i

EXPLORING THE LIVED EXPERIENCES AND PERCEPTIONS OF CIGARETTE

SMOKERS AND VAPERS: SHS STUDENTS AT ACLC

A Research Proposal

Presented to the

Faculty of Senior High School Department

ACLC College of Mandaue

Mandaue City

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

Booc, Trixie Eunice

Cantos, Julie Ann

Deiparine, Karyl James

Erejer, Adrian James

Gargar, Jia Rose

Magpulong, Vyle Carl

Matulac, Janrey

Pernia, Lemuel
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research study could not have been completed without the support and
contributions of these several individuals.

First and foremost, we would like to express my deepest gratitude to our

advisor, Mr. Joey Sasing, whose guidance, insight, and encouragement were
invaluable throughout this project. Their expertise and feedback were instrumental in
shaping the direction and scope of this research.

We would also like to thank the participants and respondents who generously
shared their experiences and insights on cigarette smoking and vaping. Their
willingness to open up about their personal journeys provided the rich qualitative data
essential for this study.

Additionally, we are indeed indebted to our classmates and friends for their
unwavering support and encouragement. Their patience and understanding allowed
us to dedicate the time and effort required to complete this work.

Lastly, we also like to acknowledge and thank ourselves as the researchers

who conducted this study. The perseverance, dedication, and hard work we invested
in this research reflect our commitment to understanding the complex behaviors of
smoking and vaping. The countless hours spent reading and writing have been a
significant personal and professional journey, leading to a deeper insight into this
critical public health issue.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i

Acknowledgement ii

Table of Contents iii

Chapter 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE 1

Rationale 1

Background of the Study 3

Theoretical Framework 4

Statement of the Problem 5

Scope and Delimitations 5

Significance of the Study 6

Definition of Terms 7

References 9

Curriculum Vitae 11
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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

Cigarette smoking is a habit of many people around the world and it is one of
the biggest public health threat the world has ever faced. According to World Health
Organization (WHO, 2023), around most of the world’s 1.3 billion tobacco users live in
low- and middle-income countries. In 2020, the world’s population that use tobacco
are men as the higher percentage user while followed by women with less percentage.
A cigarette is “a cylindrical roll of shredded or ground tobacco that is wrapped in paper
or another substance that does not contain tobacco. To smoke a cigarette, the end is
lit and the smoke is inhaled” (Martin, 2023). In recent years, with the help of technology
the field of cigarette smoking has widely evolved creating the electronic cigarette (e-
cigarette) or vaping, a new alternative to smoking. Electronic Cigarettes (ECIGs) are
devices with a heating element which produces aerosol for inhalation (Rehan et al.,
2018). E-cigarette or vaping are increasingly popular around the world. In 2021, adults
at legal age and above were current electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) users, with e-
cigarette use highest among adults. (Kramarow & Elgaddal, 2023).

Cigarette smoking is the cause of multiple deaths worldwide, according to

World Health Organization (2023), tobacco kills more than 8 million people each year,
including an estimated 1.3 million non-smokers who are exposed to second-hand
smoke. In the Philippines, smoking cigarette caused serious for many years.
According to Global Action to End Smoking (2024), tobacco was the highest risk factor
driving the most death and disability combined in 2019. It was estimated that tobacco
use accounted for more than 112,112 deaths in the Philippines. Of tobacco deaths, 96
thousand were attributed to smoking, 22 thousand were second-hand smoking.

Vaping had been considered as a new alternative to smoking. As the number

of vapers worldwide continues to grow, so as the number of vape-related diseases. In
 2

February 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) confirmed
2,807 cases of e-cigarette or vaping use-associated lung injury and 68 deaths
attributed to that condition. Recently, in the Philippines, May 31 2024, the Department
of Health (DOH) and other health experts confirmed the first case of E-cigarette or
Vaping Use-associated Lung Injury (EVALI)-related death in the Philippine General
Hospital (PGH).

