UNDERSTANDING THE INTERNET

UNIT-I
INTERNET:

The Internet is a global network of billions of computers and other electronic devices. With the
Internet, it's possible to access almost any information, communicate with anyone else in the world,
and do much more.

INVENTED THE INTERNET:

Important figures include Robert W. Taylor, who led the development of the ARPANET (an early
prototype of the Internet), and Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn, who developed the Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) technologies.

GROWTH OF INTERNET:
Since its creation in 1983, the Internet has grown exponentially in terms of numbers of networks
connected to it. By 1985, 100 networks, both public domain and commercial utilizing TCP/IP
protocol suite became available.

OWNERS OF THE INTERTNET:

The Internet backbone can be simply defined as the core of the Internet. Here, the largest and
fastest networks are linked together with fiber-optic connections and high-performance routers.
Internet networks are primarily owned and operated by commercial, educational, government or
military entities.

ANATOMY OF THE INTERNET

The Internet is a vast collection of computers linked by cable and satellites, not controlled
by any one authority, but all operating under common network protocols. The term
'Internet' includes both the hardware (satellites, cable, routing devices and computers) and
the software (programs and network protocols) that enable computers to communicate
with each other.
When information is sent across the Internet, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP: the
networking-language computers use when communicating over the Internet) first breaks
the information up into packets of data. The client computer sends those packets to the
local network, Internet service provider (ISP), or online service. From here, the packets
travel through many levels of networks, computers, and communications lines until they
reach their final destinations. Many types of hardware help the packets on their way. These
are:
Hubs, which link groups of computers together and let them intercommunicate through
multiple ports.
Bridges, which link local area networks (LANs) with each another.
Gateways, which act like bridges, but also convey data between dissimilar networks.
Repeaters, which amplify the data at intervals so that the signal doesn't weaken.
Routers, which ensure packets of data arrive at their proper destination across different
technologies, media, and frame formats.
Servers, which deliver web pages and other services as requested.
Client computers, which make the initial request for Internet services, and run applications
to handle those services.
Cables and/or satellite communications, which make the hardware connections.
All hardware units need common operating methods, basic instructions called protocols
that specify to all parties how the data will be handled.

ARPANET:

 ARPANET is defined as the first computer network that used packet switching to
connect geographically dispersed computers and laid the foundation for the development of
the internet.
 It was developed by the United States Department of Defense’s Advanced Research
Projects Agency (ARPA) in the late 1960s and early 1970s to connect computers and
researchers at various universities and research institutions.

ARCHITECTURE OF ARPANET

Host-to-host communication: ARPANET was the first network to allow direct communication
between computers rather than requiring all traffic to pass through a central hub.
End-to-end principle: ARPANET was designed to be a simple and robust system, with most of the
intelligence and complexity located at the endpoints (i.e., the individual computers) rather than the
network itself.
Protocol layering: ARPANET was the first network to use a layered protocol stack, with each layer
responsible for a different aspect of network communication.
TCP/IP protocol suite: ARPANET was the first network to use the TCP/IP protocol suite, which
remains an indispensable standard of internet communication even today.
Although ARPANET was eventually decommissioned in 1990, its architectural legacy continues to
influence how we design and build computer networks today.
Features of ARPANET

Packet switching

ARPANET was the first operational packet-switching network. In packet switching, information is
divided into small packets and sent separately across the network. This method of communication
allowed multiple computers to share the same communication lines, making the transmission of
data faster and more efficient.
Before packet switching, most communication networks used circuit switching, requiring a
dedicated communication line to be established between two devices. Packet switching
revolutionized communication networks and paved the way for the internet-enabled world.

2. Decentralized network architecture

ARPANET used a decentralized network architecture that allowed each computer on the network
to communicate with several others. This made the network more resilient to failures and allowed
information to be routed around damaged or congested areas. The decentralized architecture of
ARPANET was achieved using routers, which were used to direct data packets to their intended
destinations. The routers on ARPANET were designed to be intelligent and adaptable, which made
the network more flexible and able to handle a wide range of traffic conditions.
Today, decentralized networks are used for various purposes, including file sharing,
cryptocurrency transactions, and distributed applications. Moreover, blockchain technology relies
on a decentralized ledger to record transactions and maintain consensus across the network.
Decentralized network architecture has gained popularity in recent years due to its potential for
greater security, privacy, and autonomy than centralized networks.

