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 Painful movement
Osteoarthritis (p.157)
Bursitis (p.159)

Painful joint with

restricted movement
Rotator cuff disorders (p.163)
Frozen shoulder (p.159)

Sudden severe pain

Humerus fracture (p.156)
Shoulder dislocation (p.161)

2ND EDITION
FULLY REVISED AND UPDATED
MEDICAL SYMPTOMS
VISUAL GUIDE
 About this eBook
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 This edition Managing Editor Angeles Gavira
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This edition published in 2022 Copyright © 2018, 2021 Dorling Kindersley Limited
First published as What’s Wrong with Me? in Great Britain A Penguin Random House Company
in 2018 by Dorling Kindersley Limited 2 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 1
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CONTENTS
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK 9

PART 1
WHOLE-BODY
SYMPTOM GUIDE
DIZZINESS AND FAINTING 14
SEIZURES 16
GENERAL PAIN 18
MOBILITY 20
NAUSEA AND VOMITING 22
FATIGUE 24
FEVER 26
WEIGHT GAIN 28
WEIGHT LOSS 30
SKIN RASHES 32
SKIN MOLES AND DISCOLOURATION 34
SKIN LUMPS AND BUMPS 36
MOOD CHANGES 38
BEHAVIOUR PROBLEMS 40
MEMORY AND CONFUSION 42
SLEEPING PROBLEMS 44
PART 2
HEAD-TO-TOE
SYMPTOM GUIDE
HEAD FRONT 48 UPPER ABDOMEN 100
HEAD SIDE 50 LOWER BACK 102
HAIR AND SCALP 52 LOWER ABDOMEN LEFT 104
FACE 54 LOWER ABDOMEN RIGHT 106
EYE PHYSICAL 56 FEMALE PELVIS 108
EYE VISION 58 GROIN MALE AND FEMALE 110
EAR PHYSICAL 60 URINARY PROBLEMS FEMALE 112
EAR HEARING 62 FEMALE GENITALS 114
NOSE 64 URINARY PROBLEMS MALE 116
MOUTH 66 MALE GENITALS 118
THROAT 68 BUTTOCKS AND ANUS 120
THROAT VOICE 70 BOWELS DIARRHOEA 122
NECK 72 BOWELS CONSTIPATION 124
SHOULDER FRONT 74 BOWELS ABNORMAL FAECES 126
SHOULDER BACK 76 HIP FRONT 128
UPPER ARM 78 HIP BACK 130
ELBOW 80 THIGH FRONT 132
FOREARM AND WRIST 82 THIGH BACK 134
HAND BACK 84 KNEE FRONT 136
HAND PALM 86 KNEE BACK 138
CHEST UPPER 88 LOWER LEG FRONT 140
CHEST CENTRAL 90 LOWER LEG BACK 142
CHEST SIDE 92 ANKLE 144
BREAST 94 FOOT GENERAL 146
UPPER BACK 96 FOOT UPPER 148
ABDOMEN GENERAL 98 FOOT UNDERSIDE 150
PART 3
DIRECTORY
OF CONDITIONS
MUSCULOSKELETAL
NERVOUS
154
166 CONTRIBUTORS
EAR AND EYE 174 Dina Kaufman MBBS, MRCGP, DCH, DRCGP
CARDIOVASCULAR 180 Part-time GP in London with special interests
in women’s health and psychological medicine.
BLOOD, LYMPHATIC, AND IMMUNE 186
RESPIRATORY 190 Michael Dawson MMedSc, FRCGP
DIGESTIVE 196 Former Shropshire GP, now a national part-time
educator and mentor.
URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE 208
ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC 219 Mike Wyndham MBBS, MRCGP
SKIN, HAIR, AND NAILS 222 A GP for 35 years with special interests in
postgraduate medical education in primary
INFECTIONS AND INFESTATIONS 232 care, management of skin disease, and the
POISONING AND ENVIRONMENTAL 239 application of photography to medical practice.
MENTAL HEALTH 240
Martyn Page
GLOSSARY 244 Freelance editor and writer based in London.

INDEX 248 Kristina Routh

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 256 Medical doctor and qualified specialist
in Public Health Medicine.
 8

READER NOTICE
Medical Symptoms: A Visual Guide provides information on a wide range of medical
topics, and every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this book is
accurate and up-to-date (as at the date of publication). The book is not a substitute
for expert medical advice, however, and is not to be relied on for medical, healthcare,
pharmaceutical, or other professional advice on specific circumstances and in specific
locations. You are advised always to consult a doctor or other health professional for
specific information on personal health matters. Please consult your GP before
changing, stopping, or starting any medical treatment. Never disregard expert medical
advice or delay in seeking advice or treatment due to information obtained from this
book. The naming of any product, treatment, or organization in this book does not
imply endorsement by the Medical Editor, other consultants or contributors, editor,
or publisher, nor does the omission of any such names indicate disapproval. The
Medical Editor, consultants, contributors, editor, and publisher do not accept any
legal responsibility for any personal injury or other damage or loss arising directly
or indirectly from any use or misuse of the information and advice in this book.

