Ebike

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ABSTRACT

The project principal is to retrofit a typical Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) two-
wheeler to a pure Electric bike. One of the pre-eminent causes of air pollution isthe tailpipe
effusions in ICE. Instead of discarding the existing ICE, transforming them to Battery Electric
Vehicle (BEV) will mitigate the initial cost and EVs' carbonfootprint. In the electric vehicle
(EV), rechargeable battery serves as the energy sourcefor all its system operation which include
an electric motor for the propulsion systemand also other auxiliary components. This contributes
to a large number of batteries needed to support the EV’s operation and in turn contributes to
heavyweight, poor durability and high total cost of EV. Therefore, it becomes an important issue
to be tackled in EV technology in order to enhance the battery energy capacity for long range
operation. Based on the simulation, the Electric Motorbike (EM) required an average power of
2069 Watt to manoeuvre around 65.3km in range. The differences between a field test and the
data from the simulation are 7%. The categories of targetpeo
ple that will use the EV are the people that live in the urban area.

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TABLE OF
CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.


NO.

LIST OF ABBREVATION iv
LIST OF FIGURES v

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT 1

1.2 NEED FOR THE PROJECT 1

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 2
2.1 REVIEW ON TRADITIONAL BIKE 2
2.2 REVIEW ON HYBRID BIKE 2

2.3 REVIEW ON ELETRIC BIKE 3

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
3 6

3.1 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 6

3.2 COMPONENTS USED 6


4
SOFTWARE REQUIREMEN 14

4.1 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 14


5 METHODOLOGY 15

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6 RESULTS 16

6.1 ADVANTAGES 17

6.2 DISADVANTAGES 19

6.3 PIE CHART 21


7
CONCLUSION 22
8 REFRENCES 23

iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

SI.NO ABBREVIATION EXPANSION


1 ICE Internal Combustion Engine
2 BEV Battery Electric vehicle
3 EV Electric Vehicle
4 EM Electric Motorbike
5 HEV Half-Electric Vehicle
6 DC Direct Current
7 BLDC Brushless DC Motor
8 PLM Product Lifecycle management
9 CATIA Computer Aided Three-Dimensional Interactive
Application
10 PHEV Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIG NO TITLE PAGE NO


3.2.1 Brushless DC Motor 7

3.2.2 Controller 7

3.2.3 Throttle 8

3.2.4 lithium Ion Battery 9

3.2.5 LED Headlight with battery level indication 10

3.2.6 Key switch 11

3.2.7 Chain 420-76 link 11

3.2.8 Terminal socket Plate 12

3.2.9 Chain sprocket 13

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Energy crisis is one of the major concerns in today’s world due to fast depleting resourcesof
petrol, diesel and natural gas. In combination with this, environmental decay is an additional factor
which is contributing to the depletion of resources which is an alarming notification. Our paper
proposes the solution for these above perilous problems. The system which we innovated is the
Electric Bike. This project has various benefits both to the members of the team and also external
benefits thereby making awareness of using alternative modes of transport. The Electric Bike
which works on the battery that is powered by the motor is the general mode of transport for a
local trip. The solar panels can be alternative source for this by adding it to the system. The
Electric bike which will be running on battery, the power is supplied by the motor, thereby
supplying this power to drive the other gear components. The main purpose of using this E-bike is
that it is user friendly, economical and relatively cheap. The efficiency of this system undeniable
compared to conventional modes of transport.

1.2 NEED FOR THE PROJECT

The system which we innovated is the Electric Bike. This project has various benefits both to the
members of the team and also external benefits thereby making awareness of using alternative
modes of transport. The Electric Bike which works on the battery that ispowered by the motor is
the general mode of transport for a local trip. The solar panels can be alternative source for this by
adding it to the system. The Electric bike which will be running on battery, the power is supplied
by the motor, thereby supplying this power to drive the other gear components. The main purpose
of using this E-bike is that it is user friendly, economical and relatively cheap. The efficiency of
this system undeniable compared to conventional modes of transport.

