Dish Antenna Position Controller

Mini Project Report

on

Dish Antenna Position Controller

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

in

Electronics and Communication Engineering

Submitted By

U.Deepika - 21R11A04E8
K.Chinmaie - 21R11A04C6
G.Vajradhar - 21R11A04C2

Under the Guidance of

N.Nagalakshumma
Assistant Professor

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (UGC
AUTONOMOUS),
Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M), Medchal District, Hyderabad– 501 301
(Approved by AICTE, Permanently Affiliated to JNTUH, Accredited by NBA, Accredited by NAAC with “A+”
Grade and ISO 9000:2015 Certified)
Mobile:9391199932, Landline:040-31001618, Fax:040-24220320
email:info@gcet.edu.in
Web: http://www.geethanjaliinstitutions.com

2021-25

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GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report titled Dish Antenna Position Controller being submitted by
U.Deepika, K.Chinmaie, G.Vajradhar, bearing register numbers 21R11A04E8, 21R11A04C6,
21R11A04C2 respectively, in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Electronics and Communication Engineering is a record of bonafide work carried out under my
supervision. The results embodied in this report have not been submitted to any other University for the
award of any degree.

SuperVisor Mrs.G.Sree Lakshmi

N.Nagalakshumma HoD, ECE
Assistant Professor

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We, the students of Department of ECE, Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology, would
like to convey heartfelt thanks to Dr. S. Udaya Kumar, Principal of the college for the wonderful guidance
and encouragement given to us to move ahead in the execution of this project.

We express our thanks to Head of the Department, Electronics and Communication Engineering, and
his motivation towards successful completion of the work.

We convey our regards to N.Nagalakshumma for her/his able guidance and the support extended for
the entire team.

With Regards

U.Deepika(21R11A04E8)

K.Chinmaie(21R11A04C6)

G.Vajradhar(21R11A04C2)

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Contents PAGE No.

Abstract i
List of Figures ii
Chapter 1.Introduction-Dish Antenna Position Controller 1
Chapter 2.Literature Survey 5
Chapter 3
3.1 Block Diagram ---- Its Explanation 7
3.2 Circuit Diagram ---- Its Explanation 10
3.3 Components Description 12
3.4 Programme Code 17
3.5 Applications 23
3.6 Advantages 24
3.7 Any Disadvantages/Limitations 25
Chapter 4 Operating Procedure 26
Chapter 5 Results 28
Chapter 6 Conclusion 29
Chapter 7 Future Scope 30
References: 1. IEEE format 30
2. If website, give Full URL Address

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ABSTRACT

This project proposes a dish antenna position control system using a TV remote and RF (Radio Frequency)
modules, powered by a 2051 microcontroller. Unlike traditional systems relying on Infrared (IR) technology,
this design eliminates leveraging RF communication for both command transmission and antenna
positioning.

The TV remote acts as the user interface, sending RF-based signals to the control unit. These signals are
received by an RF receiver module and processed by the 2051 microcontroller, which interprets the
commands and generates control signals to adjust the motorized dish antenna. The microcontroller drives the
motors to align the antenna precisely, enabling users to optimize signal reception without physical
intervention.

This system offers several advantages, including extended communication range, enhanced reliability (even
in line-of-sight obstructions), and ease of use. The RF module ensures robust performance in diverse
environments, making the system ideal for residential and commercial satellite communication applications.

The project’s key benefits include cost-efficiency, improved convenience for users, and modular design,
which allows scalability and integration with different types of dish antennas. This innovation simplifies
antenna alignment, saving time and effort while ensuring optimal signal quality.

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LIST OF FIGURES

1.Step-Down Transformer
2.Voltage Regulator
3.AT89C2051 IC
4.AT89C2051 PIN Diagram
5.RF Transmitter and Receiver
6.DC Motor
7.Relay
8.Output Model of Dish Antenna Position Controller

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION:

Wireless communication system is the process of making link between the transmitter and receiver and
sending information through the link from one place and receiving it in another place. This is the basic
function of wireless network and it is being used for many applications. Here using the same technology, a
simple and useful application of controlling antenna through remote is implemented. These days gathering
information from satellites through dish antenna for various applications became the major part of
communication systems. In this regard every time antennas position must be adjusted according to the
satellites position. As these antennas are arranged over the roof of toll buildings or over the antenna towers,
it is very difficult to adjust angle of antenna manually, there fore this system is developed by which the
antenna can be adjusted through remote very easily without climbing towers or buildings. For demo purpose
one model of dummy dish antenna is constructed and it is arranged over a small tower created through metal
structure. As the project work mainly deals with radio communication system, it is essential to describe more
about it and hence the following is brief introduction.

Basically, a communication system is of an analog or digital type. In an analog communication system, the
information-bearing signal is continuously varying in both amplitude and time, and it is used directly to
modify some characteristic of a sinusoidal carrier wave, such as amplitude, phase, or frequency. In a digital
communication system, on the other hand, the information-bearing signal is processed so that it can be
represented by a sequence of discrete messages. In this project work, the digital information produced by the
micro-controller is transmitted through analog transmitter.