A NOTE ON GENDER IDENTITIES

DK recognizes all gender identities, and acknowledges that the sex someone was
assigned at birth, based on their sexual organs, may not align with their gender
identity. People may identify as any gender (including genders outside the male/
female binary) or as no gender, and their gender identity may change during their
lifetime. As gender language, and its use in our society, evolves, the scientific and
medical communities continue to reassess their own phrasing. Please note, this book
uses “women” to refer to people who were assigned as female at birth on the basis of
their sexual organs, and “men” to refer to people who were assigned male at birth on
the basis of their sexual organs.

A NOTE ON SKIN SYMPTOMS

Various conditions may produce a rash or discoloration of the skin, and the
appearance of the affected area can be different on different skin tones. For example,
a heat rash typically appears as a collection of small pink or red spots on pale skin
whereas on brown or black skin the spots may appear grey or white. In this book,
skin rashes and discoloration are generally described as they appear on paler skin.
It may be difficult to identify them on darker skin tones, but they may be easier to see
on the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, lips, tongue, or inside the eyelids, if any
of those areas are affected. With certain conditions, discoloration may affect the skin
and the whites of the eyes (appearing yellow in jaundice, for example), and the eye
discoloration should be detectable regardless of a person’s skin colour.
 9

HOW TO USE KEY TO SYMBOLS

A series of symbols indicate whether medical advice

THIS BOOK is needed and how speedily this should be sought.

Symptoms usually resolve without specific treatment.

Text may state to seek medical advice if condition persists,
This book is divided into three parts. Part 1 deals with or in particular groups, such as children.
general complaints, where the symptoms cannot be See a doctor (or dentist if appropriate) for advice,
pinpointed to any particular part of the body. Part 2 diagnosis and potential treatment, within a few days. Text
is a series of head-to-toe visual diagnostic guides that will say if medical attention is needed sooner.
help to identify conditions or injuries where symptoms Get medical attention or advice as soon as possible,
occur in specific areas of the body. A cross-reference either by telephone or visiting the accident and emergency
department. Additional text will tell you if the condition
links to an easy-to-follow description of the condition is a medical emergency.
in Part 3.
Seek urgent medical attention if you or the person
All conditions are given a rating to suggest the affected has the symptoms listed. These usually need
urgency with which treatment should be sought. immediate treatment and may be life-threatening.
Potentially life-threatening situations and ailments
that need urgent medical advice are clearly flagged. Skin symptoms, such as rashes, spots, or areas of
discoloration, may be variable or harder to identify on
darker skin, see p.8.

PART 1 WHOLE-BODY SYMPTOM GUIDE

Symptoms are further Special panels group conditions Relevant organs are
This part of the book covers general unwellness grouped where together under various criteria, shown, to aid in
and full-body symptoms grouped together under possible to make for example by age-related or understanding the
general symptoms, such as Nausea and Vomiting. identification easier gender-specific complaints origin of the problem

22 WHOLE-BODY SYMPTOM GUIDE

NAUSEA AND VOMITING 23

NAUSEA WITH HEADACHE

Migraine (p.166) BRAIN
WITH DIZZINESS
Inner ear infection
VOMITING IN CHILDREN
In babies and young children, vomiting can quickly

AND VOMITING Often one-sided headache, with blurred

vision, and flashing lights.

Meningitis (p.168)
Nausea, usually with earache, dizziness, and
reduced hearing.

Labyrinthitis (p.176)
lead to dehydration, so it is potentially more serious
than in older children and adults.
Vomiting can be a sign of infection, including
Nausea is the sensation of wanting to vomit, and it can occur Rash, fever, headache, stiff neck, and Nausea, usually with dizziness and vertigo; ringing gastroenteritis (p.196), meningitis (p.168), or urinary
without actually vomiting. Vomiting can lead to dehydration, generally unwell. Can rapidly result in in ears and pain. infections (p.209). Sometimes it is accompanied
death. Seek urgent medical attention. by diarrhoea. Vomiting may also be a sign of early
listlessness, confusion, and even coma. Some of the causes This is a medical emergency, dial 999. Ménière’s disease (p.176) diabetes (p.219) or, very rarely, a brain tumour
of vomiting and nausea are gut-related, such as gastroenteritis Dizziness, tinnitus (ringing sounds) in both ears, and (p.168). If a child is vomiting, you should get urgent
hearing loss, with feelings of nausea. Usually a medical advice.
(p.196). Infections, such as meningitis (p.168) and urinary tract long-term condition, with recurrent episodes.
infections (UTIs), are common causes of vomiting. If you are
unable to keep any fluids down or haven’t passed urine, seek
urgent medical advice. OESOPHAGUS

WITH DIARRHOEA
WITH ABDOMINAL PAIN Gastroenteritis (p.196)
Often associated with stomach pain and change
Gallstones (p.202) in bowel habits, usually diarrhoea.
Right-sided upper abdominal pain that comes and
goes. May also have fever and jaundice (yellowing Food poisoning (p.197)
of the skin and eyes). Often with abdominal pain and diarrhoea.