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2. LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 REVIEW ON TRADITIONAL BIKE

Gogola et al. [1], compared electric and traditional bicycles on the bases of road safety. The
number of people having electric bike is lower in Slovakia as compared to other countries hence
they decided to conduct the study on a small sample. First comparison was made on the bases of
speed of both the bikes. Second factor was the user experience from the road safety point of view.
The quality of road surface was also considered as it has significant effect on riding comfort.
Tournon et al. [2], proposed a traditional pedal operated bike which can be run by internal
combustion engine or fuel cell which transform the bike into other type of vehicle. The main
focusof research is to compare the traditional chain bike with a series hybrid bike. The research
was conducted to find out efficiency requirements on powertrain of series hybrid bike. It was
concluded that it is possible for series hybrid bike to travel as far as a traditional chain bike.

2.2 REVIEW ON HYBRID BIKE

Patel et al.[3], designed a hybrid two Wheeler. He modified a 127 cc Gensat engine by combining
with a 24V, 120 A heavy duty DC electric servo motor commanded by aurdino Mega 2560. The
main functionality of model was to prove increased efficiency of traditional motor scooter. Chan.
[4], they observed about a reality of the electric vehicle. And developing the advancement
ofelectric vehicles (EV) and half electric vehicles (HEV). EVs and HEVs were easily available in
themarket. The paper shows current condition of electric and hybrid vehicles around the world and
their cutting- edge technology, with importance on the building logic, innovations and
improvement of EV and HEV. Asaei etal.[5], fabricated hybrid electric motor cycle with the help
of a general integrated procedure. A model was designed and simulated on ADVISOR 2002 and
the model wasexported to MATLAB/SIMULINK. The Hybrid electric motorcycle was driven by a
125 cc ICengine and a BLDC motor attached in front wheel using CVT drive. In this experiment it
was observed that motorcycle performance was improved. Waniet al.[6], developed the prototype
of a hybrid electric two wheeler vehicle. The design was more suitable motorcycle and fulfil the
requirement of hybrid design concept. The Innovative packing of component ensured as
muchspace for pillion and the rider. They showed the experimental result of tested vehicle and it
was found to deliver mileage of 107.5 KM.

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2.3 REVIEW ON ELECTRIC BIKE

Kumar et al.[7], performed experimental studies on Electric Bike which has an alternative source
of Battery operated cycle. They found that the design of E-bike wasmore efficient than normal
Bicycle. Electric bike was the hybrid one so it was electrically operated and also pedal operated.
Mahadik et al.[8], introduce the conceptof electric bike. He converted the normal bicycle in to
electrical one with an innovative approach. Charging of Battery was provided by three ways i.e.
by means ofwall charging, solar charging and by mechanical pedal. Main focus of concept was on
System Architecture, operational Concept and Battery Management. Use of PIC15F72 controller
was used for over current protection and under current protection which is helpful. Paladini et al.
[9], introduce an alternative powertrain in which electric vehiclewas powered by fuel cell. Power
train behavior was developed on MATLAB/SIMULINK. As per the powertrain during acceleration
power is demanded from battery, during deacceleration battery is being charged. Powertrain was
selected on certain parameters such as varying for input parameter, fuel cell efficiency,
batteryminimum state of charge, number of fuel cell active area, From this they obtain good fuel
economy ad final battery state of charge. Evetime et al.[10], they studied consideration of energy
efficiency on an experimental bicycle. the bicycle was fitted with board computer to store
information about motion and energy consumption. Experiment was carried for three types of city
routes. Without regeneration of energy the electric bicycle could go up to 35 km studies show that
use of electric bicycle could reduce the pollution up to 10 time compared to conventional vehicles.
Esther etal.[11], conducted a survey to promote the use of electric bike as well as the
awarenessabout environment in highly polluted countries like china, USA, India, Germany etc.
This survey resulted in an awareness about the need of electric vehicle which lead to publication on
electric bike. Shao et al.[12], conducted a survey in which they interviewed several bikers and
found speed, acceleration, green as the benefits of usingelectric bike. Also they focus on the
reducing the emission of two wheelers. Andrzej et

