TABLE OF CONTENTS

Letter from Secretary General

Letter from Under Secretary General

Introduction To The Committee

Key Terms and Historical Initiatives

1. Events Leading to the Dissolution of the USSR

1.1. World War II and the Cold War (1930s-1950s)

1.2. Joseph Stalin's Reign (1930s-1953)

1.3. Hungarian Revolution (1956)

1.4. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

1.5. Economic Concerns (1940s-1980s)

1.6. Afghan War (1979-?)

1.7. Gorbachev's Leadership (1985)

1.8. Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster (1986)

2. The USSR

3. Countries Involved

3.1. USA

3.2. Soviet Union

3.3. United Kingdom

3.4. People's Republic of China

3.5. Republic of China (Taiwan)

3.6. France

3.7. East Germany

3.8. West Germany

3.9. Japan

3.10. Yugoslavia

3.11. Hungary

3.12. Bulgaria

3.13. Turkey

3.14. Afghanistan

3.15. Cuba

3.16. Ukraine

3.17. South Korea

3.18. North Korea

4. Questions To Be Examined

5. In Conclusion

6. Further Reading / Bibliography

Letter From Secretary General
 Letter from Under Secretary General
Dear Delegates,

I warmly greet each of you as we embark on the journey of FSMIMUN'24. I am

Shamam Musa, your Historical United Nations Security Council (HUNSC) Under
Secretary-General.

The anticipation of the coming days spent with you all brings me great joy, and I
sincerely hope this experience will be nothing short of extraordinary. Exploring
"what if" scenarios is a personal passion, and this committee offers us an exciting
opportunity to reconstruct the course of history. I would truly like to witness the
richness of your creativity as you endeavour to create an alternative timeline.

When exploring hypothetical narratives, it is important to keep in mind that you

are also entrusted with the responsibility of protecting your nation's interests and
actively seeking opportunities for your country's prosperity. You are the ones who
will rewrite history; be prepared accordingly.

If you have any questions or need further clarification, please feel free to contact
me via email.

Yours faithfully,

Shamam Musa / musashamam@gmail.com

Introduction To The Committee

The Historic Security Council functions within the framework of the Security
Council but with a crucial difference: it focuses on past events. Delegates in this
committee have the unique opportunity to revisit and influence significant
historical occurrences, potentially altering their outcomes.

In contrast to traditional committees, the Crisis Committee possesses extensive

powers akin to decision-making bodies such as cabinets, royal courts, or rebel
groups. This dynamic setting ensures that each delegate holds considerable sway,
making every decision highly impactful and swiftly executed.

Throughout the conference, delegates will delve into history, particularly

emphasizing the pivotal 1980s, a crucial era for the fate of the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics (USSR). While the committee initially follows historical
events, the decisions made by delegates can diverge into alternative realities.

As delegates, your collective objective is to shape the world in alignment with your
agendas. Every action, whether through collaborative directives or individual
initiatives driven by personal motivations, holds the potential to reshape history.
Therefore, let us engage in discussions with innovation, collaboration, and a
commitment to effecting positive change.
Key Terms and Historical Initiatives

 Cold War : Cold War, II. It is a period of geopolitical tension and

competition between X and its allies and Y and its allies, which has
continued since the end of World War II. During this period, there is an
ideological, political and military struggle between the two superpowers,
without direct armed conflict. Instead of military struggles between the
parties, methods such as proxy wars, espionage, propaganda and arms races
are used. Each side tries to expand its sphere of influence and limit the other.
The Cold War was an important period that affected much of the 20th
century and shaped international relations, economy and diplomacy.

 Revulotion : In the middle of the turbulent 20th century, the concept of

revolution came to the fore as a decisive force shaping the world's political
and social landscape. Revolution, as it is often expressed in contemporary
discourse, summarizes a period of profound transformation and ideological
conflict that emerged after the Second World War. Against the backdrop of
the geopolitical tensions of the Cold War and the heated search for
ideological supremacy between the blocs, revolution emerges as both a
beacon of hope for salvation and a spectre of fear for the established powers.
As societies grapple with inequality, oppression, and the quest for self-
determination, the concept of revolution is at the centre, driving movements
of change across continents. But amid the enthusiasm for radical
transformation, problems of stability, order and the potential for chaos come
to the fore.

