174 Interview questions &

Answers
Saikrishna Nangunuri | SDE2 HCCI |
https://www.linkedin.com/in/saikrishnanangunuri/

Access more interview questions including these for free on

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Most important Interview Tip:

Always give theoritical answers as well as a practical example by sharing
your screen to the interviewer, so that you can delay some time of the
interview and interviewer will think you are a practical person 😉
This Pdf will contain.,

67 Javascript theory Interview questions

28 Output based javascript questions

27 Problems and solutions in javascript

52 Reactjs theory and practical questions

1. Is javascript a dynamically typed language or a statically

typed language ?
Javascript is a dynamically typed language.

It means all type checks are done at run time ( When program is executing
).

So, we can just assign anything to the variable and it works fine.

let a;
a = 0;

174 Interview questions & Answers 1

 console.log(a) // 0
a = "Hello"
console.log(a) // "Hello"

Typescript is a statically typed language. All checks are performed at

compile time.

2. What are the different datatypes in javascript ? (Most asked)

Primitive datatypes:

String

number

boolean

null

undefined

Bigint

symbol

Non-Primitive datatypes:

Object

Array

Date

3. What is Hoisting in javascript ? (Most asked)

In other scripting/server side languages, variables or functions must be
declared before using it.

In javascript, variables and functions can be used before declaring it. The
javascript compiler moves all the declarations of variables and functions on
top. so there will not be any error. This is called hoisting.

👉 Interview Tip: Mention buzz word temporal dead zone in above answer so
that interviewer will ask What is temporal dead zone. 😉

174 Interview questions & Answers 2

 4. What are the various things hoisted in javascript ?

Function declarations: Fully hoisted.

var - Hoisted
Arrow functions: Not hoisted
Anonymous Function expressions: Not hoisted
let and const - Hoisted but not initialized. (Temporal dead zo
class declarations - Hoisted but not initialized.

Ref: https://stackabuse.com/hoisting-in-javascript/

5. What is temporal dead zone ?

It is a specific time period in the execution of javascript code where the
variables declared with let and const exists but cannot be accessed until
the value is assigned.

Any attempt to access them result in reference errors.

6. What are the differences let, var and const ? (Most asked)
Scope:

Variables declared with var are function scoped.( available through out
the function where its declared ) or global scoped( if defined outside
the function ).

Variables declared with let and const are block scoped.

Reassignment:

var and let can be reassigned.

const cannot be reassigned.

Hoisting:

var gets hoisted and initialized with undefined.

174 Interview questions & Answers 3

 let and const - gets hoisted to the top of the scope but does not get
assigned any value.(temporal dead zone)

7. List out some key features of ES6 ? (Most asked)

1. Arrow functions

2. Let and Const declarations.

3. Destructuring assignment

4. Default parameters

5. Template literals

6. Spread and Rest operators

7. Promises

8. Classes

9. Modules

10. Map, Set, Weakmap, Weakset

👉 Interview Tip: Here try to explain definations (provided in below questions)

for these features so that you can kill 2-3 min of interview time 😉

8. What are limitations of arrow functions in javascript ?

Arrow functions are introduced in ES6. They are simple and shorter way to
write functions in javascript.

1. Arrow functions cannot be accessed before initialization

2. Arrow function does not have access to arguments object

3. Arrow function does not have their own this. Instead, they inherit this from
the surrounding code at the time the function is defined.

4. Arrow functions cannot be used as constructors. Using them with the 𝙣𝙚𝙬
keyword to create instances throws a TypeError.

5. Arrow functions cannot be used as generator functions.

174 Interview questions & Answers 4

 👉 Note: Arrow functions + this combination questions will be asked here.
Please explore on this combinations.

9. What’s the spread operator in javascript ?

Spread operator is used to spread or expand the elements of an iterable like
array or string into individual elements.
Uses:

1. Concatenating arrays.

let x = [1,2];
let y = [3,4];

let z = […x,…y] ⇒⇒ 1,2,3,4

2. Copying arrays or objects.

let a = […x] // 1,2

3. Passing array of values as individual arguments to a function.

function createExample(arg1,arg2){
console.log(arg1,arg2);
}

createExample(…a)

👉 Interview Tip: Practice the above examples mentioned and showcase them
in interviews to make interviewer think that you are a practical person. 😉

10. What is rest operator in javascript ?

174 Interview questions & Answers 5

 Rest operator is used to condense multiple elements into single array or object.

This is useful when we dont know how many parameters a function may
receive and you want to capture all of them as an array.

function Example(...args){
console.log(args)
}

Example(1,2,3,4);

11. What is destructuring ?

It is introduced in Es6.

It allows us to assign the object properties and array values to distinct

variables.

const user = {
"age": 10,
"name": "Saikrishna"
}

const {age,name} = user;

console.log(age,name) // 10,"Saikrishna"

const [a,b] = [1,2];

console.log(a,b) // 1,2

12. What are the differences between Map and Set ?

Map Set

Map is the collection of key value pairs Set is a collection of unique values

174 Interview questions & Answers 6

 Map is two dimensional Set is one dimensional

Eg:
Eg:
let data = new Map();
data.set(”name”,”saikrishna”); let data = new Set();
data.set(”id”,”1”); data.add(1);
for(let item of data){ data.add(”saikrishna”);
console.log(item) for(let item of data){
} console.log(item)
}
O/P
[”name”,”saikrishna”] O/P
[”id”,”1”] 1
Saikrishna

new Map([iterable]) – creates the map, with

optional iterable (e.g. array) of [key,value]
new Set([iterable]) – creates the set,
pairs for initialization.
and if an iterable object is provided
(usually an array), copies values from it
map.set(key, value) – stores the value by the
into the set.
key, returns the map itself

set.add(value) – adds a value, returns

map.get(key) – returns the value by the key,
the set itself
undefined if key doesn’t exist in map
.
set.delete(value) – removes the value,
returns true if value existed at the
map.has(key) – returns true if the key exists,
moment of the call, otherwise false.
false otherwise.

set.has(value) – returns true if the value

map.delete(key) – removes the element by
exists in the set, otherwise false.
the key, returns true if key existed at the
moment of the call, otherwise false.
set.clear() – removes everything from
the set.
map.clear() – removes everything from the
set.size – is the elements count.
map.
map.size – returns the current element count.

Ref: https://javascript.info/map-set

13. What are modules in javascript ?

Modules allows us to break down the large piece of code into smaller parts.

174 Interview questions & Answers 7

 Modules helps us to write more reusable and maintenable code.

Modules can be imported and exported using import and export

statements.

14. What is the difference between 'Pass by Value'

and 'Pass by Reference'?
In JavaScript, whenever a function is called, the arguments can be passed in
two ways, either pass by value or pass by reference.

Primitive datatypes such as string, number,boolean,null and undefined are

passed by value.

Non -primitive datatypes such as object,arrays or functions are passed by

reference.

In Pass by value, parameters passed as an arguments creates their own copy.

So any changes made inside the function are made to the copied value so it will
not affect the original value.

// Pass by value example

let num = 10;

function changeNum(value) {
value = 20;
console.log(value); // Output: 20
}

changeNum(num);
console.log(num); // Output: 10

In Pass by reference, parameters passed as an arguments does not creates

their own copy. so any changes made inside the function will affect the original
value.

// Pass by reference example

let arr = [1, 2, 3];

174 Interview questions & Answers 8

 function addToArr(value) {
value.push(4);
console.log(value); // Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]
}

addToArr(arr);
console.log(arr); // Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]

15. What is the difference between map and filter ?

(Frequently asked)
Both map and filter are useful in JavaScript when working with an arrays.

map transforms each element of an array and creates a new array which
contains the transformed elements. whereas filter will creates a new array
with only those elements which satisfies the specified condition.

16. What is the difference between map() and

forEach() (Frequently asked)
map method is used to transform the elements of an array. Whereas
forEach method is used to loop through the elements of an array.

map method will return a new array with the transformed values. forEach
method does not return a new array.

map method can be used with other array methods like filter method.
whereas forEach method cannot be used with other array methods as it
does not return any array.

17. What is the difference between for-in and for-of ?

Both for-in and for-of are used to iterate over the datastructure.
for-in:

174 Interview questions & Answers 9

 for-in iterates over the enumerable property keys of an object.

for-of:

for-of is used to iterate over the values of an iterable object.

Examples of iterable objects are array,string,nodelists etc. (for of on object

returns error)

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/29285897/difference-between-for-in-
and-for-of-statements?answertab=scoredesc#tab-top

18. What is difference between find vs findIndex ?

find:

It will return the first element of array that passes specified condition.

function findMethod(){
let arr = [{id:1,name:"sai"},{id:2,name:"krishna"}];
let data = arr.find(x=> x.id==2)
console.log(data)
}

findMethod()

Output:
{id:2,name:"krishna"}

findIndex:

It will return the index of first element of an array that passes the
specified condition.

function findMethod(){
let arr = [{id:1,name:"sai"},{id:2,name:"krishna"}];
let data = arr.findIndex(x=> x.id==2)
console.log(data)
}

findMethod()

174 Interview questions & Answers 10

 Output:
2

19. What is the difference between Pure and Impure

functions?
Pure Functions:

Pure functions are the functions which will return same output for same
arguments passed to the function.

This will not have any side effects.

It does not modify any non local state.

function greeting(name) {
return `Hello ${name}`;
}
console.log(greeting("Saikrishna Nangunuri"));

Impure Functions:

Impure functions are the functions which will return inconsistent output for
same arguments passed to the function.

This will have side effects.

This will modify non local state.

let message = "good morning";

function greeting1(name) {
return `Hello ${name} , ${message}`;
}
console.log(greeting1("Saikrishna Nangunuri"));

Ref: https://www.scaler.com/topics/pure-function-in-javascript/

174 Interview questions & Answers 11

 20. What are the differences between call(), apply()
and bind() ? (Frequently asked)
👉 Interview Tip: Here give below example and then execute the examples
and explain differences. This helps.

Call method will invokes the function immediately with the given this value
and allow us to pass the arguments one by one with comma separator.

Apply method will invokes the function immediately with given this value
and allow us to pass the arguments as an array.

Bind method will return a new function with the given this value and
arguments which can be invoked later.

Brief examples:

The only difference between call and apply is that syntax of how we pass the
arguments.
bind: This gives us a copy which can be invoked or executed later rather than
directly invoking it whereever we are writing this line of code.
We can use bind() for events like onClick where you dont know when they will
be fired but you know the desired context.

174 Interview questions & Answers 12

 21. Different ways to create object in javascript ? (Most asked)
👉 Interview Tip: Give the examples and then explain it.
https://www.scaler.com/topics/objects-in-javascript/

Object literal :

let userDetails = {
name: "Saikrishna",
city: "Hyderabad"
}

Object constructor :

let userDetails = new Object();

userDetails.name = "Saikrishna";
userDetails.city = "Hyderabad";

Object.Create() :
This is used when we want to inherit properties from an existing object
while creating a new object.

let animal = {
name: "Animal name"
}

174 Interview questions & Answers 13

 let cat = Object.create(animal);

Object.assign() :
This is used when we want to include properties from multiple other objects
into new object we are creating.

let lesson = {
lessonName: "Data structures"
};

let teacher= {
teacher: "Saikrishna"
};

let course = Object.assign({},lesson,teacher);

22. Whats the difference between Object.keys,values and

entries
Object.keys(): This will return the array of keys

Object.values(): This will return the array of values

Object.entries(): This will return array of [key,value] pairs. (Practice

example for this - this might be asked)

let data = {
name: "Sai",
lang: "English"
};

Object.keys(data) // ["name","lang"]
Object.values(data) // ["Sai","english"]
Object.entries(data) // [["name","Sai"],["lang","English"]]

174 Interview questions & Answers 14

 23. Whats the difference between Object.freeze() vs
Object.seal()
Object.freeze:

Will make the object immutable ( prevents the addition of new propeties
and prevents modification of existing properties)

let data = {
a : 10
};

Object.freeze(data);
data.a= 20;
data.c = 30;

console.log(data)

output: {
a: 10
}

Object.Seal():

Will prevent the addition of new properties but we can modify existing
properties.

let data = {
a : 10
};

Object.seal(data);
data.a = 20;
data.c = 30;

console.log(data)

174 Interview questions & Answers 15

 Output:
data: {
a: 20
}

24. What is a polyfill in javascript ?

👉 Interview Tip: If polyfill is asked, then 99% they will ask you to write a
polyfill. So practice atleast 2-3 polyfills (map,foreach compulsary)

A polyfill is a piece of code which provides the modern functionality to the

older browsers that does not natively support it.

Polyfill for foreach:

let data = ["sai","krishna"];

data.forEach((item,i)=>{
console.log(item,i)
})

Array.prototype.forEach((callback)=>{
for(let i=0;i<=this.length-1;i++){
callback(this[i],i)
}
})

polyfill for map:

let data = [1,2,3,4];

let output = data.map((item, ix)=>{

return `${item}_hello`
})

174 Interview questions & Answers 16

 Array.prototype.map=((callback)=>{
let temp = [];
for(let i=0;i<=this.length-1;i++){
temp.push(callback(this[i]))
}
return temp;
})

console.log(output)

ref: https://dev.to/umerjaved178/polyfills-for-foreach-map-filter-reduce-in-
javascript-1h13

25. What is prototype in javascript ?

If we want to add properties at later stage to a function which can be
accessible across all the instances. Then we will be using prototype.

https://www.tutorialsteacher.com/javascript/prototype-in-javascript

function Student(){
this.name = "Saikrishna",
this.exp= "8"
}

Student.prototype.company = "Hexagon"

let std1 = new Student();

std1.exp = "9"

let std2 = new Student();

std2.exp = "10"

console.log(std1);
console.log(std2)

174 Interview questions & Answers 17

 26. What is generator function in javascript ?
A generator function is a function which can be paused and resumed at any
point during execution.

They are defined by using function* and it contains one or more yield
expressions.

The main method of generator is next(). when called, it runs the execution
until the nearest yield.

It returns an object which contains 2 properties. i.e., done and value.

done: the yielded value

value: true if function code has finished. else false.

https://javascript.info/generators

function* generatorFunction() {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
return 4
}

const generator = generatorFunction();

console.log(generator.next()); // Output: { value: 1, done: fa
console.log(generator.next()); // Output: { value: 2, done: fa
console.log(generator.next()); // Output: { value: 3, done: fa
console.log(generator.next()); // Output: { value: 4, done: t

27. What is IIFE ?

IIFE means immediately invoked function expression.