Acute pancreatitis (p.202) Norovirus infection (p.196)

LIVER
Sudden, severe pain in central abdomen, spreading Diarrhoea as well as nausea and vomiting.
through to the back; tiredness, flu-like symptoms; Most common in children.
jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes) if severe. STOMACH
PANCREAS Roundworm infection (p.238)
Cholecystitis (p.202) Chronic infestation causes general ill health and,
Right-sided upper abdominal pain that comes in children, failure to grow and put on weight.
and goes, with fevers, shivering, and jaundice. Abdominal pain and diarrhoea, with rash; tiredness.
Common in the developing world.
Alcohol misuse (p.243) KIDNEY
Alcohol irritates the gut, causing upper abdominal
pain, nausea, and vomiting. May vomit blood.

Kidney stones (p.208)

Pain that comes and goes, beginning in the lower WITH BLOOD IN URINE
Large intestine

back and moving to the abdomen. Often with INTESTINES

blood in urine. Can lead to needing to pass urine Kidney infection (pyelonephritis) (p.208)
more often. More common in hot countries. Vomiting with flu-like symptoms, blood in urine,
and back pain. More common in women. Seek
Small intestine

Peptic ulcer (p.200) medical attention soon if symptoms severe.

Central upper abdominal pain, waking you at night
and worse when hungry. May vomit blood and Kidney stones (p.208)
have poor appetite. If vomiting blood, seek urgent Pain that comes and goes, beginning in the lower
medical attention. back and moving to the abdomen. May need to
urinate more frequently; possibly with blood in
Intestinal obstruction (p.204) urine. More common in hot climates.
BLADDER
Profound vomiting with severe abdominal pain.
Failure to move bowels. Chronic kidney disease (p.208)
Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fatigue,
weakness, itching, lethargy, swelling, shortness
of breath, muscle cramps, and headache.
 10

Symptoms that require If symptoms can occur anywhere

PART 2 HEAD-TO-TOE SYMPTOM GUIDE urgent medical attention in the featured part of the body,
This section is organized from head to toe so that you can easily find are clearly flagged the condition is not colour-coded
the relevant page. The conditions are grouped and connected to the
areas they affect, with colour-coding to help distinguish areas.

48 HEAD-TO-TOE SYMPTOM GUIDE

HEAD, FRONT 49

HEAD SEEK URGENT MEDICAL

ATTENTION IF:

FRONT
The head houses many important structures,
including the brain. Headaches, including
HEAD-TO-TOE
YOU HAVE INJURED YOUR
HEAD IN THE LAST 48 HOURS
AND YOU ARE FOUND TO
SHOW SIGNS OF REDUCED
SYMPTOM GUIDE
HEAD, FRONT 4
SEE ALSO Head side pp.50–51
CONSCIOUSNESS
tension-type and migraines, can be debilitating.
Hair and scalp pp.52–53 Nose
pp.64–65 Injuries may need urgent attention. Unless
otherwise indicated, symptoms can occur
on one or both sides. SINUS Brain tumour (p.168)

SEEK URGENT MEDICAL

Headache worsened by bending or coughing,
more severe in the morning, and with increase in
frequency and severity. Other signs include nausea
Tension-type headache (p.166)
Ache or pressure in temple area and eyes,
possibly extending all around head and feeling
like a headband. Associated with stress.
ATTENTION IF:
and vomiting, seizures, personality change, and
stroke symptoms, such as slurred speech and
weakness on one side of body.

Medication-overuse headache
(p.166)
Headaches, such as tension-type or migraine,
EYE SOCKET
YOU HAVE INJURED YOUR
Migraine (p.166)

HEAD IN THE LAST 48 HOURS

that do not improve, or get worse, despite Moderate to severe headache, most often on one
taking regular painkillers. SINUS side of head. Sensitivity to light and noise, nausea,
sweating, and vomiting may occur. Before the
headache, there may be blind spots with bright
Cluster headache (p.166)
One-sided, extremely sharp pain in head,
usually around eye. May occur many times
SINUS
AND YOU ARE FOUND TO
lights in Z-shapes or flashes.

SHOW SIGNS OF REDUCED

a day; associated with eye redness and
watering. Face may become red, flushed,
and sweaty.

CONSCIOUSNESS
Viral sinusitis (p.191)
Throbbing pain over a sinus associated with
a cough and cold. Clear discharge from nose.
May also have headache and toothache.
LIGHTHEADEDNESS AND FAINTING TEETH Bacterial sinusitis (p.191)
Throbbing pain over a sinus associated with a
Feeling lightheaded or faint can be a result of a number of disorders.
cough and cold, which appears to get much worse
Repeated episodes of fainting may indicate an underlying medical
after a few days. Green-coloured discharge from
problem (see pp.14–15).
one side of nose. Temperature above 38°C (100°F).

Vasovagal syncope (fainting)

Fainting episode that follows nausea, cold sweat, lightheadedness, and
blurred vision. Usually occurs as a result of emotional stress.