 Missile crisis : A missile crisis typically denotes a situation characterized by

heightened tensions and potential conflict arising from the deployment,
possession, or threatened use of missiles capable of carrying destructive
payloads. Such crises often involve geopolitical rivalries, military posturing,
and diplomatic negotiations aimed at de-escalation or resolution.
The Marshall Plan : The Marshall Plan, officially known as the European
Development Assistance, was a pivotal aid program initiated by the United States
to aid in the reconstruction and economic growth of war-torn Europe following
World War II. Announced by United States Secretary of State George Marshall in
1947, the plan aimed to alleviate the widespread devastation and economic
hardships gripping Europe in the aftermath of the war. While the Marshall Plan
underscored America's economic and political solidarity with Europe, it also
served the strategic purpose of curbing the expansion of Soviet influence in the
region.

The Marshall Plan provided vital resources for the reconstruction efforts and
economic revitalization of Western European nations. By offering targeted
assistance tailored to the specific needs of each country, the plan fostered a
coordinated approach to rebuilding efforts across the continent. Through the
infusion of financial aid, infrastructure projects, and support for industrial
development, the Marshall Plan facilitated the restoration of Europe's economic
infrastructure and stimulated trade and commerce.

Overall, the Marshall Plan played a crucial role in accelerating Europe's recovery
from the ravages of war and contributed significantly to the economic progress of
Western European nations during the Cold War era.
1. Events Leading to the Dissolution of the USSR

1.1 World War II and the Cold War (1930s-1950s)

World War II (1939-1945): A Transformative Global Conflict

World War II, spanning from 1939 to 1945, was a monumental global conflict involving the
majority of nations, with the Allies and the Axis as the two main military alliances. The war's
genesis lies in complex geopolitical factors, including the rise of fascism, the Spanish Civil War,
and tensions following World War I. It officially commenced on September 1, 1939, when Nazi
Germany, led by Adolf Hitler, invaded Poland, prompting the United Kingdom and France to
declare war. The conflict witnessed the blurring of lines between civilian and military resources,
with countries channeling economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities into total war efforts.

Aircraft played a pivotal role, enabling strategic bombing and the deployment of nuclear
weapons. The war's toll was staggering, with 70-85 million fatalities, including genocides like
the Holocaust, starvation, massacres, and disease. Post-war, Germany, Austria, and Japan faced
occupation, and war crimes tribunals were conducted against leaders of defeated nations.

Key turning points included Germany's conquest of continental Europe, the Battle of Britain, the
Eastern Front opening with Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, and Japan's expansion in
Asia and the Pacific. The tide turned in 1943, marked by Allied victories in North Africa, Italy,
and the Pacific. The invasion of Normandy in 1944 and the Soviet advance culminated in
Germany's surrender on May 8, 1945.

Japan, refusing to surrender, faced atomic bombings on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945,
leading to its surrender on September 2. The war reshaped the world's political landscape,
establishing the United Nations to prevent conflicts. The U.S. and the Soviet Union emerged as
superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War.
The Cold War (1945- ? ): Ideological Struggles and Global Tensions

The Cold War, a geopolitical standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union and their
respective allies, evolved from the aftermath of World War II. Although direct large-scale
fighting was avoided, the conflict manifested through proxy wars, espionage, and a nuclear arms
race.

The Western Bloc, led by the U.S., and the Eastern Bloc, led by the Soviet Union, competed for
global influence. Ideological differences, expressed through indirect means like psychological
warfare, propaganda, and technological competitions, defined the struggle for dominance. The
establishment of NATO by the Western Bloc and the Warsaw Pact by the Eastern Bloc
formalized the division of alliances in 1949 and 1955, respectively.

The first phase of the Cold War, marked by crises like the Berlin Blockade and the Korean War,
gradually gave way to détente in the 1970s. This period saw arms limitation talks and diplomatic
overtures, exemplified by Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China. However, détente collapsed in
1979 with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

1.2 Joseph Stalin's Reign (1930s-1953):

Stalin actively promoted Marxism–Leninism globally through the Communist International and
lent support to anti-fascist movements, notably in the Spanish Civil War during the 1930s. In
1939, a non-aggression pact was signed between Stalin's regime and Nazi Germany, leading to
the Soviet invasion of Poland. However, this pact was terminated when Germany invaded the
Soviet Union in 1941. Despite initial setbacks, the Soviet Red Army successfully repelled the
German invasion and seized Berlin in 1945, effectively concluding World War II in Europe.
During the war, the Soviet Union annexed the Baltic states and territories like Bessarabia and
North Bukovina. This expansion was accompanied by the establishment of Soviet-aligned
governments in Central and Eastern Europe and parts of East Asia, setting the stage for the Cold
War between the Soviet Union and the United States. Stalin played a crucial role in overseeing
post-war reconstruction and the development of the Soviet atomic bomb in 1949. This period
also saw significant challenges, including another major famine and an antisemitic campaign
known as the doctors' plot.