174 Interview questions & Answers 18

 functions which are executed immediately once they are mounted to the
stack is called iife.

They does not require any explicit call to invoke the function.

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/immediately-invoked-function-
expressions-iife-in-javascript/

https://www.tutorialsteacher.com/javascript/immediately-invoked-function-
expression-iife

(function(){
console.log("2222")
})()

28. What is CORS ? (Most asked)

👉 Interview Tip: This defination is more than enough so prepare this below
answer well.

CORS means cross origin resource sharing.

It is a security feature that allows the webapplications from one domain to

request the resources like Api’s/scripts from another domain.

cors works by adding specific http headers to control which origins have
access to the resources and under what conditions.

https://dev.to/lydiahallie/cs-visualized-cors-5b8h

29. What are the difference between typescript and javascript ?

👉 Interview Tip: If your interview contains typescript then this is a 99% dam
sure question. Prepare these differences blindly.

Typescript is the superset of javascript and has all the object oriented
features.

174 Interview questions & Answers 19

 Javascript is a dynamically typed language whereas typescript is a
statically typed language.

Typescript is better suited for large scale applications where as javascript is

suited for small scale applications.

Typescript points out the compilation errors at the time of development.

Because of this, getting runtime errors is less likely.

Typescript supports interfaces whereas javascript does not.

Functions have optional parameters in typescript whereas in javascript

does not have it.

Typescript takes longer time to compile code.

30. What is authentication vs authorization ? (Most asked)

Authentication:

Its the process of verifying who the user is.

Authorization:

Its the process of verifying what they have access to. What files and
data user has access to.

👉 Interview Tip: For this question, learn jwt token mechanism and tell that
you have implemented this in your project. This helps a lot.This kills atleast 3-4
min of interview time 😉

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Q17ubqLfaM

31. Difference between null and undefined ?

Null:

If we assign null to a variable, it means it will not have any value

Undefined:

174 Interview questions & Answers 20

 means the variable has been declared but not assigned any value yet.

32. What is the difference between == and === in javascript ?

== will check for equality of values where as === willl check for equality as
well as datatypes.

33. Slice vs Splice in javascript ? (Most helpful in problem

solving)
Slice:

If we want to create an array that is subset of existing array with out

changing the original array, then we will use slice.

let arr = [1,2,3,4];

let newArr = arr.slice(1,3);

console.log(newArr) // [2,3]

Splice:

If we want to add/delete/replace the existing elements in the array, then

we will use splice.

let arr = [1,2,3,4,5,0,10];

let newArr = arr.splice(2,4,8,9,6);
// splice(startIndex,numberOfItemsToRemove,replaceElements

console.log(arr); // [1,2,8,9,6,10]
console.log(newArr); // [3,4,5,0]

34. What is setTimeOut in javascript ?

174 Interview questions & Answers 21

 setTimeOut is used to call a function or evaluate an expression after a
specific number of milliseconds.

setTimeOut(function(){
console.log("Prints Hello after 2 seconds")
},2000);

// Logs message after 2 seconds

👉 Interview Tip: Most asked in output based and problem solving so learn
syntax more. Practice some examples.

35. What is setInterval in javascript ?

setInterval method is used to call a function or evaluate an expression
at specific intervals.

setInterval(function(){
console.log("Prints Hello after every 2 seconds");
},2000);

👉 Interview Tip: Most asked in output based and problem solving so learn
syntax more. Practice some examples.

36. What are Promises in javascript ?

👉 Interview Tip: When this is asked cover all below points so that he will
not ask any other question on promises 😈.

Promise is an object which represents the eventual completion or failure

of an asynchronous operation in javascript.

At any point of time, promise will be in any of these below states.,

Fulfilled: Action related to promise is succeded.

Rejected: Action related to the promise is failed.

Pending: Promise is neither fulfilled nor rejected

174 Interview questions & Answers 22

 Settled: Promise has been fulfilled or rejected.

Promise can be consumed by registering the functions using .then()

and .catch() methods.

Promise constructor: will take one argument which is a callback

function. This callback function takes 2 arguments resolve and reject.

If performed operations inside callback function wents well then we will

call resolve() and if does not go well then we will call reject()

let promise = new Promise(function(resolve,reject){

const x = "Saikrishna";
const y = "Saikrishna";

if(x === y){

resolve("Valid")
} else{
let err = new Error("Invalid")
reject(err)
}
})

promise.then((response)=>{
console.log("success",response)
}).catch((err)=>{
console.log("failed",err)
})

37. Differences between Promise.all, allSettled, any, race ?

Promise.all:

Will wait for all of the promises to resolve or any one of the promise
reject.

Promise.allSettled:

Will wait for all the promises to settle (either fulfilled or rejected).

174 Interview questions & Answers 23

 Promise.any:

Will return if any one of the promise fulfills or rejects when all the
promises are rejected.

Promise.race:

Will return as soon as when any one of the promise is settled.

https://medium.com/@log2jeet24/javascript-different-types-of-promise-
object-methods-to-handle-the-asynchronous-call-fc93d1506574
👉 Interview Tip: practice some examples on this concepts. This is a
practical question. You can expect some scenario based questions from
interviewer on this concept so prepare well from above link

38. What is a callstack in javascript ? (Very rare)

Callstack will maintain the order of execution of execution contexts.

39. What is a closure ? (Most asked in all the interviews 99%

chance)
Defination: A function along with its outer environment together forms
a closure

Each and every function in javascript has access to its outer lexical
environment means access to the variables and functions present in the
environments of its parents

Even when this function is executed in some outer scope(not in original

scope) it still remembers the outer lexical environment where it was
originally present in the code.

function Outer(){
var a = 10;
function Inner(){

174 Interview questions & Answers 24

 console.log(a);
}
return Inner;
}

var Close = Outer();

Close();

40. What are callbacks in javascript ?

A callback is a function which is passed as an argument to another
function which can be executed later in the code.

Usecases:

setTimeOut

Higher order functions ( Like map,filter,forEach ).

Handling events ( Like click/key press events ).

Handling asynchronous operations ( Like reading files, making Http

requests ).

function Print(){
console.log("Print method");
}

function Hello(Print){
console.log("Hello method");
Print();
}

Hello(Print);

Output:

174 Interview questions & Answers 25

 Hello method
Print method

41. What are Higher Order Functions in javascript ?

A function which takes another function as an argument or returns a
function as an output.

Advantages:

callback functions

Asynchronous programming ( functions like setTimeOut,setInterval

often involves HOF. they allow to work with asynchronous code
more effectively. )

Abstraction

Code reusability

Encapsulation

Concise and readable code

42. What is the main difference between Local Storage and

Session storage ? (Most asked)
Local storage and session storage are two ways of storing data using
key value pairs in web browsers.

LocalStorage is the same as SessionStorage but it persists the data

even when the browser is closed and reopened and on reload(i.e it has
no expiration time) whereas in sessionStorage data gets cleared when
the page session ends.

Both provides same methods,

setItem(key, value) – store key/value pair.

getItem(key) – get the value by key.

174 Interview questions & Answers 26

 removeItem(key) – remove the key with its value.

clear() – delete everything.

key(index) – get the key on a given position.

length – the number of stored items.

Ref: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-
US/docs/Web/API/Web_Storage_API#concepts_and_usage

43. What is the difference between Indexeddb and

sessionstorage ?
IndexedDb:

It is used for storing large amount of structured data.

It uses object oriented storage model.

Persist data beyond the duration of page session.

SessionStorage:

Limited storage, around 5mb of data.

Simple key-value storage.

Available only for the duration of page session.

44. Possible followup questions on local storage :

👉 Interview Tip: When asked about local storage 100% compulsary they
will confuse you with practical questions.😖😖
All the scenarios are covered here so 100% sure nothing more than this
will be asked. 😊😊

𝟏. 𝐈 𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐚 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐨𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐭. 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥
𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 ?
Yes local storage data persists even when i close and reopen the browser

174 Interview questions & Answers 27

 𝟐. 𝐈 𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐋𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐚𝐛 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐛𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐭 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞
?
Yes we can access local storage data in another tab as well.
𝟑. 𝐈 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞. 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐢𝐭 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 ?
Yes local storage data persists on page reload.
𝟒. 𝐈𝐟 𝐢 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧 𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐮𝐫𝐥 𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐬 ?
I can access localstorage data in multiple tabs if its same url

𝟓. 𝐈𝐟 𝐢 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧 𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐰𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐮𝐫𝐥 𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐬
I can access local storage data even for different windows with same url.
𝟔. 𝐖𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐝 ?
It stays indefnitely until its deleted manually by the user.
𝟕. 𝐈𝐬 𝐋𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐬𝐲𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐬𝐲𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐬 ?
Localstorage is synchronous. If i perform operations on local storage, It
blocks the execution of other javascript code until the current operation is
completed.
𝟖. 𝐈 𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐬𝐲𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐥𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐬𝐞𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐲𝐨𝐮
𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐬𝐮𝐠𝐠𝐞𝐬𝐭 ? 👉 Remember this question )
I can go with Indexeddb where asynchronous operations are supported and
we can work with large data sets.
𝟗. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 ?
We can store max of 5mb.
𝟏𝟎. 𝐈 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐫𝐲 𝐭𝐨 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐬 𝐬𝐚𝐲 𝐚𝐧 𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐢𝐳𝐞 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟓𝐦𝐛 𝐢𝐧 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧
𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐡𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐬 ?
It will throw QuotaExceededException if it exceeds the limit.

𝟏𝟏. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐈𝐟 𝐈 𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧 𝐨𝐟𝐟 𝐦𝐲 𝐥𝐚𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐩 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐬𝐞𝐫, 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚
𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 ?
Yes localstorage data still persists even if i shutdown my laptop and reopen
the browser

174 Interview questions & Answers 28

 45. Possible followup questions on session storage :
👉 Interview Tip: When asked about session storage 100% compulsary
they will confuse you with practical questions.😖😖
All the scenarios are covered here so 100% sure nothing more than this
will be asked. 😊😊

𝟏. 𝐈 𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐚 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐨𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐝
𝐭𝐚𝐛. 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 ?
No session storage data does not persists on browser close & reopen.
𝟏. 𝐈 𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐚 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐨𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐝
𝐭𝐚𝐛. 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 ?
No session storage data does not persists on browser close & reopen.
𝟐. 𝐂𝐚𝐧 𝐢 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐚𝐛 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐛𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐬𝐞𝐫 ?
No we cannot access session storage data of one tab in another tab.
𝟑. 𝐈 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞. 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐢𝐭 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 ?
Yes session storage data persists on page reload.
𝟒. 𝐈𝐟 𝐢 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧 𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐮𝐫𝐥 𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐬 ?
We cannot access session storage data in multiple tabs even if its same url
𝟓. 𝐈𝐟 𝐢 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧 𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐰𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐮𝐫𝐥 𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐬 ?
We cannot access session storage data in multiple windows even if its
same url
𝟔. 𝐖𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐝 ?
once tab closes or session ends session storage data will be removed.
𝟕. 𝐈𝐬 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐬𝐲𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐬𝐲𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐬 ?
Session storage is synchronous. If i perform operations on session storage,
It blocks the execution of other javascript code until the current operation is
completed.
𝟖. 𝐈 𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐬𝐲𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐥𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐬𝐞𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐲𝐨𝐮
𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐬𝐮𝐠𝐠𝐞𝐬𝐭 ? 👉
Remember this question )
I can go with Indexeddb where asynchronous operations are supported and
we can work with large data sets.
𝟗. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 ?
We can store max of 5mb.

174 Interview questions & Answers 29

 𝟏𝟎. 𝐈 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐫𝐲 𝐭𝐨 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐬 𝐬𝐚𝐲 𝐚𝐧 𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐢𝐳𝐞 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟓𝐦𝐛 𝐢𝐧 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧
𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐡𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐬 ?
It will throw QuotaExceededException if it exceeds the limit.

46. What are cookies ?

Cookies are used to store information about the user in the webpages.

Cookies are stored as key value pairs and hold 4kb of data.

When user logins to the application, server uses the set-cookie http
header in the response to set a cookie with a unique session identifier.
Next time when user makes the api requests, cookie will be sent in the
http header by using which server will identify who the user is.

Eg:
document.cookie = "username=John Doe; expires=Thu, 18 Dec 2013
12:00:00 UTC; path=/";

Ref: https://www.w3schools.com/js/js_cookies.asp

47. Interview questions on this keyword.

👉 Interview Tip:Asked frequently so all scenarios are covered here.
Learn carefully. Thank me later 😇
𝟏. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐣𝐚𝐯𝐚𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐩𝐭 ?
this refers to the object that is currently executing the code.
𝟐. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐠𝐥𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 ?
Its a global object. its value can be global or window. It depends on
where you are running javascript code.(like browser or node
environment etc)
𝟑.𝐈 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐧𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭 𝐦𝐨𝐝𝐞. 𝐍𝐨𝐰 𝐢𝐟 𝐢 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐚 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞
𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭 ?
Its a global object.

174 Interview questions & Answers 30

 In non strict mode, when ever this keyword value is null or undefined,
javascript will replace it’s value with global object.(Due to this
substitution)
𝟒. 𝐈𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭 𝐦𝐨𝐝𝐞, 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐚 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ?

𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐱(){
𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐞.𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬)
}

In strict mode, the value of this will be undefined.

𝟓.𝐍𝐨𝐰 𝐈𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭 𝐦𝐨𝐝𝐞, 𝐈𝐟 𝐢 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐰.𝐱() 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞
𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 ?

𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐱(){
𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐞.𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬)
}
𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐰.𝐱()

It will log window object.

𝟔.𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐨𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐰 ?

𝐥𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐛𝐣 = {
𝐱:”𝐇𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐨”,
𝐲: 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧(){
𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐞.𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬.𝐱)
}
}

𝐨𝐛𝐣.𝐲()

It will print Hello. Because, When ever we are inside the method, the
value of this keyword is the object where this method is present.
𝟕. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐢𝐟 𝐢𝐭'𝐬 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐠𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐰 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ?