Hypoglycaemia (low blood glucose) (p.219)

Lightheadedness, sweating, nausea, shaking, and feeling of hunger. May
SINUS Brain tumour (p.168)
Dental abscess (p.197)
progress to slurred speech, confusion, unconsciousness, and seizures. Severe toothache with swelling on face around
Usually associated with diabetes. This is a medical emergency, call 999.
Headache worsened by bending or coughing,
the region of the affected tooth; fever. Seek help
from dentist.

more severe in the morning, and with increase in

frequency and severity. Other signs include nausea
and vomiting, seizures, personality change, and
stroke symptoms, such as slurred speech and
Cross-references lead to descriptions
weakness on one side in of body.
Anatomical illustrations give Part 3; symbols indicate what
enough detail to understand action is needed (see p.9)
the structures involved

EYE SOCKET
Migraine (p.166)
Coloured areas indicate where
symptoms are experienced; unless Moderate to severe headache, most often on one
SINUS side of head. Sensitivity to light and noise, nausea,
otherwise indicated, symptoms
may occur on both sides sweating, and vomiting may occur. Before the
headache, there may be blind spots with bright
lights in Z-shapes or flashes.
SINUS
Symptom checker
A list of possible conditions leads
off each area. Clear and simple
descriptions set out the major
symptoms for each condition so
that you can determine if they
Viral
match sinusitis (p.191)
yours.
Throbbing pain over a sinus associated with
a cough and cold. Clear discharge from nose.
May also have headache and toothache.
 11

PART 3 DIRECTORY OF CONDITIONS

Organized by body system, this section gives descriptions
of each condition, including information on the known
causes and possible treatments.

166 166 DIRECTORY OF CONDITIONS

NERVOUS 167

HEAD INJURY EPILEPSY

NERVOUS DISORDERS
people also have a warning “aura”, with
abnormal sensations just before a seizure.
Many bumps and bruises to the head are Epilepsy is typified by recurrent seizures A type of generalized seizure called an
minor, but a severe injury carries the risk (“fits”) as a result of abnormal electrical absence seizure produces short periods of
HEADACHE such as an inflammation of the sinuses CLUSTER HEADACHES of brain damage and may even be fatal. activity in the brain. In many people, the altered consciousness, but there are no
Medication-overuse headache | (sinusitis, p.191), toothache, arthritis A blow to the head may shake or bruise underlying cause is unknown. In other cases, abnormal body movements.

NERVOUS DISORDERS
Tension-type headache affecting the neck (cervical spondylosis, Cluster headaches are excruciating the brain, and if the skull is fractured, epilepsy results from disease or damage to Epilepsy can usually be controlled with
p.158), and head injury. Among the attacks of pain around one eye or temple, material may enter the brain and cause the brain. In people with epilepsy, seizures medication. Occasionally, a seizure may
A very common type of pain, a headache rare causes are inflammation of the due to widening of blood vessels in the infection. A blow or penetrating injury may may be triggered by things such as flashing be very prolonged, or repeated seizures
is rarely a symptom of a serious underlying membranes around the brain (meningitis, brain. Attacks begin suddenly, affect cause swelling of the brain or bleeding in lights, stress, or lack of sleep. may occur without a break. Known as
disorder. Most headaches are tension-type p.168), high blood pressure, a brain only one side of the head, and may be or around the brain. There are various forms of epileptic status epilepticus, this requires urgent
headaches, due to tightening of the tumour, inflammation of blood vessels accompanied by watering of the eye, If a head injury is minor, there may only seizure. Partial seizures involve only one medical attention.
muscles in the face, head, and neck. in the head (giant cell arteritis), or drooping of the eyelid, and a blocked be a headache, or sometimes concussion side of the brain. Simple partial seizures,
Other types include migraine (below) a ballooning of a blood vessel in the or runny nostril. Individual episodes (brief unconsciousness due to disturbance confined to a small area, produce
and cluster headaches. brain (brain aneurysm). may last from minutes to hours and of brain function). A more severe injury symptoms such as twitching of one part

HEADACHE
Common causes of headaches include Most headaches do not need medical may occur several times a day. Attacks may result in significant brain damage, of the body and abnormal sensations.
hangovers, stress, changes in sleep or
eating habits, or poor posture. Food
treatment. However, if a headache is
severe, lasts for more than 24 hours, or is
happen in clusters, with periods when
attacks occur, typically every day for
prolonged unconsciousness or coma, and
may potentially be fatal. After a severe
Complex partial seizures produce loss of
awareness and strange behaviour or body
such as an inflammation of the sin Site of
seizure
additives may be a cause in susceptible
people. Headaches can also result from
accompanied by other symptoms such as
drowsiness, vomiting, a rash, or abnormal Medication-overuse headache |
weeks, followed by attack-free periods,
which may last months or years, before
injury, there may be muscular weakness or
paralysis and loss of sensation. There may
movements. Generalized seizures affect
most or all of the brain. They typically (sinusitis, p.191), toothache, arthr
overusing painkillers (called medication- sensitivity to light, immediate medical help attacks recur. also be memory loss (amnesia). A serious cause loss of consciousness, collapse, and
overuse headaches), or from conditions should be sought. Tension-type headache
The condition may be treated with
medication, by breathing pure oxygen, or
head injury may require surgery and may
result in long-term disability.
muscle spasms, followed by a period of
altered consciousness and tiredness. Many affecting the neck (cervical spond
by nerve stimulation (using a hand-held
MIGRAINE disturbances. The underlying cause is not
known, but it is thought to be due to
device to stimulate a nerve in the neck).
Fractured area
p.158), and head injury. Among th
A very common type of pain, a headache rare causes are inflammation of th
of skull
Migraine is a recurrent, often severe abnormal brain activity, changes in brain Secondarily
headache that usually occurs on one side chemicals, and changes in the brain’s generalized
seizure
of the head and may be accompanied by blood vessels. Various factors may trigger CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME
symptoms such as nausea and visual an attack, including stress, tiredness, low
blood sugar, dehydration, bright or Also sometime known as myalgic
is rarely a symptom of a serious underlying membranes around the brain (me
Site of
Partial
seizure
Area of high Area of low

