UNIT III- Modes of Paragraph Development

LESSON 1: Influencing your world via casual analysis

from having as a major subject in school, is there any other reason you would read
literature? How is it of any help to everyday life?

For ten minutes free write on the theme "literature". The literature that you would
write about can be from any language. "Loving let" by isa lorenzo


•Post-reading: vocabulary check

*Find out the following underlined words mean, context clues should be more than a
helpful strategy.

A. do I teach them to love words as much as I do, and beauty and meaning in the precise
arrangement of a Sonnet to feel a thrill over the word "exquisite".

B. with remain an inveterate reader, someone who always brings books her.

C. I like real life with its unexpected twists, its crushing disappoint- ments and its sudden
serendipities-just fine

Discussion questions

• what are the questions that the author as English teacher grapple with every day?

• why does the author love literature? which events led to her passion trading?

• what purpose did literature serve during the author's childhood?

• How was literature affected the author's adult life?

• According to the author, what is her wish for her students?

Causal Analysis

-tackles the cause and effect at a particular event phenomenon or situation.

• Deals with the study of relationship between or among at least two happenings. • answers
the questions "why" and "how!

Purpose of writers for using causal analysis as primary modes:

 Informative- primary explain

 Persuasive- attempts to convince the reader to believe what the writer saying.

 Speculative- suggest possibilities.

Causal chain

-Set of cause and effect that leads to multiple other sets-all happening one after the other.

•When dealing with casual analysis be wary of the logical fallacy of faculty causality or
propter hoc ergo propter hoc.

Examples:

1. The city experienced severe flooding due to continuous heavy rainfall over Several days.
The rain caused rivers to flow reading to widespread damage in low-lying areas.

2. Eating a balanced is important because it helps maintain a healthy weight and prevents
chronic diseases like diabetes and heart diseases. If we continue to rely on processed
foods, these health issues will be more common. Therefore, adopting healthier eating
habits is crucial for long term well-being.

Descriptive Writing:

DESCRIPTION

-is the expression of sensory experience in vivid, specific and concrete language painting a
picture with words.

-it uses give senses figurative language, and descriptive language.

Example:

As I walk through the enchanted forest I am greeted with the fresh smell of scented
flowers. Their bright colours glow in the sunlight. chirping birds happily dance around in
the sky as the trees waver their arms in excitement.

The warm spring breeze softly brusher against my face as I walk along the freshly grown
grass, slowly the refreshing air lands on my tongue filling me with happiness.

Types of description

1. Objective description- are technical and factual in nature.

2. Subjective description- more expressive because it evokes more emotions and ideas
about an image.

 Connotative Language- is more commonly found in such description details in a

description can also be organized in the following ways:

1. Spatial description- in relation to space arrangement.

2. Chronological description- Order of events in a given time.

3. Comparison/Contrast

4. Emphatic description- order of important details.

Compare and contrast the following passage below:

A. "There's a teenager in my house. Until a few years ago, he wat my son. But when he
turned 13, he also became this tall stranger with new pimples around his nose and
insolence in his manner" -from There's a teenager in my house" by kerima Polotan Tuvera.

B. A teenager is someone between 13 and 19 years old. They called such because their age
number ends in "Teen". The usage of this term varies in different cultures, but generally it
refers to a period of rapid mental and physical development. A teenager is raid to undergo
this transition period from childhood to adulthood.

NARRATING
NARRATION
-In its simplest definition, is story-telling.
-It is a sequence of events, happening in a particular place at a particular time.
-Narration is creating a world based in the writer's imagination. It is also revisiting a world
based on the author's memory.

To achieve effective narrative, it should have:

 Vivid description of details
 Consistent point of view
 Consistent verb tense
 Well-defined point or significance

 Vivid description of details

-describe actions and emotions instead of stating item
=Narrate as vividly as possible in the story.

Example:
A boy and a girl sat on the floor holding two bamboo poles by their ends Flat on Floor,
dapping them together, then apart, and pounding them on the boards. while dancers
swayed and balanced their lithe forms, dipping their bare brown legs in and out of the
clapping bamboos, the place gradually increasing into a Fury of wood on wood in a
counterpoint of panic among the dancers and in a harmonious Flurry of toes and ankles
escaping certain pain-crushed bones, and bruised flesh, and humiliation...."
 Consistent Point of view
3 Types:
 FIRST PERSON POINT OF VIEW -uses I, we, our, me, us, my, and ours.
 SECOND PERSON POINT OF VIEW -the second POV uses you (For both singular
and plural antecedents), your, and yours.
 THIRD PERSON POINT OF VIEW -uses the pronoun he, she, it, him, her, they,
his, its, their, and them.

= In this sample entitles as The Day the Dancers came:

 Naturally, who says you won't? Fil argued, thinking how wonderful it is would be
if he could join the company of dancers from the Philippines, show them around walk with
them in the snow, watch their eyes as they stared about them, answer their questions, tell
them everything they wanted to know about the changing seasons in this strange land.
They would pick up Fistful snows, crunch it in their fingers or shove it into their mouth’s...”
 Omniscient - means the narrator is all-knowing; this traits enables the
reader to see not only the dialogue that happens between or among the
characters, but also the characters' inner- most thoughts and desires.
 Dispassionate observer- presents a relatively objective story to the reader,
one without much bias and opinion.