The system designed here can able to generate and transmit the command code as it is through RF
communication system, and microcontroller is used to generate the code, it will be in the form of eight bit
digital code. Two different codes must be generated to rotate the antenna in both directions. For this purpose
the microcontroller used in the transmitter is programmed to generate two simple codes by activating the
corresponding keys. The code generated by the key will be delivered through output pin of microcontroller
and it is fed to the input of RF transmitter as a modulating signal. The RF transmitter used in the remote
control unit generates a very high frequency of 433 MHz; this is treated as carrier frequency. The output of
controller will be mixed with this carrier frequency and while delivering signal through antenna it will be
super imposed over the carrier and transmitted as modulated signal. At the other end where dish antenna is
controlled, the received data will be decoded through another microcontroller unit and according to the code
this controller is programmed to rotate the antenna through DC motor. Supply to this motor is provided
through relays, here two relays are used and depending up on the code corresponding relay will be
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energized. The RF transmitter used in the system can able to transmit the data to a maximum distance of 60
to 70 feet in open air. This range can be enhanced by using a high power transmitter.

The RF transmitter that is used here is intended to transmit the digital data, as the controller used here
generates digital data in the form of 8 – bits, this data will be transmitted. The message signal can be of an
analog or digital type. An analog signal is one in which both amplitudes and time varies continuously over
their respective intervals. A speech signal, a television signal, and a signal representing atmospheric
temperature at some location are examples of analog signals. In a digital signal, on the other hand, both
amplitude and time take on discrete values. Computer data or digital data produced by an embedded system
are examples of digital signals. Since the transmitter generates very high frequency, it is difficult to construct
in normal electronic labs and hence ready made RF modules are used in this project work.

Radio communication is the process of sending information from one place and receiving it in another place
without using any connecting wires. It is also called as wireless communication system; the most important
form of radio communication is radio broadcasting. In general Radio waves are produced by rapidly
changing currents flowing through a conductor. These radio waves spread out in space like ripples produced
on the surface of a pond when a stone is dropped in the water. When these fast moving radio waves strike
some other conductor placed in their path at a distant point, they produce in the second conductor weak
currents of the same nature as the original current which produced these radio waves. Thus a communication
link will be established between two distant points.

Radio waves belong to a particular type of waves called electromagnetic waves, a form of energy resulting
from a combination of electrical and magnetic effects of rapidly changing electric currents. Although not
visible to the eye, radio waves travel with the velocity of light waves which is 1, 86,000 miles per second. In
fact, both light waves and radio waves are electromagnetic waves. Sound also travels in the form of waves
but sound waves are not electromagnetic waves. Compared to electromagnetic waves, sound waves travel at
a much lower speed of 1100 feet per second. This is the reason why a flash of lighting is seen first and the
sound of thunder follows a little later.

Basically, a communication system is of an analog or digital type, here digital type of communication
system is implemented. In an analog communication system, the information-bearing signal is continuously
varying in both amplitude and time, and it is used directly to modify some characteristic of a sinusoidal
carrier wave, such as amplitude, phase, or frequency. In a digital communication system, on the other hand,
the information-bearing signal is processed so that it can be represented by a sequence of discrete messages.
In analog communication, frequency and wavelength represents a complete cycle of a radio wave. The
number of such complete cycles performed by the radio wave in one second is called the frequency of the
radio wave. The unit of frequency is hertz, which is one cycle per second. This unit is named after Henrich

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Hertz, who discovered radio waves. Radio waves generally posses a frequency of millions of hertz, thus
represented by megahertz. The wavelength of a radio wave is the distance traveled by the wave during one
complete cycle.

Any source of information, either it is digital or analog, frequencies by themselves cannot travel long
distances, but when superimposed on the carrier frequency, they can cover the same distance as the carrier
wave itself. A modulated wave is like an aero-plane carrying passengers who could not have reached their
destination without the help of the aero-plane. For modulating a radio wave, the two important
characteristics of the radio wave that can be varied are the amplitude and the frequency of the carrier wave.
When the amplitude of the carrier is varied in accordance with the variation in the amplitude of the
modulating signal (Audio frequency), the modulation is called amplitude modulation (AM). If, however, the
frequency of the carrier is varied in accordance with the variation in the amplitude of the modulating signal,
the modulation is called frequency modulation (FM).

The carrier generator in the transmitting module is designed to produce 433MHz approximately; the digital
information produced by the microcontroller is super imposed over this carrier and transmitted as a
modulated wave. In the receiving module, the received information will be de-modulated.

The system described here utilizes two microcontroller units and these units are playing dominant roll in this
project work. Microcontrollers are increasingly being used to implement communication systems. It is
therefore important to under stand Microcontroller based systems well. Today, microcontrollers have
become an integral part of all digital communication systems. Dedicated system that use microcontrollers,
have certainly improved the functional, operational and performance based specifications. The architectural
changes in instrumentation and control systems where and are due to the computing and communication
capability of the Micro controller devices. Micro controller must be treated as a tool for computing and
communication; Knowledge of microcontrollers is meaning full and very rewarding if it is applied to design
a product that is useful in the industry or for the society in general. This is a subject, which has direct
relevance to industrial product development and automation. In this project work, microcontrollers are
programmed to perform the function of encoding and decoding techniques, which is essential for any digital
communication system.