disorder. Most headaches are tension-type p.168), high blood pressure, a bra
flickering lights, caffeine, alcohol, the food encephalomyelitis (ME), chronic fatigue seizure
brain activity brain activity
additive tyramine, or particular foods, syndrome is a condition that causes
such as cheese or chocolate. Menstruation, extreme fatigue over a prolonged period.
the combined oral contraceptive pill, or
hormone replacement therapy may also
headaches, due to tightening of the
The cause is not known, although it
sometimes develops after an infection
tumour, inflammation of blood ve
Generalized seizure Partial seizure

muscles in the face, head, and neck. in the head (giant cell arteritis), or
trigger an attack. or psychological trauma. The main
Abnormal activity spreads throughout the brain. The abnormal activity originates in one part
There are two main types of migraine: symptom is persistent, overwhelming Symptoms vary but typically include uncontrolled of the brain. Usually, it remains confined to
with aura and without aura. In migraine tiredness. Other symptoms may include movements of the whole body, with loss of this area (upper diagram), but may sometimes
without aura, there is a headache, usually
on one side of the head and typically Other types include migraine (below)
difficulty concentrating, poor short-term
memory, muscle or joint pain, headaches,
consciousness lasting up to several minutes.
a ballooning of a blood vessel in t
spread and become generalized (lower diagram).

accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and and sleeping problems.

sensitivity to light and noise. Migraine
with aura causes similar symptoms but
and cluster headaches.
The syndrome is also often associated
with anxiety or depression. The severity
NARCOLEPSY brain (brain aneurysm).
before falling asleep, and the temporary
loss of muscle strength (cataplexy), causing
the headache is preceded by warning
signs (the aura), such as flashing lights or Common causes of headaches include
of symptoms can vary from day to day,
or even during the same day. There is
Narcolepsy is characterized by persistent
daytime sleepiness, with repeated Most headaches do not need m
the person to fall down.
In many cases, narcolepsy is due to lack
numbness on one side of the body. Some no specific treatment for this condition, episodes of sleep throughout the day, of a brain chemical that regulates sleep,
people also have very early signs (known
as a prodrome), such as mood or appetite
hangovers, stress, changes in sleep or
but options that may be offered include
cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT),
even at inappropriate times, such as
while eating. Attacks may last from a few
treatment. However, if a headach
possibly as a result of an immune system
problem. Treatment of narcolepsy involves
Brain during a migraine attack Skull fracture
This brain scan shows the different levels
changes, before the aura or headache
eating habits, or poor posture. Food
graded exercise therapy, or medication minutes to more than an hour. Other
severe, lasts for more than 24 hou
regular naps and medication.

166
This coloured X-ray shows a fracture at
of activity during a migraine: red and begins. Migraine can usually be controlled to relieve symptoms. Chronic fatigue the back of the skull. Injuries such as this symptoms may include the inability to
yellow indicate high activity; green and by avoiding triggers, and by medication to syndrome is a long-term condition, but can cause brain damage and, if severe, move while falling asleep or waking up
blue are areas of low activity. prevent or limit attacks or relieve symptoms.
additives may be a cause in susceptible
it may clear up after several years. may be fatal. (called sleep paralysis), hallucinations
accompanied by other symptoms
people. Headaches can also result from drowsiness, vomiting, a rash, or ab
overusing painkillers (called medication- sensitivity to light, immediate me
overuse headaches), or from conditions should be sought.

NERVOUS DISORDERS
MIGRAINE disturbances. The underlying caus
known, but it is thought to be due
Migraine is a recurrent, often severe abnormal brain activity, changes i
HEADACHE such as an inflammation of the sinuses CLUSTER HEADACHES
headache that usually occurs on one side chemicals, and changes in the bra
Medication-overuse headache | (sinusitis, p.191), toothache, arthritis
Tension-type headache of the head and may be accompanied by blood vessels. Various factors may
affecting the neck (cervical spondylosis, Cluster headaches are excruciating
symptoms such as nausea and visual an attack, including stress, tiredne
p.158), and head injury. Among the attacks of pain around one eye or te
blood sugar, dehydration, bright o
A very common
Condition names type of pain, a headache rare causesArea
Descriptions areofinflammation
high Areaof the
of low due to widening of blood vessels in
brain activity brain activity flickering lights, caffeine, alcohol,
Theisnames
rarelyofa conditions
symptomlisted
of a serious underlying membranes
Each conditionaround
is giventhe brain (meningitis,
a clear, brain. Attacks begin suddenly, affect
in Parts 1 and Most
2 appear as main are tension-type concisehigh
description additive tyramine, or particular fo
disorder. headaches p.168), blood to give an a brain
pressure, only one side of the head, and may b
headings or subheadings at the overview of the problem. such as cheese or chocolate. Men
headaches, due to tightening of the tumour, inflammation of blood vessels accompanied by watering of the eye
top of each description. the combined oral contraceptive
muscles in the face, head, and neck. in the head (giant cell arteritis), or drooping of the eyelid, and a blocke
hormone replacement therapy m
Other types include migraine (below) a ballooning of a blood vessel in the or runny nostril. Individual episodes
trigger an attack.
and cluster headaches. brain (brain aneurysm). may last from minutes to hours and
There are two main types of mi
Common causes of headaches include Most headaches do not need medical may occur several times a day. Attac
with aura and without aura. In mi
hangovers, stress, changes in sleep or treatment. However, if a headache is happen in clusters, with periods whe
without aura, there is a headache
eating habits, or poor posture. Food severe, lasts for more than 24 hours, or is attacks occur, typically every day for
on one side of the head and typica
additives may be a cause in susceptible accompanied by other symptoms such as weeks, followed by attack-free perio
accompanied by nausea, vomiting
people. Headaches can also result from drowsiness, vomiting, a rash, or abnormal which may last months or years, bef
PART 1
WHOLE-BODY
SYMPTOM GUIDE
 14

