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    
     
     
   
Mathematics – Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 2: Illustrating the Need for An Axiomatic Structure of a
Mathematical System In General And In Geometry
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
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Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
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Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Published by the Department of Education, Division of Palawan

Schools Division Superintendent:
Natividad P. Bayubay, CESO VI
Assistant Schools Division Superintendents:
Arnaldo G. Ventura, Ph.D.
Rufino B.Foz

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Myrna V. Batuigas
Editor: Ma. Lourdes M. Encontro
Reviewers: Astrid N. Agbanlog
Ma. Lourdes M. Encontro
Illustrator:
Layout Artist:
Management Team: Aurelia B. Marquez
Rodgie S. Demalinao
Astrid N. Agbanlog

Printed in the Philippines, by ________________________

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Telephone: (048) 433-6392
E-mail Address: palawan@deped.gov.ph
Website: www.depedpalawan.com

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 8

    
  
   
   
    

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Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can
continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as
you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM.
This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to
ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the
lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning.
Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest
in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to
our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help
you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this
SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read
the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in
this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

iv
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you understand on Illustrating the need for an axiomatic
structure of a mathematical system in general and in Geometry.
The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different
learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are
now using.

The module is focuses on:

• Lesson 1 – Illustrating the need for an axiomatic structure of a
mathematical system in general and in Geometry.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the defined and undefined terms.
2. illustrate the need for an axiomatic structure of a
mathematical system in general, and in Geometry in
particular:
a) defined terms;
b) undefined terms;
c) postulates; and
d) theorems.
3. Apply the lesson into a real-life situation.

1
 What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is an example of defined terms?

a. line b. angles c. plane d. parallel

2. A _____ is a part of line consisting of one endpoint and the set of all points
that extends infinitely on the other direction.
a. ray b. line segment c. angles d. line

3. It has no length or thickness

a. point b. plane c. line d. ray

4. Which of the following is a line segment?

a. b. c. d.

5. Which of the following is NOT an example of an undefined term?

a. point b. line c. plane d. parallel

6. A word that came from the Greek words “geo” which means earth and
“metria” which means measures.
a. geometry b. undefined c. defined d. postulate

7. Which of the following does not belong to the group?

a. postulate b. line c. plane d. point

8. A postulate is a statement that needs to be proven. The statement is

________.
a. true b. false c. correct d. not false

9. It is consist of infinite points.

a. line b. point c. plane d. postulate

10. If three lines intersect at one point, how many angles were formed?
a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6

2
11. How many planes are there in a shoe box?
a. 10 b. 8 c. 6 d. 4

12. Guitar string is an example of?

a. plane b. ray c. angle d.
line

13. In the illustration in figure 1 below identify what theorem is shown?

a. Alternate Exterior Angle Theorem
b. Alternate interior Angle Theorem
c. Vertical Angle Theorem
d. Congruent supplements theorem Figure 1

14. What is the relationship between points E, F and G? (Refer to Fig. 1)

a. Collinear points c. intersecting line
b. coplanar points d. parallel lines

15. What is the intersecting point when line BF and line GE intersect? (Refer to
Fig. 2)
a. Point A b. point F c. point G d. point B

Figure 2

A B

D C
E
F
G

3
 Mathematics: Illustrating the Need
for an Axiomatic Structure of
Mathematical System in General
Lesson
and in Geometry in Particular: (a)
1
defined terms; (b) undefined
terms; (c) postulates and (d)
theorems.
Nature has provided us with rich resources of shapes and sizes. Geometric
shapes like squares, rectangles, circles, among others are found in buildings, roads,
bridges, vehicles, plants, and animals around us.
To appreciate the beauty of nature, we need basic knowledge and concepts of
geometry. In geometry, we begin with the undefined terms – points, lines and planes,
their relationship, properties, and principles involved. These terms form the basis for
defining other geometric terms.

What’s In

Activity #1: Match me!!!