Any Micro-controller, that functions according to the program written in it. Here the program is prepared in
such a way, so that the system performs the function of establishing a digital communication between two
distant units. The program is nothing but an instruction set, this is often prepared in binary code, & are
referred as machine code, there by this software is called as machine language. Writing a program in such a
code is a skilled and very tedious process. It is prone to errors because the program is just a series of 0’s and
1’s and the instructions are not easily comprehended from just looking at the pattern. An alternative is to use

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an easily comprehended form of shorthand code for the patterns 0’s and 1’s. Micro controller can read and it
can store the information received from the remote control unit. Micro-controllers are dedicated to one task
and run one specific program. The program is stored in ROM (read-only memory) and generally does not
change. If there are any modifications in the function, or errors in the software, the existing program must be
erased from the chip & again modified program must be loaded in the chip through chip burner.

PROBLEM STATEMENT:

Manual alignment of dish antennas to achieve optimal signal reception is a tedious and error-prone process,
often requiring physical effort and precise adjustments. Traditional methods, including the use of IR
(Infrared)-based remote systems, suffer from limitations such as short operating range, line-of-sight
dependency, and susceptibility to interference from environmental factors. These challenges make it
inconvenient for users to adjust dish antennas, particularly in scenarios requiring frequent repositioning for
changing satellites or signal sources.

The objective of this project is to design and implement a Dish Antenna Position Controller using a TV
remote, RF (Radio Frequency) modules, and a 2051 microcontroller. This system aims to provide a wireless,
reliable, and user-friendly solution for precise dish antenna alignment, eliminating the drawbacks of IR-
based systems and enhancing the user experience. The proposed system will allow users to control the
position of the dish antenna from a distance without line-of-sight restrictions, ensuring optimal signal quality
with minimal effort.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY:

The invention of the television was the work of many in-dividual in the late 19th century and early 20th
century. Direct-to-Home (DTH) television is a method of receiving satellite television by means of signals
transmitted from direct broadcast satellites. In order to receive these signals, it has to be in the direct line of
sight of the antenna. For getting best signal, following should be done: The line of sight view to the
particular satellite is free of obstacles and obstructions. Adjust the antenna reflector to azimuth angle
obtained for the particular satellite. this adjustment is the east west movement of the reflector on the mount
and is given in azimuth degree. While the transmission and broadcast is uninterrupted most of the times, in
some cases or situations, it may not be very clear or may stop altogether. The antenna of dish TVs tends to
change in angle and may go out of alignment. It may then require some adjustment so that you can receive
good reception. In order to position the dish to the exact angle to receive the maximum signal of a particular
frequency, it needs to be adjusted manually. To overcome this difficulty the proposed system helps in
adjusting the position of the dish through a simple TV Remote.

Survey of Existing Systems Television is one of the most important inventions of the twentieth century. It is
a good and healthy source of both entertainment and education and it started in India in September 1959.
The first programs presented on television were meant for schools and rural area. It shows people to see
what is going on around them by giving current news, weather reports, sporting events, or information about
places and criminals around the world. Television receive broadcasting signals and turn them into pictures
and sound. Hungarian engineer Kalman Tihanyi designed a television system utilizing fully electronic
scanning and display elements and employing the principle of charge storage within the scanning tube[1].

Richard, V., Editor, Motor Control Electronics Handbook, Mc Graw-Hill, Boston. Nowadays, the most
popular motor is a servo motor that is used to control and drive for heavy load application. On the other
hand, the servo motor cost is extensively high for this application [2]. It describes expert design and
application which help in controlling all types of motors with precise, adaptable intelligence. Featuring the
latest in electronics technology from the best and brightest in the business, it gives everything from the
fundamentals to cutting edge design tips, including real-life examples with software code. More and more
critical in motor design, sophisticated electronic controls provide greater efficiency, finer speed and torque
regulation, and better motor protection.

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Chatterjee S., Industrial Electronics and Control, New Delhi: Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishing Company
Limited. Using the remote control improves the advanced technology. And using the microcontroller
develops the motor to maintain the desired position. Although this is the first approaching step to the control
system, automation system and robotics systems, these can greatly serve to the industrial control [3]. It
describes the principle of operation and applications of both the magnetic control devices as well as the
electronic control devices as well as the electronic control devices, using thyristors. It explains electronic
control of heating, welding and solid state motor control circuits, these circuits have been verified and tested
by experts, in the laboratory.

Satellite Dish Positioning Control By DC Motor using IR Remote Control by Me Kway Oo ,Chaw Myat
New and Hla Myo tun [4] is designed to develop a geosynchronous satellite dish positioning system which
can be operated by using a remote control. Satellites are controlled by a ground station antenna (dish) an
earth that sends commands and receive information from the satellite.

“Dish Positioning By Using IR Remote” [5] by S. A Maske1.Mr. Shelake Aniket Vishwasrao , Mr.Shinde
Anup Sanjay and Mr. Mugade Nitin Krushnat describes about a dish positioning system which can be
operated by using a remote control. It uses a microcontroller of 8051 family which is interfaced to two
motors that causes the dish movements in horizontal and vertical direction according to the commands
generated by microcontroller.By operating a TV remote, coded signals are transmitted from it to IR receiver
that is interfaced to microcontroller. IR receiver decodes the data (signal) and sends it to microcontroller that
initiates the motors for movements through motor driver IC interfaced to motors.

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CHAPTER 3
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

The Block diagram represents a system for controlling the position of a dish antenna using an RF-based
remote control and two microcontroller units designed with the Atmel 89C2051.

