JURNAL PENDIDIKAN KIMIA (JPKIM) J. Pendidik.

Kim 2023, 15(3), 266 – 272

ISSN: 2085-3653| e-ISSN: 2549-3116 DOI 10.24114/jpkim.v15i3.49009

Research Article

Formulation and antibacterial activity of frankincense sap extract

deodorant spray (Styrax benzoin)

Nora Susanti, Jamalum Purba, M. Nizam, Cindy Agnesia, and Astri Devi Br. Pakpahan
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan-20221, Indonesia

Received 20 July 2023 ¨ Revised 30 October 2023 ¨ Accepted 06 November 2023

Citation: Susanti, N., Purba, J., Nizam, M., Agnesia, C., & Pakpahan, A.D.B. (2023). Formulation and antibacterial activity of frankincense sap extract
deodorant spray (Styrax benzoin). Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia (JPKIM), 15(3), 266–272. https://doi.org/10.24114/jpkim.v15i3.49009

Keywords Abstract

Bacteria Deodorant is a cosmetic preparation used by the wider community to control and reduce
Body odor body odor. Deodorant act as antibacterial and are able to reduce the excretion of sweat in the
Deodorant spray armpits. Frankincense is a plant that contains flavonoids and tannins can act as
Styrax benzoin antibacterial. This aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of frankincense sap
extract as an antibacterial in deodorant spray preparation. Frankincense sap powder is
macerated with ethanol to obtain frankincense sap extract. Deodorant formulations are
Corresponding author:
prepared from frankincense sap extract in various concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%)
E-mail: nora.susanti.s2@gmail.com
and combined with cosolvent, emollient, and solvent. Tests carried out include antibacterial
(Nora Susanti)
testing against Pseuodomonas aureugenisa and Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria, organoleptic
test, pH test, viscosity test, and irritation test. The test results showed that antibacterial
testing gave the highest inhibitory diameter of 2.63 mm and 5.35 mm which was exhibited
OpenAcces by formulation 5.

Introduction
Indonesia is a tropical country that is always illuminated by the sun, so the average air temperature is high
enough to trigger sweat production. Excessive sweat production can cause problems, especially unpleasant body
odor (Veranita et al. 2021). Sweat produced from the excretory process that occurs in the body. The excretory
system is needed to maintain body temperature, where the body will remove toxins through sweat, urine and
the process of respiration (Aji and Ashadi, 2019). Eccrine and apocrine glands are sources of sweat. Apocrine
glands contain fat and protein, which cause unpleasant odors if broken down by bacteria, this odor is known as
body odor (Maftuhah et al. 2015).
The use of soap and water as body wash at bath time is relatively less effective to prevent body odor. So that
several other alternative actions can be done, such as using anti-body odor cosmetic preparations (deodorant).
Deodorant is a product that serves to reduce or mask body odor. Deodorant are also antiprespirant, because
deodorant act as antibacterial and are able to reduce sweat excretion in the armpits (Meitasari et al. 2015).
Deodorants show antimicrobial activity by reducing the body's pH which can inhibit the growth of
microorganisms that produce unpleasant odors (Egbuobi et al. 2012).
Natural-based deodorants are hard to find and have not been produced on a large scale on the market.
Indonesia is rich in flora sources and many of them can potentially be deodorants, one of which is
frankincense. Frankincense is one of the nutrient-rich plants that grows in Indonesia, especially North
Sumatra. According to Jayusman (2014) there are 3 types of frankincense in North Sumatra, namely toba
frankincense (Styrax paralleloneurum PERK), durame frankincense (Styrax benzoine Dryand), and feather
frankincense (Styrax benzoine var hiliferum).
Frankincense (Styrax benzoin) is a non-timber forest product with the genus Styracaceae. The level of
phenolics and flavonoids contained in this species are a benchmark for antibacterial activity possessed.
According to Suparto et al. (2019) frankincense (Styrax benzoin) contains phenolic and flavonoid derivative

