lecture4-5

MECHANICS OF STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES
M. ICHCHOU
From Solids to Structures
Simplification of the (3D) solid equations to typical structures (1D, 2D…)
Elastic Solide (Navier)
Cables-strings
Structures 1D
Beams, bars
Membranes
Structures 2D
Plates
Shells
MOD 9.2 – MECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND STRUCTUTRES – M. ICHCHOU

1D Elastic structures
Beams and rods are typical 1D solids:
Repère Global Repère local
During the transformation, sections are assumed rigid. 6 global

displacements are used along the x abscissa.
One can then deduce the local displacement field in the local/section
corrdinate system called here
The kinematic of the motion is thus defined the following field:
The process is thus simple: strains, stress, equilibrium equations, equations

of motions and boundary conditions
For 1D structures, 3 stress components of the tensor are introduced:
Associated to the displacements used we have 6 duals variables

representing forces and moments (internal force distribution):

The stress tensor is deduced from strain and laws of behaviour:
Then, internal force distribution can be calculated:
With:
The stress distribution verify Cauchy equilibrium equations:
Equations of motions (displacement based – Navier like say) can then be

deduced.

For instance, equation of motion along the x axis:
Forces and moments equilibrium lead then to the following equations:
Example – longitudinal motion:
Example – boundary conditions:

&
Example – Static homogeneous solution:

Euler-Bernoulli model
Bending of 1D structures, neglecting shear effects lead to Euler Bernouilli theory:
Rigid straight sections normal to the neutral fiber.
Rotation inertia is neglected.
Shear forces contributions negligible compared to flexural/bending moments.
Then, bending moments expressions are:
Moments equilibrium equations are then:
Finaly the bending equations of motions become:
Boundary conditions need to be added in order to close the problem.

Laminate Theory
Manufacturing composite material structures justifies the importance of
plates in the analysis of composite structures.
The middle surface is chosen as the reference plane (Oxy) and the axis Oz
is oriented in the direction of increasing number of the layers.
The purpose is to establish modelling of the behaviour of laminate and
sandwich plate, to simplify the analysis of the composite structure.
This simplification consists in reducing the initial problem in 3D (x,y,z) of the
mechanical behaviour of laminates and sandwiches to a less difficult
analysis in 2D (x,y).
The laminate theory introduces the same assumptions as the general theory
of plates.
Laminate Theory
The basic assumption of the laminate theory lies in expressing the displacement at
any point M(x,y,z), of a plate in the form of polynomial in z.
The simplest schemes (Hencky-Mindlin and of Kirchhoff) for describing the

behaviour of plates reduce to first order theory of the form.
The process is similar to the one developed for 1D structures (displacements,

strains, stress, equilibrium, boundary conditions…)
First-Order Laminate Theory
The strain field is deduced simply from displacement and is written as:
If the point M belongs to the layer k of the laminate, the stress field is therefore written as -
theory of plates assumes that the normal stresses along z are negligible with respect to the other
components:
Transverse shear

In-plane resultants:
Transverse shear resultants:
Resultants moments:

Fundamental Equations of the Mechanics of are derived from the equilibrium – integrated over
the thickness leads for the in-plane resultants to:
The acceleration term is:
Finally the equation of motion in terms of in-plane resultants gives:
Then integrating the second and the third equilibrium equations is to be developed.
Summary of Fundamental Equations:
The last 3 equations lead to:

Classical Laminate Plate Theory (CLPT)
The classical theory of laminates uses a first-order scheme for the strains and an
additional assumption that consists of neglecting the transverse shear effects.
The strain tensor is then easily deduced from the displacement field – sum of an in-
plane contribution (midplane strains) and flexural part (bending and twisting strains):
with
k(x,y) is curvature matrix

