Bode plot in control system problems and solutions

Bode plot solved examples in control system. What is bode plot in control system. Explain bode plot. Bode plot examples in control system. Bodebar. Bode plot solved examples in control system pdf. Bode plot
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A Bode plot consists of two graphs: one for magnitude and one for phase angle. Both plots share the same x-axis, which represents angular frequency on a logarithmic scale, while the y-axis has different scales - linear for magnitude and phase angle. The magnitude is calculated as 20 log|G(jω)H(jω)| in decibels, and the phase angle is given by
∠G(jω)H(jω). The table lists common terms found in transfer functions, along with their corresponding slopes, magnitudes, and phase angles. These values are useful for drawing Bode plots. For a simple transfer function G(s)H(s) = K, where K is a constant, the magnitude M = 20 log K dB and the phase angle φ = 0 degrees. When K = 1, the
magnitude is 0 dB. If K > 1, the magnitude will be positive; if K < 1, it will be negative. The Bode plot displays a horizontal line for magnitude that shifts up or down based on the value of K. The phase angle remains at zero degrees. This representation helps visualize how transfer functions behave over different frequencies. For all positive values of K,
consider the open-loop transfer function G(s)H(s) = s. The magnitude M is given by 20 log ω dB, and the phase angle φ is 90°. At ω = 0.1 rad/sec, the magnitude is -20 dB, at ω = 1 rad/sec it's 0 dB, and at ω = 10 rad/sec it's 20 dB. The corresponding Bode plot shows a straight line with a slope of 20 dB/dec. For the open-loop transfer function G(s)H(s)
= 1 + sτ, the magnitude M is given by 20 log √(1 + ω^2τ^2) dB, and the phase angle φ is tan^-1(ωτ). At ω < 1/τ, the magnitude is 0 dB and the phase angle is 0°. At ω > 1/τ, the magnitude is 20 log(ωτ) dB and the phase angle is 90°. The Bode plot for this system resembles an asymptotic Bode plot, which consists of straight lines with a slope of 20
dB/dec. The only difference is that exact Bode plots have simple curves instead of straight lines. Similarly, you can draw the Bode plots for other terms in the open-loop transfer function given in the table. To analyze a Bode plot, we can use the dB/dec measurement, which indicates how much gain or phase shift occurs per decade. In this context, a
system with initial intersections and corner frequencies can be analyzed. The given transfer function is: G(s) = (s^2 + 1)/(s^3 + 200s) By converting this to time constant form, we get: H(jω) = (5+1jω)/((1+20jω)(1+10jω)) To plot the Bode diagram, we need to identify different parts of the graph. * The constant term is K = 5. * The system type is 2,
meaning the initial slope is -20 dB/dec and the intersection with the 0 dB axis occurs at ω = 5 rad/s. * Corner frequencies are c1 = 1 rad/s and c2 = 20 rad/s. To plot the Bode diagram, we start by drawing reference slopes on a semi-log graph paper. The magnitude plot has a 0 dB axis line with positive values above it and negative values below. The
phase plot has a -180° axis line. Next, we plot the magnitude plot by drawing lines with the correct slope, starting from an initial slope of -20 dB/dec that intersects the 0 dB axis at ω = 5 rad/s. This slope continues until the first corner frequency of 2 rad/s, and then another slope is added to reach a total slope of -40 dB/dec. The slope of the Bode plot
is determined by analyzing the transfer function of the system. The initial slope will be -60 dB/dec, which continues for all values of frequency ω. To calculate the phase angle, only the denominator terms contribute. The expression for the phase angle is given by tan(φ) = (Gj/Hjω) - (tan(Gj/Hj)). The table below shows some values of φ at different
frequencies: | ω | φ | | --- | --- | | 0.1 | -93.15° | | 1 | -119.42° | | 2 | -140.7° | | 10 | -195.29° | | 20 | -219.28° | | 40 | -240.58° | | ∞ | -270° | The gain crossover frequency (gc) is determined by finding the value of ω where the magnitude plot crosses the 0 dB axis, and the phase angle at this point is φ = -153°. The phase crossover frequency (pc) is found by