Directions: Match the definition in Column A to its corresponding terms
in Column B. Write the letter of your answer in your answer sheets.

A B
1. A statement that is accepted as true without proof. a. Defined terms
2. Are basic terms that are used to define some other terms. b. Theorems
3. Are terms or words which are defined by using undefined c. Undefined terms
terms. d. Geometry
4. A statement is accepted after it is proved deductively. e. Postulate
5. A word that came from the Greek words “geo” which means
earth and “metria” which means measures.

4
 What’s New

Activity #2: Discovery!!!

Directions: Find the term/terms in the box that is being described or illustrated .

Point Plane Distance Postulate

Line Angle Inductive Proofs
Ray Line Segment Deductive Proofs

1. A part of a line consisting of two endpoints and the set of all points between
them.
2. Cover of a book.
3. Is a specific place in space.
4. It is a set of points that forms a flat surface.
5. Tip of a pen.
6. Formed from the union of two rays with the same endpoint.
7. A set of points that extends infinitely in both directions.
8. A part of a line consisting of one endpoint and the set of all points that extends
infinitely on the other direction.
9. A strand of hair.
10.
A

5
 What is It

Consider the previous activities. Will you able to identify what is undefined
terms, defined terms, postulates and theorems? How will you differentiate undefined
terms, defined terms, postulates and theorems?

Undefined terms are basic terms that are used to define some other terms.
These are the simplest terms from which other words are defined.

The undefined terms in plane geometry are point, line and plane.
1. POINT
It is a specified location in space.
Definition: It has no dimension and it has no length, no width, and no
depth.
•F
Notation: A point is named by capital letter.
It is represented by a dot.

Corner of a table.
Example: Beads.
Laser light.

2. LINE
It is a set of points that extends infinitely in both directions.
Definition: It has no endpoint.
The term “line” refers to a straight line.

F E
A line is named by any two points on it.

Notation: FE is read as “line FE”.

l
A line may also be named by using a lowercase letter.
l is read as “line l”.
Chord of a charger.
Example: Electric wire.
Edge of a notebook.

3
 3. PLANE
It is a set of points that forms a flat surface.
Definition: It has no depth.
It extends infinitely in all directions.

P
Notation:
A plane is represented by a closed four-sided figure.
It is named by a capital letter written at one of its corners .
Surface of a book.
Example: Door.
Wall.

Defined terms are terms or words which are defined by using undefined
terms or previously defined terms.

Some defined terms are line segment, ray, and angles.

1. LINE SEGMENT
A line segment is a part of a line consisting of two endpoints
Definition:
and the set of all points between them.
FE is read as “line segment FE”.
Notation: F E
FE: F E

The road from Roxas terminal to Puerto Princesa City

Example:
terminal.

2. RAY

A ray is a part of line consisting of one endpoint and the set of

Definition:
all points that extends infinitely on the other direction.

FE is read as “ray FE”.

F E
Notation:
A ray is named using its endpoint first, and then any other
point on the ray.

4
 The road from Puerto Princesa City terminal to Southern part
Example:
of Palawan.

3. ANGLES

Definition: An angle is the union of two rays with the same endpoint.

side
angle
Notation:
vertex side
The common endpoint is called the vertex of the angle while
the two rays are called the sides of the angle.

A Postulates is a basic principle or a generalization in geometry that is

accepted as true. It is a statement that is accepted without a proof.

Example: The Distance Postulate

A Theorem is a statement or a generalization in geometry that can be proven

true. When we prove a statement, we present a valid argument based on a set of
known concepts and logical reasoning to show that the given statement is true.

Some theorems are linear pair theorem, parallel lines theorem, perpendicular
transversal theorem, vertical angles theorem, alternate interior angles theorem,
alternate exterior angles theorem, right angle congruence theorem, same side interior
angles theorem, congruent complements theorem, and congruent supplements
theorem.

1. Linear Pair Theorem

Definition: If two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary.