Transmitting Unit:
Power Supply for Transmitting Unit:

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Provides a regulated +5V DC supply to power the microcontroller and RF transmitter.Ensures stable
operation of the transmitting unit.

Control Keys:

These are the input keys used to control the rotation of the dish antenna, such as clockwise or
counterclockwise commands. The user interacts with these keys to send the desired commands.

Microcontroller Unit-1:

Designed using the Atmel 89C2051 microcontroller. Reads the input commands from the control keys and
encodes them for wireless transmission. Sends the commands to the RF transmitter module.

RF Transmitter:

Transmits the encoded commands wirelessly to the RF receiver on the receiving side. Operates at a
frequency of 433 MHz, a common frequency used in wireless communication. The antenna attached to the
RF transmitter amplifies the transmitted signals and ensures effective communication over a longer distance.

Transmitting Side Antenna:

The antenna attached to the RF transmitter amplifies the transmitted RF signals. Ensures the signals can
travel longer distances without significant loss of strength. Allows for omnidirectional broadcasting, which
does not require the transmitter and receiver to be perfectly aligned.

Receiving Unit:

Power Supply for Receiving Unit:

Provides +5V DC for the microcontroller and RF receiver. Provides +12V DC for the relays and the DC
motor.

RF Receiver:

Receives the wireless signals transmitted by the RF transmitter.The antenna connected to the receiver
captures the transmitted signals effectively, ensuring reliable data reception.Operates at the same 433 MHz
frequency as the transmitter.

Microcontroller Unit-2:

Designed with another Atmel 89C2051 microcontroller.Decodes the received signals and processes the
commands.Controls the relays based on the received commands to operate the DC motor.

Relays (Relay-1 and Relay-2):

Used as electronic switches to control the direction of the DC motor's rotation.Relay-1 and Relay-2 alternate
to rotate the dish antenna clockwise or counterclockwise.

DC Motor:
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Physically moves the dish antenna to adjust its position.The direction and rotation are controlled by the relay
system.

Receiving Side Antenna:

Captures the incoming RF signals from the transmitter.Improves the reliability and range of the system by
reducing signal attenuation.Ensures that the microcontroller receives accurate and stable data for further
processing.The antennas play a vital role in ensuring effective wireless communication between the
transmitter and receiver over the 433 MHz frequency. They enhance the range and reliability of the system.

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3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

The diagram it consists of two main sections: Data Transmitter Circuit (Tx) and Data Receiver Circuit (Rx).
Data Transmitter Circuit (Tx):
Power Supply Section:
The AC mains (230V) is stepped down using a transformer, rectified by diodes, and
filtered using capacitors. A 7805 voltage regulator provides a stable +5V DC supply for the microcontroller
and RF transmitter module.
Microcontroller (89C2051):
An Atmel 89C2051 microcontroller is used to process input signals from the control keys and generate
encoded data.

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Pins:Pin 20 (Vcc): Connected to the +5V power supply.Pin 9 (RST): Reset pin, connected via a resistor and
capacitor for the reset circuit.Pins 4 and 5 (XTAL1, XTAL2): Connected to a crystal oscillator (typically 12
MHz) with 33pF capacitors for clock signal generation.
The microcontroller encodes the command signals and sends them to the RF transmitter.

Control Keys:
The control keys (not shown in detail here) are connected to the input pins of the microcontroller.These keys
allow the user to select the dish movement direction (clockwise or counterclockwise).
RF Transmitter:
Operates at 433 MHz frequency.Receives the encoded signal from the microcontroller and transmits it
wirelessly via the antenna.Powered by the same +5V regulated supply.
2. Data Receiver Circuit (Rx):
Power Supply Section:
Similar to the transmitter side, the AC mains (230V) is stepped down, rectified, and filtered.The 7805
voltage regulator provides a +5V DC output for the RF receiver and microcontroller.A separate +12V supply
is used for the relays and the DC motor.
RF Receiver:
Operates at 433 MHz and receives the signal transmitted by the RF transmitter. The signal is amplified and
sent to the microcontroller for decoding. The antenna attached improves the reception of the transmitted
signal.
Microcontroller (89C2051):
Decodes the received signal from the RF receiver. Controls the output pins connected to the relay circuit
based on the decoded command.
Pins:
Configured similarly to the transmitter side for power and clock generation.
Relay Circuit:
Consists of two relays (Relay-1 and Relay-2) controlled by transistors connected to the microcontroller.
Relays act as switches to control the direction of the DC motor.
Relay-1 contact: Activates clockwise rotation.
Relay-2 contact: Activates counterclockwise rotation.
DC Motor:
Rotates the dish antenna based on the commands received.Direction of rotation is controlled by the relay
contacts.