finding the value of ω where the magnitude plot crosses the -180° axis, and the corresponding magnitude is -13 dB. The gain margin (GM) is calculated as: GM = M(pc) - 0 dB where M(pc) is the magnitude at the phase crossover frequency. The phase margin (PM) is calculated as: PM = φ(gc) - 180° Since both margins are positive, the system is
stable. A Bode plot is drawn for the example, and all values are provided for reference purposes only. the stability of control systems can be assessed using bode plots, which are graphical representations of the magnitude and phase shift of a system's frequency response. 20 log|G(jω)|How to draw a Bode plot?Step 1: Write the given transfer function
in standard form. Transfer function: G(s) = (s+a)(s+b) / (s+p)(s+q) -– (1) Standard form of equation 1: G(s) = ab(1+s/a)(1+s/b) / pq(1+s/p)(1+s/q) Take ab/pq as a constant k. Step 2: Identify the slope of the first line for the Bode plot. The slope is based on poles and zeros at the origin. Refer to the following table. Poles at origin Slope of 1st line 1 -20
dB/decay 2 -40 dB/decay Zeros at origin The slope of 1st line 1 +20 dB/ decay 2 +40 dB/ decay Step 3: Find the gain of 1st line at ω=1 rad/sec Gain|ω=1 = 20 log k Where k = ab/pq Step 4: Write all corner frequencies in ascending order and define the slope of each line Step 5: Write the phase equation and make a table of phase and frequency. Φ =
tan-1(w/a) + tan-1(w/b) – tan-1(w/p) – tan-1(w/q) How to read Bode plots?Bode plots show the frequency response, that is, changes in magnitude and phase as a function of frequency. Parameters of Bode plot Figure 1 shows the gain and phase plot. The gain crossover frequency (wpc) and phase crossover frequency (wpc) can be calculated using gain
plot and phase plot respectively. Wgc is the value at 0dB whereas Wpc is the value at -180o. Phase margin and gain can be calculated by extending the graph as shown in the figure. Stability by Bode plot: ωpc > ωgc -> System is stable ωpc < ωgc -> System is unstable ωpc = ωgc -> System is marginally stablePhase and Gain MarginsPhase
MarginThe phase margin indicates how much more phases shift we may put in the open loop transfer function before our system becomes unstable. It can be calculated from the phase at the gain cross-over frequency. Phase Margin (PM) = 180∘+∠G(jω)H(jω)|ω=ωgc=-180∘Gain crossover frequency: It is the frequency at which the magnitude of G(s)
H(s) is unity as seen in the figure 1. |G(jω)H(jω)|ω=ωgc=1 Gain MarginThe gain margin is the amount of open loop gain that can be increased before our system becomes unstable. It can be calculated from the gain at the phase cross-over frequency. Gain Margin (GM): [Tex]\frac{1}{|G(jw)H(jw)|}_{w=w_{pc}}[/Tex] Phase crossover frequency: It is
the frequency where the phase angle of G(s) H(s) is -180 degrees as seen in the figure 1. ∠G(jω)H(jω)|ω=ωpc=-180∘ It helps in identifying the stability of the system.It helps in identifying phases and gaining margins with minimum calculation.It can be used to calculate the system’s transfer function.It can show the amplification and attenuation in the
gain plot which is helpful in designing the filters. Slope Increasing or decreasing 0 dB/dec Initial value +20 dB/dec Increasing 0 dB/dec Decreasing -20 dB/dec Decreasing If the slope increases, it's a zero; otherwise, it's a pole. ω = 1 (zeros) ω = 1 (pole) ω = 1 (pole)Step 3: Calculating gain at ω = 1 Gain = 20 log(k) + (slope of 1st line) log(ω) -20 =
20log(k) + 0 k = 0.1Step 4: Writing transfer function T(s) = (k(1+s/1))/(1+s/10)(1+s/100)) k= 0.1 T(s) = (0.1(1+s/1))/((s+10)(s+100))) T(s) = (100(s+1))/((s+10)(s+100)) In Conclusion, The Bode plots are similar to asymptotic Bode plots as they display magnitude and phase plots as straight lines. The difference is that Bode plots use simple curves
instead of straight lines. For other terms in the open loop transfer function, you can create required Bode graphs. FAQs on Bode Plots in Control SystemWhat graph paper for Bode plots?Semi-Logarithmic graph paper. What's the stability according to the bode plot?System is stable when gain margin is positive and phase margin should be greater
than gain margin. What's the unit of Bode Plot?Bode magnitude plot measures system Input/Output ratio in decibels, while Bode phase plot measures phase shift in degrees (or radians). What are decibels (dB)?A unit used to calculate logarithmic ratio of power or field quantity; it's a measure of power level or field level.