DIZZINESS VERTIGO DISORDERS

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

AND FAINTING (p.175)

Sudden onset of vertigo (sensation that your
surroundings are moving or spinning around)
when moving head. Usually no associated
Occasionally feeling slightly unsteady is common and not usually tinnitus (noises in ears) or hearing loss.
a matter for concern. True dizziness, or vertigo, in which you feel
Labyrinthitis (p.176)
that everything is spinning around, is not normal, but can result Vertigo, worsened by change of head
from certain medication or drinking too much alcohol. Isolated position; tinnitus; and hearing loss. Fever, and
feeling of fullness or pressure in the ear may
episodes of feeling faint are common and not usually significant. also be present.
Repeated instances of faintness or passing out for no apparent
Ménière’s disease (p.176)
reason may indicate an underlying medical problem. Attacks of vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.
Lasts between a few minutes and several
days. Attacks may recur over periods ranging
SEEK URGENT MEDICAL ATTENTION IF: from days to years.

YOU HAVE SHORTNESS OF BREATH Acoustic neuroma (p.176)

OR PERSISTENT CHEST PAIN One-sided, slowly developing hearing loss
with tinnitus. Loss of balance may develop
along with headaches and numbness or
A PERSON LOSES CONSCIOUSNESS weakness of the face on the affected side.

DIZZINESS AND MEDICATION

Some types of medication, or

combinations of medications, can
cause dizziness (lightheadedness or
faintness) as a side effect. Drugs that
most commonly cause this problem
include certain antidepressants,
anticonvulsants, many antihypertensives
(drugs to control high blood pressure),
and sedatives.

Oesopha
gus

FAINTNESS IN PREGNANCY
BRAIN
Feeling faint during pregnancy is fairly
common and not usually a cause for
concern. It is due to hormonal changes
causing blood vessels to relax,
lowering blood pressure. However,
pregnant women who experience
frequent attacks of faintness or pass
out should see a doctor.
 WHOLE-BODY SYMPTOM GUIDE
DIZZINESS AND FAINTING 15
DIZZINESS OR FAINTNESS DISORDERS
Anaemia (p.186) Heart valve disorders (p.182) Minor head injury (p.167)
Tiredness or lack of energy with feeling faint, Dizziness, with fast and irregular heartbeats, Lump, bruise, or bleeding at the injury site;
pale skin, rapid heart rate, and headaches. shortness of breath, tiredness, and swelling of mild headache; nausea; and slight dizziness.
the ankles and feet. If any chest pain or
Hypotension (low blood pressure) shortness of breath, seek urgent medical help. Serious head injury (p.167)
(p.183) Any high impact injury, loss of consciousness,
Lightheadedness, blurred vision, feeling Hypoglycaemia (p.219) amnesia, vomiting, seizure, or change in
weak, nausea, heart palpitations (noticeable Lightheadedness, sweating, nausea, shaking, behaviour require urgent medical attention,
heartbeat), and fainting. Symptoms are and feeling of hunger. May progress to dial 999.
short-lived and may be worse after standing slurred speech, confusion, unconsciousness,
up or prolonged standing. Seek urgent medical and seizures. Usually associated with diabetes. Heat exhaustion (p.239)
attention if in elderly person, if it is persists, or This is a medical emergency, dial 999. Feeling faint with headache, weakness,
if person does not regain full consciousness. intense thirst, muscle cramps, nausea,
Transient ischaemic attack (TIA) and vomiting; fast pulse; small amounts
Heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias) (p.169) of dark urine.
(p.181) Symptoms are the same as a stroke (see
Dizziness, with awareness of the heart below), but are short-lived, clearing up Cervical spondylosis (p.158)
beating, fast or slow, regular or irregular. completely within 24 hours. This is a medical Dizziness, unsteadiness, or double vision
May be associated with shortness of breath emergency, dial 999. brought on by moving the head quickly.
or chest pain. Seek medical advice if Mild to moderate pain extending from the
persistent. Seek urgent medical attention Stroke (p.169) neck to back of head.
if with chest pain or shortness of breath. Dizziness and loss of balance and coordination
associated with the sudden start of symptoms. Epileptic seizure (p.167)
These include drooping of face on one Seizures with loss of consciousness and
side, weakness or paralysis down one side uncontrollable jerking of trunk and limbs.
of body, slurred speech, difficulty with Seek urgent medical attention if it is the first
swallowing, or double vision. This is a attack, if consciousness does not return
medical emergency, dial 999. within 5 minutes, or if the person does not
regain full consciousness.