Stalin's death in 1953 marked a turning point. Nikita Khrushchev succeeded him and initiated the
de-Stalinization of Soviet society, denouncing Stalin's rule.

Stalin's legacy remains complex. While widely regarded as one of the 20th century's significant
figures, he cultivated a pervasive personality cult within the Marxist–Leninist movement,
portraying him as a champion of the working class and socialism.

1.3 Hungarian Revolution (1956) :

The Hungarian Revolution of 1956, also known as the Hungarian Uprising, was a nationwide
attempt to revolt against the government of the Hungarian People's Republic due to its
subservience to the Soviet Union. Taking place from October 23 to November 4, 1956, the
uprising aimed to protest the Soviet Union's influence and the policies implemented by the
Stalinist government led by Mátyás Rákosi. The revolution endured for 12 days before facing
brutal suppression by Soviet tanks and troops on November 4, resulting in thousands of
casualties and nearly a quarter-million Hungarians fleeing the country.

The catalyst for the Hungarian Revolution was the call to action by university students in
Budapest on October 23, urging the public to join them at the Hungarian Parliament Building.
They aimed to voice their opposition to the Soviet geopolitical dominance orchestrated by the
Rákosi government.

A delegation of students, seeking political and economic reforms, attempted to broadcast their
demands from the Magyar Rádió building but was detained by security guards. The situation
escalated when police from the State Protection Authority (ÁVH) shot and killed several
protesting students outside the radio building.

In response, Hungarians formed revolutionary militias to resist the ÁVH, capturing and
executing local communist leaders and ÁVH personnel. Political prisoners were released and
armed, and local soviets took control of municipal government from the Hungarian Working
People's Party. Imre Nagy's new government disbanded the ÁVH, announced Hungary's
withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact, and committed to holding free elections. By the end of
October, the intensity of the fighting had diminished.

Despite an initial willingness to negotiate the withdrawal of the Soviet Army from Hungary, the
USSR violently suppressed the Hungarian Revolution on November 4, 1956.
The conflict persisted until November 10, resulting in the deaths of 2,500 Hungarians and 700
Soviet Army soldiers. The brutal repression forced 200,000 Hungarians to seek political refuge
abroad.

1.4 Cuban Missile Crisis (1962):

The Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962 marked a critical and perilous confrontation between
the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War, bringing the superpowers to the
brink of nuclear conflict. This unique crisis involved intricate calculations, miscalculations, and
communication challenges between the White House and the Kremlin, sidelining the usual
bureaucratic processes.

The roots of the crisis trace back to the failed Bay of Pigs invasion and the subsequent Operation
Mongoose planning by the Kennedy administration. In July 1962, Soviet Premier Nikita
Khrushchev reached a secret agreement with Cuban Premier Fidel Castro to deploy nuclear
missiles in Cuba as a deterrent against potential U.S. invasion.
 Despite a public warning from President Kennedy in September 1962, the discovery of a Soviet
arms build-up in Cuba, including missile sites, led to the initiation of the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Facing a range of opinions among his advisers, Kennedy opted for a naval "quarantine" of Cuba
on October 22, legally distinct from a blockade. In a letter to Khrushchev the same day, Kennedy
demanded the removal of offensive weapons from Cuba. The crisis unfolded against the
backdrop of rising tensions, with Kennedy addressing the nation and invoking the Monroe
Doctrine.

As the U.S. implemented the quarantine, Khrushchev denounced it as an "act of aggression."

Meanwhile, reconnaissance flights revealed operational Soviet missile sites in Cuba, escalating
the crisis. With no resolution in sight and U.S. forces at DEFCON 2, the highest alert level short
of war, Kennedy contemplated a military strike.

On October 26, a dramatic turn occurred when ABC News correspondent John Scali reported a
potential Soviet offer through a "back channel." Simultaneously, Khrushchev sent a message
proposing a resolution resembling Scali's report. Despite hopes for a peaceful resolution,
Khrushchev's subsequent message added a demand for the removal of U.S. Jupiter missiles from
Turkey.