This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 license

Susanti N et al. Styrax benzoin

compounds, namely 1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane-1-on, chromone, 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-

hydroxyphenyl)-6,8-dimethyl-2,3-dihydroxychromon-4-on, 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-8-(3 methylbut-2-
enyl)-2,3-dihydrochromon-4-on, and prolifisin A.
Frankincense is one of plant commodities in North Sumatera that has been used as medicinal plants to
treat infection and illness. Isolates on the leaves, bark and roots of frankincense showed considerable
antibacterial activity against Staphyloccocus aureus, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus mutans. Frankincense leaf
isolate has an inhibitory zone of 10 mm in S. mutans, 15 mm in S. aureus, and 8 mm in Escherichia coli.
Frankincense bark isolate has an inhibitory zone of 10 mm in S. mutans, 7.50 mm in S. aureus, and 8.45 mm in
Escherichia coli. While frankincense root isolate has an inhibitory zone of 9 mm in S. mutans, 13 mm in S.
aureus, and 10 mm in E. coli (Siregar et al. 2019). Agustian (2010) have proven that 500 mg/ml ethanol extract of
frankincense leaves in gel preparations has an antibacterial effect on Propionibacterium acne and Staphylococcus
epidermidis with inhibitory zone diameters of 14.02 mm and 21.73 mm respectively. Based on the description
above, research was carried out on the formulation of deodorant spray preparations of frankincense gum
extract (S. benzoin) as antibacterial.

Method
Sample and Materials
Frankincense gum powder from Parsoburan area, ethanol 96%, propylene glycol (PG), glycerin, dragendrof
reagent, Magnesium powder, Hydorgen chloride (HCl), Iron (III) chloride (FeCl3) 1%, nutrient agar (HIMEDIA),
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), chloramphenicol (Oxoid), physiological Sodium chloride (NaCl) 0.9%, analytical
balance, set of glassware, split funnel, ostwald viscometer 2 mL (pyrex), maceration bottle, aluminum foil,
rotary evaporator, magnetic stirrer, hotplate, bunchner, vacuum pump, autoclave, petri dish, ose needle, disc
paper 6 mm (oxoid), micro pipette 100-1000 чL (eppendorf).

Extraction
Frankincense sap powder measuring 80 mesh weighing 250 g was extracted by maceration or soaking method
using 96% ethanol solvent with a ratio of 1 : 2. Extraction was carried out for 3 x 24 hours at room temperature
and remaceration was carried out on days 2 and 3 (Chairunnisa et al. 2019). Then the entire filtrate is filtered
with filter paper using a buncner filter and a vacuum pump. The filtrate is separated and concentrated on the
rotary evaporator at the boiling point of the solvent within 4-5 hours (Savitri et al. 2017 modified).

Identification of Secondary Metabolites

Examination of the content of alkaloid compounds was carried out with Dragendroff reagents, flavonoids with
Mg and HCl(p) powder (Wahid and Safwan, 2020), tannin compound content was carried out with 1% FeCl3
(Susanti et al. 2021) and saponin content tests were carried out by shaking in distilled water and HCl (Susanti
et al. 2021).

Formulation of Deodorant Spray of Frankincense Sap Extract

The frankincense deodorant spray was made in 5 different concentrations. This was aimed for determination
of effective frankincense concentration to exhibit the antibacterial activity. Table 1 showed the different
concentration of frankincense in all 5 formulas.
Table 1. Formulation of Deodorant Spray of Frankincense Sap Extract
Material Function Formula (%)
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
Extract (b/v) Active substances cosolvent 5 10 15 20 25
Propylene glycol (v/v) Emollient 5 5 5 5 5
Glycerine (v/v) Solvent 10 10 10 10 10
Ad ethanol 96% (v/v) 100 100 100 100 100

Antibacterial Activity Test of Deodorant Spray

Sterile NA agar media is poured as much as 20 mL in a petri dish and allowed to solidify at room temperature.
Then 100 L of test bacterial suspension is dripped into the medium and leveled. The ingredients, bases, and
various deodorant spray formulations were dripped onto sterile disc paper, then placed in a petri dish

JURNAL PENDIDIKAN KIMIA (JPKIM) 267

Susanti N et al. Styrax benzoin

containing solid agar media spiked with test bacteria, DMSO (negative control), and chloramphenicol (positive
control). Then incubated at a temperature of 37 for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the diameter of the clear
inhibitory zone formed was calculated using a caliper (Rizqiyana et al. 2014).