Fletcher (2024) cited that both smoking and vaping have side effects and risks.
The long-term health effects of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are not fully
understood, but the science indicates they are not a safe alternative to smoking.
However, a study of the long-term health effects of vaping found that people using e-
cigarette had a higher risk of respiratory disease than people who never smoked such
as damage to lungs, weaken the immune system and release of free radicals, which
promote cancer development in the body (Bhatta & Glantz, 2019). According to the
American Heart Association (AHA), many people believe that vaping is safer than
smoking, but this is not necessarily the case. Mounting evidence suggests that vaping
is dangerous.

Even though there is a lot of quantitative research on how common smoking

and vaping are and their impact on health, there are not many in-depth studies
exploring the subjective experiences and viewpoints of individuals who use these
products. A study by Cho, in his Adolescents’ Perceptions of E-Cigarette Use and Its
Impact on Health (2021) found significant differences in perceived harm between
cigarette smokers and vapers users among adolescents, highlighting distinct
perceptions that could influence usage patterns. In his study he only focuses on a
particular area and group of adolescents, and employs restricted techniques.
However, this study will be focusing to the experiences and perceptions of senior high
school students at ACLC College of Mandaue and to better understand their real-life
experiences which can provide insights to their motivations and challenges upon
associating with this habit. It is crucial to have different comprehension of how they
perceive their habits, the factors influencing their choices, and their attitudes towards
cessation. Existing research often targets a specific group of individuals that fails to
encompass the complete range of user interactions. This study aims to fill this gap by
conducting a thorough qualitative examination of the firsthand experiences and views
of senior high school students who smoke cigarettes and use vaping devices. In this
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way, it aims to reveal the complex reasons, societal pressures, and mental aspects
that support these actions, providing a deeper insight to inform public health efforts
and decision-making processes.

Background of the Study

The prevalence of cigarette smoking and vaping has prompted significant public
health concerns, necessitating a deeper understanding of the lived experiences and
perceptions of individuals who engage in these behaviors. This study seeks to fill this
gap by delving into the personal narratives and subjective experiences of cigarette
smokers and vapers, providing a nuanced view of their motivations and perceptions.
By capturing these personal accounts, the study aims to uncover the underlying
factors that influence these behaviors and the ways in which individuals rationalize
their choices despite known health risks.

One study published in BMC Public Health (2019) explored the perceived
health effects of vaping among Hungarian adult e-cigarette-only users and dual users.
The study found that e-cigarette-only users reported more perceived beneficial
changes in physiological functions and fewer adverse health effects compared to dual
users. However, the study also noted several limitations, including self-reported data
prone to recall and social desirability bias, a cross-sectional design, and a
convenience sample that may not be representative of the broader population.

Another study published in the Journal of the British Columbia Institute of

Technology (2020) surveyed Canadians regarding their perceptions of vaping. The
study found that e-cigarette users viewed e-cigarettes more favorably compared to
tobacco users and non-users, but there were significant disparities in perceptions
between groups. Non-users and a percentage of tobacco users overestimated the
health consequences of e-cigarettes, while tobacco smokers who transitioned to e-
cigarettes underestimated the health effects.

A recent study published in JAMA Network Open (2024) examined the trends
in harm perceptions of e-cigarettes compared to combustible cigarettes among adults
who smoke. The study found that harm perceptions of e-cigarettes have worsened
 4

substantially over the last decade, with the majority of adults who smoke and do not
vape in England believing e-cigarettes are not less harmful than cigarettes. The study
highlighted the importance of accurately communicating the risks of vaping compared
to smoking to ensure that people are not deterred from switching to a less harmful
product.

These studies provide valuable insights into the experiences and perceptions
of Senior High School students who cigarette who smoke cigarette and who uses
vaping devices. They highlight the need for further research to better understand the
factors influencing these choices and to develop effective interventions to promote
healthier behaviors.