Consistent verb tense

is needed to make clear to the reader whether the story in the normative had


already happened, has been happen for some time now, happens on a regular basis,
-

is currently happening and will do so indefinitely, or will happen sometime in the

future.

Well-defined Point or Significance

In any narrative is something a kin to the literary element we call theme. The theme


is unifying thought or idea born out of all the other elements of the story. It is
-

universal human truth that is not usually blatantly said in a story; rather, unraveled
as the reader reads.

Narrative Devices
The use of narrative devices is a techniques writers utilize to add flavor and enrich
the meaning of their stories. With this devices, an author can shortens, lengthen,
-

and/or focus on a particular event to add depth to the story.

ANECDOTE - are brief narratives that are written from the writer's memory.
FLASHBACK- is an event that happened in the past.


FLASHFORWARD-is an event that has yet to happen in the main timeframe of the


story.


 TIME STRETCH - is a since event in the story that the author focuses writing about.

TIME SUMMARY- as opposed to a time stretch in which a single event is prolonged.



- It is characterized by jamming together multiple events and/or shortening a



relatively long period of time.

-Can be determined with expressions such as: "in a single day", "overnight". "After
the winter season...", "A few years after...”
 DIALOGUE- a word as a series of words en- closed in a pair of quotation marks
which signal the characters' spoken language within the confines of the text.
Examples:

1. "Words have sustained me ever since I was a child. Every Sunday, we went to
National Book Store where my sisters and I were each allowed to choose one book
to buy and bring home. I was told that my parents read tome every night when I was
young. As soon as I learned to read, it was my turn to read to them."
 2. "The man sat alone in the quiet of the evening, his thoughts drifting back to the days
when she was by her side, her laughter filling the air. As the memories flooded his
mind, he could still feel the warm of her touch, the way her smile lit up his world,
and the sound of her voice that once made everything right. Each memory was a
bittersweet reminder of the love he had lost, and his heart ached with the longing
that had never faded.

3. "The young captain stood tall at the bow of his ship, the wind in his face, ready to a
lifetime of adventures. Yet, deep inside, he knew this moment would come to an end.
In a distant, brief flash, he sow himself as an old man, watching the final sunset of
his life from the same ship, now anchored and still."

Lesson 4: Delineating your World via Definition

Definition
Defining -is understanding the essence of a word, an idea. a concept, or an


expression.


Denotation
Is the primary, explicit, or literal definition of a word.
it is also the meaning of a based on dictionary
-

Connotation
-

It is the Secondary meaning.

It is not necessarily included in the dictionary: rather. It is how People understand a
-

word based on their own personal or Consensual experiences

-

The following are techniques that one can use as well in a definition Essay:

Analysis
Is the process of breaking concept into its constituent parts to.


Collocation
-

Is made up of the Prefix “co-“(together) and location.



Comparison
-

Is associating the word or the expression you are trying to define with something


else not necessarily synonymous with it.

-

 Contrast
- Means discerning how at least two similar concepts are different from each other.
 Etymology
- Is the history of a word.
 Exemplification
- Is defining something by giving example.

 Function


- Is to know what its purpose is.

 Negation
- it is a concept by explaining what is not
 Synonyms
- Are a single word or Phrase that share the same meaning.
 Slang (Short Language)
 - It is characterized by informality.

Division and classification

Division
-is used to separate one whole item into parts it stresses the distinction between items.
Classification
-is used to group different items which share certain qualities it emphasizes the
similarities.

Financial literacy includes several important skills, which can be divided into budgeting,
saving & investing. Budgeting Is the skill of planning how to spend and save money,
helping people avoid overspending and reach financial goals. Saving involves setting money
aside for future needs, whether for emergencies large purchases, or long term goals like
retirement.

Finally, investing means using money to buy assets, such as stocks or property that can
grow in value over time, increasing one's wealth. By understanding these three areas,
individuals can build a strong foundation for managing money effectively and achieving
Financial Security.

WHEN DIVIDING AND CLASSIFYING THINGS TO MAKE YOUR WRITING MORE

ORDERLY AND SYSTEMATIZED, CONSIDER FOLLOWING THESE THREE PRINCIPLE.

Consistency- is characterized by having parallel similarities in the divisions you

make in your writing. This means using the same criterion to organize your infos.


Example:
 Classifying cars based on color and then adding a category for “expensive cars”
breaks consistency. Color and price are different criteria.
 Classifying cars based on their engine type (gasoline, diesel, electric) maintains
consistency because all categories relate to the car's power source.

Exclusiveness- means there is no overlapping between or among the items divided

and classified together


Example:
 Classifying animals into categories like "mammals" and "animals with fur” creates
overlap because some mammals don't have fur
 Classifying animals based on their classification (mammals, birds, reptiles,
amphibians, fish) ensures that each animal belongs to only one category.

