1. Difference between Multitasking and Multiprogramming O.S.

2. Difference between CLI and GUI

3. Explain Batch O.S.

• The batch operating system grouped jobs that perform similar functions. These job groups
are treated as a batch and executed simultaneously.
• A computer system with this operating system performs the following batch processing
activities:

1. A job is a single unit that consists of a preset sequence of commands, data, and programs.

2. Processing takes place in the order in which they are received, i.e., first come, first serve.

3. These jobs are stored in memory and executed without the need for manual information.

4. When a job is successfully run, the operating system releases its memory

4. Explain Time Sharing

• A time-sharing operating system (TSOS) allows multiple users to access and use a computer's
resources at the same time
• It does this by dividing the processor's time into small slices and giving each user a turn to
use the computer.
• The quick switching between users creates the illusion that each task is running
simultaneously, allowing users to multitask or work on the same project without
interference.

Advantages

1. Each task gets an equal opportunity.

2. Fewer chances of duplication of software.

3. CPU idle time can be reduced

Disadvantages

1. Reliability problem.
 2. One must have to take of the security and integrity of user programs and data.

3. Data communication problem.

5. Explain RTOS

• A real-time operating system (RTOS) is a special kind of operating system designed to handle
tasks that need to be completed quickly and on time.
• It offers improved responsiveness, resource management, and reduced system overhead,
which can lead to better system performance
• Application:
o Defense systems like RADAR
o Air traffic control system.
o Networked multimedia systems.
o Medical devices like pacemakers.
o Stock trading applications.

Advantages:

o Maximum Consumption

o Task Shifting

o Focus On Application

o Error Free

6. Explain Multiprocessor O.S.

• A multiprocessor operating system (OS) uses multiple central processing units (CPUs) in a
single system to distribute work among them.

• This allows multiple processes to run simultaneously on different processing units, which
can improve system performance and reliability

• Advantages

o Failure of one processor does not affect the functioning of other processors.

o It divides all the workload equally to the available processors.

o Makes use of available resources efficiently.

7. Explain OS Services

Operating System services are functions that the OS provides to manage hardware resources and
offer a user-friendly interface for running applications. These services make it easier for both
users and applications to interact with the system.

1. Process Management:

o Manages the creation, scheduling, and termination of processes.

 o Example: Running multiple applications at once.

2. Memory Management:

o Allocates and manages memory for programs.

o Example: Ensures programs have enough RAM to run.

3. File System Management:

o Manages files and directories on storage devices.

o Example: Saving and organizing files on a hard drive.

4. Device Management:

o Controls hardware devices and manages their communication with the system.

o Example: Connecting and using printers or USB drives.

5. Security and Access Control:

o Protects data and resources from unauthorized access.

o Example: Password protection and user authentication.

6. I/O System Management:

o Manages input and output operations between the computer and external devices.

o Example: Reading data from a keyboard or writing data to a screen.

8. List System Calls

• Process Control
• File Management
• Device Management
• Information Maintenance
• Communication]

9. Explain Sequential processing

Sequential processing is a method of executing tasks or instructions one at a time in a

specific order. Each task must be completed before the next one begins. This approach
ensures that tasks are handled in a linear and orderly manner.

Key Points:

• Order: Tasks are executed in the exact sequence they are given.

• Completion: Each task must finish before the next starts.

• Simplicity: This method is straightforward but can be less efficient if tasks could be
done in parallel.

Example: Imagine you’re following a recipe to bake a cake:

1. Mix the ingredients.

2. Pour the batter into a pan.

3. Bake the cake.

4. Let it cool.