3. Resource Sharing

One of the primary objectives of ARPANET was to allow researchers to share resources such as
computer programs, data sets, and processing power. This was achieved by developing protocols
that allowed users to access remote resources as if they were local. For example, the Remote Job
Entry (RJE) protocol allowed users to submit jobs to remote computers and receive the results
back over the network.
Today, resource sharing continues to be an essential feature of networks and the internet, with a
wide range of technologies and protocols used to share computing resources, including cloud
computing, virtualization, and distributed computing systems.

4. Email

ARPANET was the first network to support email communication. The first email message was
sent in 1971 by Ray Tomlinson, a computer engineer working on the network at the time. Email
communication quickly became one of ARPANET’s most popular uses, allowing researchers to
communicate more efficiently than ever before. The email protocols developed for ARPANET
paved the way for today’s email systems.
In addition to email, ARPANET helped develop new network security technologies, such as
firewalls, which are still used today to protect networks from unauthorized access and
cyberattacks.
5. File transfer

ARPANET also supported file transfer protocols that allowed users to upload and download files
from remote locations. The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) was developed for ARPANET and allowed
users to transfer files between remote computers over the network. FTP quickly became one of
ARPANET’s most popular uses, allowing researchers to share data and collaborate more
effectively.

6. Remote login

ARPANET allowed users to log in to remote computers and use them as if they were local physical
machines. This was achieved through the development of remote login protocols such as Telnet. It
allowed users to access remote computers and use them with ease. This was a significant
breakthrough for researchers who needed to access powerful computers and resources in remote
locations. It eventually led to the development of remote access technologies such as virtual private
networks (VPNs) and cloud computing.

7. Error correction

Error correction was a critical feature of ARPANET, ensuring that data transmitted across the
network was received correctly and without errors. ARPANET used a technique known as
Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ), which enabled error detection and correction at the data link
layer of the network protocol.
When data was transmitted across the network, it was broken into packets, each with its own
header containing information such as the destination address and the sequence number. As
packets were received at the destination, they were checked for errors using a checksum, which was
generated based on the contents of the packet. If an error were detected, the receiving node would
request the packet be retransmitted, and the sender would resend it until it was received correctly.
This error correction process was critical to ensure data was transmitted accurately and reliably
across the network. Without error correction, data transmitted over the network could be
corrupted or lost, leading to data loss or inaccuracies in the information being transmitted.
Today, error correction continues to be an essential feature of network protocols, and more
advanced error correction techniques have been developed to ensure the reliable transmission of
data over high-speed networks. These techniques include Forward Error Correction (FEC), which
adds redundant data to transmitted packets to enable the receiver to detect and correct errors, and
Automatic Repeat reQuest with Selective Repeat (ARQ-SR), which enables the receiver to request
retransmission of only the packets that were received with errors, rather than the entire packet
stream.

8. Research and innovation

ARPANET was a research project designed to push the boundaries of what was possible with
computer networking. As a result, it fostered a culture of innovation and experimentation that led
to the development of technologies we take for granted today, including IoT, cybersecurity,
telemedicine, ecommerce, social media, online collaboration tools, etc.

IMPORTANCE OF ARPANET
1.Science and research

ARPANET enabled researchers and scientists to collaborate and share data, leading to
significant advancements in various fields. For instance, in the 1970s, scientists used
ARPANET to share data and collaborate on research projects related to the human
genome. This collaboration led to the development of the first automated DNA sequencing
machine, which paved the way for modern genetic research.
Additionally, in the 1970s, ARPANET was used to connect geographically spread
laboratories working on developing the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the world’s largest
particle accelerator. The LHC project involved thousands of scientists and engineers from
over 100 countries, who used ARPANET to share data and collaborate on the project.

2. Education

ARPANET played a critical role in advancing education by enabling remote access to

resources like supercomputers, databases, and other scientific instruments. For example, in
the 1980s, ARPANET enabled researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, to
remotely access a supercomputer at the ‘Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.’ This
enabled researchers to conduct simulations and experiments that would have been
impossible without the network.