Completeness- means that no important part Is omitted from the writing. It means
that your classification system accounts for all the major categories or divisions w/in


the subject.
Example:
 Classifying types of transportation into cars and planes leaves out important modes
of transportation like trains, buses, bicycles, and boats.
 Classifying transportation into categories like "land", "air", and "water” provides a
more complete and accurate representation of the various ways people and goods


move around.
Types of learning: (example the principles)
Formal learning: structured, organized learning that takes place in an educational
institution, w/a curriculum, assessments and qualified instructors (e.g. schools and


universities).
Informal learning: learning that occurs outside of formal educational settings often
through personal experiences, interactions, and self- directed exploration (e.g.


hobbies).
Experiential learning: learning that emphasizes hands-on experience problem-
solving and reflection. (e.g. internships)


COMPARISON and CONTRAST

-Writers opt to use comparison and contrast when wanting to do unbiased discussion or
give an attempt to persuade a reader.

Analogy
-Is a common technique that writers use to demonstrate comparison and contrast.
Example: 1. Just as a sword is the weapon of a warrior, a pen is the weapon of a writer.

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
 SIMILE- comparison between among objects. Almost done with the use of "like",
“as" (direct Comparison).
Example: she was a pleasant girl like Joan of arc.
Your eyes are as bright as the stars.
 METAPHOR- indirect comparison between and among objects.
Example: time is gold
 OXYMORON- happens when 2 seemingly opposite terms are juxtaposed next-to or
near-each other in a single expression.
Examples: act naturally love hate relationship
Awfully good
Deafening silence
 PERSONIFICATION- is done when non-humans are assigned human qualities.
- Personification literally means “the process of making
something human”.
Examples: my phone has died.
The tree is dancing in the wind.
The stars winked in the night sky.
 PARADOX
Example: The more you know, the more you realize you don’t know.
 SYNECDOCHE
Examples: We need more hands to finish our project.
I bought you wheels.
 IRONY
Example: A marriage counselor filed for divorce.
 JUXTAPOSITION
Example: placing scenes of a peaceful village next to a war-torn battlefield in a story to
emphasize the difference between conflict.

LESSON 7: TYPING YOUR WORLD VIA EXEMPLIFICATION

Exemplification
- It came from a latin word exemplum which means examples. It is the act of providing
examples to illustrate a point or idea.
- It uses examples to explain, to define, to illustrate, and to persuade.
 Signal words used: for instance, for example, such as, and etc.

Example:
 Today, men and women of all ages undergo surgery to feel good about themselves.
Three of the most popular surgical procedures are liposuction, facelifts, and hair
transplants. First, liposuction is a quick fix for those who find a good diet and
exercise ineffective and time consuming. Next, surgical facelifts promise men and
women a younger and fresher look. Lastly, hair transplants are now possible,
especially for balding men. Thanks to medical advances, men can now avoid the
harsh reality of losing their hair by undergoing a long-lasting hair transplant
procedure.

TECHNIQUES THAT YOU CAN USE AS EVIDENCE TO ESTABLISH CREDIBILITY IN

YOUR ARGUMENTS:
1. Visual Illustration
- Primarily appealing to the eyes, using it as a technique for exemplification may prove to
be powerful in bringing your message across.
- It can use to concretize abstract concepts.

2. Facts
- are concepts, ideas, and statements that are generally assumed to be true, real, and/or
existing.
- Facts given as an examples are very useful in supporting your point.

3. Anecdotes
- are brief narratives within a piece of writing.
-serves as a supporting claims that explains the author's intended argument.

4. Details- entail analyzing.

Analyzing- process of breaking down a concept or idea into its constituent parts.

5. Opinion
-Individual interpretations of people on certain events, situations, ideas, and/or concepts.

6. Observation
-similar to describing.
-Make use of description—appealing to the five human senses.
LESSON 8: COMMANDING AN AUDIENCE VIA PERSUASION

PERSUASION
- is the act of persuading the reader or audience to adopt a certain viewpoint or opinion.
-is almost always coupled with argumentation.

3 APPEALS OF PERSUASION:
1) Appeal to logic (logos)- use of facts and well-supported and well-developed claims to
support your argument.

2) Appeal to emotion (pathos)-means to persuade an audience by purposely evoking certain

emotions to make them feel the way the author wants them to feel.

3) Appeal to credibility (ethos)-conveys the writer’s credibility and authority.

THREE TYPES OF AUDIENCE:

A. The Supportive Audience
-means you have spectators who are already briefed on the issue at hand. You no
longer need to tackle the nitty-gritty of your topic as your audience is already informed.

B. The Wavering Audience

-means you have spectators who are not readily accepting to your ideas. They may
listen to you, but that does not necessarily mean they automatically believe what you are
saying.

C. The Hostile Audience

-This type of audience is the most difficult to please. You can even assume that
they represent the opposing stance of the issue you are about to tackle.