The strain tensor is then easily deduced from reduced stiffness matrix – plane state:
Expressions of resultants and mmts can thus be deduced – in-plane resultants are:
The in-plane resultants are not functions only of the in-plane strains (as in the case
of homogeneous plates), but are also functions of the bending and twisting
curvatures k(x,y)
Expressions of resultants and mmts can thus be deduced – in-plane resultants are :
In a more compact matrix notation:
In summary the resultants and moments are:
A is called the in-plane stiffness matrix, D is the flexural stiffness matrix and B is the
coupling matrix between in-plane and flexural behaviours of the laminate.
Example of an antisymmetric laminate (the thicknesses of the layers are symmetric,
the orientations of the layer are antisymmetric)
The laminate is constituted of four unidirectional layers with the same properties
Step 1: Reduced stiffness constants in the material directions:
Step 2: Stiffness matrices of layers in the laminate directions:

Step 2: Stiffness matrices of layers in the laminate directions:
Layer 1 oriented at –30° Layer 1 oriented at 15° Layer 1 oriented at –15°
Layer 1 oriented at 30°
Step 3: Calculations of A, B and D

Governing equations of a CLP is then given through:
3 PDE are then obtained in expressing the equations of motions of the CLP as:

The second governing equation of a CLP is:
The third governing equation of a CLP is:

The governing equations of the CLP do not take into account the body forces, the
possible shear stresses on the faces of the laminate, and neglect the effects of
rotation inertia.
In the case where the laminate is symmetric (the middle plane is a symmetry plane),
all the coupling terms of B are zero as well as the quantities R.
The conditions imposed at the boundary (BC) of a structure are those that guarantee
unique solutions of the governing equations

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MECHANICS OF STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES

Elastic Solide (Navier)

MOD 9.2 – MECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND STRUCTUTRES – M. ICHCHOU

During the transformation, sections are assumed rigid. 6 global

The kinematic of the motion is thus defined the following field:

The process is thus simple: strains, stress, equilibrium equations, equations

Associated to the displacements used we have 6 duals variables

MOD 9.2 – MECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND STRUCTUTRES – M. ICHCHOU

Then, internal force distribution can be calculated:

The stress distribution verify Cauchy equilibrium equations:

Equations of motions (displacement based – Navier like say) can then be

MOD 9.2 – MECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND STRUCTUTRES – M. ICHCHOU

Forces and moments equilibrium lead then to the following equations:

Example – longitudinal motion:

Example – boundary conditions:

MOD 9.2 – MECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND STRUCTUTRES – M. ICHCHOU

Then, bending moments expressions are:

Moments equilibrium equations are then:

Finaly the bending equations of motions become:

Boundary conditions need to be added in order to close the problem.

MOD 9.2 – MECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND STRUCTUTRES – M. ICHCHOU

The simplest schemes (Hencky-Mindlin and of Kirchhoff) for describing the

The process is similar to the one developed for 1D structures (displacements,

MOD 9.2 – MECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND STRUCTUTRES – M. ICHCHOU

Transverse shear resultants:

MOD 9.2 – MECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND STRUCTUTRES – M. ICHCHOU

The acceleration term is:

Finally the equation of motion in terms of in-plane resultants gives:

The last 3 equations lead to:

MOD 9.2 – MECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND STRUCTUTRES – M. ICHCHOU

k(x,y) is curvature matrix

In a more compact matrix notation:

In summary the resultants and moments are:

Step 1: Reduced stiffness constants in the material directions:

Step 2: Stiffness matrices of layers in the laminate directions:

MOD 9.2 – MECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND STRUCTUTRES – M. ICHCHOU

Layer 1 oriented at –30° Layer 1 oriented at 15° Layer 1 oriented at –15°

Layer 1 oriented at 30°

Step 3: Calculations of A, B and D

MOD 9.2 – MECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND STRUCTUTRES – M. ICHCHOU

MOD 9.2 – MECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND STRUCTUTRES – M. ICHCHOU

The third governing equation of a CLP is:

MOD 9.2 – MECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND STRUCTUTRES – M. ICHCHOU

MOD 9.2 – MECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND STRUCTUTRES – M. ICHCHOU

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