𝐥𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐛𝐣 = {
𝐱:”𝐇𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐨”,
𝐲: ()=>{

174 Interview questions & Answers 31

 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐞.𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬)
}
}

𝐨𝐛𝐣.𝐲()

It will print window object.Because, Arrow function does not have their
own this binding. they take the this value of their lexical environment
where they are enclosed.
𝟖.𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐢𝐟 𝐢 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐧 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭

<𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐤="𝐚𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐭(𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬)">𝐜𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐤</𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐧>

It will display [object HTMLElement]

48. What are Interceptors ?

Interceptors allows us to modify the request or response before its sent
to the server or received from the server.

axios.interceptors.request.use((config)=>{
if(longUrls.include(url)){
config.timeout = 1000;
}
return config;
}

axios.interceptors.response.use((response)=>{
return response;
})

49. What is eval() ? (Very rare)

174 Interview questions & Answers 32

 eval function evaluates javascript code represented as a string. The
string can be javascript expression, variable, statement or a sequence
of statements.

console.log(eval("1 + 2")); // 3

50. What is the difference between Shallow copy and deep

copy ? (Most asked)
👉 Interview Tip: Give this example and explain that’s it.
Shallow copy:

A shallow copy creates a new object or array and copies the

references of the original elements

https://www.linkedin.com/posts/saikrishnanangunuri_javascript-
javascriptdeveloper-reactjs-activity-7211747675635900416-h9IB?
utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop
(Give above post example )

let originalArray = [1, 2, [3, 4]];

let shallowCopy = [...originalArray];

shallowCopy[2][0] = 100;
console.log(originalArray); // Output: [1, 2, [100, 4]]

Deep copy:

A deep copy creates a new object or array that has its own copies
of the properties of the original object.

let originalArray = [1, 2, [3, 4]];

let deepCopy = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(originalArray)
deepCopy[2][0] = 100;
console.log(originalArray); // Output: [1, 2, [3, 4]]

174 Interview questions & Answers 33

 using lodash:
let array = _.cloneDeep(originalArray)

51. What are the difference between undeclared and

undefined variables ?
undeclared:

These variables does not exist in the program and they are not
declared.

If we try to read the value of undeclared variable then we will get a

runtime error.

undefined:

These variables are declared in the program but are not assigned
any value.

If we try to access the value of undefined variables, It will return

undefined.

52. What is event bubbling ?

Event bubbling is a type of event propagation where the event first
triggers on the innermost target element, and then successively triggers
on the ancestors (parents) of the target element in the same nesting
hierarchy till it reaches the outermost DOM element.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Event Bubbling</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="div1" style="padding: 50px; border: 1px solid bl

174 Interview questions & Answers 34

 Div 1
<div id="div2" style="padding: 50px; border: 1px solid
Div 2
<button id="button1">Click Me</button>
</div>
</div>

<script>
document.getElementById('div1').addEventListener('clic
console.log('Div 1 clicked');
});

document.getElementById('div2').addEventListener('clic
console.log('Div 2 clicked');
});

document.getElementById('button1').addEventListener('cl
console.log('Button clicked');
// To stop the event from bubbling up
event.stopPropagation();
});
</script>
</body>
</html>

53. What is event capturing ?

Event capturing is a type of event propagation where the event is first
captured by the outermost element, and then successively triggers on
the descendants (children) of the target element in the same nesting
hierarchy till it reaches the innermost DOM element.

You can enable event capturing by passing true as the third argument
to addEventListener .

174 Interview questions & Answers 35

 <!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Event Capturing</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="div1" style="padding: 50px; border: 1px solid bl
Div 1
<div id="div2" style="padding: 50px; border: 1px solid
Div 2
<button id="button1">Click Me</button>
</div>
</div>

<script>
document.getElementById('div1').addEventListener('clic
console.log('Div 1 clicked');
}, true);

document.getElementById('div2').addEventListener('clic
console.log('Div 2 clicked');
}, true);

document.getElementById('button1').addEventListener('cl
console.log('Button clicked');
// To stop the event from propagating further
// event.stopPropagation();
}, true);
</script>
</body>
</html>

54. What are the various array methods in javascript ?

toString(): returns array as acomma separated string.

174 Interview questions & Answers 36

 join(): same as toString but we can specify the separator. Eg:
[”a”,”b”,”c”].join(”=”) // a=b=c

at(): returns element at specific index. Eg: [”ayan”,”saikrishna”].at(1)

pop(): removes the last element from an array.

push(): adds new element to array at the end.

shift(): removes the first element at the beginning and shifts all the
elements to lower index.

unshift(): adds new element at beginning and moves other elements

one index further.

concat(): creates new array by concatenating existing arrays.

copyWithin(): copies array element to another position Eg:

[”a”,”b”,”c”].copyWithin(2,0)

flat(): creates a new array with all the sub array elements

fill(): will fill all the elements of an array from a start index ti an end
index with a stati value.

arr.fill(value,start,end) ⇒ [1,23,46,58].fill(88,1,3) ⇒ [1,88,88,58]

Ref: https://www.w3schools.com/js/js_array_methods.asp

55. What are the differences between some and every in

javascript ?
some(): will check if atleast one of the element in the array satisfies the
specified condition. It returns true if any element passes the condition.
else returns false.

const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10];

const someGreaterThan10 = numbers.some(number => number > 1

console.log(someGreaterThan10); // true

every(): will check if all the elements of the array satisfies the specified
condition. it return true if all the elements satisfies the condition, else

174 Interview questions & Answers 37

 returns false.

const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10];

const everyGreaterThan10 = numbers.every(number => number >

console.log(everyGreaterThan10); // false

56. What are the different types of errors in javascript ?

Syntax errors: These are occured when code is not written according
to the javascript syntax rules.

Eg: let x=;

Reference errors: These occurs when we refer any variables or

methods that does not exists.

let val = y;//y does not exist

function x(){
data() // This method is not exists.
}

Type errors: These errors occurs when operation is performed on the

value of wrong datatype

try {
null.f();
} catch (e) {
console.error(e); // TypeError: Cannot read property
}

Range errors: These errors occurs when the value is not present in
allowed range.

174 Interview questions & Answers 38

 try {
new Array(-1);
} catch (e) {
console.error(e); // RangeError: Invalid array length
}

Eg2:
if (num < 30) throw new RangeError("Wrong number");
^
RangeError: Wrong number

Eval or Evaluation errors: These errors occurs in eval functions. Not

commonly used in modern browsers.

try {
eval('eval("invalid code")');
} catch (e) {
console.error(e); // EvalError (in some older JavaScri
}

URI errors: These erros occurs when wrong characters used in URI
functions

console.log(decodeURI("https://www.educative.io/shotedi
console.log(decodeURI("%sdfk")); //throws error
decodeURIComponent('%');

57. What is tree shaking in javascript ?

It is one of the optimization technique in javascript which removes the
unused code from the bundle during the build process.

It is commonly used in bundling tools like Webpack and Rollup.

Advantages:

174 Interview questions & Answers 39

 It reduces the bundle size by eleminating unused modules and
functions.

Faster load time.

Performance will be improved.

Cleaner and maintainable codebases.

174 Interview questions & Answers 40

 58. What is prototype inheritance in javascript ?
Prototype inheritance in javascript is the linking of prototypes of a
parent object to a child object so that we can share and utilize the
properties of a parent class using a child class.

The ES5 introduced two differnd methods such as Object.create() and

Object.getPrototypeOf().

let package = {
version: "2.0",
};
let application = Object.create(package, {
name: { value: "game" },
}); // inherited from package
console.log(application);
console.log(Object.getPrototypeOf(application));

Ref: https://www.scaler.com/topics/javascript/prototype-inheritance-in-
javascript/

59. What are the differences between fetch and axios ?

fetch is inbuilt webapi method present in most of the modern browsers
where as axios is a third party library is built on top of XMLHttpRequest
object.

axios performs automatic parsing of response data where as in fetch

we need to manually parse the response data(eg: response.json()).

axios supports interceptors by using which we can modify the request

or response before they are sent/received from the server.

axios prevents csrf (cross site request forgery)attacks.

ref: https://apidog.com/blog/axios-vs-fetch/

174 Interview questions & Answers 41

 fetch:

fetch(url)
.then(response => {
if (!response.ok) {
throw new Error('Network response was not ok ' + res
}
return response.json();
})
.then(data => {
console.log(data);
})
.catch(error => {
console.error('There has been a problem with your fetc
});

axios:

axios.get(url)
.then(response => {
console.log(response.data);
})
.catch(error => {
console.error('There has been a problem with your axio
});

60. What are DRY, KISS, YAGNI, SOLID Principles ? (rarely

asked)
DRY: Do not repeat yourself.

Avoid duplicates. This make software more maintainable and less

error-prone.

KISS: Keep it simple stupid.

174 Interview questions & Answers 42

 Keep the software design and implementation as simple as possible.
This make software more testable, understandable and
maintainable.

YAGNI: You are not going to need it.

Avoid adding unnecessary features/functionalities to the software.

This makes software focussed on essential requirements and makes
it more maintainable.

SOLID:

S - Single responsibility: means each class should have one job or

responsibility.

O - Open/Closed principle: Classes must be open for extension and

closed to modification. This way we can stop ourselves from
modifying the existing code and causing potential bugs.

L - Liskov Substitution: If class A is subtype of class B then classB

should be able to replace classA with out disrupting the behaviour
of our program.

I - Interface segregation: Larger interfaces must be split into

smaller ones.

D - Dependency inversion: High level modules should not depend

on low level modules. Both should depend on abstraction.

61. What is Babel ?

Babel is a javascript compiler which is used to convert the modern
javascript code into the version that is understandable by all the modern
and older browsers.

62. What are the main advantages of arrow functions ?

Arrow functions allow us to write shorter and concise syntax and
reduces the size of code.

174 Interview questions & Answers 43

 It increases the readability of the code.

const square = x => x*x;

Arrow functions will solve the common pain points of this binding in
traditional funtional expressions. Arrow functions does not have their
own this. It will take the this value from the parent’s scope (i.e., code
that contains the arrow function). For example, look at
the setTimeout function below.

// ES5
var obj = {
id: 42,
counter: function counter() {
setTimeout(function() {
console.log(this.id);
}.bind(this), 1000);
}
};

obj.counter(); // 42

// In the ES5 example, .bind(this) is required to help

// context into the function. Otherwise, by default this

// ES6
var obj = {
id: 42,
counter: function counter() {
setTimeout(() => {
console.log(this.id);
}, 1000);
}
};
obj.counter() // 42

174 Interview questions & Answers 44

 ES6 arrow functions can’t be bound to a this keyword, so it will
lexically go up a scope, and use the value of this in the scope in which
it was defined.

Helpful for understanding this binding for arrow functions:

In this link check No binding of this section :
https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/when-and-why-you-should-use-es6-
arrow-functions-and-when-you-shouldnt-3d851d7f0b26/
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/22939130/when-should-i-use-arrow-
functions-in-ecmascript-6
https://tc39wiki.calculist.org/es6/arrow-functions/

63. What is clearInterval in javascript ?

This method takes the interval ID returned by setInterval as an
argument and stops the corresponding interval from executing further.

let count = 0;
const intervalId = setInterval(() => {
console.log(count++);

if (count > 5) {
clearInterval(intervalId); // Stop the interval after 5
}
}, 1000); // Execute every 1 second

This code will print the numbers 0 to 5 with a one-second delay between
each number. After printing 5, the clearInterval method will be called, and
the interval will stop.

64. What are webworkers and give an example ?

174 Interview questions & Answers 45

 Webworkers allows us to run the jsvsacript code in the background with
out blocking the main thread of the web application.

This is mainly useful for performing computationally intensive tasks

which will make the webapplication unresponsive.

Eg: Larger attachment upload of 2gb.

Create a Web Worker Script :

// worker.js

// This code runs in the worker context

self.onmessage = function(event) {
// event.data contains the data sent from the main thre
let result = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < event.data; i++) {
result += i;
}
// Send the result back to the main thread
self.postMessage(result);
};

Create the Main Script :

// main.js

// Check if the browser supports Web Workers

if (window.Worker) {
// Create a new Web Worker
const myWorker = new Worker('worker.js');

// Send data to the worker

myWorker.postMessage(1000000); // Example data

// Listen for messages from the worker

myWorker.onmessage = function(event) {
// event.data contains the data sent from the worke
console.log('Result:', event.data);

174 Interview questions & Answers 46

 };

// Handle errors from the worker

myWorker.onerror = function(event) {
console.error('Error:', event.message);
};
} else {
console.log('Web Workers are not supported in this brow
}

65. What are the differences between ^ and ~ symbol in

package.json ?
Caret (^)

The caret ( ^ ) allows updates to the most recent minor version (1.x.x),
but it will not allow changes that could potentially introduce breaking
changes (major version updates).

Example: "^1.2.3"

This means that the package manager will install any version
from 1.2.3 to less than 2.0.0 .

It will install newer patch versions (e.g., 1.2.4 , 1.2.5 ) and minor
versions (e.g., 1.3.0 , 1.4.0 ), but not major versions (e.g., 2.0.0 ).

Tilde (~)
The tilde ( ~ ) allows updates to the most recent patch version (x.x.1), but
it will not allow updates to the minor or major versions.

Example: "~1.2.3"

This means that the package manager will install any version
from 1.2.3 to less than 1.3.0 .

It will install newer patch versions (e.g., 1.2.4 , 1.2.5 ), but not
new minor versions (e.g., 1.3.0 ).

66. Plain javascript basic questions:

174 Interview questions & Answers 47

 Write code to change style of div ?

let element = document.getElementById("newele");

element.style.color = "red";
element.style.backgroundColor = "blue";
element.style.fontSize = "20px";

// or

let elem = document.getElementById("newele");

elem.setAttribute("style", "color:white;background-color:

Write code to add class to div ?

// Select the div element

var element = document.getElementById("myDiv");

// Add a class
element.classList.add("newClass");

67. Is javascript synchronous or asynchronous and single

threaded or multithreaded ?
Javascript is a synchronous single threaded language. This means
that it executes line by line in order and each line must finish executing
before the next line starts.

However, javascript has can handle asynchronous operations using

mechanisms like callbacks, promises and async/await. These
mechanisms allows javascript to perform tasks such as network
requests, file reading, setTimeout/setInterval without blocking the main
thread.

These mechanisms allow JavaScript to delegate tasks to the browser

and then continue executing other code while waiting for those tasks to

174 Interview questions & Answers 48

 complete. This asynchronous behavior gives the illusion of
concurrency, even though JavaScript itself remains single-threaded.

28 Output based questions:

1. What is the output of 3+2+”7” ?

57

2. What is the output of below logic ?

const a = 1<2<3;
const b = 1>2>3;

console.log(a,b) //true,false

Output:

true, false

In JavaScript, the comparison operators < and > have left-to-right

associativity. So, 1 < 2 < 3 is evaluated as (1 < 2) < 3 , which
becomes true < 3 . When comparing a boolean value ( true ) with a
number ( 3 ), JavaScript coerces the boolean to a number, which is
1 . So, true < 3 evaluates to 1 < 3 , which is true .

