The conservative Hindu families believed that the literate girl would be widowed.

The conservative Muslim families thought that by reading Urdu romances their
women would be corrupted.

Kailashbashini Debi from Bengal, wrote about the experiences of the women such
as how they are imprisoned at home.

Other writers like Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai from Maharashtra wrote
about the miserable lives of the widows.
Shubham Pathak

Who invented printing press? How did he develop the printing technology?

[CBSE 2019, 2016]

Shubham Pathak

Johann Gutenberg developed the first known printing press in 1430s at

Strasbourg, Germany.

Most of his childhood was spent on a large agricultural estates where he saw wine
and olive presses.

He learnt polishing stones and created lead moulds. The olive press was the model
for the printing press and the moulds were used for casting the metal types for the
letters of the alphabet.
Shubham Pathak

Martin Luther remarked, “Printing is the ultimate gift of god and the greatest
one.” Explain his remarks in the light of religious reforms that took place in
Europe. [CBSE 2013]

OR

What was Protestant reformation? [CBSE 2015]

Shubham Pathak

Why did Europeans flee to America in the 19th century? Give three
reasons.

[CBSE 2016]
Shubham Pathak

Europe was facing the problems like poverty, hunger, deadly diseases, religious
conflicts, slave traders etc. and therefore many Europeans shifted to America by
the 18th century

(Note: if it comes for 3 marks, elaborate the points)

Shubham Pathak

The Spanish conquest and colonization of America was decisively

underway by the mid sixteenth century. Explain with examples.

[CBSE 2015]
or
How did the global transfer of disease in pre-modern world helped in
colonisation of the Americas? [CBSE 2011]
Shubham Pathak

The Portuguese and the Spanish conquered America not just

with the conventional military weapons but also with the germs
such as the small pox.

The smallpox was carried on their person (Spanish invaders

were immune to this disease) to America for which the American
Indians were not immune to and proved a deadly weapon as it
killed the whole community there.

This reduced the population of native americans to a great

extent and made it easier to colonise their land.
Shubham Pathak

“Trade and cultural exchange always went hand in hand.” Explain the
statement in the light of Silk Route.

[CBSE 2014]
Shubham Pathak

There were several silk routes over land and sea which helped in trade and cultural
links between the different countries of the world especially Asia, North Africa and
Europe.

The silk routes got its name due to the Chinese silk cargoes along these routes
which were actively functional before the Christian era and upto the 15th century.
Chinese pottery, Indian spices and precious metals like gold and silver from
Europe had travelled through these silk routes.

These silk routes were also used for the cultural exchange by the Christian
missionaries, Muslim preachers arid the Buddhist.
Shubham Pathak

How did food make a difference between life and death during
the Irish Famine?
Shubham Pathak
Shubham Pathak
Shubham Pathak
Shubham Pathak
Shubham Pathak
Shubham Pathak
Shubham Pathak
Shubham Pathak
Shubham Pathak
Shubham Pathak
Shubham Pathak
Shubham Pathak
Shubham Pathak
Shubham Pathak
Shubham Pathak