2. Parallel Lines Theorem

If two corresponding angles are congruent, then the two lines
cut by transversal must be parallel. Similarly, if two alternate
Definition:
interior or alternate exterior angles are congruent, the lines are
parallel.

3. Perpendicular Transversal Theorem

If a transversal is perpendicular to one of two parallel lines,
Definition:
then it is perpendicular to the other one.

5
4. Vertical Angles Theorem
Definition: Vertical angles are congruent.

5. Alternate Interior Angles Theorem

If two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal, then
Definition:
alternate interior angles are congruent.
6. Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem
If two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal, then
Definition:
alternate exterior angles are congruent.

7. Right Angle Congruence Theorem

Definition: All right angles are congruent.

8. Same-side Interior Angles Theorem

If two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal, then
Definition:
same-side interior angles are supplementary.

9. Congruent Complements Theorem

If two angles are complements of the same angle, then they
Definition:
are congruent.

10. Congruent Supplements Theorem

If two angles are supplements of the same angle, then they
Definition:
are congruent.

6
Example:
A. Refer to the figure below, then answer the questions that follow.

l3
l4
K
J l2

A I H
C
D
B E G
l1
S F
R
Questions:
1. a line containing point D
2. a plane containing points B and G
3. the intersection of l1 and l4
4. How many planes are shown in the figure?
5. Name three points that are collinear.
6. Are points H, G, B and J coplanar? Explain.
7. Are points K, I and C coplanar? Explain.

Answers:

1. l3
2. plane R
3. point E
4. 2 planes
5. points K, I and D; points H, G, and F; points B, E and G

7
 6. No. The points don’t lie on the same plane.
7. Yes. All points lie on the same plane, plane S.

B. Answer the questions given using the figure below.

l3

L = 1180 O =
l2
E V72
0

C H
l1
T A

Questions:
1. What theorem will describe the relationship between angle H and angle C?
2. When two lines intersect, how many angles were formed?
3. When two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, how many alternate interior
angles were formed? Please name them.
4. When two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, how many alternate exterior
angles were formed? Please name them.
5. If mO is 720, what is the measure of angle V?
6. What lines are parallel to l1?
7. If angle O and angle E are vertical angles, what angle/s is/are vertical to angle
C?
8. What is the supplementary of angle V if we use the same-side interior angles
theorem?

Answers:
1. Linear Pair Theorem
2. 4 angles
3. There are two pairs. Angles E & H, and angles V & C.
4. There are two pairs. Angles L & A, and angles O & T.
5. 1180
6. l2
7. angle A
8. angle H

8
 What’s More

Activity 3: State the Reason!!!

Directions: Explain how the figure below illustrates that each statement is
true, then state the postulate that can be used to show that each
statement is true.

1. If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.

2. If two points lie in a plane, then the line joining them lies in that plane.
3. If two lines intersect, then their intersection is exactly one point.
4. If two lines intersect, then their intersection is a point.
5. A line contains at least two points. Through any two points, there is exactly
one line.

B
t
E
A
H J
F

u
G I

w v

9
 What I Have Learned

Activity 4: Name the figure!!!

A. Directions: Use the figure to name each of the following. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Questions:
1. a line containing point N
2. a plane containing points P and O
3. the intersection of line w and line y

B. Directions: Refer to the figure below to answer the questions that

follow. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. How many planes are shown in the figure?

2. Name three points that are collinear.
3. Are points H, E, G and N coplanar? Explain.
4. Are points P, F and H coplanar? Explain.