Organoleptic Test
Organoleptic tests are carried out by observing the color, shape, odor, and taste of the preparation. Pipette 5 ml
of product into the vial and observe the color and shape, for odor is done by breathing air over the vial. Sensory
tests are performed after formulation, and reevaluated on day 7.

Acidity or pH Test
Acidity or pH testing is carried out with the help of universal pH indicator. Measurements are made by dipping
pH paper into the product and adjusting the formed color to the available pH susceptible colors. pH testing is
performed after formulation, and re-evaluated on day 7.

Viscosity Test
Viscosity testing is performed with an Ostwald viscometer, where viscosity is calculated using an aqueous
reference solution by measuring the time it takes for a liquid to pass through two predetermined points in the
capillary tube.
Table 2. Interpretation of irritant test results
Reaction Result
No change (-)
Red skin (+)
Red and itchy skin (++)
Swollen skin (+++)

Irritation Test
Irritation tests are also called skin sensitivity tests. Deodorant spray formulations should be checked for
irritating or sensitive to the skin (Voigt, 1995). The tests were conducted directly on 10 volunteers who did not
have skin diseases or allergies, both men and women. The test is carried out using a spray test method where
the test product is sprayed onto the inner arm. Symptoms are observed after 6 hours. The following Table 2
showed the interpretation of irritant test.

Results and Discussion

Extraction and Identification of Secondary Metabolites
Flavonoid compounds and phenolic compounds are obtained by extraction, which is a filtering process from the
source. Conventionally flavonoids are separated from the plant matrix by methods requiring high amounts of
solvent, long separation times, and low recovery, and optimized with appropriate solvent selection (Hakim and
Saputri, 2020).
This study used the maceration method with 96% ethanol as a solvent. Maceration is carried out by
immersing the sample in organic solvents. The soaking process causes organic solvents to penetrate the cell
wall and enter the cell cavity containing secondary metabolites, secondary metabolites will dissolve and because
of the difference in concentration between the solution inside and outside the cell, the more concentrated
solution will come out of the cell carrying secondary metabolites. This process continues to repeat until there is
a balance of concentration between the solution inside and outside the cell (Nugraha et al. 2017).
Ethanol solvent is used as a solvent because it is polar so that it can attract phenol compounds, flavonoids,
tannins, and saponins. Ethanol is relatively non-toxic compared to acetone and methanol, is cheap, can be used
in various extraction methods, and is safe for extracts to be used as drugs (Hakim and Saputri, 2020). Beside
that, frankincense has partial solubility properties because the organic acid content it has is not ionized with
water so that water/aquetest cannot be used as a solvent, effective in producing the amount of active / yield
ingredients (Simatupang et al. 2021). A total of 250 grams of frankincense gum powder was macerated with
96% ethanol solvent, the total solvent used was 1500L, the extract obtained was concentrated with a vacuum
rotary evaporator obtained a viscous extract with a yield of 83.88%.