Theoretical Framework

Denise Kandel's "Gateway Theory," introduced in the 1970s, forms the basis of
the research on the lived experiences and perceptions of cigarette smokers and
vapers among SHS students at ACLC. The theory suggests a progression of drug use,
starting from alcohol and tobacco, advancing to cannabis, and potentially leading to
illicit substances. It indicates that vaping could lead to regular cigarette smoking by
normalizing nicotine consumption, impacting regulations on vaping products and
public health. The debate surrounding this theory explores the relationship between
vaping and smoking initiation, with some advocating for vaping to assist smokers in
quitting, aiming to balance harm reduction and prevention strategies.

Another aspect of the Gateway Theory to consider is how vaping and smoking
behaviors might differ depending on the individual. For instance, some young people
might view vaping as a way to rebel against social norms, while others might see it as
a way to fit in with their peers. Additionally, it's worth considering the role of marketing
in shaping perceptions of vaping and smoking. Tobacco companies have been known
to target youth with their advertising, and there is growing concern that e-cigarette
companies are using similar tactics.
 5

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to explore the experiences and perceptions of SHS students at
ACLC College of Mandaue who smoke cigarette and vapes and to better understand
the factors influencing their choices.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the reasons behind the choices among SHS students of ACLC College of
Mandaue to smoke cigarette or vape?

2. What are the perceptions of SHS students who smoke cigarette and vapes
regarding the health risk brought by this habit?

3. Based on the findings of the study, what interventions may be proposed?

Scope and Delimitations

This study focuses on the experiences and perceptions of cigarette smokers

and vapers. The primary subject of this research study will consist of Senior High
School students at ACLC College of Mandaue. The study will only limited to
participants who are in legal age and above in order to adhere to legal restrictions on
the use of vaping and tobacco products. This study will also include participants in any
specific gender who have been smoking or vaping for at least one or more than a year.

Additionally, the research delve to understand the attitudes, behaviors, and

what motivates individuals to engage in cigarette smoking and using electronic
cigarette or vaping. The researcher will take a qualitative approach, conducting in-
depth interviews and survey questionnaires to the participants.
 6

Significance of the Study

This study is conducted to benefit the following:

Policymakers: This study can help them to develop more accurate evidence
based on policies that aimed to reduce the harm associated with smoking and vaping,
such as access restrictions and advertising ban. Policymakers can also use the insight
gained at 8the study that can create targeted interventions that will address the
specific need and challenges of smokers and vapers that leading to more effective
and sustainable public health.

Public Healthcare Professionals: The study can inform the development and
implementation of public health initiatives, like tobacco control programs, smoking
cessation support, and e-cigarette regulations. Additionally, it can help healthcare
professionals tailor smoking and vaping cessation interventions to better meet patient
needs and preferences, ultimately improving patient-provider communication and
support.

Educators and School Administrators: The study’s findings can be directly

applied within ACLC. Educators can tailor their approach to address the specific needs
and motivations identified. Administrators can implement evidence-based prevention
programs and support systems to create a healthier school environment.

Students: The study can raise awareness about the realities of smoking and
vaping. By understanding the lived experiences of their peers, students can make
more informed choices about their health and well-being.

Researchers: By understanding the motivations, challenges, and experiences

of smokers and vapers, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of the factors
driving these behaviors and develop more effective interventions.

General Public: Sharing the study’s findings can raise awareness about the
risks associated with smoking and vaping, encouraging healthier lifestyle choices.
 7

Definition of Terms

To facilitate the understanding of this study, the following terms are further defined
either operationally or conceptually:

Addiction

A condition in which a person cannot stop using a substance or engaging in a behavior

despite negative impacts on their daily life, as a measured by specific diagnostic
criteria.

Aerosol

In the context of e-cigarettes, the inhalable mixture produced by the device, measured
by its particle size and chemical composition.

American Heart Association

The organization responsible for publishing guidelines on heart health, conducting

research, and advocating for policies to improve cardiovascular health.

Cigarette

A product used for smoking that consists of a paper-wrapped roll of tobacco, typically
measured of units consumed daily.

E-Cigarette

An alternative smoking device used by individuals to inhale nicotine, tracked by the

frequency of use and the type of device.