Similarly, 1 > 2 > 3 is evaluated as (1 > 2) > 3 , which becomes false

> 3 . When comparing a boolean value ( false ) with a number ( 3 ),

JavaScript coerces the boolean to a number, which is 0 . So, false >

3 evaluates to 0 > 3 , which is false .

That's why console.log(a, b) prints true false .

3. Guess the ouput ?

174 Interview questions & Answers 49

 const p = { k: 1, l: 2 };
const q = { k: 1, l: 2 };
let isEqual = p==q;
let isStartEqual = p=== q;

console.log(isEqual, isStartEqual)

OutPut:

False,False

In JavaScript, when you compare objects using == or === , you're

comparing their references in memory, not their actual contents. Even if
two objects have the same properties and values, they are considered
unequal unless they reference the exact same object in memory.
In your code:

isEqual will be false because p and q are two different objects in

memory, even though they have the same properties and values.

isStartEqual will also be false for the same reason. The ===

operator checks for strict equality, meaning it not only compares

values but also ensures that the objects being compared reference
the exact same memory location.

So, console.log(isEqual, isStartEqual) will output false false .

4. Guess the output ?

a) 2+2 = ?
b) "2"+"2" = ?
c) 2+2-2 = ?
d) "2"+"2"-"2" = ? (tricky remember this)
e) 4+"2"+2+4+"25"+2+2 ?

Output:

// a) 2+2 = ?
console.log(2 + 2); // Output: 4

174 Interview questions & Answers 50

 // b) "2"+"2" = ?
console.log("2" + "2"); // Output: "22" (string concatenati

// c) 2+2-2 = ?
console.log(2 + 2 - 2); // Output: 2

// d) "2"+"2"-"2" = ?
console.log("2" + "2" - "2"); // Output: 20 (string "22" i
to a number, then subtracted by the number 2)

// e) 4+"2"+2+4+"25"+2+2
console.log(4+"2"+2+4+"25"+2+2); // "42242522"

5. What is the output of below logic ?

let a = 'jscafe'
a[0] = 'c'

console.log(a)

Output:

“jscafe”

Strings are immutable in javascript so we cannot change individual

characters by index where as we can create a new string with
desired modification as below.

a = “cscafe” // outputs “cscafe”

6. Output of below logic ?

var x=10;
function foo(){
var x = 5;

174 Interview questions & Answers 51

 console.log(x)
}

foo();
console.log(x)

Output: 5 and 10
In JavaScript, this code demonstrates variable scoping. When you declare a
variable inside a function using the var keyword, it creates a new variable
scoped to that function, which may shadow a variable with the same name
in an outer scope. Here's what happens step by step:

1. var x = 10; : Declares a global variable x and initializes it with the value
10 .

2. function foo() { ... } : Defines a function named foo .

3. var x = 5; : Inside the function foo , declares a local variable x and

initializes it with the value 5 . This x is scoped to the function foo and
is different from the global x .

4. console.log(x); : Logs the value of the local variable x (which is 5 ) to

the console from within the foo function.

5. foo(); : Calls the foo function.

6. console.log(x); : Logs the value of the global variable x (which is still

10 ) to the console outside the foo function.

7. Guess the output ?

console.log("Start");
setTimeout(() => {
console.log("Timeout");
});
Promise.resolve().then(() => console.log("Promise"));
console.log("End");

174 Interview questions & Answers 52

 Output:

Start, End,Promise,Timeout.

"Start" is logged first because it's a synchronous operation.

Then, "End" is logged because it's another synchronous

operation.

"Promise" is logged because Promise.resolve().then() is a

microtask and will be executed before the next tick of the event
loop.

Finally, "Timeout" is logged. Even though it's a setTimeout with a

delay of 0 milliseconds, it's still a macrotask and will be executed
in the next tick of the event loop after all microtasks have been
executed.

8. This code prints 6 everytime. How to print 1,2,3,4,5,6 ?

(Most asked)

function x(){

for(var i=1;i<=5;i++){
setTimeout(()=>{
console.log(i)
},i*1000)
}

x();

Solution: Either use let or closure

174 Interview questions & Answers 53

 function x() {
function closur(x) {
// Set a timeout to log the value of x after x secon
ds
setTimeout(() => {
console.log(x);
}, x * 1000);
};

// Loop from 1 to 5
for (var i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
// Call the closure function with the current value
of i
closur(i);
}
}

// Call the outer function x

x();

The function we have written defines an inner function closur which is

supposed to log the value of x after x seconds. The outer function x calls
this inner function for values from 1 to 5.
The code will log the values 1 to 5 after 1 to 5 seconds respectively. Here's
an explanation of how it works:

1. The outer function x is called.

2. Inside x , a loop runs from i=1 to i=5 .

3. For each iteration of the loop, the inner function closur is called with the
current value of i .

4. Inside closur ,a setTimeout is set to log the value of x after x seconds.

Each call to closur(i) creates a new closure that captures the current value
of i and sets a timeout to log that value after i seconds.
When you run this code, the output will be:

174 Interview questions & Answers 54

 1 (after 1 second)
2 (after 2 seconds)
3 (after 3 seconds)
4 (after 4 seconds)
5 (after 5 seconds)

This happens because each iteration of the loop calls closur with a different
value of i , and each setTimeout inside closur is set to log that value after i

seconds.

9. What will be the output or below code ?

function x(){
let a = 10;
function d(){
console.log(a);
}
a = 500;
return d;
}

var z = x();
z();

Solution: 500 - Closures concept

In JavaScript, this code demonstrates lexical scoping and closure. Let's
break it down:

1. function x() { ... } : Defines a function named x .

2. let a = 10; : Declares a variable a inside the function x and initializes it

with the value 10 .

3. function d() { ... } : Defines a nested function named d inside the

function x .

174 Interview questions & Answers 55

 4. console.log(a); : Logs the value of the variable a to the console. Since d

is defined within the scope of x , it has access to the variable a defined

in x .

5. a = 500; : Changes the value of the variable a to 500 .

6. return d; : Returns the function d from the function x .

7. var z = x(); : Calls the function x and assigns the returned function d

to the variable z .

8. z(); : Calls the function d through the variable z .

When you run this code, it will log the value of a at the time of executing
d , which is 500 , because d retains access to the variable a even after x

has finished executing. This behavior is possible due to closure, which

allows inner functions to access variables from their outer scope even after
the outer function has completed execution.

10. What’s the output of below logic ?

getData1()
getData();

function getData1(){
console.log("getData11")
}

var getData = () => {

console.log("Hello")
}

// Here declaring getData with let causes reference error

// ie.,"ReferenceError: Cannot access 'getData' before ini
// As we are declaring with var it throws type error as s

Output:

174 Interview questions & Answers 56

 Explanation:

In JavaScript, function declarations are hoisted to the top of their scope,

while variable declarations using var are also hoisted but initialized with
undefined . Here's what happens in your code:

1. getData1() is a function declaration and getData() is a variable

declaration with an arrow function expression assigned to it.

2. When the code runs:

getData1() is a function declaration, so it's hoisted to the top and can

be called anywhere in the code. However, it's not called
immediately.

getData is declared using var , so it's also hoisted to the top but
initialized with undefined .

The arrow function assigned to getData is not hoisted because it's

assigned to a variable.

3. When getData() is invoked:

It will throw an error because getData is undefined , and you cannot

call undefined as a function.

Therefore, if you try to run the code as is, you'll encounter an error when
attempting to call getData() .
If you want to avoid this error, you should either define getData before
calling it or use a function declaration instead of a variable declaration for
getData . Here's how you can do it:
Modification needed for code:

var getData = () => {

console.log("Hello")
}

getData1(); // This will log "getData11"

getData(); // This will log "Hello"

174 Interview questions & Answers 57

 11. Whats the output of below code ?

function func() {
try {
console.log(1)
return
} catch (e) {
console.log(2)
} finally {
console.log(3)
}
console.log(4)
}

func()

Output: 1 & 3

1. The function func() is defined.

2. Inside the try block:

console.log(1) is executed, printing 1 to the console.

return is encountered, which immediately exits the function.

3. The finally block is executed:

console.log(3) is executed, printing 3 to the console.

Since return is encountered within the try block, the control exits the
function immediately after console.log(1) . The catch block is skipped
because there are no errors, and the code in the finally block is executed
regardless of whether an error occurred or not.
So, when you run this code, it will only print 1 and 3 to the console.

174 Interview questions & Answers 58

 12. What’s the output of below code ?

const nums = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7];

nums.forEach((n) => {
if(n%2 === 0) {
break;
}
console.log(n);
});

Explanation:
Many of you might have thought the output to be 1,2,3,4,5,6,7. But “break”
statement works only loops like for, while, do…while and not for map(),
forEach(). They are essentially functions by nature which takes a callback
and not loops.

13. Whats the output of below code ?

let a = true;
setTimeout(() => {
a = false;
}, 2000)

while(a) {
console.log(' -- inside whilee -- ');
}

Solution: https://medium.com/@iamyashkhandelwal/5-output-based-
interview-questions-in-javascript-b64a707f34d2
This code snippet creates an infinite loop. Let's break it down:

174 Interview questions & Answers 59

 1. let a = true; : This declares a variable a and initializes it to true .

2. setTimeout(() => { a = false; }, 2000) : This sets up a timer to execute a

function after 2000 milliseconds (2 seconds). The function assigned to
setTimeout will set the value of a to false after the timeout.

3. while(a) { console.log(' -- inside whilee -- '); } : This is a while loop that

continues to execute as long as the condition a is true . Inside the loop,
it prints ' -- inside whilee -- ' .

The issue here is that the while loop runs indefinitely because there's no
opportunity for the JavaScript event loop to process the setTimeout
callback and update the value of a . So, even though a will eventually
become false after 2 seconds, the while loop will not terminate because it
doesn't yield control to allow other tasks, like the callback, to execute.
To fix this, you might consider using asynchronous programming
techniques like Promises, async/await, or handling the setTimeout callback
differently.

14. Whats the output of below code ?

setTimeout(() => console.log(1), 0);

console.log(2);

new Promise(res => {

console.log(3)
res();
}).then(() => console.log(4));

console.log(5);

This code demonstrates the event loop in JavaScript. Here's the breakdown
of what happens:

1. setTimeout(() => console.log(1), 0); : This schedules a callback function to

be executed after 0 milliseconds. However, due to JavaScript's

174 Interview questions & Answers 60

 asynchronous nature, it doesn't guarantee that it will execute
immediately after the current synchronous code block.

2. console.log(2); : This immediately logs 2 to the console.

3. new Promise(res => { console.log(3); res(); }).then(() => console.log(4)); : This

creates a new Promise. The executor function inside the Promise logs
3 to the console and then resolves the Promise immediately with res() .

The then() method is chained to the Promise, so once it's resolved, it

logs 4 to the console.

4. console.log(5); : This logs 5 to the console.

When you run this code, the order of the output might seem a bit
counterintuitive:

2
3
5
4
1

Here's why:

console.log(2); is executed first because it's synchronous code.

Then, the Promise executor is executed synchronously, so

console.log(3); is logged.

After that, console.log(5); is executed.

Once the current synchronous execution is done, the event loop picks
up the resolved Promise and executes its then() callback, logging 4 .

Finally, the callback passed to setTimeout is executed, logging 1 .

Although it was scheduled to run immediately with a delay of 0
milliseconds, it's still processed asynchronously and placed in the event
queue, after the synchronous code has finished executing.

https://medium.com/@iamyashkhandelwal/5-output-based-interview-
questions-in-javascript-b64a707f34d2

174 Interview questions & Answers 61

 15. Output of below logic ?

async function foo() {

console.log("A");
await Promise.resolve();
console.log("B");
await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
console.log("C");
}

console.log("D");
foo();
console.log("E")

Output:
D, A, E, B, C
Explanation:

The main context logs “D” because it is synchronous and executed

immediately.
The foo() function logs "A" to the console since it's synchronous and
executed immediately. await Promise.resolve() : This line awaits the
resolution of a Promise. The Promise.resolve() function returns a resolved
Promise immediately. The control is temporarily returned to the caller
function ( foo() ), allowing other synchronous operations to execute.

Back to the main context: console.log("E") : This line logs "E" to the console
since it's a synchronous operation. The foo()
function is still not fully executed, and it's waiting for the resolution of the
Promise inside it. Inside foo()
(resumed execution): console.log("B") : This line logs "B" to the console
since it's a synchronous operation.
await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
This line awaits the resolution of a Promise returned by the setTimeout
function. Although the delay is set to 0 milliseconds, the setTimeout
callback is pushed into the callback queue, allowing the synchronous code
to continue.

174 Interview questions & Answers 62

 Back to the main context: The control is still waiting for the foo() function to
complete.
Inside foo() (resumed execution): The callback from the setTimeout is
picked up from the callback queue, and the promise is resolved. This allows
the execution of the next await .
console.log("C") : This line logs "C" to the console since it's a synchronous
operation. foo() function completes.

16. Guess the output ?

let output = (function(x){

delete x;
return x;
})(3);
console.log(output);

Output: 3
Let me break it down for you:

1. The code defines an immediately invoked function expression (IIFE) that

takes a parameter x .

2. Inside the function, delete x; is called. However, delete operator is used

to delete properties from objects, not variables. When you try to delete
a variable, it doesn't actually delete the variable itself, but it's
syntactically incorrect and may not have any effect depending on the
context (in strict mode, it throws an error). So, delete x; doesn't do
anything in this case.

3. Finally, the function returns x . Since x was passed as 3 when calling

the function (function(x){ ... })(3) , it returns 3 .

4. The returned value is assigned to the variable output .

5. console.log(output); then logs the value of output , which is 3 .

174 Interview questions & Answers 63

 17. Guess the output of below code ?

for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

setTimeout(function () {
console.log(i);
}, 1000 + i);
}

Output: 3 3 3
This might seem counterintuitive at first glance, but it's due to how
JavaScript handles closures and asynchronous execution.
Here's why:

1. The for loop initializes a variable i to 0 .

2. It sets up a timeout for i milliseconds plus the current value of i ,

which means the timeouts will be 1000 , 1001 , and 1002 milliseconds.

3. After setting up the timeouts, the loop increments i .

4. The loop checks if i is still less than 3 . Since it's now 3 , the loop
exits.

When the timeouts execute after their respective intervals, they access the
variable i from the outer scope. At the time of execution, i is 3 because
the loop has already finished and incremented i to 3 . So, all three
timeouts log 3 .