JURNAL PENDIDIKAN KIMIA (JPKIM) 268

Susanti N et al. Styrax benzoin

The content of secondary metabolites in the ethanol extract of frankincense sap was identified to see the
content of compounds that can act as antibacterials. Alkaloid compounds are able to interfere with the
constituent components of peptidoglycan contained in bacterial cells so that the cell wall layer is not formed
intact and causes cell death. This is what makes alkaloids as antibacterial agents (Haryati et al. 2015). The
results of the identification of secondary metabolites are presented in Table 3.
Table 3. Results of identification of secondary metabolites
Compound Classes Result Information
Alkaloids + Orange color formed
Flavonoids + Formed reddish-brown color
Tannins + Formed blackish-green color
Saponins + Formed foam
+ : Contains secondary metabolite compounds;
- : Does not contain secondary metabolite compounds

Formulation and Bacterial Activity Test of Deodorant Spray Formulation

Propylene glycol and glycerin were homogenized at 500 rpm at 25 and 4 mL of 96% ethanol (base) was added.
Frankincense sap extract was weighed according to a predetermined weight, and dissolved into 96% ethanol.
Solution of frankincense sap extract is mixed into the base. 96% ethanol is added until the total volume reaches
20 mL and homogenized.
Propylene glycol was chosen as a cosolvent because it can help dissolve glycerin, has low toxicity, and has a
function as a plasticizer that can help deodorant spray function optimally because it helps the product bind to
the skin (Rowe et al. 2009) as well as increasing the stability of the preparation (Susanti et al. 2021). Glycerin is
used as an emollient to give a soft impression to the preparation, because the sap of frankincense has a sticky
texture, and leaves a rough texture after rinsing with water. While 96% ethanol acts as a solvent to dissolve
frankincense into other materials and facilitate spraying preparations and facilitate the drying process because
96% ethanol is volatile.
Table 4. Antibacterial test results of deodorant spray ingredients
Treatment Average Resistance Zone (mm) ± SD
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus epidermis
Chloramphenicol(Control +) 12.73 ± 1.05 13.17 ± 0.86
DMSO (Control -) 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00
Propylene glycol 0 ± 0.00 1.06 ± 0.24
Glycerine 0 ± 0.00 2.26 ± 0.77
Ethanol 96% 0 ± 0.00 1.83 ± 1.10

Table 5. Antibacterial Deodorant Spray Test Results

Treatment Average Resistance Zone (mm) ± SD
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus epidermis
Chloramphenicol (Control +) 11.35 ± 0.02 14.70 ± 1.59
DMSO (Control -) 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00
F1 (extract 5%) 1.92 ± 0.12 4.0 ± 0.47
F2 (extract 10%) 2.00 ± 0.13 4.63 ± 0.88
F3 (extract 15%) 2.45 ± 0.39 5.15 ± 0.12
F4 (extract 20%) 2.51 ± 0.53 5.08 ± 0.30
F5 (extract 25%) 2.63 ± 0.75 5.35 ± 0.78

Antibacterial activity testing of frankincense gum extract deodorant spray preparation (Styrax benzoin) on P.
aeruginosa and S. epidermis bacteria gave the results of an inhibitory zone around the disc paper in each
formulation with an average inhibitory power of ± 1-5 mm. Davis and Stout in Ariyani et al. (2018) states that
the strength of bacterial inhibition is seen from the size of the diameter of the given inhibitory zone. Resistance
is said to be weak when it has a diameter of <5 mm. If the diameter has 5-10 mm, it has a medium inhibitory
ability. While a diameter of 10-20 mm is categorized as strong inhibitory, and >20 is categorized as very strong.
Based on both Table 4 and Table 5 above, it can be seen that the frankincense gum extract deodorant spray
has a weak bacterial inhibitory ability against the two test bacteria. Some factors that can cause the diameter of

JURNAL PENDIDIKAN KIMIA (JPKIM) 269

Susanti N et al. Styrax benzoin

the resulting inhibitory zone also decreased when compared to the diameter of the inhibitory zone of the
frankincense sap extract itself. Decreased performance of antibacterial activity of extracts can be caused by the
addition of other ingredients when making deodorant spray.
The results of antibacterial activity tests also show that deodorant spray is more sensitive to gram-positive
bacteria. This can be seen from the size of the resulting inhibitory zone. S. epidermis has a wider diameter of
inhibition zones than Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This difference can be caused by differences in the structure and
constituent components of the bacterial cell wall (Nurhamidin et al. 2021). The peptidoglycan layer present in
the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria is thinner and the constituent components of the cell wall are complex
because it has an additional outer membrane layer, while in gram-negative bacteria it is thicker. These bacteria
have complex cell wall constituent components because they have an additional outer membrane layer, so it is
easier to penetrate the gram-positive cell wall than gram-negative (Octaviani et al. 2019).