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COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION:
1. STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER:

Fig1:STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER
A step-down transformer is an electrical device designed to reduce (step down) the voltage from its primary
winding to its secondary winding while maintaining the same frequency. It operates on the principle of
electromagnetic induction, where a varying current in the primary coil generates a magnetic field that
induces a voltage in the secondary coil.
SPECIFICATIONS:
 Input Voltage: 230 V AC
 Output Voltage: 12 V AC
 Power Rating: 100 VA
 Frequency: 50 Hz
 Efficiency: 95%
2 . VOLTAGE REGULATOR:

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Fig2:7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

The MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA series of three terminal positive regulators are available in the TO-
220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of
applications. Each type employs internal current,thermal shut down and safe operating area protection,
making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinkingis provided, they can deliver over 1A output
current.Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators,these devices can be used with external
components to obtain adjustable voltages and current.
SPECIFICATIONS:
 Output Current up to 1A
 Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V
 Thermal Overload Protection
 Short Circuit Protection
 Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection
3. 2051 MICROCONTROLLER:

Fig3 :AT89C2051 IC Fig 4:AT89C2051 pin diagram

The AT89C2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with
2K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured
using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard

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MCS-51 instruction set. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel
AT89C2051 is a power-ful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to
many embedded control applications.
The AT89C2051 provides the following standard features: 2K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 15 I/O
lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, a
precision analog comparator, on-chip oscillator
and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C2051 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero
frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while
allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The power-down
mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next
hardware reset.
SPECIFICATIONS:
 2K Bytes of Reprogrammable Flash Memory– Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
 2.7V to 6V Operating Range
 Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
 Two-level Program Memory Lock
 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM
 15 Programmable I/O Lines
 Two 16-bit Timer/Counters
 Six Interrupt Sources
 Programmable Serial UART Channel
 Direct LED Drive Outputs
 On-chip Analog Comparator
 Low-power Idle and Power-down Mod
3. RF TRANSMITTER AND RF RECEIVER:

Fig5:RF TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER

RF TRANSMITTER DESCRIPTION:

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An RF (Radio Frequency) transmitter is an electronic device that generates and transmits electromagnetic
waves in the radio frequency spectrum to convey information wirelessly. These transmitters are widely used
in communication systems, such as radio broadcasting, television signals, wireless networking, remote
controls, and radar systems.

RF TRANSMITTER SPECIFICATIONS:
 Frequency: The transmitter frequency range is typically 433.92 MHz.
 Supply voltage: The transmitter supply voltage is usually between 3–6 V.
 Output power: The transmitter output power is typically between 4–12 dBm.
 Modulation mode: The modulation mode is usually ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying).
 Transmission range: The transmission range is typically up to 30 meters in open areas.
 Size: The transmitter module size is typically 13x12x4 mm (LxWxH).
 Weight: The transmitter typically weighs 6 g.
RF RECEIVER DESCRIPTION:
An RF receiver (Radio Frequency receiver) is a device that captures radio waves transmitted through the air
and converts them into electrical signals for processing. These receivers are integral to wireless
communication systems, enabling devices like radios, TVs, mobile phones, and wireless networking systems
to receive data or audio.
RF RECEIVER SPECIFICATIONS:
 Frequency Range: 433 MHz – 435 MHz
 Sensitivity: -110 dBm
 Data Rate: 1 Mbps
 Modulation Type: FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)
 Power Consumption: 10 mA (idle mode)
 Operating Voltage: 3.3V
 Temperature Range: -40°C to +85°C
5. DC MOTOR:

Fig6:DC MOTOR
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A DC motor (Direct Current motor) is an electromechanical device that converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. It operates using the interaction between a magnetic field and an electric current to
generate rotational motion.
SPECIFICATIONS:
 Voltage: 12V DC
 Speed: 30 RPM
 Current: 1.2A (no-load), 5A (full-load)
 Torque: 1.5 Nm (rated), 5 Nm (stall)
 Efficiency: 85%
 Dimensions: 80mm x 50mm
6. RELAY:

Fig7:RELAY
A Relay is a device that opens or closes an auxiliary circuit under some pre-determined condition in the
Main circuit. The object of a Relay is generally to act as a sort of electric magnifier, that is to say, it enables
a comparatively week current to bring in to operation on a much strongercurrent. It also provides complete
electrical isolation between the controlling circuit and the controlled circuit.

SPECIFICATIONS:
 Coil resistance : 100Ω to 500Ω
 Operating voltage : 6V to 24V DC
 No. of contacts : 1 to 4 change over
 Contact current Rating : 1.5 to 25 Amps

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3.3 PROGRAM CODE:

Tx:
org 0000h
ljmp rt

rt:
MOV SCON,#40H
MOV TMOD,#20H
MOV TH1,#0E8H
SETB TR1
CLR TI
MOV P1,#0FFH
main:

NXT5: JB P1.7,NXT6 ;FRW

MOV A,#35H
MOV SBUF,A
JNB TI,$
CLR TI
MOV A,#85H
MOV SBUF,A
JNB TI,$
CLR TI
MOV A,#0aaH
MOV SBUF,A

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JNB TI,$
CLR TI
LJMP MAIN
NXT6: JB P1.6,NXT7 ;LFT
MOV A,#40H
MOV SBUF,A
JNB TI,$
CLR TI
MOV A,#90H
MOV SBUF,A
JNB TI,$
CLR TI
MOV A,#0bbH
MOV SBUF,A
JNB TI,$
CLR TI

NXT7:
LJMP MAIN

DELAY:MOV R4,#0FFH
LOOP: MOV R5,#0FFH
DJNZ R5,$
DJNZ R4,LOOP
RET
end
Rx:
org 0000h
ljmp rt
;>
rt: MOV SP,#60H
MOV P1,#00H
MOV SCON,#50H
MOV TMOD,#20H
MOV TH1,#0E8H

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SETB TR1
CLR RI

LCALL ddelay

main:

RCV: JNB RI,MAIN

CLR RI
MOV A,SBUF
NXT5: CJNE A,#35H,NXT6
JNB RI,$
CLR RI
MOV A,SBUF
CJNE A,#85H,MAIN
FRW: SETB P1.7
CLR P1.6

LCALL DELAY
LCALL DELAY
CLR P1.7
CLR P1.6

LJMP MAIN
NXT6: CJNE A,#40H,NXT7
JNB RI,$
CLR RI
MOV A,SBUF
CJNE A,#90H,MAIN
LFT: SETB P1.6
CLR P1.7

LCALL DELAY
LCALL DELAY
CLR P1.7

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CLR P1.6

NXT7:
LJMP MAIN

DELAY:MOV R4,#0FFH
LOOP: MOV R5,#0FFH
DJNZ R5,$
DJNZ R4,LOOP
RET

ddelay: MOV R4,#60

Zz21S: MOV R5,#60
Zz11S: MOV R6,#60
DJNZ R6,$
DJNZ R5,Zz11S
DJNZ R4,Zz21S
RET
End

Software Details:
CHIP BURNING PROCESS WITH SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
µVision3 is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that helps us to write, compile, and debug
embedded programs. It encapsulates the following components:
 A project manager.
 A make facility.
 Tool configuration.
 Editor.
 A powerful debugger.
µVision3 adds many new features to the Editor like Text Templates, Quick Function Navigation, and
Syntax Coloring with brace high lighting Configuration Wizard for dialog based startup and debugger setup.
µVision3 is fully compatible to µVision2 and can be used in parallel with µVision2.
Building an Application in µVision2
To build (compile, assemble, and link) an application in µVision2, you must:
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1. Select Project -(forexample,166\EXAMPLES\HELLO\HELLO.UV2).
2. Select Project - Rebuild all target files or Build target.
µVision2 compiles, assembles, and links the files in your project.
Creating Your Own Application in µVision2
To create a new project in µVision2, you must:
1. Select Project - New Project.
2. Select a directory and enter the name of the project file.
3. Select Project - Select Device and select an 8051, 2051 device from the Device Database.
4. Create source files to add to the project.
5. Select Project - Targets, Groups, Files. Add/Files, select Source Group1, and add the source files to
the project.
6. Select Project - Options and set the tool options. Note when you select the target device from the
Device Database™ all special options are set automatically. You typically only need to configure the
memory map of your target hardware. Default memory model settings are optimal for most
applications.
7. Select Project - Rebuild all target files or Build target.
Debugging an Application in µVision2
To debug an application created using µVision2, you must:
1. Select Debug - Start/Stop Debug Session.
2. Use the Step toolbar buttons to single-step through your program. You may enter G, main in the
Output Window to execute to the main C function.
3. Open the Serial Window using the Serial #1 button on the toolbar.
Debug your program using standard options like Step, Go, Break, and so on.
Starting µVision2 and creating a Project
µVision2 is a standard Windows application and started by clicking on the program icon. To create a new
project file select from the µVision2 menu
Project – New Project…. This opens a standard Windows dialog that asks you
for the new project file name.We suggest that you use a separate folder for each project. You can simply use
the icon Create New Folder in this dialog to get a new empty folder. Then select this folder and enter the file
name for the new project, i.e. Project1. µVision2 creates a new project file with the name PROJECT1.UV2
which contains a default target and file group name. You can see these names in the Project
Window – Files.
Now use from the menu Project – Select Device for Target and select a CPU for your project. The
Select Device dialog box shows the µVision2 device database. Just select the micro controller you use. We

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are using for our examples the Philips 80C51RD+ CPU. This selection sets necessary tool options for the
80C51RD+ device and simplifies in this way the tool Configuration
Building Projects and Creating a HEX Files
Typical, the tool settings under Options – Target are all you need to start a new application. You may
translate all source files and line the application with a click on the Build Target toolbar icon. When you
build an application with syntax errors, µVision2 will display errors and warning messages in the Output
Window – Build page. A double click on a message line opens the source file on the correct location in a
µVision2 editor window.
Once you have successfully generated your application you can start debugging.
After you have tested your application, it is required to create an Intel HEX file to download the software
into an EPROM programmer or simulator. µVision2 creates HEX files with each build process when Create
HEX files under Options for Target – Output is enabled. You may start your PROM programming utility
after the make process when you specify the program under the option Run User Program #1.
CPU Simulation
µVision2 simulates up to 16 Mbytes of memory from which areas can be mapped for read, write, or code
execution access. The µVision2 simulator traps and reports illegal memory accesses.
In addition to memory mapping, the simulator also provides support for the integrated peripherals of the
various 8051 derivatives. The on-chip peripherals of the CPU you have selected are configured from the
Device.
Database selection
you have made when you create your project target. Refer to page 58 for more Information about selecting a
device. You may select and display the on-chip peripheral components using the Debug menu. You can also
change the aspects of each peripheral using the controls in the dialog boxes.
Start Debugging
You start the debug mode of µVision2 with the Debug – Start/Stop Debug Session command. Depending on
the Options for Target – Debug Configuration, µVision2 will
load the application program and run the startup code µVision2 saves the editor screen layout and restores
the screen layout of the last debug session. If the program execution stops, µVision2 opens an editor window
with the source text or shows CPU instructions in the disassembly window. The next executable statement is
marked with a yellow arrow. During debugging, most editor features are still available.
For example, you can use the find command or correct program errors. Program source text of your
application is shown in the same windows. The µVision2 debug mode differs from the edit mode in the
following aspects:
The “Debug Menu and Debug Commands” described on page 28 areAvailable. The additional debug
windows are discussed in the following.

