UNIT 2 CLIMATE

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UNIT 2 CLIMATE

Weather is the present condition of climatic elements

Climate: Measurement of Climatic elements in a given region over long periods of time
(30 years). Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get.

Climactic Elements:

a) Temperature: degree of hotness or coldness measures in degree by thermometer

b) Atmospheric pressure: The force per unit on surface by weight of air

c) Precipitation: rainfall or snow

d) Humidity: amount of water vapor in air

e) Wind: air in motion due to uneven radiation of sun

Sources of Rainfall in Pakistan

1. Monsoon rainfall : originate from the bay of Bengal, move east to west, due to
low pressure on land give rainfall to Bangladesh, India reach Pakistan at the tall
end, and give rainfall to Northern, North western and Eastern sides of Pakistan.
Local monsoon starts from Arabian sea.

2. Western depression: blow from Mediterranean sea in winter and after crossing to
Iran and Afghanistan on enter to Western side of Pakistan.

3. Conventional current: (April-June, Oct-Nov) by locally evaporated winds. Goes up


get condensed and cause rain with wind or Thunder storm. Specially N and NW of
Pakistan.

4. Relief rainfall: only in NM due to move evapotranspiration give rain and create
rain shadow area (Gilgit)

5. Tropical eyelashes: originate over Arabian Sea, give unreliable rain with
destructive winds.

Climactic zones

a) High Land zone:

• Area NW and Western mountains

• High land zone

• Freezing point in winter

• Rain from all sources

• Extreme cold life difficult

• Nomadic or Transhumance is practiced

• Animal rearing is practiced

b) Low land zone:

• Whole of Indus plain

• Summer hot (40°), winter cool to cold and short

• Rain by monsoon, depressions, conventional currents

• Agriculturally productive area


• Fully developed and populated area

c) Arid climate:

• Three deserts

• Hot summer(40° to 50°), mild winter

• Hot scoareling winds

• Hardly any rain fall

• High evaporation

• Dust, sand and wind storm

• Nomadic lifestyle

• Animal rearing

• Small scale agriculture is practiced

d) Coastal Climate (Maritime Climate)

• More than 1000 km coastline

• Dominated by land/ sea breezes

• Maritime climate

• Low rain

• Fishing is practice

Difficulties in mountainous areas

• Water shortage

• Do indoor activities

• Avalanches, land slides

• Less work

• No farming in winter

• Road blocked
• Less trade

• No tourism Causes of floods

• Melting of snow

• Heavy monsoon

• Cutting of trees

Effects of floods

• Crops destroyed

• Trade stopped

• Electricity disruption

• Alluvium deposited

• HEP effected

• Fish production

How to reduce the risk of floods

1. Building of dam

2. Aforsetation on top/foot hills

3. Strengthening of embankments

Droughts A period of below average rainfall in an area

Causes of droughts

• Unreliability of rainfalls

• Global climate change

• Deforestation

• Water wastage
• Disputes on distribution of water

• Over grazing
Factors affecting temperature of Pakistan

1. Latitude effect: high temperature close to equator

2. Continental effect: moderate temperature

3. Altitude of temperature: on each 1000 meter altitude 6.5°


drop of temperature

4. Cloud cover: daytime reduce the temperature. At night


increases

5. Latitude of the angle of the sun: If angle of sun high temperature high, If low
temperature low.

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