Organoleptic Test
Organoleptic testing of deodorant spray formulations is an assessment carried out using the help of the sense of
sight and smell. This test aims to determine the characteristics of the five formulations of frankincense gum
extract deodorant spray after preparation and after a storage period of 7 days. The organoleptic deodorant spray
test results are listed in the following Table 6.
Table 6. Organoleptic Test Results of Deodorant Spray Products
Test Formula Organoleptic by storage time
Day 7 Day 7
F1 Liquid Liquid
F2 Liquid Liquid
Form F3 Liquid Liquid
F4 Liquid Liquid
F5 Liquid Liquid
F1 Brownish yellow Brownish yellow
F2 Brownish red Brownish red
Color F3 Brownish red Brownish red
F4 Brownish red Brownish red
F5 Blackish brown Blackish brown
F1 Typical frankincense Typical frankincense
F2 Typical frankincense Typical frankincense
Smell F3 Typical frankincense Typical frankincense
F4 Typical frankincense Typical frankincense
F5 Typical frankincense Typical frankincense
F1 Soft and cool on the skin Soft and cool on the skin
F2 Soft and cool on the skin Soft and cool on the skin
Taste on the skin F3 Soft, cold and slightly sticky to the skin Soft, cold and slightly sticky to the skin
F4 Soft, cold and sticky on the skin Soft, cold and sticky on the skin
F5 Soft, cold and sticky on the skin Soft, cold and sticky on the skin

pH Test
Each preparation of deodorant spray gum frankincense extract is tested for pH to determine the acidity of the
formulation that has been made. This test is closely related to the nature of the resulting irritation. Products
that have a pH above the normal pH of the skin will potentially cause dry skin. If the pH of the preparation is
at the normal pH of the skin, it is likely to potentially cause irritation (Ervianingsih and Abd, 2019). All five
formulations have a pH value of 4. Thus, the pH produced by the five deodorant spray formulations has met
underarm pH standards. Zahara (2018) that the pH of underarm skin is different from the physiological pH of
the skin. Underarm skin has a pH of 3.9-4.2 while physiological skin has a pH of 4.5-6.5.

Viscosity Test
Viscosity measurement is carried out with the help of the Ostwald Viscometer tool by comparing the viscosity
of the preparation with the viscosity of water (Riyanta and Febriyanti, 2018). The viscosity values of the five
formulations can be seen in the following Table 7.
The viscosity of a solution is directly proportional to its concentration. If the solution concentrates high,
then its viscosity is high as well. This happens because the concentration of the solution indicates the amount
JURNAL PENDIDIKAN KIMIA (JPKIM) 270
Susanti N et al. Styrax benzoin

of solute per unit volume (Lumbantoruan and Yulianti, 2016). This is what causes the five deodorant
formulations to have different viscosities.
Table 7. Deodorant spray viscosity test results
Formula Viscosity (cP) ± SD
F1 1.4312 ± 0.23
F2 1.8190 ± 0.23
F3 2.1316 ± 0.88
F4 2.6936 ± 0.23
F5 2.8181 ± 0.00
Distilled water 0.8904 ± 0.00

F5 has the greatest viscosity because the concentration of frankincense sap extract on F5 is also the largest.
Thus, F1 and F2 spray deodorants are the most optimal deodorants, because their viscosity is close to the
viscosity of aquades.