Health Risk

The likelihood of developing a health condition, such as lung cancer or heart disease,
as a result of behaviors like smoking and vaping, typically quantified by
epidemiological studies.
 8

Nicotine

The primary addictive substance found in tobacco and e-cigarette liquids, measured
by its concentration in products and its presence in biological samples like blood or
urine.

Smokers

Individuals who habitually use tobacco products through smoking.

Tobacco

The substance used in the production of cigarettes and other products, measured by
the amount sold or consumed.

Vapers

Individuals who use e-cigarettes or vaping devices to inhale aerosolized liquid.

World Health Organization

The global body that sets health standards, provides guidance on public health issues,
and collects health data, referenced in health policy and research.
 9

References

Abafalvi, L., Pénzes, M., Urbán, R., Foley, K. L., Kaán, R., Kispélyi, B., & Hermann, P.
(2019). Perceived health effects of vaping among Hungarian adult e-cigarette-only and
dual users: a cross-sectional internet survey. BMC Public Health, 19(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6629-0

Bhatta, D. N., & Glantz, S. A. (2020). Association of E-Cigarette use with respiratory
disease among adults: a longitudinal analysis. American Journal of Preventive
Medicine, 58(2), 182–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.07.028

Cho, E. J. (2021). Adolescents’ Perceptions of E-Cigarette Use and its Impact on

Health. Figshare. https://doi.org/10.25417/uic.17026106.v

Columbia University Medical Center. (2014, September 3). E-cigarettes may promote
illicit drug use, addiction. ScienceDaily. Retrieved June 16, 2024 from
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/09/140903203750.htm

DOH, health experts confirm first documented vaping-related death in the Philippines.
(n.d.). Manila Bulletin. https://mb.com.ph/2024/5/31/doh-health-experts-confirm-first-
documented-vaping-related-death-in-the-philippines

Fletcher, J. (2024, February 16). Vaping vs. smoking: Which is safer?

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/vaping-vs-smoking#which-is-safer

Global Action to End Smoking. (2024b, April 10). Philippines | Tobacco and Health
around the World | Global Action to End Smoking.
https://globalactiontoendsmoking.org/research/tobacco-around-the-world/philippines/

Jackson, S. E., Tattan-Birch, H., East, K., Cox, S., Shahab, L., & Brown, J. (2024).
Trends in Harm Perceptions of E-Cigarettes vs Cigarettes Among Adults Who Smoke
in England, 2014-2023. JAMA Network Open, 7(2), e240582.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.0582

Kramarow, E., & Elgaddal, N. (2023). Current electronic cigarette use in adults aged
18 and over: United States, 2021. https://doi.org/10.15620/cdc:129966
 10

Martin, T. (2023, December 18). What are cigarettes? Verywell Mind.

https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-cigarette-2824831

Rehan, H. S., Maini, J., & Hungin, A. P. S. (2018). Vaping versus smoking: A quest for
efficacy and safety of e-cigarette. Current Drug Safety, 13(2), 92–101.
https://doi.org/10.2174/1574886313666180227110556

University of North Carolina Health Care. (2019, October 24). E-cigarette flavors
decrease perception of harm among youth. ScienceDaily. Retrieved June 16, 2024
from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/10/191024122559.htm

World Health Organization: WHO. (2023b, July 31). Tobacco.

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco

World Health Organization: WHO. (2023c, September 28). E-cigarettes contain

hazardous substances, addictive and harmful.
https://www.who.int/thailand/news/feature-stories/detail/e-cigarettes-contain-
hazardous-substances--addictive-and-
harmful#:~:text=In%20February%202020%2C%20the%20Centers,deaths%20attribu
ted%20to%20that%20condition
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CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Trixie Eunice Booc

Age: 17

Date of Birth: March 15, 2007

Citizenship: Filipino

Religion: Catholic

Address: Alang-Alang, Mandaue City

Civil Status: Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL : ACLC College of Mandaue

: Maguikay, Mandaue city

: S.Y. 2023-present

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL : Canhabagat Integrated School