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The project structure or tool parameters cannot be modified. All build Commands are disabled.
Disassembly Window
The Disassembly window shows your target program as mixed source and assembly program or just
assembly code. A trace history of previously executed instructions may be displayed with Debug – View
Trace Records. To enable the trace history, set Debug – Enable/Disable Trace Recording.
If you select the Disassembly Window as the active window all program step commands work on CPU
instruction level rather than program source lines. You can select a text line and set or modify code
breakpoints using toolbar buttons or the context menu commands.
You may use the dialog Debug – Inline Assembly… to modify the CPU instructions. That allows you to
correct mistakes or to make temporary changes to the target program you are debugging.
3.4 APPLICATIONS:

1. Satellite TV Reception

2. Wireless Communication Systems

Helps align antennas for point-to-point communication links, such as in radio relay stations or microwave
communication systems.Reduces signal losses by maintaining accurate orientation.

3. Amateur Radio and Astronomy

Assists amateur radio enthusiasts in positioning their antennas to communicate with satellites or other
ground stations.Can be used for tracking celestial objects when adapted for radio astronomy purposes.

4. Disaster Recovery Operations

Deployable in emergency scenarios where quick setup of satellite communication systems is necessary for
disaster management and relief efforts.

5. Military Applications

Helps in aligning antennas used in secure military communication systems.Facilitates mobile

communication units to set up networks quickly in remote locations.

6. Home Automation

Integrates with home entertainment systems to provide a user-friendly interface for controlling dish antenna
orientation using common TV remotes.

7. Research and Development

Serves as a prototype for larger systems, offering a low-cost solution for educational projects and innovation
in RF-based control systems.

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8. Vehicle-Mounted Antennas

Enables automated tracking of satellites for vehicles equipped with communication systems, such as news
vans or mobile command centers.`

3.5 ADVANTAGES:
 Cost-Effective Solution:
Leveraging existing Tv remotes eliminates the need to purchase separate controllers ,reducing overall
project cost.
 Wireless Operation:
The use of an RF module enables wireless communication, eliminating the need for physical
connections between the TV remote and the antenna, enhancing convenience and ease of use.
 User-Friendly Interface:
The integration of a standard TV remote makes the system easy to operate, as most users are already
familiar with remote controls. This eliminates the need for additional training or a learning curve.
 Durability in Outdoor Conditions:
The system avoids the need for wired connections that could degrade in outdoor conditions, enhancing
the overall durability of the setup.
 Accessibility:
Utilizing a widely available device like a Tv remote ensures accessibility for users of all
ages.
 Convenience:
Tv remotes are familiar and easy to use for most people ,making it convenient to adjust the
antenna without needing additional equipment or specialized knowledge.
 Integration:
By integrating dish antenna control into a Tv remote ,users can manage both their
Television and satellite reception from a single device ,streamlining the viewing
experience.

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3.6 DISADVANTAGES / LIMITATIONS :

 Range of RF Module:
RF modules typically have a limited range (e.g., 50–100 meters for most low-cost modules). This range
might not be sufficient for all installations, especially if there are obstacles like walls or interference
from other RF devices.
 Accuracy of Position Control:
The precision of the antenna's movement depends on the type of motor and feedback mechanism used.
 Signal Interference:
RF modules are prone to interference from other wireless devices operating in the same
Frequency range.
 Weather Conditions:
External factors like wind, rain, or extreme temperatures might affect the dish.
 Hardcoded Functionality:
The system might not be easily reprogrammable for future enhancements or changes.

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CHAPTER 4

OPERATING PROCEDURE:

STEP 1: Power Supply

 Initial Setup:
 Ensure both transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) circuits are connected to their respective power
supplies:

 Transmitter Circuit: 5V regulated supply via 7805 voltage regulator.

 Receiver Circuit: 5V for the AT89C2051 microcontroller and RF receiver, 12V for the relays and
motor.

 Verify the AC mains input and that the rectifier circuit outputs are stable.

 Connections Check:

 The RF transmitter module and the AT89C2051 in the transmitter circuit.

 The RF receiver module and the AT89C2051 in the receiver circuit.Relays and the DC motor.

 Ensure the crystal oscillator (12 MHz) is properly connected to the microcontroller in both circuits.

 Remote Configuration:

 Use a compatible TV remote that generates signals that can be transmitted via the RF module. Map
the buttons for motor control as follows:

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 Button 1: Rotate clockwise.

 Button 2: Rotate counterclockwise.

STEP 2: Transmitter Circuit (Data Tx Circuit)

 Remote Button Press:

 When a button on the TV remote is pressed, the signal is processed by the microcontroller
(AT89C2051) in the transmitter circuit.

 The microcontroller encodes the data corresponding to the button press and sends it to the RF
transmitter module.

 Signal Transmission:

 The RF transmitter module transmits the encoded signal wirelessly to the receiver circuit.

STEP 3: Receiver Circuit(Data Rx Circuit)

 Signal Reception:
 The RF receiver module receives the transmitted signal and passes it to the AT89C2051
microcontroller.

 The microcontroller decodes the received signal and identifies the command.