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al.[13], found technological solutions and properties of an electric powertrain designedfor
motorcycle. Design considerations of powertrain as well as inverter and battery pack with BMS
system choice was done. The results of road tests of the electric powertrain made on public roads
are included. The electric motorcycle was
designed and built in the Gdynia Maritime University. Trivedi et al. [14], they identifythe need of
E- Bike in recent time. They beat the issue of the pollution in view of all class of society. It was
not sensible to purchase scooters, mopeds and motorcycle for everyone. Thus, combination of both
issues environmental as well as economically affordable option would be the best solution.
Objective of their research was to explore the acceleration speed and electric powered bicycle
under balance. Sousa et al. [15], Experimentally designed the described traction system for a self-
driving vehicle. The presented system consisted two different power sources. One was based on
batteries and another on supercapacitors. They described using both the power sources at same
time. They used a battery pack along with a super capacitor for traction system. In this system
super capacitor were also used for storing the energy.
Matsuda et al. [16], described the experimental examples regarding practicality of EV-MC.
They explain developments of prototypes and assess them by the practical
view of the MC usage. They show the Mechanical protection of the batteries with thedesign
concepts and the actual methods. They designed the other electric components and showed the
experimental results by the practical point of view. Choi et al. [17], they briefly explain about the
RT lab and Simulink software and with help of this software they designed and simulated the
electric bike. They discuss about the how tosolve the problem on real simulation using this
method. They described how to simulate each major part of electric bike system using the RT-
Lab, Simulink and Bike sim software. Sim Power System was used for modelling and simulation
of power components. Simulink was used for modelling every major electric component of E-
Bike. Actual experimental results were compared for evaluating the performance of hardware in
the loop simulator. Cheng et al. [18], discussed the recent development in electric vehicle. Also,
they described the development and the comparison of different part of components. They gave
summary of the recent work of electric vehicle. They examined the major electrical components

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technologies.

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Klein et al. [19], analyzed dynamics of bicycles from the controlling point of view. Different kind
of model from simple ones to realistic models were presented. Self-stabilizing models were
considered for this research. Experiences using bicycles in control education. Finally bicycles and
clinical programs designed for disable children are described. Slater et al. [20], restored a 1996
Kawasaki ninja 250R and converted a traditional gasoline motorcycle into an electric motorcycle.
He compared both the traditional gasoline bike as well as the electric bike on the basic of their
performance characteristics such as top speed, miles per charge and watts to charge etc. The main
goal behind conducting this experiment was to identify the best version of bike for environment
and economy. Reddy et al. [21], designed a highly adaptive electric bike. In his research he listed
the hardware design guidelines for designing an electric bike and selection of main components of
electric bike such as motor, battery, material andcontroller. Primary objective of research was to
design an e- bike as the no. of gasoline powered vehicles were increasing day by day which
resulted in environmental problems. Sakamoto [22], carried out experimental work on design and
manufacture of electric motorcycle. The whole work was done by student itself. Work included on
this motorcycle was 3D-CAD, stress analysis and manufacture.Maximum velocity obtains to be
around 23 km/hr.

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3. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

3.1 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

Hardware is the collection of physical parts of a computer or an embedded systemwhich


works hand-in-hand with firmware and software to make a computer or embedded function.
3.2 COMPONENTS USED

· BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR

· CONTROLLER

· THROTTLE

· LITHIUM ION BATTERY

· LED HEAD LIGHT WITH BATTERY LEVEL INDICATION

· KEY SWITCH

· CHAIN 420-76 LINK

· TERMINAL SOCKET PLATE

· CHAIN SPROCKET

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3.2.1 BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR

A Brushless DC Electric Motor (BLDC) is an electric motor powered by a direct current


voltage supply and commutated electronically instead of by brushes like inconventional DC
motors.

3.2.2 CONTROLLER

A BLDC motor controller regulates the speed and torque of the motor; it can also start, stop, and
reverse its rotation. To understand the working principles of the controller, let us start first with the
construction of a brushless motor. Its major components comprise:

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an armature or rotor made of permanent and in many cases neodymium magnets; anda stator
with windings the create a magnetic field when energized. The rotor’s magnets and stator’s
windings provide the rotation of the motor. They attract each other with opposite poles and repel
each other with the same poles. A similar process takes place in a brushed DC motor. The
essential difference is in the method of switching the current applied to the wire windings. In a
BDC motor, this is a mechanical process triggered by a commutator with brushes. In a BLDC
motor, it happens electronically with the help of transistor switches.