18. Guess the output ?

let output = (function(x){

delete x;
return x;
})(3);
console.log(output);

174 Interview questions & Answers 64

 Output: 3
Let me break it down for you:

1. The code defines an immediately invoked function expression (IIFE) that

takes a parameter x .

2. Inside the function, delete x; is called. However, delete operator is used

to delete properties from objects, not variables. When you try to delete
a variable, it doesn't actually delete the variable itself, but it's
syntactically incorrect and may not have any effect depending on the
context (in strict mode, it throws an error). So, delete x; doesn't do
anything in this case.

3. Finally, the function returns x . Since x was passed as 3 when calling

the function (function(x){ ... })(3) , it returns 3 .

4. The returned value is assigned to the variable output .

5. console.log(output); then logs the value of output , which is 3 .

19. Guess the output ?

let c=0;

let id = setInterval(() => {

console.log(c++)
},10)

setTimeout(() => {
clearInterval(id)
},2000)

This JavaScript code sets up an interval that increments the value of c

every 200 milliseconds and logs its value to the console. After 2 seconds
(2000 milliseconds), it clears the interval.
Here's what each part does:

let c = 0; : Initializes a variable c and sets its initial value to 0.

174 Interview questions & Answers 65

 let id = setInterval(() => { console.log(c++) }, 200) : Sets up an interval that
executes a function every 200 milliseconds. The function logs the
current value of c to the console and then increments c .

setTimeout(() => { clearInterval(id) }, 2000) : Sets a timeout function that

executes after 2000 milliseconds (2 seconds). This function clears the
interval identified by id , effectively stopping the logging of c .

This code essentially logs the values of c at 200 milliseconds intervals until
2 seconds have passed, at which point it stops logging.

20. What would be the output of following code ?

function getName1(){
console.log(this.name);
}

Object.prototype.getName2 = () =>{
console.log(this.name)
}

let personObj = {
name:"Tony",
print:getName1
}

personObj.print();
personObj.getName2();

Output: Tony undefined

Explaination: getName1() function works fine because it's being called

from personObj, so it has access to this.name property. But when while
calling getnName2 which is defined under Object.prototype doesn't have
any proprty named this.name. There should be name property under
prototype. Following is the code:

174 Interview questions & Answers 66

 function getName1(){
console.log(this.name);
}

Object.prototype.getName2 = () =>{
console.log(Object.getPrototypeOf(this).name);
}

let personObj = {
name:"Tony",
print:getName1
}

personObj.print();
Object.prototype.name="Steve";
personObj.getName2();

21. What would be the output of following code ?

function test() {
console.log(a);
console.log(foo());
var a = 1;
function foo() {
return 2;
}
}

test();

Output: undefined and 2

In JavaScript, this code will result in undefined being logged for
console.log(a)and 2 being logged for console.log(foo()) . This is due to
variable hoisting and function declaration hoisting.
Here's what's happening step by step:

174 Interview questions & Answers 67

 1. The test function is called.

2. Inside test :

console.log(a) is executed. Since a is declared later in the function,

it's hoisted to the top of the function scope, but not initialized yet.
So, a is undefined at this point.

console.log(foo()) is executed. The foo function is declared and

assigned before it's called, so it returns 2 .

var a = 1; declares and initializes a with the value 1 .

Therefore, when console.log(a) is executed, a is undefined due to hoisting,

and when console.log(foo()) is executed, it logs 2 , the return value of the
foo function.

22. What is the output of below logic ?

function job(){
return new Promise((resolve,reject)=>{
reject()
})
}

let promise = job();

promise.then(()=>{
console.log("1111111111")
}).then(()=>{
console.log("22222222222")
}).catch(()=>{
console.log("3333333333")
}).then(()=>{
console.log("4444444444")
})

In this code, a Promise is created with the job function. Inside the job

function, a Promise is constructed with the executor function that

immediately rejects the Promise.

174 Interview questions & Answers 68

 Then, the job function is called and assigned to the variable promise .
After that, a series of then and catch methods are chained to the promise :

1. The first then method is chained to the promise , but it is not executed
because the Promise is rejected, so the execution jumps to the catch

method.

2. The catch method catches the rejection of the Promise and executes its
callback, logging "3333333333".

3. Another then method is chained after the catch method. Despite the
previous rejection, this then method will still be executed because it's
part of the Promise chain, regardless of previous rejections or
resolutions. It logs "4444444444".

So, when you run this code, you'll see the following output:

3333333333
4444444444

23. Guess the output ?

var a = 1;

function data() {
if(!a) {
var a = 10;
}
console.log(a);
}

data();
console.log(a);

Explanation:

174 Interview questions & Answers 69

 var a = 1;

function toTheMoon() {
var a; // var has function scope, hence it's declaration
if(!a) {
a = 10;
}
console.log(a); // 10 precendence will be given to local
}

toTheMoon();
console.log(a); // 1 refers to the `a` defined at the top

24. Tests your array basics

function guessArray() {
let a = [1, 2];
let b = [1, 2];

console.log(a == b);
console.log(a === b);
}

guessArray();

In JavaScript, when you compare two arrays using the == or === operators,
you're comparing their references, not their contents. So, even if two arrays
have the same elements, they will not be considered equal unless they refer
to the exact same object in memory.
In your guessArray function, a and b are two separate arrays with the same
elements, but they are distinct objects in memory. Therefore, a == b and a

174 Interview questions & Answers 70

 === b will both return false , indicating that a and b are not the same
object.
If you want to compare the contents of the arrays, you'll need to compare
each element individually.

25. Test your basics on comparision ?

let a = 3;
let b = new Number(3);
let c = 3;

console.log(a == b);
console.log(a === b);
console.log(b === c);

new Number() is a built-in function constructor. Although it looks like a

number, it's not really a number: it has a bunch of extra features and is an
object.
When we use the == operator (Equality operator), it only checks whether it
has the same value. They both have the value of 3 , so it returns true .
However, when we use the === operator (Strict equality operator), both
value and type should be the same. It's not: new Number() is not a number,
it's an object. Both return false.

26. Guess the output ?

var x = 23;
(function(){
var x = 43;

(function random(){
x++;
console.log(x);

174 Interview questions & Answers 71

 var x = 21;
})();
})();

Solution:
The provided code snippet demonstrates the behavior of variable hoisting
and function scope in JavaScript. Let's analyze the code step-by-step to
understand the output:

var x = 23;
(function(){
var x = 43;

(function random(){
x++;
console.log(x);
var x = 21;
})();

})();

Breakdown
1. Global Scope:

var x = 23;

A global variable x is declared and initialized with the value 23 .

2. First IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function Expression):

(function(){
var x = 43;
// ...
})();

174 Interview questions & Answers 72

 A new function scope is created. Inside this function, a local
variable x is declared and initialized with the value 43 . This x

shadows the global x .

3. Second IIFE (Nested function, named random ):

(function random(){
x++;
console.log(x);
var x = 21;
})();

Another function scope is created inside the first IIFE. The function
random is invoked immediately.

4. Inside the random function:

x++;
console.log(x);
var x = 21;

Here, variable hoisting comes into play. The declaration var x = 21;
is hoisted to the top of the function random , but not its initialization.
Thus, the code is interpreted as:

var x; // x is hoisted, but not initialized

x++;
console.log(x);
x = 21;

Initially, x is undefined because the hoisted declaration of x does

not include its initialization.

x++ attempts to increment x when it is still undefined . In JavaScript,

undefined++ results in NaN (Not a Number).

Therefore, console.log(x); outputs NaN .

After the console.log statement, x is assigned the value 21 , but this

assignment happens after the console.log and thus does not affect
the output.

174 Interview questions & Answers 73

 Summary
When random function is executed, the following sequence occurs:

1. var x; (hoisting, x is undefined at this point)

2. x++; ( undefined++ results in NaN )

3. console.log(x); outputs NaN

4. x = 21; (assigns 21 to x , but this is after the console.log )

Output
Thus, the output of the code is:

NaN

27. Answer below queries on typeOf operator in javascript ?

typeof [1,2,3,4] // Returns object

typeof null // Returns object
typeof NaN // Returns number
typeof 1234n // Returns bigint
typeof 3.14 // Returns number
typeof Symbol() // Returns symbol

typeof "John" // Returns string

typeof 33 // Returns number
typeof true // Returns boolean
typeof undefined // Returns undefined

174 Interview questions & Answers 74

 28. Can you find is there any security issue in the javascript
code?

const data = await fetch("api");

const div = document.getElementById("todo")
div.innerHTML = data;

The provided JavaScript code seems straightforward, but there's a

potential security issue related to how it handles data from the API
response.

1. Cross-Site Scripting (XSS):

The code directly assigns the fetched data (
data ) to the innerHTML property of the div element. If the data fetched
from the API contains untrusted or user-controlled content (such as
user-generated content or content from a third-party API), it could
potentially contain malicious scripts. Assigning such data directly to
innerHTML can lead to XSS vulnerabilities, as it allows execution of
arbitrary scripts in the context of the page.

To mitigate this security risk, you should properly sanitize or escape the
data before assigning it to innerHTML , or consider using safer alternatives
like textContent or creating DOM elements programmatically.
Here's an example of how you could sanitize the data using a library like
DOMPurify:

javascriptCopy code
const data = await fetch("api");
const div = document.getElementById("todo");
data.text().then(text => {
div.innerHTML = DOMPurify.sanitize(text);
});

By using DOMPurify.sanitize() , you can ensure that any potentially harmful

content is removed or escaped, reducing the risk of XSS attacks. Make sure
to include the DOMPurify library in your project if you choose to use it.

174 Interview questions & Answers 75

 Always remember to validate and sanitize any data that originates from
external sources before inserting it into your DOM.

27 Problem solving questions:

1. Write a program to remove duplicates from an

array ?
(Most Most Asked question)

const removeDuplicates = (array) => {

let uniqueArr = [];

for (let i = 0; i <= array.length - 1; i++) {

if (uniqueArr.indexOf(array[i]) == -1) {
uniqueArr.push(array[i]);
}
}

return uniqueArr;
};

function removeDuplicates(arr) {
// Use the Set object to remove duplicates. This works be
return Array.from(new Set(arr));
// return [...new Set(arr)] => another way
}

removeDuplicates([1, 2, 1, 3, 4, 2, 2, 1, 5, 6]);

2. Write a JavaScript function that takes an array of numbers

and returns a new array with only the even numbers.

174 Interview questions & Answers 76

 function findEvenNumbers(arr) {
const result = [];

for (let i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {

if (arr[i] % 2 === 0) {
result.push(arr[i]); // Add even numbers to the
}
}

return result;
}

// Example usage:
const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,-8,19, 9, 10];
console.log("Even numbers:", findEvenNumbers(numbers));

Time complexity: O(N)

3. How to check whether a string is palindrome or not ?

const checkPallindrome = (str) => {

const len = str.length;

for (let i = 0; i < len/2; i++) {

if (str[i] !== str[len - i - 1]) {
return "Not pallindrome";
}
}
return "pallindrome";
};

console.log(checkPallindrome("madam"));

4. Find the factorial of given number ?

174 Interview questions & Answers 77

 const findFactorial = (num) => {
if (num == 0 || num == 1) {
return 1;
} else {
return num * findFactorial(num - 1);
}
};

console.log(findFactorial(4));

5. Program to find longest word in a given

sentence ?
const findLongestWord = (sentence) => {
let wordsArray = sentence.split(" ");
let longestWord = "";

for (let i = 0; i < wordsArray.length; i++) {

if (wordsArray[i].length > longestWord.length) {
longestWord = wordsArray[i];
}
}

console.log(longestWord);
};

findLongestWord("Hi Iam Saikrishna Iam a UI Developer");

6. Write a JavaScript program to find the maximum number

in an array.

174 Interview questions & Answers 78

 function findMax(arr) {
if (arr.length === 0) {
return undefined; // Handle empty array case
}

let max = arr[0]; // Initialize max with the first elem

for (let i = 1; i < arr.length; i++) {

if (arr[i] > max) {
max = arr[i]; // Update max if current element
}
}

return max;
}

// Example usage:
const numbers = [1, 6, -33, 9, 4, 8, 2];
console.log("Maximum number is:", findMax(numbers));

Time complexity: O(N)

7. Write a JavaScript function to check if a given number is

prime.

function isPrime(number) {
if (number <= 1) {
return false; // 1 and numbers less than 1 are not
}

// Loop up to the square root of the number

for (let i = 2; i <= Math.sqrt(number); i++) {
if (number % i === 0) {
return false; // If divisible by any number, no
}
}

174 Interview questions & Answers 79

 return true; // If not divisible by any number, it's p
}

// Example usage:
console.log(isPrime(17)); // true
console.log(isPrime(19)); // false

Time complexity: O(N)

8. Program to find Reverse of a string without

using built-in method ?
const findReverse = (sampleString) => {
let reverse = "";

for (let i = sampleString.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {

reverse += sampleString[i];
}
console.log(reverse);
};

findReverse("Hello Iam Saikrishna Ui Developer");

9. Find the smallest word in a given sentence ?

function findSmallestWord() {
const sentence = "Find the smallest word";
const words = sentence.split(' ');
let smallestWord = words[0];

for (let i = 1; i < words.length; i++) {

if (words[i].length < smallestWord.length) {
smallestWord = words[i];
}
}
console.log(smallestWord);

174 Interview questions & Answers 80

 }

findSmallestWord();

10. Write a function sumOfThirds(arr), which takes an

array arr as an argument. This function should return a sum
of every third number in the array, starting from the first one.
𝐃𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬:
If the input array is empty or contains less than 3 numbers then return 0.
The input array will contain only numbers.

export const sumOfThirds = (arr) => {

let sum = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < arr.length; i += 3) {
sum += arr[i];
}
return sum;
};

11. Write a JavaScript function that returns the Fibonacci

sequence up to a given number of terms.

function fibonacciSequence(numTerms) {
if (numTerms <= 0) {
return [];
} else if (numTerms === 1) {
return [0];
}

const sequence = [0, 1];

174 Interview questions & Answers 81

 for (let i = 2; i < numTerms; i++) {
const nextFibonacci = sequence[i - 1] + sequence[i
sequence.push(nextFibonacci);
}

return sequence;
}

// Example usage:
const numTerms = 10;
const fibonacciSeries = fibonacciSequence(numTerms);
console.log(fibonacciSeries); // Output: [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5

Time complexity: O(N)