 Relay Control:

 Based on the decoded command:

 Clockwise Rotation (Button 1): The microcontroller energizes Relay-1, powering the motor to rotate
clockwise.

 Counterclockwise Rotation (Button 2): The microcontroller energizes Relay-2, powering the motor
to rotate counterclockwise.

STEP 4: Continuos Operation

 Pressing different remote buttons allows the user to dynamically control the dish antenna's
position:
 Button 1: Adjusts the dish clockwise.
 Button 2: Adjusts the dish counterclockwise.

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 The motor operates only while a valid command is received. If no command is detected, the system
remains idle.

STEP 5: Testing and Calibration

 Test the circuit by pressing the TV remote buttons and ensure the following:

 RF communication between the transmitter and receiver is stable.The motor rotates in the desired
direction and stops when instructed.Relays switch correctly based on the microcontroller outputs.

 Fine-tune the system as needed:

 Adjust the crystal oscillator or decoupling capacitors if communication lags occur.Verify that relays
switch without excessive delay.

STEP 6: Safety and Maintenance

 Ensure proper insulation of all live AC components.Avoid prolonged operation without a load to
prevent motor damage.Periodically check the RF modules for consistent signal transmission.

CHAPTER 5

RESULTS:

The purpose of this project work is to control the dummy dish antenna through a wireless communication
system. Dish antenna module is simulated with iron mesh and metal structure, this module arranged over a
small metal tower will be rotated in both directions according to the command code transmitted through
remote control unit. The antenna used here is dummy, means it doesn’t receive any signals from the space.
The idea of constructing dummy antenna and its tower is to create the environment of satellite tower.
DC motor with built in reduction gear mechanism is used to rotate the antenna. The communication system
is designed with RF modules. Two different codes are generated and transmitted through remote control
unit. Depending up on the control key activated in the transmitter, corresponding code will be generated
through microcontroller. This code will be in the form of eight bit data and this digital data will be super
imposed over the carrier and transmitted as modulated waves. The RF modules used here operates at a high
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frequency of 433MHz. The received information at remote end will be decoded through another
microcontroller unit & based on this data the antenna will be rotated either in forward direction or in reverse
direction. Supply to the motor is provided through relay contacts, for this purpose two relays are used and
these relay contacts are used to reverse the supply polarity when required by which the motor will be rotated
in reverse direction.
When specific buttons on the TV remote are pressed, encoded signals are transmitted via the RF transmitter.
The RF receiver module decodes the signals and sends them to the microcontroller. The AT89C2051
processes the signals and sends commands to the motor driver, which controls the movement of the dish
antenna. The antenna responds accurately to commands, allowing precise adjustment of its position. This
system demonstrates efficient, reliable, and flexible.

Fig8 : OUTPUT MODEL OF

DISH ATENNA POSITION CONTROLLER

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION:
Conclusion for Dish Antenna Position Controller Using TV Remote with RF Module and 2051
Microcontroller. The system eliminates the need for manual adjustments, offering improved convenience
and precision in aligning the antenna to the desired position for optimal signal reception.

The RF module ensures reliable and wireless communication between the remote and the microcontroller
unit. The 2051 microcontroller serves as the core of the system, efficiently interpreting the commands
received via RF and controlling the position of the antenna accordingly.

It is a practical implementation of embedded system principles, showcasing how microcontrollers,

wireless communication, and basic electronic components can work together to solve real-world
problems effectively. With further enhancements, such as adding feedback mechanisms or automation
based on signal strength, this system could be scaled up for more complex applications in satellite
communication or home entertainment systems .The present project work can be utilized for many
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applications, depending up on the application exposed in this project report it is said that it can be used to
control the dish antenna through remote such that antenna adjustments can be done very easily from the
ground level. Presently since it is a prototype module, the system is designed to rotate the antenna in one
dimension only; turn around method in both directions is incorporated. To achieve this one more motor
is essential, in addition the mechanical transmission section has to be modify accordingly which involves
little complex in the mechanism.

CHAPTER 7
FUTURE SCOPE:

The future scope of a dish antenna position controller using a TV remote, an RF module, and a 2051
microcontroller lies in its potential to simplify and enhance satellite communication systems for various
applications. This system can be developed further to include automated tracking of satellites by
integrating GPS modules and real-time data processing algorithms, allowing for seamless and precise
positioning without manual intervention. Additionally, the use of RF modules ensures wireless control
over longer distances, making it suitable for remote and challenging locations. With advancements in
microcontroller technology, the 2051 can be replaced with more advanced controllers, enabling higher
efficiency and better integration with IoT platforms for smart home applications. Such systems can find
applications in weather monitoring, telecommunications, and even in rural areas where direct access to
dish antennas is limited. Moreover, this cost-effective and user-friendly design could be adapted for
educational purposes to teach concepts of wireless communication and embedded systems to students
and hobbyists.

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REFERENCES:
 The following are the references made during the development of this project work.

 Digital Communications; By SIMON HAYKIN

 The 8051 Micro-controller Architecture, programming & Applications By: Kenneth J. Ayala

 Programming and Customizing the 8051 Micro-controller- By: Myke Predko

 The concepts and Features of Micro-controllers- By: Raj Kamal

 Digital and Data Communications; - By MICHAEL A. MILLER.

 Basic Radio & television By: S. P. Sharma

31 Dept. of ECE, GCET