3. Business and commerce

ARPANET significantly impacted business by enabling remote access to resources, making

it easier for companies to conduct research, share data, and collaborate with partners and
customers across different locations. In the 1980s, IBM used ARPANET to develop a
remote ordering system for customers. This system enabled customers to order IBM
products from any location with an ARPANET connection.
Moreover, in the 1980s, ‘American Airlines’ used ARPANET to develop a reservation
system that allowed customers to book flights from remote locations. This system was the
precursor to modern-day online booking systems used by airlines and other travel-related
businesses.

4. Government

ARPANET had a quantifiable impact on the government by enabling remote access to

resources and facilitating communication between different agencies and departments. For
instance, in the 1980s, the U.S. Department of Defense used ARPANET to develop a system
to share satellite data between different military agencies. This system enabled the military
to coordinate and respond to threats more effectively.

5. Social life

ARPANET revolutionized social life by enabling people to communicate with each other
across different locations and time zones. In the 1970s, ARPANET enabled a group of
computer enthusiasts to develop a multi-user game called ‘Maze War.’ This game allowed
players to connect to ARPANET from different locations and play together in a virtual
environment, paving the way for modern online gaming.

6. Healthcare

ARPANET significantly impacted healthcare by enabling remote access to medical

resources, making it easier for doctors and researchers to collaborate and share data. In
the 1970s, ARPANET enabled doctors at the University of Pittsburgh to remotely access
medical records and images from a hospital in Maryland. This collaboration led to
significant advancements in medical research and patient care.

7. Defense

ARPANET played a vital role in the defense sector by enabling secure communication and
collaboration between different military agencies and departments. In the 1970s,
ARPANET enabled the U.S. military to develop a secure messaging system called ‘E-mail’
that could be used to communicate sensitive information between different agencies.

WORLD WIDE WEB:

A hypertext document with its corresponding text and hyperlinks is written in HyperText Markup
Language (HTML) and is assigned an online address called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
Tim Berners-Lee (born June 8, 1955, London, England) British computer scientist, generally
credited as the inventor of the World Wide Web. In 2004 he was awarded a knighthood by Queen
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and the inaugural Millennium Technology Prize (€1 million) by
the Finnish Technology Award Foundation.
Web 2.0, term devised to differentiate the post-dotcom bubble World Wide Web with its emphasis
on social networking, content generated by users, and cloud computing from that which came
before. The 2.0 appellation is used in analogy with common computer software naming conventions
to indicate a new, improved version. The term had its origin in the name given to a series of Web
conferences, first organized by publisher Tim O’Reilly in 2004. The term’s popularity waned in the
2010s as the features of Web 2.0 became ubiquitous and lost their novelty.
At the first conference in 2004, the term was defined by “the web as platform.” This, however, was
augmented the following year with a still more nebulous expression incorporating the idea of
democracy and user-driven content, especially as mediated by the Internet. In particular, many of
the most vocal advocates of the Web 2.0 concept had an almost messianic view of harnessing social
networking for business goals.

Basic Internet Terms

Domain
While every computer has its own unique address, every user using the Internet has a unique address
called a domain. A domain recognizes one or more IP addresses. An example of a domain is
weather.com and is part of the URL such as https://www.weather.com. The standard top-level domains
are:
com - Commercial business
edu - Educational institutions
gov - Government agencies
mil - Military
net - Networks organization
org - Organizations (nonprofit)
There are additional top-level domains that are now recognized on the Internet. They include:
aero - Air-transport industry
biz - Businesses
coop - Cooperatives
info - Unrestricted use
museum - museums
pro - Accountants, lawyers, physicians, and other professionals
tv - Television

Some countries use a sub-domain or geographical domain as part of their address. Fox example, an
academic institution such as Oxford University in the United Kingdom can use ac.uk. An example of a
URL with this domain is http://www.ox.ac.uk/.

Browser
A piece of software such as Mozilla Firefox and Internet Explorer that allows a computer to access and
display documents, view pictures, hear sound, and view video clips from the World Wide Web.

E-mail
Mail that's electronically transmitted by your computer. As opposed to snail mail, e-mail sends your
messages instantaneously, anywhere in the world. It has the capability to send messages at any time and
to anyone.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

The standard method for downloading and uploading files over the Internet. With FTP, you can login to
a server and transfer files (meaning you can "send" or "receive" files).