12. Find the max count of consecutive 1’s in an

array ?
const findConsecutive = (array) => {
let maxCount = 0;
let currentConsCount = 0;

for (let i = 0; i <= array.length - 1; i++) {

if (array[i] === 1) {
currentConsCount += 1;
maxCount = Math.max(currentConsCount, maxCount);
} else {
currentConsCount = 0;
}
}

console.log(maxCount);
};

findConsecutive([1, 1, 9, 1, 9, 9, 19, 7, 1, 1, 1, 3, 2, 5
// output: 3

174 Interview questions & Answers 82

 13. Given 2 arrays that are sorted [0,3,4,31] and [4,6,30].
Merge them and sort [0,3,4,4,6,30,31] ?

const sortedData = (arr1,arr2) => {

let i = 1;
let j=1;
let array1 = arr1[0];
let array2 = arr2[0];

let mergedArray = [];

while(array1 || array2){

if(array2 === undefined || array1 < array2){

mergedArray.push(array1);
array1 = arr1[i];
i++
}else{
mergedArray.push(array2);
array2 = arr2[j];
j++
}

}
console.log(mergedArray)

sortedData([1,3,4,5],[2,6,8,9])

174 Interview questions & Answers 83

 14. Create a function which will accepts two arrays arr1 and
arr2. The function should return true if every value in arr1
has its corresponding value squared in array2. The
frequency of values must be same. (Effecient)

Inputs and outputs:

=============
[1,2,3],[4,1,9] ==> true
[1,2,3],[1,9] ====> false
[1,2,1],[4,4,1] ===> false (must be same frequency)

function isSameFrequency(arr1,arr2){

if(arr1.length !== arr2.length){

return false;
}

let arrFreq1={};
let arrFreq2={};

for(let val of arr1){

arrFreq1[val] = (arrFreq1[val] || 0) + 1;
}

for(let val of arr2){

arrFreq2[val] = (arrFreq2[val] || 0) + 1;
}

for(let key in arrFreq1){

if(!key*key in arrFreq2) return false;
if(arrFreq1[key] !== arrFreq2[key*key]) return fal
}

174 Interview questions & Answers 84

 return true;

console.log(isSameFrequency([1,2,5],[25,4,1]))

15. Given two strings. Find if one string can be formed by

rearranging the letters of other string. (Effecient)
Inputs and outputs:
"aaz","zza" ==> false
"qwerty","qeywrt" ==> true

function isStringCreated(str1,str2){
if(str1.length !== str2.length) return false
let freq = {};

for(let val of str1){

freq[val] = (freq[val] || 0) + 1;
}

for(let val of str2){

if(freq[val]){
freq[val] -= 1;
} else{
return false;
}
}
return true;
}

console.log(isStringCreated('anagram','nagaram'))

174 Interview questions & Answers 85

 16. Write logic to get unique objects from below array ?
I/P: [{name: "sai"},{name:"Nang"},{name: "sai"},{name:"Nang"},{name:
"111111"}];
O/P: [{name: "sai"},{name:"Nang"}{name: "111111"}

function getUniqueArr(array){
const uniqueArr = [];
const seen = {};
for(let i=0; i<=array.length-1;i++){
const currentItem = array[i].name;
if(!seen[currentItem]){
uniqueArr.push(array[i]);
seen[currentItem] = true;
}
}
return uniqueArr;
}

let arr = [{name: "sai"},{name:"Nang"},{name: "sai"},{name

console.log(getUniqueArr(arr))

17. Write a JavaScript program to find the largest element in

a nested array.

function findLargestElement(arr) {
let max = Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY; // Initialize max

// Helper function to traverse nested arrays

function traverse(arr) {
for (let i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
if (Array.isArray(arr[i])) {
// If element is an array, recursively call

174 Interview questions & Answers 86

 traverse(arr[i]);
} else {
// If element is not an array, update max i
if (arr[i] > max) {
max = arr[i];
}
}
}
}

// Start traversing the input array

traverse(arr);

return max;
}

// Example usage:
const nestedArray = [[3, 4, 58], [709, 8, 9, [10, 11]], [1
console.log("Largest element:", findLargestElement(nestedA

Time complexity: O(N)

18. Given a string, write a javascript function to count the

occurrences of each character in the string.

function countCharacters(str) {
const charCount = {}; // Object to store character cou
const len = str.length;

// Loop through the string and count occurrences of eac

for (let i = 0; i < len; i++) {
const char = str[i];
// Increment count for each character
charCount[char] = (charCount[char] || 0) + 1;
}

174 Interview questions & Answers 87

 return charCount;
}

// Example usage:
const result = countCharacters("helaalo");
console.log(result); // Output: { h: 1, e: 1, l: 2, o: 1 }

Time complexity: O(N)

19. Write a javascript function that sorts an array of

numbers in ascending order.

function quickSort(arr) {
// Check if the array is empty or has only one element
if (arr.length <= 1) {
return arr;
}

// Select a pivot element

const pivot = arr[0];

// Divide the array into two partitions

const left = [];
const right = [];

for (let i = 1; i < arr.length; i++) {

if (arr[i] < pivot) {
left.push(arr[i]);
} else {
right.push(arr[i]);
}
}

// Recursively sort the partitions

const sortedLeft = quickSort(left);
const sortedRight = quickSort(right);

174 Interview questions & Answers 88

 // Concatenate the sorted partitions with the pivot and
return sortedLeft.concat(pivot, sortedRight);
}

// Example usage:
const unsortedArray = [5, 2, 9, 1, 3, 6];
const sortedArray = quickSort(unsortedArray);
console.log(sortedArray); // Output: [1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9]

Time complexity: O(n log n)

20. Write a javascript function that sorts an array of

numbers in descending order.

function quickSort(arr) {
if (arr.length <= 1) {
return arr;
}

const pivot = arr[0];

const left = [];
const right = [];

for (let i = 1; i < arr.length; i++) {

if (arr[i] >= pivot) {
left.push(arr[i]);
} else {
right.push(arr[i]);
}
}

return [...quickSort(left), pivot, ...quickSort(right)

}

const arr = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6, 5];

174 Interview questions & Answers 89

 const sortedArr = quickSort(arr);
console.log(sortedArr); // Output: [9, 6, 5, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1

Time complexity: O(n log n)

21. Write a javascript function that reverses the order of

words in a sentence without using the built-in reverse()
method.

const reverseWords = (sampleString) => {

let reversedSentence = "";
let word = "";

// Iterate over each character in the sampleString

for (let i = 0; i < sampleString.length; i++) {
// If the character is not a space, append it to the c
if (sampleString[i] !== ' ') {
word += sampleString[i];
} else {
// If it's a space, prepend the current word to the
//reset the word
reversedSentence = word + ' ' + reversedSentence;
word = "";
}
}

// Append the last word to the reversed sentence

reversedSentence = word + ' ' + reversedSentence;

// Trim any leading or trailing spaces and log the resul

console.log(reversedSentence.trim());
};

// Example usage
reverseWords("ChatGPT is awesome"); //"awesome is ChatGPT"

174 Interview questions & Answers 90

 function reverseWords(sentence) {
// Split the sentence into words
let words = [];
let wordStart = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < sentence.length; i++) {
if (sentence[i] === ' ') {
words.unshift(sentence.substring(wordStart, i)
wordStart = i + 1;
} else if (i === sentence.length - 1) {
words.unshift(sentence.substring(wordStart, i +
}
}

// Join the words to form the reversed sentence

return words.join(' ');
}

// Example usage
const sentence = "ChatGPT is awesome";
console.log(reverseWords(sentence)); // Output: "awesome i

Time complexity: O(N)

22. Implement a javascript function that flattens a nested

array into a single-dimensional array.

function flattenArray(arr) {
const stack = [...arr];
const result = [];

while (stack.length) {
const next = stack.pop();
if (Array.isArray(next)) {
stack.push(...next);
} else {
result.push(next);

174 Interview questions & Answers 91

 }
}

return result.reverse(); // Reverse the result to main

}

// Example usage:
const nestedArray = [1, [2, [3, 4], [7,5]], 6];
const flattenedArray = flattenArray(nestedArray);
console.log(flattenedArray); // Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

23. Write a function which converts string input into an

object
// stringToObject("a.b.c", "someValue");
// output -> {a: {b: {c: "someValue"}}}

function stringToObject(str, finalValue) {

const keys = str.split('.');
let result = {};
let current = result;

for (let i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {

const key = keys[i];
current[key] = (i === keys.length - 1) ? finalValue :
current = current[key];
}

return result;
}

// Test the function

const output = stringToObject("a.b.c", "someValue");
console.log(output); // Output: {a: {b: {c: "someValue"}}}

174 Interview questions & Answers 92

 24. Given an array, return an array where the each value is
the product of the next two items: E.g. [3, 4, 5] -> [20,
15, 12]

function productOfNextTwo(arr) {
const result = [];
for (let i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
if (i < arr.length - 1) {
result.push(arr[i + 1] * arr[i + 2]);
} else {
result.push(arr[0] * arr[1]);
}
}
return result;
}

// Example usage:
const inputArray = [3, 4, 5];
const outputArray = productOfNextTwo(inputArray);
console.log(outputArray); // Output: [20, 15, 12]

25. Find the 2nd largest element from a given array ?

[100,20,112,22]

function findSecondLargest(arr) {
if (arr.length < 2) {
throw new Error("Array must contain at least two el
}

let largest = -Infinity;

let secondLargest = -Infinity;

for (let i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {

174 Interview questions & Answers 93

 if (arr[i] > largest) {
secondLargest = largest;
largest = arr[i];
} else if (arr[i] > secondLargest && arr[i] < large
secondLargest = arr[i];
}
}

if (secondLargest === -Infinity) {

throw new Error("There is no second largest elemen
}

return secondLargest;
}

// Example usage:
const array = [10, 5, 20, 8, 12];
console.log(findSecondLargest(array)); // Output: 12

26. Program challenge: Find the pairs from given input ?

input1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];
input2 = 10;
output = [[4, 6], [3, 7], [2, 8], [1, 9]]

function findPairs(input1, input2) {

const pairs = [];
const seen = new Set();

for (const num of input1) {

const complement = input2 - num;
if (seen.has(complement)) {
pairs.push([complement, num]);
}
seen.add(num);

174 Interview questions & Answers 94

 }

return pairs;
}

const input1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];

const input2 = 10;

const output = findPairs(input1, input2);

console.log(output); // [[1, 9], [2, 8], [3, 7], [4, 6], [5

27. Write a javascript program to get below output from

given input ?
I/P: abbcccddddeea

O/P: 1a2b3c4d2e1a

function encodeString(input) {
if (input.length === 0) return "";

let result = "";

let count = 1;

for (let i = 1; i < input.length; i++) {

if (input[i] === input[i - 1]) {
count++;
} else {
result += count + input[i - 1];
count = 1;
}
}

// Add the last sequence

result += count + input[input.length - 1];

174 Interview questions & Answers 95

 return result;
}

const input = "abbcccddddeea";

const output = encodeString(input);
console.log(output); // Outputs: 1a2b3c4d2e1a

52 Reactjs Interview questions &

Answers

1. What is React?
React is an opensource component based JavaScript library which is
used to develop interactive user interfaces.

2. What are the features of React ?

Jsx

Virtual dom

one way data binding

Uses reusable components to develop the views

Supports server side rendering

3. What is JSX ?
JSX means javascript xml. It allows the user to write the code similar to
html in their javascript files.

174 Interview questions & Answers 96

 This jsx will be transpiled into javascript that interacts with the browser
when the application is built.

4. What is DOM ?
DOM means document object model. It is like a tree like structure that
represents the elements of a webpage.

5. What is Virtual Dom ?

When ever any underlying data changes or whenever user enters
something in textbox then entire UI is rerendered in a virtual dom
representation.

Now this virtual dom is compared with the original dom and creates a
changeset which will be applied on the real dom.

So instead of updating the entire realdom, it will be updated with only

the things that have actually been changed.

Rendering Efficiency:

Virtual DOM: Updates to the Virtual DOM are typically faster

because they occur in memory and are not directly reflected in the
browser.

Actual DOM: Manipulating the actual DOM is slower due to its

complexity and the potential for reflows and repaints.

6. What is state in Reactjs?

State is an object which holds the data related to a component that may
change over the lifetime of a component.

When the state changes, the component re-renders.

Eg: for functional component and class component

174 Interview questions & Answers 97

 import React, { useState } from "react";

function User() {
const [message, setMessage] = useState("Welcome to React

return (
<div>
<h1>{message}</h1>
</div>
);
}

import React from 'react';

class User extends React.Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props);

this.state = {
message: "Welcome to React world",
};
}

render() {
return (
<div>
<h1>{this.state.message}</h1>
</div>
);
}
}

7. What is the purpose of callback function as an argument

of setState() ?

174 Interview questions & Answers 98

 If we want to execute some logic once state is updated and component
is rerendered then we can add it in callback function.

8. What are props ?

Props are inputs to the component.

They are used to send data from parent component to child component.

Props are immutable, so they cannot be modified directly within the

child component.

Example:

// ParentComponent.js
import React from 'react';
import ChildComponent from './ChildComponent';

function ParentComponent() {
const name = "John";

return (
<div>
<h1>Parent Component</h1>
<ChildComponent name={name} />
</div>
);
}

export default ParentComponent;

// ChildComponent.js
import React from 'react';

function ChildComponent(props) {
return (
<div>

174 Interview questions & Answers 99

 <h2>Child Component</h2>
<p>Hello, {props.name}!</p>
</div>
);
}

export default ChildComponent;

9. What are the differences between State and Props in react

?
Both props and state are used to manage the data of a component.

State is used to hold the data of a component whereas props are used
to send data from one component to another component.

State is mutable but props are immutable.

Any change in state causes rerender of component and its children.

10. What is props drilling ?

Props drilling is the process of sending the data from one component to
the component thats needs the data from several interconnected
components

11. What are the disadvantages of props drilling and How we

can avoid props drilling ?
Code complexity:
Prop drilling can make code difficult to read and maintain, especially in
large applications with many components. This is because props need

174 Interview questions & Answers 100

 to be passed down through multiple levels of components, and it can be
difficult to keep track of which components are using which props.

Reduced maintainability:

Prop drilling can also make code less maintainable. This is because if a
prop needs to be changed, the change needs to be propagated through
all of the components that use it. This can be a time-consuming and
error-prone process.

Increased risk of errors:

Prop drilling can also increase the risk of errors. This is because it can
be difficult to keep track of which components are using which props,
and it can be easy to forget to pass a prop down to a component that
needs it. This can lead to errors in the application.