: Medellin, Cebu

: S.Y. 2019-2023

ELEMENTARY SCHOOL : Canhabagat Integrated School

: Medellin, Cebu

: S.Y. 2012-2019
 12

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Julie Ann Cantos

Age: 17

Date of Birth: May 16, 2007

Citizenship: Filipino

Religion: Catholic

Address: Poblacion Occ., Consolacion, Cebu

Civil Status: Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL : ACLC College of Mandaue

: Maguikay, Mandaue City

: S.Y. 2023-present

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL : Consolacion National High School

: Consolacion, Cebu

: S.Y. 2022-2023

ELEMENTARY SCHOOL : Consolacion Central School

: Consolacion, Cebu

: S.Y. 2012-2019
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PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Karyl James Deiparine

Age: 18

Date of Birth: October 15, 2005

Citizenship: Filipino

Religion: Catholic

Address: Pagsabungan, Mandaue City

Civil Status: Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL : ACLC College of Mandaue

: Maguikay, Mandaue City

: S.Y. 2023-present

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL : Pagsabungan National High School

: Pagsabungan, Mandaue City

: S.Y. 2022-2023

ELEMENTARY SCHOOL : Pagsabungan Elementary School

: Pagsabungan, Mandaue City

: S.Y. 2012-2019
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PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Adrian James Erejer

Age: 18

Date of Birth: April 9 2006

Citizenship: Filipino

Religion: Christian

Address: Countryside Homes Phase II Tayud Liloan Cebu

Civil Status: Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL : ACLC College of Mandaue

: Maguikay, Mandaue City

: S.Y. 2023-present

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL : Arcelo Memorial NHS

: San Vicente, Yati, Liloan, Cebu

: S.Y. 2022-2023

ELEMENTARY SCHOOL : Bilwang Elementary School

: Bilwang, Isabel Leyte

: S.Y. 2017-2018
 15

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Jia Rose Gargar

Age: 17

Date of Birth: November 13, 2006

Citizenship: Filipino

Religion: Catholic

Address: Sector 2, Pagsabungan, Mandaue City

Civil Status: Single

EDUCATION BACKGROUND

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL : ACLC College of Mandaue

: Maguikay, Mandaue City

: S.Y. 2023-present

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL : Doong National High School

: Doong, Bantayan, Cebu

: S.Y. 2019-2023

ELEMENTARY SCHOOL : Luyongbaybay Elementary School

: Luyongbaybay, Bantayan, Cebu

S.Y. 2012-2019
 16

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Vyle Carl Magpulong

Age: 16

Date of Birth: July 30, 2007

Citizenship: Filipino

Religion: Christian

Address: Umapad, Manadaue City

Civil Status: Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL : ACLC College of Mandaue

: Maguikay, Mandaue City

: S.Y. 2023-present

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL : Don Gerardo Ouano Memorial NHS

: Ouano St., Mandaue City

: S.Y. 2022-2023

ELEMENTARY SCHOOL : Opao Elementary School

: Mandaue City, Cebu

: S.Y. 2012-2017
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PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Janrey Matulac

Age: 19

Date of Birth: January 12, 2005

Citizenship: Filipino

Religion: MCGI

Address: Consolacion, Cansaga Purok 5c

Civil Status: Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKKGROUND

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL : ACLC College of Mandaue

: Maguikay, Mandaue City

: S.Y. 2023-present

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL : Consolacion National High school

: Consolacion, Cebu

: S.Y. 2022-2023

ELEMENTARY SCHOOL : Cansaga Elementary School

: Consolacion, Cebu

: S.Y. 2012-2017
 18

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Lemuel Pernia

Age: 18

Date of Birth: July 08, 2005

Citizenship: Filipino

Religion: Catholic

Address: 624 ML. Quezon St.

Civil Status: Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL : ACLC College of Mandaue

: Maguikay, Mandaue City

: S.Y. 2023-present

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL : Maguikay National High School

: Maguikay Liwayway

: S.Y. 2022-2023

ELEMENTARY SCHOOL : Maguikay Elementary School

: Maguikay, Mandaue City

: S.Y. 2011-2017