Homepage
The first page that is viewed when the browser starts. It is also the page of a Web site that provides the
introduction or content with links.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

The abbreviation for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It is the set of rules by which Web pages are
transferred across the Internet.

Internet Protocol (IP) Address

The Internet is composed of local, regional, national, and worldwide computer networks. Each
computer on the Internet can be identified by a set of unique numbers that is called an internet protocol
(IP) address. The IP address is composed of four different numbers separated by periods such as
205.134.120.60.

Link or Hypertext Link

An underlined word(s), phrase(s), or graphics on a Web page that transports the reader to additional or
related information on the Internet.

TelNet
A terminal emulation protocol (or Internet program) used to connect a computer to a remote host or
server. Telnet is one of the oldest Internet activities and is primarily used to access online databases or
to read articles stored on university servers.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

An addressing scheme that is used on the Internet to locate resources and/or services on the World Wide
Web. Basically the URL is the address of a computer file that has been put on a computer server to
access the Internet.

Web Page
A single hypertext file or a page that is part of a Web site.

Website
A collection of World Wide Web pages or files.

NET ETIQUETTE:

Netiquette is a made-up word from the words net and etiquette. Netiquette thus describes the rules
of conduct for respectful and appropriate communication on the internet. Netiquette is often
referred to as etiquette for the internet. These are not legally binding rules, but recommended rules
of etiquette.

TOP 10 NETIQUETTE RULES

Represent yourself well. ...

Respect other people's privacy. ...
If you wouldn't say it directly, don't say it online. ...
Follow the rules. ...
Fact check. ...
Respect people's time and boundaries. ...
Respond as promptly as you can. ...
Keep your information up to date.

TYPES OF NETIQUETTES

One-to-one communication: Emails, private messages in various media.

One-to-many communication: Mailing lists, public chats, forums, pin boards, WWW
boards, social networks, communities, websites, and microblogging services
While etiquette is generally seen as a positive aspect of social behavior, there can be some

DISADVANTAGES ASSOCIATED WITH IT:

**Rigidity:** Strict adherence to etiquette can sometimes lead to rigidity in social
interactions. ...
**Cultural Insensitivity:** Etiquette norms can vary significantly across cultures.

APPLICATIONS OF INTERNET

Applications of Internet have revolutionized the way we live, work, learn, and communicate.
What started as a military communication network has grown into a global system that connects
billions of users and devices around the world. The applications of the internet are vast, changing
how we do everything from shopping and banking to entertainment and business. In this blog post,
we’ll explore the applications of the internet and how they impact our daily lives\.

1. Communication

The Applications of internet has dramatically transformed communication by providing free

or low-cost ways for people to connect. Email was one of the earliest internet applications, allowing
virtually instant communication worldwide. Video calling services like Skype and FaceTime have
made it possible to communicate face-to-face over the Internet. Messaging apps like WhatsApp and
Facebook Messenger allow instant messaging, while social networks like Facebook and Twitter
enable public conversations.
The proliferation of internet-based communication tools has made the world feel smaller and
more connected. Family and friends across the globe can easily stay in touch through messaging
and video chat. Businesses use email and video conferencing to communicate with teams and clients
worldwide without the need for expensive long-distance charges.

2. Web Browsing & Information Access

One of the primary uses of the internet is accessing information through web browsers like
Chrome, Firefox and Safari. The internet provides endless amounts of information that can be
accessed immediately from almost anywhere with an internet connection. People routinely use web
browsing to access news, research topics of interest, learn new skills through educational sites like
Khan Academy, read reviews before purchasing a product, get driving directions, and more.
Web browsing has made information easily accessible and available to Applications of internet
users around the globe. Having the bulk of human knowledge at one’s fingertips has accelerated
learning and enabled discoveries.