A BLDC motor controller detects the position of the rotor either by using sensors (for example, a
Hall-effect sensor) or senselessly. The sensors measure the rotor’s position and send out this data.
The controller receives the information and enablesthe transistors to switch the current and
energize the required winding of the stator at the right time.

3.2.3 THROTTLE

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The throttle controls how much air is allowed to flow through the carburetor, and the flow of air is
what controls how much fuel is also fed into the engine. The Venturi Principle/Effect states that
when air flows through a restriction of a tube (narrowing), the air speed increases, and air pressure
decreases.

3.2.4 LITHIUM ION BATTERY

The most common battery type in modern electric vehicles are lithium-ion and lithiumpolymer,
because of their high energy density compared to their weight.

A lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery is an advanced battery technology that uses lithium ionsas a key
component of its electrochemistry. During a discharge cycle, lithium atoms inthe anode are
ionized and separated from their electrons.

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3.2.5 LED HEAD LIGHT WITH BATTERY LEVEL INDICATION

Start with some well-designed Emergency 50-Watt Head Lamp with Charger and 2000mAh of
Lithium Battery. The Headlamp Lightweight & easily adjustable elastic headband. The headlamp
is perfect for everyone who needs a head lamp, for Hiking, fishing, camping, climbing. Adjustable
(90 degree), hands free and elastic (headband) and Push Button for Hi- Low Brightness. Style
Simple and Generous. Charging indicator show in Charger red color after full charging than red
indicator is off.

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3.2.6 KEY SWITCH

One main purpose behind a key switch is to restrict access to the machine. Switches are often
used in the cases of very expensive or potentially dangerous equipment. Machines critical to
operations may also be turned on and off via a key switch.

3.2.7 CHAIN 420-76 LINK

● Heat-treated medium carbon alloy steel construction


● All components heat-treated and shot-peened for maximum strength

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● Two-point pin riveting and solid rollers
●For motorcycles up to 400cc that did not come with an O-ring or heavy-dutychain
as standard
● equipment
● Chains include clip connecting link
3.2.8 TERMINAL SOCKET PLATE

The offered connector plate is assembled and designed in line with international market standards
under the direction of our professionals by utilizing superior quality materials. This connector
plate is demanded for several industrial purposes like connecting the extreme ends of electrical
connector where a wire is tied by the tightening of a screw. This Electrical Terminal Connector
Plate is available in several designs and power capacity ratings at pocket friendly price range.
Features:
· Light weight
· Heat and shock resistance
· Easy installation

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3.2.9 CHAIN SPROCKET

A sprocket, sprocket-wheel or chainwheel is a profiled wheel with teeth that mesh with a chain,
track or other perforated or indented material. The name 'sprocket' applies generally to any wheel
upon which radial projections engage a chain passing over it.

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4. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

4.1 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

Software design is the process by which an agent creates a specification of a software artifact
intended to accomplish goals, using a set of primitive components and subject to constraints.

4.2 SOFTWARE

USED CATIA

CATIA

· CATIA (Computer-Aided Three-dimensional Interactive Application) software is a complete


multi-platform solution for computer-aided design, manufacturing, engineering, 3D and PLM.
· Understand Concept of Electric Bike Design & Development through RetrofittingTechnology
Introduction to Designing Software i.e., Solid Works, Catia etc.
· CATIA Behavioral Modeling (Dymola) to determine different parameters for theframe of
the bike, factor of safety for the structurally necessary ...