Facing the risk of imminent war, Kennedy chose to ignore Khrushchev's second message and
responded to the initial proposal. Attorney General Robert Kennedy privately informed Soviet
Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin that the U.S. planned to remove the Jupiter missiles from Turkey.
On October 28, Khrushchev publicly agreed to dismantle and remove Soviet missiles from Cuba,
officially ending the crisis.

The naval quarantine continued until the Soviets removed their IL–28 bombers from Cuba in late
November 1962. The United States lifted the quarantine, and U.S. Jupiter missiles were later
removed from Turkey in April 1963.

The Cuban Missile Crisis, a defining Cold War moment, bolstered Kennedy's domestic and
international standing. It led to the establishment of the "Hotline" for direct communication
between the White House and the Kremlin. Furthermore, it prompted both superpowers to
reconsider the nuclear arms race, laying the groundwork for the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.
1.5 Economic Concerns (1940s-1980s):

The post-World War II economic expansion, also referred to as the postwar economic boom or
the Golden Age of Capitalism, denotes a widespread period of global economic growth that
emerged in the aftermath of World War II and persisted until the 1973–1975 recession. This era
witnessed exceptional and sustained economic advancement, accompanied by full employment,
notably in the United States, the Soviet Union, Western European nations, and East Asian
countries.

Contrary to initial expectations, the remarkable growth extended to nations severely affected by
the war, including Japan (resulting in the Japanese economic miracle), West Germany, and
Austria (leading to the Wirtschaftswunder), France (during the Trente Glorieuses) and Italy
(experiencing an Italian economic miracle. Even countries with relatively minimal war impact,
such as Sweden (experiencing Record years), saw substantial economic expansion.

This economic boom set the stage for a series of global transformations during the height of the
Cold War. These changes included the rise of postmodernism, the process of decolonization, a
notable surge in consumerism, the establishment of the welfare state, the initiation of the space
race, the emergence of the Non-Aligned Movement, the adoption of import substitution
strategies, the counterculture movement of the 1960s, the onset of second-wave feminism, and an
escalating nuclear arms race.

1.6 Afghan War (1979-?):

The Soviet–Afghan War, spanning since 1979, was a prolonged conflict that occurred in the
Soviet-controlled Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA). This significant Cold War
confrontation involved extensive combat between the DRA, supported by the Soviet Union and
allied paramilitary groups, and the Afghan mujahideen, backed by various countries and
organizations. Key supporters of the mujahideen included Pakistan, the United States (through
Operation Cyclone), the United Kingdom, China, Iran, and Arab states in the Persian Gulf,
turning the conflict into a proxy war between the United States and the Soviet Union.

The war resulted in widespread devastation throughout Afghanistan, causing the deaths of an
estimated 562,000 to 2,000,000 Afghans and displacing millions as refugees, primarily seeking
sanctuary in Pakistan and Iran. The conflict, which unfolded mostly in the Afghan countryside
during the 1980s, inflicted severe damage on the country and played a role in the dissolution of
the Soviet Union, formally marking the fate of the Cold War.

The conflict commenced with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, ordered by Leonid Brezhnev,
to support the pro-Soviet government established during Operation Storm-333. This intervention
prompted international sanctions and embargoes against the Soviet Union. While Soviet forces
occupied major Afghan cities and controlled vital communication routes, the mujahideen
engaged in guerrilla warfare in the challenging mountainous terrain, representing 80% of the
country beyond Soviet control.
Initially planning a swift stabilization of Afghanistan and a complete withdrawal within a year,
the Soviets encountered strong resistance and operational challenges. By the mid-1980s, the
Soviet military presence increased to about 115,000 troops, intensifying fighting across the
nation and straining Soviet resources.
1.7 Gorbachev's Leadership (1985):

Gorbachev, committed to upholding the Soviet state and its Marxist–Leninist principles,
recognized the need for substantial reforms to ensure survival. Initiatives included withdrawing
troops from the Soviet–Afghan War and engaging in summits with U.S. President Ronald
Reagan to curb nuclear weapons and bring about the end of the Cold War.

Domestically, his policies of glasnost ("openness") and perestroika ("restructuring") aimed at

promoting freedom of speech, the press, and decentralizing economic decision-making for
improved efficiency. Democratization efforts and the establishment of the elected Congress of
People's Deputies challenged the one-party state.

After stepping down from the presidency, he founded the Gorbachev Foundation, becoming a
vocal critic of Russian Presidents Boris Yeltsin and Vladimir Putin, while advocating for
Russia's social-democratic movement..