10
 What I Can Do

Activity 5: Identify!!!
Directions: Study each illustration below, then identify what theorem/s
is/are shown.

t l2
1. 2.
l1 600 1200
l1
l2

t 4. t
3.

l1
u
l2

t 6. t
5.

l1 l1
1000
l2 l2
800

7. l2 8. t
1300
l1
l1 l2
500

11
 Assessment
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on
another sheet of paper.
1. A statement that is accepted as true without proof.
a. postulate b. theorem c. angle d. geometry

2. A statement is accepted after it is proved deductively.

a. postulate b. geometry c. angle d. theorem

3. Are terms or words which are defined by using undefined terms.

a. undefined terms b. defined terms c. point d. line

4. Surface of a blackboard is an example of _______

a. point b. line c. plane d. ray

5. The mole on Nora Aunor’s face is an example of _______

a. point b. line c. plane d. ray

6. The following are examples of a plane except.

a. screen of television c. cover of a book
b. the floor d. broomstick

7. Which of the following is not an example of a line?

a. electric wire c. hose
b. corner of a room d. a hair strand

8. Top of the box is an example of _________

a. ray b. line c. plane d. point

9. Which of the following is an example of a ray?

a. b. c. d.
b.

10. A _______ is a part of a line consisting of two endpoints and the set of all
points between them.
a. line b. line segment c. ray d. opposite rays

11. It is a set of points that forms a flat surface.

a. plane b. line segment c. ray d. line

12
12. An extension wire is an example of _________.
a. point b. line c. plane d. ray

13. What is the relationship between point T, U and V? (Refer to Fig. 1 below)
a. Collinear points b. coplanar points
c. intersecting line d. parallel lines

14. What is the intersecting point when line TV and line SW intersect?
a. Point W c. point U
b. point V d. point S Figure 1

P T

U Q
S
V
W

15. In the illustration in figure 2 below identify what theorem is shown?

a. Alternate Exterior Angle Theorem
b. Alternate interior Angle Theorem
c. Vertical Angle Theorem
d. Congruent supplements theorem
Figure 2

13
 Additional Activities

Activity 6: Solve the following:

1. There are 2 parallel lines in the figure. What is the value of angle x? State
the theorem/s being used?

890

2. Both AEC and DEB are straight lines. What is the value of r? What
theorem/s is/are being used?

A B
r 45 0

E
0
135
D C

14
 15
What’s More What I Have What I Can Do
Answers May Vary!!! Learned
A.
1. Alternate Interior
1. Line w Angles Theorem
Assessment 2. Linear Pair
1. A 2. Plane S
3. Point H Theorem
2. D 3. Vertical Angles
3. B B.
1. 3 planes Theorem
4. C 4. Alternate Exterior
5. A 2. Points P, F, & O
and Angles Theorem
6. D 5. Right Angle
7. B Points E, G & M
3. & 4. Yes. They all Congruence
8. C Theorem
9. B Additional Activities
6. Same-side
10. B 1. 890 – Alternate
Interior Angles
11. A Exterior Angles
Theorem
12. B Theorem
7. Right Angles
13. A 2. 900 – Vertical
Congruence
14. B Angle Theorem or
Theorem
15. B Linear Pair
8. Same-side
Theorem
Exterior Angles
What I Know What’s In What’s New
1. B 1. E 1. Line segment
2. A 2. C 2. Plane
3. A 3. A 3. Point
4. D 4. B 4. Plane
5. D 5. D 5. Point
6. A 6. Angle
7. A 7. Line
8. B 8. Ray
9. A 9. Line
10. D 10. Angle
11. C
12. D
13. B
14. A
15. B
Answer Key
References

Abuzo, Emmanuel P., et.al. (2013). Mathematics – Grade 8 (Learner’s Module).

First Edition. Published by the Department of Education.

Canlas, Maria Fe A. (2011). Learning Geometry the Easy Way. San Gabriel
Archangel Publishing House.Inc.

De Leon Cecile M. and Jose-Dilao, Solidad. (2002) Geometry III. JTW Corporation.
Quezon City, Philippines.

www.expii.com

www.khanacademy.org

www.brightstorm.com

www.berkeleycitycollege.edu

www.varsitytutors.com

www.byjus.com

www.face.edu

www.splashlearn.com

16
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