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5. METHODOLOGY

Understand the concepts Of E- bike

Applying ideas related E-Bike design & development

Execute Industrial practical approach for vehicle design and development

Complete CATIA model And CAE Analysis

Complete Manufactured E-Bike Projects in accords with safety norms

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6. RESULT
There are many reasons to upgrade a combustion engine bike to offer a little e-assistance. On the
one hand, it can greatly increase the utility of the bike, enablingus to replace short distant travel.
Retrofitting an electric engine to replace normal conventional ICE engines benefits us in numerous
ways Energy crisis is one of the major concerns in today’s world due to fast depleting resources of
petrol, diesel and natural gas. In combination with this, environmental decay is an additional factor
which is contributing to the depletion of resources which is an alarming notification. Our paper
proposes the solution for these above perilous problems. The system which we innovated is the
Electric Bike. This project has various benefits both to the members of the team and also external
benefits thereby making awareness of using alternative modes of transport. The Electric Bike
which works on the battery that is powered by the motor is the general mode of transport for a
local trip. The solarpanels can be alternative source for this by adding it to the system. The Electric
bike which will be running on battery, the power is supplied by the motor, thereby supplying this
power to drive the other gear components. The main purpose of using this E-bike is that it is user
friendly, economical and relatively cheap. The efficiency of this system undeniable compared to
conventional modes of transport.

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6.1 ADVANTAGES

6.1.1 Cheaper to run

The cost of the electricity required to charge an EV is around 40% less than the cost touse petrol
for a similar sized vehicle driving the same distance1. The cost will be lower if you change your
EV from your solar PV system or at free charging stations.

6.1.2 Cheaper to maintain

A Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) has fewer moving parts than a conventional petrol/diesel car.
Servicing is relatively easy, less frequent and overall cheaper than a petrol/diesel vehicle.

All EV batteries degrade (become less efficient). Most manufacturers warrant EV batteries to not
degrade below a certain level for around eight years. It may become necessary to replace a battery
in an EV in the time you own it.

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) also have a petrol or diesel engine that needs servicing,
so a PHEV will cost more to maintain than a BEV.

6.1.3 Cheaper to register

The Queensland Government provides a discount on stamp duty for the purchase of anEV, plus
ongoing discounts on registration.2

6.1.4 Better for the environment

Less pollution: By choosing to drive an EV you are helping to reduce harmful air pollution from
exhaust emissions. An EV has zero exhaust emissions, but still createsa degree of greenhouse gas
emissions when it is charged from the electricity grid.

Renewable energy: If you have a solar PV system and charge your EV during the day, you can
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reduce

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your greenhouse gas emissions even further. Another way is to purchase Greenpower from your
electricity retailer. Then, even if you recharge your EV from the electricity grid, your electricity is
coming from renewable energy sources.

6.1.5 Better for our health

Reduced harmful exhaust emissions is good news for our health. Better air quality willlead to less
health problems and costs caused by air pollution3. EVs are also quieter than petrol/diesel bikes,
which means less noise pollution.

6.1.6 Better for the network

If EV charging is managed effectively, mainly outside peak electricity demand periods, it will help
us to create a flatter electricity network demand profile over a typical 24-hour period. This will
help us to:

6.1.7 Better utilize the electricity network


Help EV owners avoid higher-cost charging periods help the
entire electricity system work more efficiently
help support the integration of more small and large-scale renewable energy systemsinto the
electricity grid.

6.1.8 Better for our energy security

On a national level, EVs can help with Australia’s liquid-fuel energy security. Atpresent,
Australia is highly dependent on other countries for petroleum imports.

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6.2 DISADVANTAGES

6.2.1 Recharge Points

Electric fueling stations are still in the development stages. Not a lot of places you goto on a daily
basis will have electric fueling stations for your vehicle, meaning that if you’re on a long trip or
decide to visit family in a rural or suburban area and run out ofcharge, it may be harder to find a
charging station. You may be stuck where you are.

6.2.2 The Initial Investment is Steep

As EVs are very new, you may be surprised when you take a look at the sticker price for EVs. Even
the more affordable brands can be around $30,000 to $40,000.

6.2.3 Electricity isn’t Free

Electric cars can also be a hassle on your energy bill if you’re not considering the options
carefully. If you haven’t done your research into the electric car you want to purchase, then you
may be making an unwise investment.

6.2.4 Short Driving Range and Speed

Electric cars are limited by range and speed. Most of these cars have a range of about 50-100 miles
and need to be recharged again. You just can’t use them for long journeys as of now, although it is
expected to improve in the future.

6.2.5 Longer Recharge Time

While it takes a couple of minutes to fuel your gasoline-powered car, an electric car takes about 4-

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6 hours and sometimes even a day to get fully charged.