1.8 Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster (1986):

The Chernobyl disaster commenced on April 26, 1986, with the explosion of the No. 4 reactor at
the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, situated near the city of Pripyat in the Ukrainian SSR, close
to the Byelorussian SSR border in the Soviet Union. The incident transpired during a test of the
steam turbine's capacity to power emergency feedwater pumps in the event of a simultaneous
loss of external power and coolant pipe rupture. After an unintentional drop in reactor power to
near-zero, operators restarted the reactor in preparation for the turbine test with a prohibited
control rod configuration.

The ensuing power surge at the base of the reactor, caused by various factors, led to the rupture
of reactor components and the loss of coolant. This triggered steam explosions and a meltdown,
resulting in the destruction of the containment building. Subsequently, a reactor core fire ensued,
lasting until May 4, 1986, dispersing airborne radioactive contaminants throughout the USSR
and Europe.
2. THE USSR
The Soviet Union, officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a
transcontinental country spanning much of Eurasia from 1922. As a flagship communist state, it
was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics, but in reality, both its government
and economy were highly centralized.

The Communist Party of the Soviet Union governed it as a one-party state, with Moscow as the
capital. The Russian SFSR was the largest and most populous republic.

Rooted in the October Revolution of 1917, the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the
Russian Provisional Government, marking the end of the Russian Empire. The RSFSR was
established as the world's first constitutionally guaranteed socialist state.

Postwar until the 1960s, the Soviet Union experienced rapid economic development and
achieved notable milestones in space exploration.

The Cold War divided the world into the Eastern Bloc (Soviet Union) and Western Bloc (United
States). Ideological conflicts and proxy wars characterized this era. De-Stalinization occurred
after Stalin's death in 1953, and the Space Race saw Soviet achievements.

In the 1970s, a brief détente with the United States occurred, but tensions rose after the Soviet
invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. Mikhail Gorbachev, the last Soviet leader, introduced reforms
(glasnost and perestroika) in the mid-1980s.
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU)

The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), also known as the Russian Communist Party
(Bolsheviks) and All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), and formerly referred to as the
Soviet Communist Party (SCP) or the Bolshevik Party, served as the foundational and dominant
political party in the Soviet Union.

The CPSU operated on the principles of democratic centralism, a concept introduced by Lenin,
combining democratic discussion within the party with a requirement for unanimous support of
agreed-upon policies.

The Party Congress, held every five years, stood as the highest authority, with the Central
Committee assuming this role between sessions. Day-to-day functions were delegated to the
Politburo, Secretariat, and Orgburo (until 1952). The ongoing tension between the party and the
state, represented by the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union, was never formally resolved.

After the establishment of the Soviet Union in 1922, Lenin implemented the New Economic
Policy, allowing limited capitalist practices to facilitate the development of socialism. Under
Joseph Stalin's leadership from 1929, Marxism-Leninism became the party's official ideology,
emphasizing state socialism with nationalized industries and a command economy. Post-World
War II, Nikita Khrushchev implemented reforms that decentralized economic planning and
liberalized Soviet society.
3. Country Matrix :

1. USA (Secretary of State George P. Shultz)

2. Soviet Union (Minister of Foreign Affairs Andrei Gromyko)

3. United Kingdom (Foreign Secretary Geoffrey Howe)

4. People's Republic of China (Foreign Minister Wu Xueqian)

5. Republic of China (Taiwan) (Minister of Foreign Affairs Huang Hua)

6. France (Foreign Minister Roland Dumas)

7. East Germany (Minister of Foreign Affairs Oskar Fischer)

8. West Germany (Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher)

9. Japan (Minister for Foreign Affairs Shintaro Abe)

10. Yugoslavia (Foreign Minister Raif Dizdarević)

11. Hungary (Minister of Foreign Affairs Péter Várkonyi)

12. Bulgaria (Minister of Foreign Affairs Petar Mladenov)

13. Turkey (Minister of Foreign Affairs Vahit Halefoğlu)

14. Afghanistan (Minister of Foreign Affairs Shah Mohammad Dost)

15. Cuba (Minister of Foreign Affairs Isidoro Malmierca)

16. Ukraine (Volodymyr Sichko)

17. South Korea (Minister of Foreign Affairs Lee Bum Suk)

18. North Korea (Minister of Foreign Affairs Kim Yong-Nam)

3.1 The United States Of America
The U.S. objectives in the 1980s were centered around containing Soviet influence, engaging in
military competition, exerting economic and ideological pressure, and seeking diplomatic
solutions to reduce the risk of nuclear conflict.