LIVER

INTESTINES
HEART

STOMACH PANCREAS

LUNGS
Other documents randomly have
different content
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ships of the
seven seas
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
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eBook.

Title: Ships of the seven seas

Author: Hawthorne Daniel

Author of introduction, etc.: Franklin D. Roosevelt

Illustrator: Francis J. Rigney

Release date: February 2, 2024 [eBook #72859]

Language: English

Original publication: Garden City: Doubleday, Page & company,

1925

Credits: Bob Taylor, Peter Becker and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file
was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHIPS OF

THE SEVEN SEAS ***
 SHIPS
OF THE SEVEN
SEAS
The Santa Maria, the Niña and
the Pinta
 The most famous ships that ever sailed the seas
The Niña, shown in the foreground, was the smallest of
the three, but in her Columbus returned to Spain after the
Santa Maria was wrecked, and the captain of the Pinta
seemed tempted to prove unfaithful.
 SHIPS
OF THE SEVEN SEAS
BY
HAWTHORNE DANIEL
AUTHOR OF
“IN THE FAVOUR OF THE KING”

WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT

DRAWINGS BY
FRANCIS J. RIGNEY

GARDEN CITY NEW YORK

DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY

1925
 COPYRIGHT, 1925, BY
DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES

AT
THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS, GARDEN CITY, N. Y.

First Edition
 TO
NELLE R. DANIEL
MY WIFE
WITHOUT WHOSE ENCOURAGEMENT AND
ASSISTANCE THIS BOOK WOULD PROBABLY
HAVE BEEN BEGUN, BUT MOST CERTAINLY
WOULD NEVER HAVE BEEN COMPLETED
 FOREWORD

In gathering material for a book of this kind one’s sources of

information are likely to be so numerous and so diverse as to defy
classification. Some of the information I have gotten first hand on
ships in which I have served or voyaged. Much more of it has been
picked up from countless scattered sources during twenty years or
more in which ships have been my hobby. More still, however, has
been consciously taken from books on ships and shipping that I have
gathered together or referred to during the time I spent actually in
preparing the manuscript.
Those books to which I have most often referred, and to the
authors and publishers of which I am particularly indebted, are as
follows:
“Ancient and Modern Ships,” by Sir G. C. V. Holmes
“The Clipper Ship Era,” by Arthur H. Clark
“Dictionary of Sea Terms,” by A. Ansted
“Elements of Navigation,” by W. J. Henderson, A. M.
“The Frigate Constitution,” by Ira N. Hollis
“Lightships and Lighthouses,” by F. A. Talbot
“The Lookout Man,” by David W. Bone
“Mercantile Marine,” by E. Keble Chatterton
“Modern Seamanship,” by Austin M. Knight
“Sailing Ships and Their Story,” by E. Keble Chatterton

In addition to these I have received much assistance from the New

York Public Library, the American Museum of Natural History, the
Metropolitan Museum of Art, the U. S. Congressional Library, the
Marine Museum at the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis,
and a number of friends, who, knowing of my interest in ships, have
brought me some of the most interesting of the facts that I have
used.
H. D.
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I. The Development of Ships 1
II. The Development of Sails 34
III. The Perfection of Sails—The Clipper Ships 56
IV. The Development of Steamships 75
V. The Perfection of Steamships 96
VI. Steamships of Many Types 117
VII. Ships of War 140
VIII. Ports and Port Equipment 168
IX. The Art of Seamanship 191
X. The Science of Navigation 215
XI. Lighthouses, Lightships, and Buoys 235
XII. Ship Design, Construction, and Repair 252
XIII. Shipping Lines 267
XIV. The Importance of Ships 279
An Abridged Dictionary of Nautical Words and
APPENDIX. 295
Expressions
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