6.2.6 Silence as a Disadvantage

Silence can be a bit disadvantage as people like to hear the noise if they are coming from behind
them. An electric car is, however, silent and can lead to accidents in somecases.

6.2.7 Normally 2 Seaters

Most of the electric cars available today are small and 2 seated only. They are not meant for the
entire family, and a third person can make a journey for the other two passengers a bit
uncomfortable.

6.2.8 Battery Replacement

Depending on the type and usage of battery, batteries of almost all electric bikes are required to be
changed every 3-10 years.

6.2.9 Not Suitable for Cities, Facing Shortage of Power

As electric cars need the power to charge up, the cities that already facing acute powershortages
are not suitable for electric cars. The consumption of more power would hamper their daily power
needs.

6.2.10 Lower Amount of Choices

The market today for electric cars is expanding, with no signs of slowing down. However, the
truth is that there are fewer options to customize and choose the aesthetics of your EV.

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6.2.11 Minimal Amount of Pollution

Electric vehicles are also not 100% emission-free; they cause a little amount of pollution
indirectly. The batteries and electricity needed for charging are not necessarily generated from
renewable energy sources.

6.3. Pie Chart

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7. CONCLUSION

With the increasing consumption of natural resources of petrol, diesel it is necessary to shift our
way towards alternate resources like the Electric bike and others because it is necessary to identify
new way of transport. Electric bike is a modification of the existing cycle by using electric energy
and also solar energy if solar panels are provided, that would sum up to increase in energy
production. Since it is energy efficient, electric bike is cheaper and affordable to anyone. It can be
used for shorter distances by people of any age. It can be contrived throughout the year. The most
vitalfeature of the electric bike is that it does not consume fossil fuels thereby savingcrores
of foreign currencies. The second most important feature is it is pollution free, ecofriendly and
noiseless in operation. For offsetting environmental pollution using ofon – board Electric Bike is
the most viable solution. It can be charged with the help of AC adapter if there is an emergency.
The Operating cost per/km is very less and with the help of solar panel it can lessen up more.
Since it has fewer components, it can be easily dismantled to small components, thus requiring
less maintenance.

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8. REFERENCES

[1] Aikenhead, G. S. (2011). Bicycle Applications for On-Board Solar


Power Generation. 9,10.
[2] Barve, D. S. (2016). Design and Development of Solar Hybrid
Bicycle. International Journal of Current Engineeringand Technology,
377,378,379,380.
[3] Barve, D. S. (March 2016). Design and Development ofSolar Hybrid
Bicycle. International Journal of CurrentEngineering and
Technology, 378,379.
[4] Barve, D. S. (March 2016). Design and Development ofSolar Hybrid
Bicycle. International Journal of Current Engineering and
Technology, 380.
[5] FOGELBERG, F. (2014). Solar Powered Bike SharingSystem.
Goteberg, Sweden: Viktoria Swedish ICT.
[6] FOGELBERG, F. (2014). Solar Powered Bike SharingSystem
with. Goteborg, sweden: Viktoria Swedish ICT.
[7] GOODMAN, J. D. (2010, Jan 31). An Electric Boost forBicyclists.
The New York Times.
[8] Prof. Palak Desai, P. D. (June 2016). Design and Fabrication of Solar
Tri Cycle. International Journal ofEngineering Sciences & Research,
664.
[9] Hameed Majeed Saber and Deepak Lal, Assessment of Solar Energy
Distribution For Installing Solar Panels Using Remote Sensing & GIS
Techniques, International Journal of Advanced Research in
Engineering and Technology (IJARET)
[10] Volume 5, Issue 10, October (2014), pp. 157-164.
[11] Srijan Manish, Jitendra Kumar Rajak, Vishnu Kant Tiwari and Rakesh,
Quad Bike Design And Simulation: A Pre-Manufacturing
Methodology, International Journal of Advanced Research in
Engineering and Technology (IJARET)Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014),
pp. 6876
[12] T.Bhavani. (April 2015). Novel Design of Solar Electric Bicycle with
Pedal. International Journal & Magazine of engineering 108

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[13] Wolf,A.;Seebauer,S. Technology adoption of electricbicycles: A survey
among early adopters. Transp.Res. Part A Policy Pract. 2014, 69, 196–
211

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