Irritation Test
Irritation tests are made to determine sensitivity and anticipate side effects on the skin. Irritation tests were
conducted on 10 panelists who did not have allergies or skin diseases. The test results have been attached in
Table 8.
Table 8. Irritation test results of deodorant spray frankincense sap extract
Formulasi Panelists' Reactions
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
F1 - - - - - - - - - -
F2 - - - - - + - - - -
F3 - - - - - + - - - -
F4 - - - - - + - - - -
F5 - - + - - + - - - -
Information: - : No change; + : Red skin; ++ : Red and itchy skin; +++ : Swollen skin

The test results showed that there was 1 volunteer who experienced irritation in the F2-F5 formulation
preparation and 1 volunteer experienced irritation in the F5 formulation preparation. The reaction caused is
reddened skin in the area sprayed with deodorant spray. The reaction caused is irritation of erythema.
Erythema is a primary irritation that gives an inflammatory reaction in the form of redness on the skin due to
the reaction of the skin to chemicals such as strong alkalis, strong acids, solvents and detergents (Toding and
Zulkarnain, 2015). The onset of erythema in volunteers may be due to a skin condition (Pradana and Nugroho,
2016).

Conclusion
The formulation of frankincense gum extract deodorant spray preparation is more optimal in inhibiting the
growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria with an average inhibitory zone of 4-5.35 mm.

Conflict of Interests
The author (s) declares that there is no conflict of interest in this research and manuscript.

References
Adhi Pradana, D., & Hernawan Nugroho, B. (2016). Uji stabilitas dan uji iritasi primer sediaan kosmetik mikroemulsi
vitamin C palmitat (Ascorbyl Pamitate). Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 12(1), 8–15. https://doi.org/10.20885/jif.vol12.iss1.art2
Agustian, H. (2010). Formulasi sediaan gel dari ekstrak etanol daun kemenyan (Styrax benzoin Dryand.) dan uji aktivitasnya
terhadap beberapa bakteri penyebab jerawat. Universitas Sumatera Utara: Medan.
Aji, B. P., & Ashadi, K. (2019). Perbandingan rasio keringat pada remaja putra dan putri pada dua lingkungan yang berbeda.
Multilateral Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga, 18(1), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.20527/multilateral.v18i1.6562