3.2. Soviet Union

The aims of the USSR in the 1980s, under Gorbachev's leadership, were focused on internal
reforms to revitalize the economy and political system, reduce international tensions, and
improve relations with the West.

3.3 The United Kingdom

The objectives of the United Kingdom in the 1980s regarding the Soviet Union encompassed
managing security concerns for European stability, defending human rights and democratic
values, fostering economic cooperation, promoting cultural exchange, contributing to diplomatic
stability amidst Cold War dynamics, and maintaining a balanced stance in superpower relations.
This comprehensive approach aimed to safeguard national interests while actively engaging in
global efforts to foster stability, cooperation, and shared values during a complex geopolitical
period.

3.4 People's Republic of China

In the 1980s, the People's Republic of China (PRC) followed a pragmatic approach focused on
normalizing diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. Key objectives included reducing
security concerns on the Sino-Soviet border, promoting economic cooperation for China's
modernization, and strengthening its international standing.

By balancing its relations with the two superpowers, China aimed to prevent isolation and
facilitate its opening to the world. The gradual improvement in Sino-Soviet relations during this
period reflected a strategy of broader participation and flexibility in foreign policy.

3.5 Republic of China (Taiwan)

In the 1980s, Taiwan pursued a diplomatic strategy focused on maintaining international
recognition and isolation of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Key objectives included
preventing global recognition of the PRC, strategically aligning with countries opposed to Soviet
and communist influence, promoting economic development through partnerships with non-
communist countries, and maintaining regional security and stability. Taiwan sought to navigate
changing geopolitical dynamics by balancing relations with major powers such as the United
States while avoiding alignment with the Soviet Union. This diplomatic approach reflected
efforts to preserve Taiwan's international status, security, and economic development in the face
of shifting global alliances.
3.6 France
France's goals towards the Soviet Union in the 1980s were multifaceted; It included diplomatic
interaction, arms control, economic cooperation, cultural exchange and human rights dialogue.
These efforts were part of a broader strategy aimed at contributing to global stability and
strengthening constructive relations with the Soviet Union at a time of Cold War tensions.

3.7 East Germany

East Germany's goals towards the USSR in the 1980s revolved around maintaining a strong
political and military alliance, providing economic aid, and showing unwavering support for the
Soviet Union's policies. This alignment was characteristic of wider relations within the Eastern
Block.

3.8 West Germany

West Germany's aims in the 1980s regarding the Soviet Union were characterized by a
commitment to détente, economic cooperation, arms control, and a two-track approach that
balanced its role in NATO with efforts to engage with Eastern Bloc countries. These policies
reflected West Germany's broader commitment to fostering stability and cooperation in Europe
during the Cold War.

3.9 Japan
Japan pursued a multifaceted diplomatic approach, influenced by changing global dynamics,
including the thaw in US-Soviet relations. The main goals were to strengthen economic ties with
the USSR, resolve the territorial dispute over the Kuril Islands, and contribute to regional
stability.

3.10 Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia's aim towards the Soviet Union in the 1980s was to skillfully navigate Cold War
dynamics, maintain non-alignment, promote peaceful coexistence, foster regional stability,
participate in economic cooperation, and engage in cultural and scientific exchanges to
contribute to a more independent country.

3.11 Hungary
During the 1980s, Hungary pursued diplomatic objectives marked by economic reforms, political
openness, broadening of foreign relations, normalization of ties, and a pragmatic approach to
address security concerns. These goals showcased Hungary's commitment to safeguarding its
economic and political interests while navigating the evolving dynamics of the Cold War.
3.12 Bulgaria
Bulgaria's diplomatic goals in the 1980s were characterized by political harmony, economic
cooperation, common ideological principles, security cooperation within the Eastern Bloc, and
the maintenance of normalized relations. These efforts reflected Bulgaria's commitment to the
socialist framework and its position within the broader geopolitical context of the Cold War..

3.13 Turkey
Turkey's diplomatic objectives in the 1980s were marked by a practical and adaptable strategy.
This involved a robust dedication to security collaboration with the West, maintaining
equilibrium in regional alliances, diversifying its economic engagements, effectively managing
conflicts, and fostering cultural exchanges. These initiatives highlighted Turkey's strategic
significance and its pivotal role as a significant participant in both Western and Eastern
geopolitical dynamics throughout the Cold War period.

