1. Reproduction of Plants and Animals

Lesson 1:
Reproduction and Development

Asexual Reproduction
✓ Asexual reproduction is defined as the formation of new individuals from the cells of
a single parent. This is very common in plants less common in animals.
✓ Asexual reproduction does not involve the union of gametes (sperm cell and egg
cell) and it does not change the number of chromosomes present.
✓ The resulting offspring is similar or identical to the parent and without the need for
a mate, they can reproduce. There are different types of asexual reproduction in
animals.
Type of asexual reproduction:
o PARTHENOGENESIS
o BINARY FISSION
o FRAGMENTATION
o BUDDING
o REGENERATION
o SPORE FORMATION
o VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
Parthenogenesis
- reproduction from an ovum without
fertilization, especially as a normal
process in some invertebrates and lower
plants.
Ants, Wasps, Bees, Komodo dragon

Binary fission
- asexual reproduction by a separation of
the body into two new bodies. In the
process of binary fission, an organism
duplicates its genetic material, or
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and then
divides into two parts (cytokinesis), with
each new organism receiving one copy
of DNA.
Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena
Fragmentation
-Fragmentation in multicellular
or colonial organisms is a form
of asexual reproduction or
cloning, where an organism is
split into fragments. Each of
these fragments develops into
mature, fully grown individuals
that are clones of the original
organism.
sponges, and sea stars.

Budding
- is an asexual reproduction
method in which a new organism
develops from a bud of an
existing organism. Until the new
organism matures, it remains
attached to the parent organism.
Hydra and yeast, for example,
reproduce by budding.
Bacteria, yeast, corals, flatworms,
Jellyfish
Regeneration
- is the ability of a
simple organism to
re-grow its lost
parts.
Spore Formation
- similar to seed formation in
flowering plants., but spore
production only occurs in non-
flowering plants and in other
microscopic organisms.(fungi,
green algae, molds, protozoa and
ferns).
Vegetative propagation
- new plants can be produced
from vegetative structures
such as the roots, stems, and
leaves of some plants. The
process can be artificial or
natural.
Sexual Reproduction
❖ Sexual reproduction is the perpetuation of a new
organism from two organism with the use gametes.
❖ In this process male gametes which is the sperm cell

fuses with a female gamete known as the egg cell to
form a diploid cell called zygote containing two sets
of chromosomes.
Sexual Reproduction
❖ During sexual reproduction the genetic material
contained in their chromosomes combine to produce
genetically diverse offspring that are different from both
parents.
❖ Humans, frogs, fish cats and dogs all reproduce through

the method of sexual reproduction.
HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Organ system by which humans reproduce and bear live offspring.
Provided all organs are present, normally constructed, and functioning properly,
the essential features of human reproduction are (1) liberation of an ovum, or
egg, at a specific time in the reproductive cycle, (2) internal fertilization of the
ovum by spermatozoa, or sperm cells, (3) transport of the fertilized ovum to
the uterus, or womb, (4) implantation of the blastocyst, the early embryo
developed from the fertilized ovum, in the wall of the uterus, (5) formation of a
placenta and maintenance of the unborn child during the entire period of
gestation, (6) birth of the child and expulsion of the placenta, and (7) suckling
and care of the child, with an eventual return of the maternal organs to virtually
their original state.
Complete the description of the illustration in the
left column by choosing the terms in the grid.
Write your answer in the spaces.
INSIDE, EGG, PARENT, YOUNG

EGG
PARENT
YOUNG
INSIDE
Plant Structure, Growth,
& Development
The Diversity of Angiosperms
Angiosperms (flowering plants) can be divided
into 2 major categories:
• Monocots –
• have one seed leaf (cotyledon)
• Dicots –
• have 2 seed leaves (cotyledons)
Monocots
• Monocots have only 1 cotyledon (seed leaf)
• Examples of monocots:
• Corn, wheat, lilies, orchids, palms
Dicots
• Dicots have 2 cotyledons (seed leaves)
• Examples of dicots:
• Roses, clover, tomatoes, oaks, daisies
Flower Structure
• Stamens:
• The male portion of a
flower
• Made up of an anther and
a filament
• The anther produces
haploid pollen grains by
meiosis
• Most flowers have
multiple stamens
Flower Structure
• Carpels/Pistils:
• The female portion of a flower
• Stigma:
• Sticky – to trap pollen
• Style:
• Hollow tube which
connects stigma and ovary
• Ovary:
• Produces female gametes
(ovules)
Monoecious and Dioecious Species of Plants
Monoecious
o“one house”
oHas both male and female flowers on a
single plant
• Monoecious
o“one house”
oHas both male and female flowers on a
single plant
Dioecious
• “two houses”
• Male and female parts are found on separate
plants
Plant Reproduction
Pollination and Fertilization
In order to form a zygote, male gametes in pollen grains
have to fuse with the egg in the ovule. This is achieved
by a process called pollination. Pollination is the process
of transferring pollen grains from the anther – male part
of a flower, to the stigma – female part of a flower.
https://byjus.com/biology/sexual-reproduction-plants/
Self-Pollination: A
pollination where the
pollen transfer takes
place between the
anther and stigma of the
same flower.
Cross-Pollination: A
pollination where the
pollen transfer takes place
between the anther and the
stigma of different flowers
of the same plant or
different plants of the same
species.
Stages of Plant’s Life Cycle
Sexual reproduction takes place with slight variations in
different groups of plants.
Plants have two distinct stages in their lifecycle: the

gametophyte stage and the sporophyte stage. The haploid
gametophyte produces the male and male gametes by mitosis in
distinct multicellular structures.
Fusion of the male and females gametes forms the diploid

zygote, which develops into the sporophyte. After reaching
maturity, the diploid sporophyte produces spores by meiosis, which
in turn divide by mitosis to produce the haploid gametophyte. The
new gametophyte produces gametes, and the cycle continues. This
is the alternation of generations, and is typical of plant
reproduction.
Development
is the process by which a multicellular
organism, beginning with a single cell, goes
through a series of changes, taking on the
successive forms that characterize its life
cycle.
FOUR KEY PROCESSES UNDERLIE
DEVELOPMENT
The End

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Lesson 1:

Reproduction and Development

Ants, Wasps, Bees, Komodo dragon

sponges, and sea stars.

❖ In this process male gametes which is the sperm cell

❖ Humans, frogs, fish cats and dogs all reproduce through

INSIDE, EGG, PARENT, YOUNG

Plants have two distinct stages in their lifecycle: the

Fusion of the male and females gametes forms the diploid

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