JURNAL PENDIDIKAN KIMIA (JPKIM) 271

Susanti N et al. Styrax benzoin

Ariyani, H., Nazemi, M., Hamidah, H., & Kurniati, M. (2018). Uji efektivitas antibakteri ekstrak kulit limau kuit (Cytrus
hystrix Dc) terhadap beberapa bakteri. JCPS (Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Sciences), 2(1), 136-141.
Chairunnisa, S., Wartini, N. M., & Suhendra, L. (2019). Pengaruh suhu dan waktu maserasi terhadap karakteristik ekstrak
daun bidara (Ziziphus mauritiana L.) sebagai sumber saponin. Jurnal Rekayasa dan Manajemen Agroindustri, 7(4), 551.
https://doi.org/10.24843/jrma.2019.v07.i04.p07
Egbuobi, B., Ojiegbe, G., Dike-Ndudim, J., & Enwuru, P. (2012). Antibacterial activities of different brands of deodorants
marketed in owerrri, imo state, Nigeria. African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 14(1), 14–18.
https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v14i1.4
Ervianingsih, & Abd., R. (2019). Formulasi sediaan deodorant lotion dari minyak atsiri nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth).
Jurnal Fenomena Kesehatan, 02(01), 188–196.
Hakim, A. R., & Saputri, R. (2020). Narrative review: Optimasi etanol sebagai pelarut senyawa flavonoid dan fenolik. Jurnal
Surya Medika, 6(1), 177–180. https://doi.org/10.33084/jsm.v6i1.1641
Haryati, N. A., Saleh, C., & Erwin, E. (2015). Uji toksisitas dan aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun merah tanaman pucuk
merah (Syzygium myrtifolium Walp.) terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. Jurnal Kimia
Mulawarman, 13(1), 35-40.
Jayusman. (2014). Mengenal kemenyan (Styrax spp.) jenis dengan spektrum pemanfaatan luas yang belum dioptimalkan. IPB Press.
Lumbantoruan, P., & Yulianti, E. (2016). Pengaruh suhu terhadap viskositas pelumas (Oli). Sainmatika, 13(2), 26–34.
Suparto, L., Hidayat, I.H., & Asep, A. (2019). Aktivitas antioksidan dan kandungan senyawa dugaan pada ekstrak kemenyan (Styrax
benzoin). Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor. http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/97884
Maftuhah, A., Bintari, S. H., & Mustikaningtyas, D. (2015). Pengaruh infusa daun beluntas (Pluchea indica) terhadap
pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis. Unnes Journal of Life Science, 4(1), 60–65.
Nugraha, A. C., Prasetya, A. T., & Mursiti, S. (2017). Isolasi, identifikasi, uji aktivitas senyawa flavonoid sebagai antibakteri
dari daun mangga. Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science, 6(2), 91–96.
Nurhamidin, A. P. R., Fatimawali, & Antasionasti, I. (2021). Uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak n-Heksan biji buah langsat
(Lansium domesticum Corr) terhadap bakteri Staphylococus Aureus dan klebsiella pneumoniae. Pharmacon, 10(1), 748.
https://doi.org/10.35799/pha.10.2021.32772
Octaviani, M., Fadhli, H., & Yuneistya, E. (2019). Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Shallot (Allium cepa L.) peels
using the disc diffusion method. Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.7454/psr.v6i1.4333
Rizqiyana, N., Komala, O., & Yulia, I. (2017). Formulasi deodoran roll on ekstrak daun beluntas (Pluchea indica L.) sebagai
antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus epidermis. Jurnal Farmasi, 3(6), 45-54.
Rowe, R. C., Sheskey, P., & Quinn, M. (2009). Handbook of pharmaceutical excipients. Libros Digitales-Pharmaceutical Press.
Savitri, I., Suhendra, L., & Wartini, N. M. (2017). Pengaruh jenis pelarut pada metode maserasi terhadap karakteristik
ekstrak Sargassum polycystum. Jurnal Rekayasa dan Manajemen Agroindustri, 5(3), 93-101.
Siregar, R. V., Suryanto, D., & Yurnaliza. (2019). Antibacterial ability of endophytic bacteria isolated from kemenyan (Styrax
benzoin L.). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 305(1), 012054. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-
1315/305/1/012054
Simatupang, D.P., Susanti, N., & Purba, J. (2021). Stability of Styrax benzoin extract and fraction with the addition of glycerol
and tween 80. Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia, 13(2), 143–150. https://doi.org/10.24114/jpkim.v13i2.26986
Susanti, N., Purba, J., & Simatupang, D. P. (2021). Increased stability of styrax benzoin extract and fraction with the addition
of cosolvents. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1819(1), 012049. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1819/1/012049
Toding, L. G., & Zulkarnain, A. K. (2015). Optimasi formula dan uji iritasi primer kualitatif pada kelinci putih betina dengan
krim w/o ekstrak etanolik buah mahkota dewa [Phaleria Macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.]. Majalah Farmaseutik, 11(2), 321-
327.
Veranita, W., Wibowo, A. E., & Rachmat, R. (2021). Formulasi sediaan deodoran spray dari kombinasi minyak atsiri kulit
jeruk kalamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) dan Ekstrak Teh Hijau (Camellia sinensis L) serta uji aktivitas antibakteri.
Jurnal Sains Dan Kesehatan, 3(2), 142–146. https://doi.org/10.25026/jsk.v3i2.452
Wahid, A. R., & Safwan, S. (2020). Skrining fitokimia senyawa metabolit sekunder terhadap ekstrak tanaman ranting patah
tulang (Euphorbia tirucalli L.). Lumbung Farmasi: Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian, 1(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.31764/lf.v1i1.1208
Zahara, I. (2018). Formulasi sediaan deodoran roll on dengan minyak sirih (Piper Betle Linn.) sebagai antiseptik. Jurnal
Farmagazine, 5(1), 17-30.

JURNAL PENDIDIKAN KIMIA (JPKIM) 272