3.14 Afghanistan
Afghanistan's diplomatic goals in the 1980s included resistance to Soviet occupation, seeking
international support, managing the humanitarian crisis, emphasizing non-alignment, promoting
Islamic unity, and negotiating the withdrawal of Soviet forces. The country faced enormous
challenges during this period, and its diplomatic efforts were driven by the imperative to provide
aid and navigate the complex geopolitical realities of the Cold War.

3.15 Cuba
Cuba's diplomatic objectives in the 1980s were characterized by adherence to socialist principles,
anti-imperialist solidarity, economic resilience in the face of external pressures, medical
diplomacy, diplomatic relations with socialist allies, resistance to US hostility, and active
participation in Foreign Affairs. The aim of these efforts was to provide support, both politically
and economically, and to defend Cuba's independence on the global stage.

3.16 Ukraine
As a founding republic of the Soviet Union in the 1980s, Ukraine actively aligned its foreign
policy with broader Soviet goals in order to contribute to the unity of the Eastern Bloc.
Diplomatically supported socialist movements and participated in international forums as a
representative of the Soviet state.

Emphasizing economic development, Ukraine advocated policies within the Soviet framework to
promote infrastructure projects and allocate resources for the benefit of the industrial and
agricultural sectors, strengthened solidarity among socialist nations, managed diverse regional
relations by addressing concerns, and promoted unity among its ethnically diverse population.
Additionally, Ukraine has played a role in nuclear disarmament efforts, supported arms reduction
agreements, and advocated for global nonproliferation.
3.17 South Korea
In the 1980s, South Korea maintained a close alliance with Western nations, primarily due to its
security concerns regarding North Korea and its communist allies. While South Korea prioritized
its own economic growth and development, it did not actively advocate for the unity of the
Western Bloc. Instead, the country focused on implementing export-oriented industrialization
policies and investing in infrastructure projects to spur economic expansion. Although South
Korea did not play a significant role in global nuclear disarmament efforts during this period, it
remained committed to nonproliferation advocacy and adhered to international agreements in
this regard.

3.18 North Korea

In the 1980s, Belarus, as part of the Soviet Union, actively supported the unity of the Eastern
Bloc, aligning its foreign policy with broader Soviet goals. This included participating in
collective security measures, advocating economic development, participating in cultural
exchange and managing regional relations.

Belarus also played a role in supporting Soviet nuclear disarmament efforts by representing the
state at international forums within the Soviet framework.

A condensed list of previously presented objectives:

A) Cold War Superpowers
United States of America (USA):

- Containing Soviet influence

- Engaging in military competition

- Exerting economic and ideological pressure

- Seeking diplomatic solutions to reduce the risk of nuclear conflict

Soviet Union:

- Internal reforms to revitalize the economy and political system

- Reduce international tensions

- Improve relations with the West

B) Sino-Soviet Relations and Diplomacy
People's Republic of China (PRC):

- Normalizing diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union

- Reducing security concerns on the Sino-Soviet border

- Promoting economic cooperation for China's modernization

- Strengthening international standing

C) Taiwan's Strategic Diplomacy

Republic of China (Taiwan):

- Maintaining international recognition and isolation of the People's Republic of China (PRC)

- Preventing global recognition of the PRC

- Aligning with countries opposed to Soviet and communist influence

- Promoting economic development through partnerships with non-communist countries

- Maintaining regional security and stability

D) European Diplomacy
The United Kingdom:

-Managing security concerns for European stability

-Defending human rights and democratic values

-Fostering economic cooperation

-Promoting cultural exchange

-Contributing to diplomatic stability amidst Cold War dynamics

-Maintaining a balanced stance in superpower relations

France:

- Diplomatic interaction

- Arms control

- Economic cooperation

- Cultural exchange

- Human rights dialogue

East Germany:

- Maintaining a strong political and military alliance with the USSR

- Providing economic aid

- Showing unwavering support for Soviet Union's policies

West Germany:

- Commitment to détente

- Economic cooperation

- Arms control

- Two-track approach balancing NATO and engagement with Eastern Bloc countries

E) Asian Diplomacy
Japan:

- Strengthening economic ties with the USSR

- Resolving the territorial dispute over the Kuril Islands

- Contributing to regional stability

 South Korea:
- Economic development through export-oriented industrialization
- The transition towards democratization amidst authoritarian rule
- Expansion of foreign relations, particularly with Western nations
- Efforts towards reconciliation and cooperation with North Korea
- Pragmatic security policies to address threats from North Korea