3. Online Shopping

Ecommerce sites like Amazon and eBay have transformed how consumers purchase
everything from clothing to furniture. Online shopping provides unparalleled access to goods and
services that may not be available locally. It also allows consumers to easily compare prices between
multiple retailers through sites like Google Shopping.
The benefits of online shopping include convenience, competitive pricing, broader selection,
ability to purchase goods from other countries, and the ability to send gifts more easily. Online
shopping has grown rapidly over the past two decades.
4. Real-Time Updates & Information Sharing
Before the Applications of internet, print newspapers, radio and television were the primary
medium for obtaining news. The internet has enabled people to access real-time updates and
breaking news stories as they occur. News sites are able to update stories throughout the day,
keeping the public constantly informed. Citizens can even report live events as they happen through
social media, providing on-the-ground perspectives.
The internet also enables governments, businesses and public figures to share information and
updates in real-time. Alarm systems and internet-connected cameras can live-stream crime events
as they occur. Meteorologists have greatly improved forecasting accuracy by leveraging real-time
weather data. Stock trading has been transformed through real-time stock tickers and trading
platforms.

5. Social Media

Social media has become a primary way that people interact online. Platforms like Facebook,
Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat and TikTok allow users across the globe to share updates, photos,
videos, and conversations. People can interact with friends, family, strangers, politicians, celebrities
and businesses through social media. These platforms have created online communities where
people can gather based on shared interests.
Social media has also enabled new forms of political engagement, social movements and
activism. Hashtags on platforms like Twitter allow users to easily follow and join in global
conversations. Social media provides a way for people to stay socially connected even when they live
far apart. However, social media can also facilitate the spread of misinformation and impact mental
health if not used responsibly. Overall, social media enabled by Applications of internet
applications has profoundly shaped modern culture.

6. Job Search & Remote Work

The internet provides new opportunities for people to find work and earn income. Job search
sites like LinkedIn, Monster and Indeed allow people to easily search for and apply for jobs across
the country from their home. Applicants can also use sites like Glassdoor to research company
reviews and salaries as part of their job search process.
Many jobs today can be done entirely remotely through the internet. Workers can use business
productivity software like Slack, Trello and Asana to collaborate with teams worldwide through the
internet. Video conferencing apps enable remote meetings.

7. Education & Learning

The internet has created revolutionary changes and opportunities in education. It has enabled
the widespread availability of online education through platforms like Coursera, Udemy, edX and
Khan Academy. Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have made courses from leading
universities around the world accessible to anyone with an Apllications of internet connection. K-12
schools utilize online learning software and educational apps to augment in-classroom teaching.
 Students can also easily access digital textbooks, papers and journals for research online
through library databases and search engines. The internet provides unlimited educational content
for learning and opens doors for people everywhere to access education.

8. Travel & Transportation

The internet has heavily influenced transportation and tourism. People routinely use sites like
Expedia, Priceline and Kayak to book flights, hotels and rental cars for travel. Review sites like
TripAdvisor and Yelp help travelers research destinations and businesses. Smartphone apps like
Google Maps and Waze provide real-time navigation, traffic updates and transit schedules.
Ridesharing services like Uber rely on internet-enabled mobile apps to coordinate
transportation. Many airlines provide internet access on flights for entertainment and
productivity.

9. Stock Trading & Finance

The internet has also had substantial impacts on trading, banking and finance. Online brokers
like E*Trade and Charles Schwab allow individuals to trade stocks online securely. People can
manage their finances and bank accounts through internet banking and finance apps using any
internet-connected device.
The internet increases access to financial services by enabling online lending, banking and
investment platforms. Algorithmic high-frequency trading relies on ultra-fast internet connections
to trade based on market fluctuations.

10. Video Conferencing

Finally, video conferencing tools like Zoom, Skype, FaceTime and Google Meet have become
vital business and personal communication tools powered by the internet. These services enable
meetings, interviews, conferences and hangouts with two or more participants through video chat.
This allows for productive remote collaboration and meetings when in-person gatherings are not
possible.
Video conferencing has enabled remote work and virtual offices to become viable for many
companies. Families and friends also use video chat services to connect face-to-face when separated
geographically.
----
An Internet application does something for end users. It is generally not concerned with
how data is actually transmitted between the hosts. Here are some distributed applications
that require well-defined application level protocols:
Sending and receiving email
Searching and browsing information archives
Copying files between computers
Conducting financial transactions
Navigating (in your car, smart scooter, smart bike, or other)
Playing interactive games
Video and music streaming
Chat or voice communication (direct messaging, video conferencing)
In addition, there are a number of network services such as:
Name servers
Configuration servers
Mail gateways, transfer agents, relays
File and print servers

WHAT IS ECOMMERCE?