Performance overhead:

Prop drilling can also have a performance overhead. This is because

every time a prop is passed down to a component, the component
needs to re-render. This can be a significant performance overhead in
large applications with many components.

Makes application slower.

We can avoid props drilling using context api or Redux or by using any state
management libraries.

12. What is useReducer hook ?

It is an alternative to useState hook which is used when state of the
component is complex and requires more than one state variable.

13. What is useMemo ?

useMemo is useful for performance optimization in react.

It is used to cache the result of a function between re-renders.

174 Interview questions & Answers 101

 Example :

In our application we have a data vizualization component where we

need to display charts based on performing complex calculations
on some large data sets. By using useMemo we can cache the
computed result, which ensures that the component does not
recalculate on every re-renders.

This saves computational resources and provides smoother user

experience.

import React, { useMemo } from 'react';

const DataVisualization = ({ data }) => {

const processedData = useMemo(() => {
// Perform expensive computations on data
// ...
return processedData;
}, [data]);

// Render the visualization using the processed data

// ...

return <div>{/* Visualization component */}</div>;

};

In this example, the processedData is memoized using useMemo to avoid

recomputing it on every render. The expensive computations are performed
only when the data prop changes.

14. What is useCallback ?

useCallback caches the function defination between the re-renders

It takes two arguments: the callback function and an array of

dependencies. The callback function is only recreated if one of the
dependencies has changed.

Good Ref: https://deadsimplechat.com/blog/usecallback-guide-use-cases-

and-examples/#the-difference-between-usecallback-and-declaring-a-

174 Interview questions & Answers 102

 function-directly

15. What are the differences between useMemo and

useCallback ?

Both useMemo and useCallback are useful for performance

optimization.

useMemo will cache the result of the function between re-renders

whereas useCallback will cache the function itself between re-renders.

16. Which lifecycle hooks in class component are replaced

with useEffect in functional components ?

1. componentDidMount(): equivalent to useEffect with empty array.

useEffect(()=>{
console.log("Called on initial mount only once")
},[])

2. componentDidUpdate(): equivalent to useEffect with array of

dependencies

useEffect(()=>{
console.log("Called on every dependency update")
},[props.isFeature,props.content])

This will be called whenever dependency value changes (here Eg: isFeature
or content).

174 Interview questions & Answers 103

 3. componentDidUnmount(): equivalent to useEffect with return
statement.

useEffect(()=>{
return ()=>{
console.log("Any cleanup activities/unsubscribing e
}
})

17. What is component life cycle of React class component ?

React life cycle consists of 3 phases.

mounting

updating

unmounting

Mounting:

In this phase the component is generally mounted into the dom.

It is an initialization phase where we can do some operations like

getting data from api, subscribing to events etc.

1. Constructor:

It is a place to set the initial state and other initial values.

2. getDerivedStateFromProps:

This is called right before rendering the elements into the dom.

Its a natural place to set the state object based on the initial
props.

It takes state as an argument and returns an object with

changes to the state.

getDerivedStateFromProps(props,state){
return { favColor: props.favColor }

174 Interview questions & Answers 104

 }

3. render():

It contains all the html elements and is method that actually

outputs the html to the dom.

4. ComponentDidMount():

This is called once component is mounted into the dom.

Eg: fetch api calls, subscribing to events etc.

Updating phase:

This is when the component is updated. The component will be

updated when ever there is change in state or props.

1. getDerivedStateFromProps: same as above

2. ShouldComponentUpdate:

This will return boolean value that specifies whether react

should continue with the rendering or not. default is true.

shouldComponentUpdate(){
return true/false
}

3. Render: same as above

4. getSnapshotBeforeUpdate:

It will have access to the props and state before update. means
that even after the update you can check what are the values
were before update.

getSnapshotBeforeUpdate(prevProps,prevState){
console.log(prevProps,prevState)
}

5. ComponentDidUpdate:

Called after the component is updated in the dom.

174 Interview questions & Answers 105

 Unmounting phase:

In this phase the component will be removed from the dom. here we
can do unsubscribe to some events or destroying the existing
dialogs etc.

1. ComponentWillUnmount:

This is called when component is about to be removed from the

dom.

18. What are keys in React ?

Keys are used to uniquely identify the elements in the list.

react will use this to indentify, which elements in the list have been
added, removed or updated.

function MyComponent() {
const items = [
{ id: 1, name: "apple" },
{ id: 2, name: "banana" },
{ id: 3, name: "orange" }
];

return (
<ul>
{items.map((item) => (
<li key={item.id}>{item.name}</li>
))}
</ul>
);
}

19. What are fragments in react ?

174 Interview questions & Answers 106

 React fragments allows us to wrap or group multiple elements without
adding extra nodes to the dom.

20. What are Pure components in React ?

A component which renders the same output for the same props and
state is called as pure component.

It internally implements shouldComponentUpdate lifecycle method and

performs a shallow comparision on the props and state of the
component. If there is no difference, the component is not re-rendered.

Advantage:

It optimizes the performance by reducing unnecessary re-renders.

Example for class component:

import React, { PureComponent } from 'react';

class MyPureComponent extends PureComponent {

render() {
return (
<div>
<h1>Pure Component Example</h1>
<p>Props: {this.props.text}</p>
</div>
);
}
}

export default MyPureComponent;

Reference: https://react.dev/reference/react/PureComponent

import { PureComponent, useState } from 'react';

class Greeting extends PureComponent {

render() {
console.log("Greeting was rendered at", new Date().toLo

174 Interview questions & Answers 107

 return <h3>Hello{this.props.name && ', '}{this.props.na
}
}

export default function MyApp() {

const [name, setName] = useState('');
const [address, setAddress] = useState('');
return (
<>
<label>
Name{': '}
<input value={name} onChange={e => setName(e.targe
</label>
<label>
Address{': '}
<input value={address} onChange={e => setAddress(e
</label>
<Greeting name={name} />
</>
);
}

21. What are the differences between controlled and

uncontrolled components ?
Controlled components:

In controlled components, the form data is handled by the react

component

We use event handlers to update the state.

React state is the source of truth.

Uncontrolled components:

In uncontrolled components, the form data is handled by the dom.

We use Ref’s to update the state.

Dom is the source of truth.

174 Interview questions & Answers 108

 Ref: https://goshacmd.com/controlled-vs-uncontrolled-inputs-react/

22. Whatare Ref’s in React?

ref’s are the way to access the dom elements created in the render
method.

they are helpful when we want to update the component whith out
using state and props and prevents triggering rerender.

Common useCases:

Managing input focus and text selection

Media control/Playback

Communicating between react components that are not directly related

through the component tree.

Examples:

1. Managing input focus

function App() {
const inputRef = useRef();

const focusOnInput = () => {

inputRef.current.focus();

174 Interview questions & Answers 109

 };

return (
<div>
<input type='text' ref={inputRef} />
<button onClick={focusOnInput}>Click Me</button>
</div>
);
}

2.Managing Audio playback:

function App() {
const audioRef = useRef();

const playAudio = () => {

audioRef.current.play();
};

const pauseAudio = () => {

audioRef.current.pause();
};

return (
<div>
<audio
ref={audioRef}
type='audio/mp3'
src='https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/s.cdpn.io/1
></audio>
<button onClick={playAudio}>Play Audio</button>
<button onClick={pauseAudio}>Pause Audio</button>
</div>
);
}

Reference: https://www.memberstack.com/blog/react-refs

174 Interview questions & Answers 110

 23. What is meant by forward ref ?
In React, forwardref is a technique which is used to send the ref from
parent component to one of its children. This is helpful when we want to
access the child component dom node from the parent component.

Example:

1. Creating the Forward Ref Component: Define a component that

forwards the ref to a child component.

import React, { forwardRef } from 'react';

const ChildComponent = forwardRef((props, ref) => {

return <input ref={ref} />;
});

export default ChildComponent;

2. Using the Forward Ref Component: Use this component and pass a ref
to it.

import React, { useRef } from 'react';

import ChildComponent from './ChildComponent';

function ParentComponent() {
const inputRef = useRef(null);

return (
<div>
<ChildComponent ref={inputRef} />
<button onClick={() => inputRef.current.focus()}>Foc
</div>
);
}

export default ParentComponent;

In this example, ChildComponent is a functional component that forwards the

ref it receives to the input element it renders. Then, in the ParentComponent ,a

174 Interview questions & Answers 111

 ref is created using useRef , passed to ChildComponent , and used to focus the
input when a button is clicked.
Reference: https://codedamn.com/news/reactjs/what-are-forward-refs-in-
react-js

24. What are Error boundaries ?

Error boundaries are one of the feature in react which allows the
developers to catch the errors during the rendering of component tree,
log those erros and handle those errors without crashing the entire
application by displaying a fallback ui.

class ErrorBoundary extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = { hasError: false };
}

static getDerivedStateFromError(error) {
// Update state so the next render will show the fallba
return { hasError: true };
}

componentDidCatch(error, info) {
// Example "componentStack":
// in ComponentThatThrows (created by App)
// in ErrorBoundary (created by App)
// in div (created by App)
// in App
logErrorToMyService(error, info.componentStack);
}

render() {
if (this.state.hasError) {
// You can render any custom fallback UI
return this.props.fallback;
}

174 Interview questions & Answers 112

 return this.props.children;
}
}
Then you can wrap a part of your component tree with it:

<ErrorBoundary fallback={<p>Something went wrong</p>}>

<Profile />
</ErrorBoundary>

25. What are Higher order components in react ?

Higher order component is a function which takes the component as an
argument and returns a new component that wraps the original
component.

For example if we wanted to add a some style to multiple components in

our application, Instead of creating a style object locally each time, we can
create a HOC that adds the style objects to the component that we pass to
it.

function withStyles(Component) {
return props => {
const style = { padding: '0.2rem', margin: '1rem' }
return <Component style={style} {...props} />
}
}

const Button = () = <button>Click me!</button>

const Text = () => <p>Hello World!</p>

const StyledButton = withStyles(Button)

const StyledText = withStyles(Text)

174 Interview questions & Answers 113

 26. What is Lazy loading in React ?
It is a technique used to improve the performance of a webapplication
by splitting the code into smaller chunks and loading them only when its
required intead of loading on initial load.

import React, { lazy, Suspense } from 'react';

const LazyComponent = lazy(() => import('./LazyComponent')

function App() {
return (
<div>
<Suspense fallback={<div>Loading...</div>}>
<LazyComponent />
</Suspense>
</div>
);
}

export default App;

27. What is suspense in React ?

The lazy loaded components are wrapped by Suspense.The Suspense
component receives a fallback prop which is displayed until the lazy loaded
component in rendered.

import React, { lazy, Suspense } from 'react';

const LazyComponent = lazy(() => import('./LazyComponent')

function App() {
return (
<div>

174 Interview questions & Answers 114

 <Suspense fallback={<div>Loading...</div>}>
<LazyComponent />
</Suspense>
</div>
);
}

export default App;

28. What are custom hooks ?

Custom hooks helps us to extract and reuse the stateful logic between
components.

Eg:

Fetch data

To find user is in online or offline.

https://react.dev/learn/reusing-logic-with-custom-hooks

import { useState, useEffect } from 'react';

// Custom hook to fetch data from an API

function useFetch(url) {
const [data, setData] = useState(null);
const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
const [error, setError] = useState(null);

useEffect(() => {
const fetchData = async () => {
try {
const response = await fetch(url);
if (!response.ok) {
throw new Error('Network response was not ok');
}
const result = await response.json();
setData(result);

174 Interview questions & Answers 115

 } catch (error) {
setError(error);
} finally {
setLoading(false);
}
};

fetchData();

// Cleanup function
return () => {
// Cleanup logic if needed
};
}, [url]); // Dependency array to watch for changes in t

return { data, loading, error };

}

// Example usage of the custom hook

function MyComponent() {
const { data, loading, error } = useFetch('https://api.ex

if (loading) {
return <div>Loading...</div>;
}

if (error) {
return <div>Error: {error.message}</div>;
}

return (
<div>
{data && (
<ul>
{data.map(item => (
<li key={item.id}>{item.name}</li>
))}
</ul>

174 Interview questions & Answers 116

 )}
</div>
);
}

export default MyComponent;

29. What is context api in react ?

Context api is a feature in react by using which we can share the data
across the application with out having to pass the data manually
through every level of component tree.

It solves the problem of props drilling in react.

We need to follow 3 main steps to implement context api in our application.

Create context

Create Provider and wrap this provider around root level component
and pass the data.

Create consumer and utilize data using useContext.

Examples Where we can use context api:

Shopping cart: Managing cart data in ecommerce application and share

between product listings and checkout pages.

Authentication: sharing user information across the application.

Data fetching : Sharing fetched data across multiple components that

need to display this data. (for displaying search results when user
makes a search request).

30. Give an example of context api usage ?

Example: Once user loggedin, I wanted to share the user information
between the components.

174 Interview questions & Answers 117

 Step - 1: We need to create a context using createContext method in
userContext.js file.

UserContext.js

import React,{createContext} from "react";

const UserContext = createContext();

const UserProvider = UserContext.Provider;
const UserConsumer = UserContext.Consumer;

export {UserProvider, UserConsumer};

Step - 2: We need to wrap the root level component with provider and
pass the user Information.

App component:

import React from "react";

import {ComponentA} from "./ComponentA.js";
import {UserProvider} from "./UserContext.js";

const App = () => {

const userinfo = {
id:"1",
name:"saikrishna"
}

return (
<div>
<UserProvider value={userinfo}>
<ComponentA/>
</UserProvider>
</div>
);
};

174 Interview questions & Answers 118

 Step - 3: In componentA, We can get the data using useContext and
utilize the user Information.

ComponentA:

import React,{useContext} from "react";

import {UserConsumer} from "./UserContext.js";

export const ComponentA = () => {

const {id,name} = useContext(UserConsumer);

return <div>Hello {id}{name}</div>

}

31. What is Strict mode in react ?

It identifies the commonly occured bugs in the development time itself.

Checks if there are any depricated apis usage.

Checks for deprecated lifecycle methods.

Checks if Duplicate keys in list.

Warns about Possible memory leaks. etc.