North Korea:
- Pursuit of self-reliance under Juche ideology
- Military prioritization, including nuclear weapons development
- Isolationist stance, with strained relations with the West
- Engagement in sporadic diplomatic efforts, such as involvement in the Non-Aligned
Movement

F) Yugoslav Non-Aligned Approach

Yugoslavia:

- Navigating Cold War dynamics

- Maintaining non-alignment

- Promoting peaceful coexistence

- Fostering regional stability

- Participating in economic cooperation

- Engaging in cultural and scientific exchanges

G) Eastern Bloc Members
Hungary:

- Economic reforms

- Political openness

- Broadening of foreign relations

- Normalization of ties

- Pragmatic approach to address security concerns

Bulgaria:

- Political harmony

- Economic cooperation

- Common ideological principles

- Security cooperation within the Eastern Bloc

- Maintenance of normalized relations

H) Middle Eastern Diplomacy

Turkey:

- Practical and adaptable strategy

- Robust dedication to security collaboration with the West

- Maintaining equilibrium in regional alliances

- Diversifying economic engagements

- Managing conflicts

- Fostering cultural exchanges

Afghanistan:

- Resistance to Soviet occupation

- Seeking international support

- Managing the humanitarian crisis

- Emphasizing non-alignment

- Promoting Islamic unity

- Negotiating the withdrawal of Soviet forces

I) Socialist Allies and Global Diplomacy

Cuba:

- Adherence to socialist principles

- Anti-imperialist solidarity

- Economic resilience

- Medical diplomacy

- Diplomatic relations with socialist allies

- Resistance to US hostility

Ukraine:

- Contributing to the unity of the Eastern Bloc

- Supporting socialist movements

- Participating in international forums as a representative of the Soviet state

- Advocating economic policies within the Soviet framework

- Promoting infrastructure projects and resource allocation

- Strengthening solidarity among socialist nations

- Managing diverse regional relations

- Advocating for nuclear disarmament and global nonproliferation

4. Questions To Be Examined :
 What are the root causes of economic difficulties, stagnation, and inefficiency within the
Soviet Union?
 How do tensions on the international stage impact relations between countries during the
Cold War era?
 What factors contribute to nationalist and ethnic tensions among the diverse populations
within the Soviet Union?
 How did military conflicts, particularly the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, affect the
stability of the region and Soviet foreign policy?
 What strategies were employed to maintain stability within the Eastern Bloc amidst
internal and external pressures?
 How did Cold War dynamics influence decision-making regarding relations with non-
aligned countries, and what challenges did this present?
 What were the key obstacles in promoting unity among socialist nations and supporting
socialist movements worldwide?
 What considerations guided decisions on nuclear disarmament and nuclear proliferation
during the Cold War era, and how did they impact global security dynamics?

5. In Conclusion :
The fate of the USSR stands as a transformative moment in 20th-century history that reshaped
the destiny of nations and influenced global power dynamics. Considering the aimsof the
countries, the problems that expected and demanded to be solved will play a decisive role in
determining the fate of the Soviet Union and whether new independent countries will emerge.

The decisions and actions of leaders during the turbulent period that led to the fate of the USSR
will leave a lasting impact. The decisions taken during this period will not only affect the fortune
of the Soviet Union, but will subsequently shape the fate of nations in the world.

Given the alternative historical scenario, which is emerging, it is vital that the delegates who
participated in shaping the fate of the USSR, are recognized as the brains behind a new
geopolitical framework. As these delegates are charged with ongoing responsibilities in
determining the course of their nation, their choices will carry profound meaning. It is imperative
that they understand the magnitude of their role and make decisions that will best serve their
country.
6. Further Reading:
https://www.britannica.com/place/Soviet-Union

https://online.norwich.edu/consequences-collapse-soviet-union

https://www.britannica.com/place/Baltic-states/Independence-and-the-20th-century

https://www.who.int/teams/social-determinants-of-health/declaration-of-alma-ata

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/fall-of-communism

Bibilography:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union

https://www.history.com/topics/european-history/history-of-the-soviet-union

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/collapse-soviet-union

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika

https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/The-Gorbachev-era-perestroika-and-glasnost

https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/perestroika-and-glasnost

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma-Ata_Protocol

https://www.who.int/teams/social-determinants-of-health/declaration-of-alma-ata

https://www.prlib.ru/en/history/619792

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt

https://www.britannica.com/topic/1991-Soviet-coup-attempt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/fall-of-communism