The Caravels of Columbus Frontispiece

FACING PAGE
An Egyptian Boat of 6000 B. C. 3
A Large Egyptian Ship of the 18th Dynasty 5
A Peruvian Balsa 7
An African Dugout 9
An Eskimo Umiak 11
An Eskimo Kayak 13
A Birch-bark Canoe 15
An Outrigger Canoe 17
A Phœnician Bireme 19
A Greek Trireme 21
Seating Arrangement of Rowers in a Greek Trireme 25
An early 16th-Century Ship 27
A Mediterranean Galley 31
An Egyptian Boat of the 5th Dynasty 35
An Egyptian Ship of the 12th Dynasty 37
A Roman Ship 39
A Viking Ship 41
A 13th-Century English Ship 43
A Galleon of the Time of Elizabeth 45
The Amaranthe 49
A 16th-Century Dutch Boat 51
53
A Corvette of 1780
A British East Indiaman 57
A Black Ball Packet 59
A Whaling Bark 61
The Red Jacket 63
The Great Republic 65
The Ariel, 1866 67
A Gloucester Fisherman 69
An American Coasting Schooner 71
The Charlotte Dundas 77
Robert Fulton’s Clermont 79
The Savannah 81
The Great Britain 83
The Great Eastern 85
The Steamship Oceanic 89
The Deutschland 93
The Majestic 97
The Leviathan 99
The Berengaria 101
The Mauretania 105
The Belgenland 107
The George Washington 111
The Homeric 115
A Mail Liner 119
An American Intermediate Liner 121
A Cargo Liner 123
A Tramp Steamer 125
An Oil Tanker 129
A Turret Steamer 131
A Whaleback 135
A Great Lakes Freight Carrier 137
An English Warship of the Time of Henry V 141
A British Line-of-Battle Ship, 1790 143
The American Frigate Constitution 145
A Steam Frigate—the U. S. S. Hartford 146
The Monitor 147
The Merrimac 149
A Torpedo Boat 151
H. M. S. Dreadnaught 153
A Submarine 155
A Modern Destroyer 157
A Modern Super-dreadnaught 159
A Battle Cruiser 161
A Scout Cruiser 163
An Airplane View of the U. S. S. Langley 165
A Map of the Port of New York 169
A Map of the Port of Liverpool 171
A Map of the Port of Rio de Janeiro 173
A Map of the Port of Cape Town 175
A Map of the Port of Marseilles 177
A Tug Boat 179
A New York Harbour Ferry 181
A New York Harbour Lighter 183
A Mississippi River Stern-wheeler 185
A Modern Venetian Cargo Boat 187
A Page of Knots in Common Use 193
Bearings and Points of Sailing 195
How a Fore-and-Aft Sail Is Reefed 197
A Freighter Tied Up to a Pier 199
A Few Types of Sailing Ships Common in European
201
and American Waters
A Few Types of Sailing Boats to Be Found Around the
203
World
The Rigging of a Three-masted Ship 209
The Sails of a Four-masted Ship 213
Using a Cross Staff 217
Using an Astrolabe 221
A Sextant in Use, and a Ship’s Log 225
Using a Pelorus 229
Sounding by Machine 233
The Pharos at Alexandria 237
The Tillamook Rock Light Station 239
Cape Race Lighthouse 241
Minot’s Ledge Light 243
Bishop Rock Lighthouse 245
Fire Island Lightship 247
Automatic Buoys 249
A Ship on the Ways 253
A Floating Dry Dock 255
The Olympic 259
The Aquitania 263
The Paris 265
The Spray 281
The Detroit 283
A Reconstruction of One of Caligula’s Galleys 284
A European Side-wheeler 285
A Hudson River Steamer 287
A Steam Yacht 289
An Experiment of 1924 291
 INTRODUCTION

I remember well being thrilled as a boy by the tales of various

members of my family who had been engaged in the old “China
Trade” and in the operation of clipper ships and in whaling. These
stories related to a bygone age—a day when the American flag was
seen in every part of the globe.
Even in my own boyhood America had no merchant marine except
for the coasting trade and the freighters upon the Great Lakes.
American seamen had ceased to exist and the calling of an officer in
the Merchant Marine was no longer one that offered an attractive
career to the American boy. It is unnecessary here to go into the
reasons for the decline and fall of our nation upon the sea. The Civil
War, the introduction of steam propulsion, the development of the
West, and in addition a great number of economic changes, were
some of the causes of the disappearance of the American flag from
the Seven Seas.
It was not until the outbreak of the World War that American
business men as a whole began to think seriously of the possibility of
reviving American shipping; it was not until 1916 that the Congress
took definite action to aid with constructive legislation; it was not until
our own country entered into the war that large results appeared. In
the past few years there has been an extraordinary revival of interest
in everything that pertains to the sea—the novels of Melville written
three quarters of a century ago have been revived in dozens of
editions and the sea stories of Conrad are among the best sellers. In
the same way, old books, old engravings, and crude old lithographs
and woodcuts relating to almost every form of ships and shipping
have been sought out and prized by an ever-growing circle of
enthusiasts. This is not a passing fancy; there is something more
solid behind it. I hope I am right in believing that the people of the
United States are again turning their faces to the sea. Over the sea
our ancestors or we ourselves have all come. We have filled the
vacant spaces from the original colonies on the Atlantic Coast to the
new and splendid civilization of the Pacific. No longer can we say
“America is sufficient for us; our thought and lives must stay at
home.” We are part of the world now, very dependent on the rest of
the peoples of the world for our own progress, and our own success,
and even for our own safety. This is shown by the fact that every
school and every college throughout the land is, in its teaching,
paying more and more attention to the affairs of mankind beyond our
own borders. The study of languages, the study of geography, the
study of economics, of international laws—all receive increased
attention.
Mr. Hawthorne Daniel has rendered a conspicuous service in
writing a book which can be understood and appreciated by the
average citizen. Most of us are just “average citizens” and whether
we live a thousand miles from the nearest ocean or not, whether we
have ever smelled salt water or not, it will be a good thing for us to
have some knowledge of the great epic of ships and the men who
have made them and sailed them.
Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Hyde Park, N. Y.,
June 4, 1924.
 SHIPS
OF THE SEVEN
SEAS