Lecture (3-4)
Lecture (3-4)
Lecture (3-4)
( x, y, z ) - coordinates
(i , j , k ) - unit vectors
v (v x , v y , v z ) v x i v y j v z k
Cylindrical coordinates
z
(r,θ, z)
r
θ
x
(r , , z ) coordinates
(er ,eθ ,e z ) unit vectors (basis)
v (v r ,v ,v z ) v r er v eθ v z e z
Scalar and Vector Products
• Scalar product
A B Ax Bx Ay By Az Bz
• Vector product (not commutative)
i j k
A B Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz
( Ay Bz Az By )i ( Az Bx Ax Bz ) j ( Ax By Ay Bx )k
• Triple products
A B C B C A C A B
A B C B AC C A B
Differentiation
i j k -- Del operator (nabla)
x y z
a a a
a i j k grad a Gradient تدرج
x y z
v v v
v
x
divv ; y z
x y z Divergence انحراف
i j k
A A A A A A
v i z
y
j x
k
z y
curlv
x
y z z x x y
x y z
vx
vy
vz
-- curl تكور
Double differentiation
2
2 2
2
-- Laplacian operator
x y z 2 2 2
a a a
2 2 2
a
2
;
x y z
2 2 2
A A A
2 2 2
A
2
x y
2
z 2 2
a 0
A 0
Cylindrical coordinates
1
er e ez -- del
r r z
a 1 a a
a er e ez -- gradient
r r z
1 rAr 1 A Az
A divergence
r r r z
1 Az A Ar Az 1 rA Ar
A er e ez -- curl
r z z r r r
Useful identities
aA a A A a
aA a A a A
2
A
A A A A
2
A B A B B A B A A B
A A A 2
Sample proof:
aA a A aA A grad a a div A
Part (2
(2)
Specification of Fluid
Motion
r
Velocity u
t
2
r
Acceleration a 2
t
Eulerian View
Study fluid motion by investigating the
temporal and spatial variation of the
flow field. It is represented as a function
of position x and time t.
– Acceleration field, a a x, y , z , t
a a x x, y , z , t i a y x , y , z , t j a z x , y , z , t k
Acceleration a a x,t
Physical interpretation of the Euler and
Lagrange descriptions
• Different physical interpretations
In the Euler’s picture, an observer is always located at a given
position {xi} at a time t → observes fluid particles passing by
In the Lagrange picture, an observer is moving with the fluid
particle, which was initially at the position {ξ i} → views changes
in the flow co-moving with the observer’s particle
Euler
Lagrange
21
Part (3
( 3)
Material Derivatives
DT T T T T
u v w
Dt t x y z
lokalna
konvektivna komponenta
KINEMATICS
During the movement from space coordinate 1 to 2 an
observer will feel total temperature change dT due to partial
change along spatial coordinate T/s·ds along the temporal
coordinate T/t·dt
ax Du Dt
Du Du u u
a ay
Dt
Dv Dt
Dt
t
u u
t
u grad u
a Dw Dt
z
Material Derivative
( x+ x, y+ y, z+ z )
t
( x,y,z )
t t
B x , y, z , t
t t t
DB
B x x, y y, z z, t t B x, y, z, t t
Dt
DB B x B y B z B
Dt t t x t y t z
B B B B
u v w
t x y z
Material Derivative
D
u v w
Dt t x y z
u u u u
ax u v w
t x y z
v v v v
a
y u v w
t x y z
w w w w
az u v w
t x y z
EXAMPLEL A: A Steady Two-Dimensional
Velocity Field
dr dx dy dz
V u v w
EXAMPLE C: Streamlines in the xy
Plane—An Analytical Solution
For the same velocity field of Example A,
plot several streamlines in the right half of
the flow (x > 0) and compare to the
velocity vectors.
where C is a constant of
integration that can be set to
various values in order to plot
the streamlines.
Streamlines
Airplane surface pressure contours,
NASCAR surface pressure contours volume streamlines, and surface
and streamlines streamlines
Streamtube
A streamtube consists of a bundle
of streamlines (Both are
instantaneous quantities).
Fluid within a streamtube must
remain there and cannot cross the
boundary of the streamtube.
In an unsteady flow, the streamline
pattern may change significantly with
time. the mass flow rate passing
through any cross-sectional slice of a
given streamtube must remain the
same.
Pathlines
• A Pathline is the actual path
traveled by an individual
fluid particle over some
time period.
• Same as the fluid particle's
material position vector
t
x xstart
t start
Vdt
Pathlines
• A Timeline is a set of
adjacent fluid particles
that were marked at the
same (earlier) instant in
time.
• Timelines can be
generated using a
hydrogen bubble wire.
Timelines