===========================================================
// Enabling strict mode for entire App.
===========================================================

import { StrictMode } from 'react';

import { createRoot } from 'react-dom/client';

const root = createRoot(document.getElementById('root'));

root.render(
<StrictMode>
<App />
</StrictMode>
);

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 ===========================================================
// Any part of your app
===========================================================

import { StrictMode } from 'react';

function App() {
return (
<>
<Header />
<StrictMode>
<main>
<Sidebar />
<Content />
</main>
</StrictMode>
<Footer />
</>
);
}

Good Ref: https://dev.to/codeofrelevancy/what-is-strict-mode-in-react-

3p5b

32. What are the different ways to pass data from child
component to parent component in react ?
There are 4 common ways to send data from child component to parent
component. They are.,

1. Callback Functions

2. Context API

3. React Hooks (useRef)

4. Redux

174 Interview questions & Answers 120

 33. How do you optimize your react application ?
Code Splitting: Break down large bundles into smaller chunks to reduce
initial load times

Lazy Loading: Load non-essential components\asynchronously to

prioritize critical content.

Caching and Memoization: Cache data locally or use memoization

libraries to avoid redundant API calls and computations.

Memoization: Memoize expensive computations and avoid

unnecessary re-renders using tools like React.memo and useMemo.

Optimized Rendering: Use shouldComponentUpdate, PureComponent,

or React.memo to prevent unnecessary re-renders of components.

Virtualization: Implement virtual lists and grids to render only the

visible elements, improving rendering performance for large datasets.

Server-Side Rendering (SSR): Pre-render content on the server to

improve initial page load times and enhance SEO.

Bundle Analysis: Identify and remove unused dependencies, optimize

images, and minify code to reduce bundle size.

Performance Monitoring: Continuously monitor app performance using

tools like Lighthouse, Web Vitals, and browser DevTools.

Optimize rendering with keys: Ensure each list item in a mapped array
has a unique and stable key prop to optimize rendering performance.
Keys help React identify which items have changed, been added, or
removed, minimizing unnecessary DOM updates.

CDN Integration: Serve static assets and resources from Content

Delivery Networks (CDNs) to reduce latency and improve reliability.

34. What are Portals in react ?

Portals are the way to render the child components outside of the
parent’s dom hierarchy.

We mainly need portals when a React parent component has a hidden

value of overflow property(overflow: hidden) or z-index style, and we

174 Interview questions & Answers 121

 need a child component to openly come out of the current tree
hierarchy.

It is commonly used in Modals, tooltips, loaders, notifications toasters.

This helps in improving the performance of application.

import React from 'react';

import ReactDOM from 'react-dom';

class MyPortal extends React.Component {

render() {
return ReactDOM.createPortal(
this.props.children,
document.getElementById('portal-root')
);
}
}

class App extends React.Component {

render() {
return (
<div>
<h1>My App</h1>
<MyPortal>
<p>This is rendered in a different part of the DO
</MyPortal>
</div>
);
}
}

ReactDOM.render(<App />, document.getElementById('root'));

35. What are synthetic events in react ?

Synthetic events are the wrapper around native browser events.

174 Interview questions & Answers 122

 By using this react will remove browser inconsistencies and provides a
unified api interface for event handling

They optimise the performance by event pooling and reusing event

objects.

36. What are the difference between Package.json and

Package.lock.json
𝐏𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐚𝐠𝐞.𝐣𝐬𝐨𝐧: is a metadata file that contains information about your
project, such as the name, version, description, author, and most
importantly, the list of dependencies required for your project to run.
This file is used by npm (Node Package Manager) to install, manage,
and update dependencies for your project.

𝐏𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐚𝐠𝐞.𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐤.𝐣𝐬𝐨𝐧: is a file that npm generates after installing packages

for your project. This file contains a detailed description of the
dependencies installed in your project, including their versions and the
dependencies of their dependencies. This file is used by npm to ensure
that the same version of each package is installed every time,
regardless of the platform, environment, or the order of installation.

Package.json is used to define the list of required dependencies for

your project, while package-lock.json is used to ensure that the exact
same versions of those dependencies are installed every time,
preventing version conflicts and guaranteeing a consistent environment
for your project.

37. What are the differences between client side and server
side rendering ?
Rendering location: In csr, rendering occurs on the client side after
receiving raw data from the server where as in ssr, rendering occurs on
server side side and server returns the fully rendered html page to the
browser.

Initial Load time: csr has slow initial load time as browser needs to
interpret the data and render the page. where as ssr has faster initial
load times as server send pre-rendered html page to the browser.

174 Interview questions & Answers 123

 Subsequent interactions: subsequent interactions in csr involves
dynamic updates with out requiring full page reload whereas, ssr
requires full page reload as server generates new html for every
interactions.

Seo: Ssr is seo friendly when compared to csr as fully rendered html
content is provided to the search engine crawlers whereas csr needs to
parse javascript heavy content.

38. What is react-router ?

React-router is a javascript library which is used to implement routing in
react applications.
It allows us to navigate between views or pages with out refreshing the
page.

Router: It wraps the entire application and provides the routing context
for the application. It contains 2 types of routers,
Browser router and Hash router.

Route: It contains mapping between urlpath and the component. When

the url matches, respective component will be rendered.

Link: is used to create the navigation links which user can click to
navigate to different routes.

switch: is used to render the first matching route among its children. It
ensures only one route is rendered.

import React from 'react';

import { BrowserRouter as Router, Route, Switch, Link } fro

function Home() {
return <h2>Home</h2>;
}

function About() {
return <h2>About</h2>;

174 Interview questions & Answers 124

 }

function Contact() {
return <h2>Contact</h2>;
}

function App() {
return (
<Router>
<div>
<nav>
<ul>
<li>
<Link to="/">Home</Link>
</li>
<li>
<Link to="/about">About</Link>
</li>
<li>
<Link to="/contact">Contact</Li
</li>
</ul>
</nav>

<Switch>
<Route exact path="/" component={Home}
<Route path="/about" component={About}
<Route path="/contact" component={Conta
</Switch>
</div>
</Router>
);
}

export default App;

174 Interview questions & Answers 125

 39. What are protected routes in react ?
By using the protected routes, we can define which users/user roles
have access to specific routes or components.

40. What is the difference between useEffect and

useLayoutEffect ?
useeffect is asynchronous where as uselayouteffect is synchronous

uselayouteffect runs after browser calculation of dom measurements

and before browser repaints the screen whereas useffect runs parallely.

uselayouteffect really needed when we need to do something based on

layout of the dom, if we want to measure dom elements and do
something etc.

Ref : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wU57kvYOxT4

https://mtg-dev.tech/blog/real-world-example-to-use-uselayouteffect

41. Practical question: How to send data from child to parent

using callback functions ?
Define a function in the parent component that takes data as an
argument.

Pass this function as a prop to the child component.

When an event occurs in the child component (like a button click), call
this function with the data to be passed to the parent.

Parent Component:

import React, { useState } from 'react';

import ChildComponent from './ChildComponent';

function ParentComponent() {
const [dataFromChild, setDataFromChild] = useState('');

const handleDataFromChild = (data) => {

174 Interview questions & Answers 126

 setDataFromChild(data);
};

return (
<div>
<ChildComponent onData={handleDataFromChild} />
<p>Data from child: {dataFromChild}</p>
</div>
);
}

export default ParentComponent;

Child Component:

import React from 'react';

function ChildComponent({ onData }) {

const sendDataToParent = () => {
const data = 'Hello from child';
onData(data);
};

return (
<button onClick={sendDataToParent}>Send Data to Parent<
);
}

export default ChildComponent;

42. Practical question: How to send the data from child

component to parent using useRef ?
It is used to store the data without re-rendering the components.

It will not trigger any event by itself whenever the data is updated.

174 Interview questions & Answers 127

 Parent component:

import React from "react";

import TextEditor from "./TextEditor";

export default function Parent() {

const valueRef = React.useRef("");

return (
<>
<TextEditor valueRef={valueRef} />
<button onClick={() => console.log(valueRef.current)
</>
);
}

Child component:

export default function TextEditor({ valueRef }) {

return <textarea onChange={(e) => (valueRef.current = e.
}

43. Practical question: Create a increment decrement

counter using useReducer hook in react ?

import React, { useReducer } from 'react';

// Initial state
const initialState = {
count: 0
};

174 Interview questions & Answers 128

 // Reducer function
const reducer = (state, action) => {
switch (action.type) {
case 'increment':
return { count: state.count + 1 };
case 'decrement':
return { count: state.count - 1 };
default:
return state;
}
};

// Component
const Counter = () => {
const [state, dispatch] = useReducer(reducer, initialSta

return (
<div>
<p>Count: {state.count}</p>
<button onClick={() => dispatch({ type: 'increment'
<button onClick={() => dispatch({ type: 'decrement'
</div>
);
};

export default Counter;

44. Practical question: create a custom hook for

increment/decrement counter ?
Create a custom hook for counter:

useCounter.js:

export const useCounter = () => {

const [counter, setCounter] = useState(0);

174 Interview questions & Answers 129

 const increment = () => {
setCounter(counter + 1);
};

const decrement = () => {

setCounter(counter - 1);
};

return {
counter,
increment,
decrement,
};
};

Utilize useCounter in our component:

component.js:
import { useCounter } from './useCounter.js';

const App = () => {

const { counter, increment, decrement } = useCounter();

return (
<div>
<button onClick={decrement}>Decrease</button>
<div>Count: {counter}</div>
<button onClick={increment}>Increase</button>
</div>
);
};

45. Machine coding question: Dynamic checkbox counter

Display 4 checkboxes with different names and a button named selectall

174 Interview questions & Answers 130

 User can select each checkbox

Select all button click will check all checkboxes

Button should be disabled once all checkboxes are selected.

Display selected checkboxes count and names in ui.

import React, { useState } from 'react';

import { render } from 'react-dom';

const Checkbox = ({ label, checked, onChange }) => {

return (
<div>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" checked={checked} onChange=
{label}
</label>
</div>
);
};
const App = () => {
const [checkboxes, setCheckboxes] = useState([
{ id: 1, label: 'Checkbox 1', checked: false },
{ id: 2, label: 'Checkbox 2', checked: false },
{ id: 3, label: 'Checkbox 3', checked: false },
{ id: 4, label: 'Checkbox 4', checked: false },
]);

const [selectAllDisabled, setSelectAllDisabled] = useSta

const handleCheckboxChange = (id) => {

const updatedCheckboxes = checkboxes.map((checkbox) =>
checkbox.id === id
? { ...checkbox, checked: !checkbox.checked }
: checkbox
);
setCheckboxes(updatedCheckboxes);
const allChecked = updatedCheckboxes.every((checkbox) =

174 Interview questions & Answers 131

 setSelectAllDisabled(allChecked);
};

const handleSelectAll = () => {

const updatedCheckboxes = checkboxes.map((checkbox) =>
...checkbox,
checked: !selectAllDisabled,
}));
setCheckboxes(updatedCheckboxes);
setSelectAllDisabled(!selectAllDisabled);
};

const selectedCheckboxes = checkboxes.filter((checkbox) =

const selectedCount = selectedCheckboxes.length;

return (
<div>
{checkboxes.map((checkbox) => (
<Checkbox
key={checkbox.id}
label={checkbox.label}
checked={checkbox.checked}
onChange={() => handleCheckboxChange(checkbox.id
/>
))}
<button onClick={handleSelectAll} disabled={selectAll
{selectAllDisabled ? 'Deselect All' : 'Select All'
</button>
<p>Selected: {selectedCount}</p>
<ul>
{selectedCheckboxes.map((checkbox) => (
<li key={checkbox.id}>{checkbox.label}</li>
))}
</ul>
</div>
);
};

174 Interview questions & Answers 132

 render(<App />, document.getElementById('root'));

46. Create a nested circles based on user input like below

image.

Solution:

Create App component and circle component. We will use recursion

concept to achieve this.

App.js:

import React, { useState } from "react";

import { Circle } from "./Circle.js";
import "./styles.css";

export default function App() {

const [num, setNum] = useState(0);

const handleInput = (e) => {

setNum(e.target.value);
};

174 Interview questions & Answers 133

 return (
<div className="nested-circles-container">
<input
onChange={(e) => handleInput(e)}
placeholder="Enter number of circles"
type="number"
/>
<Circle numbCircles={num}></Circle>
</div>
);
}

App.css/Style.css:

.nested-circles-container {
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
align-items: center;
flex-direction: column;
}

Circle.js:

import React from "react";

import "./Circle.css";

export const Circle = ({ numbCircles }) => {

let size = numbCircles * 100;
return (
<div
className="circle-new"
style={{
width: `${size}px`,
height: `${size}px`,
}}
>

174 Interview questions & Answers 134

 {numbCircles > 1 && <Circle numbCircles={numbCircles
</div>
);
};

Circle.css:

.circle-new {
border-radius: 100%;
border: 1px solid black;
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
align-items: center;
}

47. What are the various design patterns in react ?

Compound pattern

HOC Pattern

Render props pattern

Container/Presentational pattern

48. What is compound pattern ?

By using this compound pattern we will create multiple components that
work together to perform a single task.

We can achieve this using context api.

This promotes separation of concerns between parent and child

components, promotes reusability of logic and maintainability.

174 Interview questions & Answers 135

 49. What is render props pettern ?
With the Render Props pattern, we pass components as props to other
components. The components that are passed as props can in turn
receive props from that component.

Render props make it easy to reuse logic across multiple components.

https://javascriptpatterns.vercel.app/patterns/react-patterns/render-props

50. What is Container/Presentational pattern ?

It enforces separation of concerns by separating the view from the
application logic.

We can use the Container/Presentational pattern to separate the logic

of a component from the view. To achieve this, we need to have a:

Presentational Component, that cares about how data is shown to

the user.

Container Component, that cares about what data is shown to the

user.

For example, if we wanted to show listings on the landing page, we could

use a container component to fetch the data for the recent listings, and use
a presentational component to actually render this data.
https://javascriptpatterns.vercel.app/patterns/react-patterns/conpres

51. What is React.memo ?

React.memo is a Higher order component provided by react that
memoizes the functional components.

It caches the result of component’s rendering and rerenders the

component only when the props have changed.

const MyComponent = React.memo((props) => {

console.log('Rendering MyComponent');

174 Interview questions & Answers 136

 return (
<div>
<h1>Hello, {props.name}!</h1>
<p>{props.message}</p>
</div>
);
});

52. Differences between dependencies and

devdependencies ?
dependencies: These are the packages that your project needs to run
in production. These are essential for the application to function
correctly.

devDependencies: These packages are only needed during the

development phase.

Eg: Jest, react-developer-tools etc.

174 Interview questions & Answers 137

174 Interview questions & Answers 138