LEC-1

Introduction to Statistics
 Statistics simply means numerical data, and is field of math that generally
deals with collection of data, tabulation, and interpretation of numerical
data. It is actually a form of mathematical analysis that uses different
quantitative models to produce a set of experimental data or studies of real
life.
 It is an area of applied mathematics concern with data collection analysis,
interpretation, and presentation. Statistics deals with how data can be used
to solve complex problems. Some people consider statistics to be a distinct
mathematical science rather than a branch of mathematics.
Statistics makes work easy and simple and provides a clear and clean picture of
work you do on a regular basis.
Basic Concepts
Basic terminology of Statistics:

 Population – It is actually a collection of set of individuals or objects or
events whose properties are to be analyzed.
 Sample – It is the subset of a population.
Types of Statistics:
1. Descriptive Statistics:
Descriptive statistics uses data that provides a description of the population either
through numerical calculation or graph or table. It provides a graphical summary
of data. It is simply used for summarizing objects, etc. There are two categories
in this as following below.
(a). Measure of central tendency –
Measure of central tendency is also known as summary statistics that is used to
represents the center point or a particular value of a data set or sample set.
In statistics, there are three common measures of central tendency as shown
below:
(i) Mean :
It is measure of average of all value in a sample set.
For example,
(ii) Median:
It is measure of central value of a sample set. In these, data set is
ordered from lowest to highest value and then finds exact middle.
For example,
(iii) Mode:
It is value most frequently arrived in sample set. The value repeated most of time
in central set is actually mode.
For example,
(b). Measure of Variability –
Measure of Variability is also known as measure of dispersion and used to
describe variability in a sample or population. In statistics, there are three
common measures of variability as shown below:
(i) Range:
It is given measure of how to spread apart values in sample set or data set.
Range = Maximum value - Minimum value
(ii) Variance:
It simply describes how much a random variable defers from expected value and
it is also computed as square of deviation.
S2= ∑ni=1 [(xi - ͞x)2 ÷ n]
In these formula, n represent total data points, ͞x represent mean of
data points and xi represent individual data points.
(iii) Dispersion:
It is measure of dispersion of set of data from its mean.
σ= √ (1÷n) ∑ni=1 (xi - μ)2
2. Inferential Statistics:
Inferential Statistics makes inference and prediction about population based on a
sample of data taken from population. It generalizes a large data set and applies
probabilities to draw a conclusion. It is simply used for explaining meaning of
descriptive stats. It is simply used to analyze, interpret result, and draw conclusion.
Inferential Statistics is mainly related to and associated with hypothesis testing
whose main target is to reject null hypothesis.
Hypothesis testing is a type of inferential procedure that takes help of sample data
to evaluate and assess credibility of a hypothesis about a population. Inferential
statistics are generally used to determine how strong relationship is within sample.
But it is very difficult to obtain a population list and draw a random sample.
Inferential statistics can be done with help of various steps as given below:
1. Obtain and start with a theory.

2. Generate a research hypothesis.
3. Operationalize or use variables
4. Identify or find out population to which we can apply study material.
5. Generate or form a null hypothesis for these population.
6. Collect and gather a sample of children from population and simply run study.
7. Then, perform all tests of statistics to clarify if obtained characteristics of
sample are sufficiently different from what would be expected under null
hypothesis so that we can be able to find and reject null hypothesis.
Types of inferential statistics –
Various types of inferential statistics are used widely nowadays and are very easy
to interpret. These are given below:
 One sample test of difference/One sample hypothesis test
 Confidence Interval
 Contingency Tables and Chi-Square Statistic
 t-test or ANOVA
 Pearson Correlation
 Bi-variate Regression
 Multi-variate Regression

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Introduction to Statistics

Basic terminology of Statistics:

1. Obtain and start with a theory.

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