"Ecommerce" or "electronic commerce" is the trading of goods and services on the internet.
Ecommerce is one way people buy and sell things in retail. Some companies sell products online
only, while other sellers use ecommerce as a part of a broader strategy that includes physical stores
and other distribution channels

HOW DOES ECOMMERCE WORK?

Ecommerce works by connecting buyers and sellers using various electronic channels. For
example, you need a channel, such as a website or social media, so customers can find
products and services to purchase. Then a payment processor enables the exchange of the
goods or services. Once the transaction succeeds, the customer receives a confirmation
email or SMS, and a printable receipt.

STEPS TO STARTING AN ECOMMERCE BUSINESS

The steps to starting an ecommerce business can vary depending on factors like what you want to
sell. For example, if you're selling services, then there’s no need to manage inventory or fulfillment.
However, if you want to sell products online, then inventory and fulfillment will likely play a
critical part in your operations.

HERE ARE SOME STEPS YOU CAN FOLLOW TO GET STARTED:

1.Research business ideas

2.Make sure there’s demand for the products you want to sell
3.Determine how you'll sell and ship products to customers
4.Find suppliers and manufacturers
5.Choose which online channels you'll sell through (e.g., an Amazon store)
6.Create a website or online storefront and upload products
7.Create a plan for your fulfillment strategy
8.Begin attracting customers with promotions

INTERNET GOVERNANCE

Internet governance is ‘the development and application by governments, the private

sector, and civil society, in their respective roles, of shared principles, norms, rules,
decision-making procedures, and programs that shape the evolution and use of the
Internet’.

This definition, developed by the Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG), dates
back to 2005. It has remained unchanged ever since. The Internet governance regime has
continuously evolved since then. It is now a complex system involving a multitude of issues,
actors, mechanisms, procedures, and instruments

IMPACTS OF INTERNET ON SOCIETY:

The positive impacts of the internet include the following:

 It provides effective communication using emailing and instant messaging services

to any part of the world.
 It improves business interactions and transactions, saving on vital time.
 Banking and shopping online have made life less complicated.
 You can access the latest news from any part of the world without depending on the
TV or newspaper.
 Education has received a huge boost as uncountable books and journals are
available online from libraries across the world. This has made research easier.
Students can now opt for online courses using the internet.
 Application for jobs has also become easier as most vacancies are advertised online
with online applications becoming the norm.
 Professionals can now exchange information and materials online, thus enhancing
research.

The negative impacts of the internet on society include:

 Easy availability of illegal or inappropriate materials online that isn’t age-suitable.

 Addiction to social networks can disrupt an individual’s life, both personally and
professionally.
 Some miscreants use the internet to hack into people’s accounts for spurious
activities including stealing data or banking information.
 Yet others have been known to misuse the internet for spreading hate and
terrorism, two dangerously catastrophic scenarios.

CRIME ON/THROUGH INTERNET

WHAT IS CYBERCRIME:
The term "cybercrime" was introduced after the latest evolution in the computer industry
and networks.
Cybercrimes are considered a major risk because they can have devastating effects like
financial losses, breaches of sensitive data, failure of systems, and also, it can affect an
organization's reputation.

WHO ARE THE CYBERCRIMINALS?

cybercriminals:
- Black hat hackers
- Cyberstalkers
- Cyber terrorists
- Scammers

We are listing different below reasons for the big increase in cybercrimes:

Vulnerable devices:
As we mentioned before, the lack of efficient security measures and solutions introduces a
wide range of vulnerable devices which is an easy target for cybercriminals.

- Personal motivation:
Cybercriminals sometimes commit cybercrimes as a kind of revenge against someone they
hate or have any problem with.

- Financial motivation:
The most common motivation of cybercriminals and hacker groups, most attacks
nowadays are committed to profit from i

Now that you understand what cybercrimes are, let's discuss some common cybercrimes.
1. Phishing and Scam: ...
2. Identity Theft. ...
3. Ransomware Attack. ...
4. Hacking/Misusing Computer Networks. ...
5. Internet Fraud.