EASTERN BACOOR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

SY 2023-2024

STeacher: ROSETE, MA. RICA MAE M. Date: JANUARY 15, 2024

Learning Grade
MATHEMATICS 8
Area: Level:

TOPIC: Logical Equivalences and Reasoning

I. LEARNING COMPETENCIES
The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of factors of polynomials,
Content Standard rational algebraic expressions, linear equations and inequalities in two variables, systems
of linear equations and inequalities in two variables and linear functions.
The learner is able to formulate real-life problems involving factors of polynomials, rational
algebraic expressions, linear equations and inequalities in two variables, systems of linear
Performance Standard equations and inequalities in two variables and linear functions, and solve these problems
accurately using a variety of strategies
Illustrates the equivalences of:
Most Essential Learning a. The statement and its contrapositive
Competency (MELC): b. The converse and inverse of a statement.
Uses inductive or deductive reasoning
II. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 Demonstrate a clear understanding of logical equivalences in statements.
 Apply inductive reasoning to identify patterns and make predictions.
Learning Objectives  Showcase competency in deductive reasoning by drawing logical conclusions
from given premises.
1. LEARNING CONTENT
Topic Logical Equivalences and Reasoning
Skills Reasoning, Logical thinking
CO_Q2_Mathematics8_Module12 pages 4-16
References CO_Q2_Mathematics8_Module14 pages 5-11
Materials Chalkboard, projector, laptop, handouts
Subjects
English
Integrated
Values Focused Attentiveness, Perseverance
1. PREPARATORY ACTIVITIES
1. Daily Routine
Prayer
(Assigned student will lead a prayer)
Greetings
(Warm Greetings)
Checking of Attendance
(Class monitor will report the attendees for the day)
Classroom Routines
(Student be reminded of the classroom rules, sitting arrangement and others)

2. Motivation
Review: Transform the following statements into its converse, inverse and contrapositive and
answer the guide questions.

3. ACTIVITY PROPER
1. Presentation/Introduction
(relating to previous lesson and explaining the importance of the lesson)
What comes next?
 EASTERN BACOOR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SY 2023-2024

Students will guess the next figure based on their observation and answer the following questions.

My Math teacher is strict. My previous teacher was also strict. What can you say about all math teacher?
Guided Questions:
1. Were you able to draw the correct conclusion in each activity?
2. How did you come up with your answers
2. Modelling (I DO)
Logically equivalent statements: statements that have the same logical content or truth value. Counterexample:
any example that shows a statement is false.

Inductive Reasoning:
- a type of reasoning where the conclusion is made based upon current knowledge, observation, examples and
patterns
- a process of observing data, recognizing patterns, and making generalizations from observations Conjecture: an
educated guess; the conclusion drawn from observations, examples and pattern
Deductive Reasoning:
-a type of logical reasoning that uses accepted facts to reason in a step-by-step manner until we arrive at the
desired statements
- a type of reasoning which makes use of accepted rules of logic and general statements to arrive at a conclusion

Parts of Deductive Reasoning:

Hypothesis: the statement which is accepted or known at the beginning
Conclusion: the statement drawn from the hypothesis Law of Detachment (Modus Ponens) Major Premise: If p is
true, then q is true. Minor Premise: p is true. Conclusion: Therefore, q is true. Law of Syllogism (Chain Rule)
Major Premise: If p is true, then q is true. Minor Premise: If q is true, then r is true. Conclusion: If p, then r.
3. Guided Practice
Group activity: Check the answered worksheets of their classmates.

Worksheets:

4. Independent Practice (YOU DO)

Have students work through practice individually but they can check in with neighbors.
5. Generalization
Review key concepts and common mistakes observed during the group and individual activities.
Emphasize the importance of understanding logical equivalences and reasoning for effective problem-solving.
2. EVALUATION
 EASTERN BACOOR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SY 2023-2024

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

A.

B. Identify the type of reasoning used in each of the following situations. Write IR if the statement is
inductive reasoning and DR if it is deductive reasoning. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.

3. ASSIGNMENT/AGREEMENT
Follow up

Read and study in advance about Writing proofs in module 14 page 5-13.

Remarks

Reflection
INDEX OF MASTERY
SCOR MABOLO PANAPAAN QUEENSROW SALINAS ZAPOTE
E SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 SECTION 5

0
 EASTERN BACOOR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SY 2023-2024

Prepared by: Reviewed and checked Recommending Approved:

by: Approval:

MA. RICA MAE M. ARLENE M. GALVEZ JERICHO B. CASTILLO ALFREDO N.

ROSETE SARABUSAB
Teacher I Master Teacher I Head Teacher III Principal II
Teacher: ROSETE, MA. RICA MAE M. Date: January 16, 2023

Learning Grade
MATHEMATICS 8
Area: Level:

TOPIC: Writing Proofs

III. LEARNING COMPETENCIES

The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of factors of
polynomials, rational algebraic expressions, linear equations and inequalities in
Content Standard
two variables, systems of linear equations and inequalities in two variables and
linear functions.
The learner is able to formulate real-life problems involving factors of
polynomials, rational algebraic expressions, linear equations and inequalities in
Performance Standard two variables, systems of linear equations and inequalities in two variables and
linear functions, and solve these problems accurately using a variety of
strategies
Writes a proof
Most Essential Learning
a. Direct
Competency (MELC): b. Indirect
IV. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
V.
 Identify the ways of writing a proof
Learning Objectives  Prove the statements using two-column form.
 Appreciate the importance in proving in real life situations
1. LEARNING CONTENT
Topic Writing Proofs
Skills Reasoning, Logical thinking
Learner’s Module 332-335
References CO_Q2_Mathematics8_Module15 pages 5-13
Materials Chalkboard, projector, laptop
Subjects
Science
Integrated
Values Focused Attentiveness, Perseverance
4. PREPARATORY ACTIVITIES
5. Daily Routine
(Assigned student will lead a prayer)
Greetings
(Warm Greetings)
Checking of Attendance
(Class monitor will report the attendees for the day)
Classroom Routines
(Student be reminded of the classroom rules, sitting arrangement and others)

6. Motivation
Ask the student to search the words related to the topic to be discuss.
DIRECT, AXIOMS, CONCLUSIONS, THEOREMS, GEOMETRY, PROPERTIES, REASON, GIVEN, PROOF,
COLUMN, HYPOTHESIS
7. ACTIVITY PROPER
1. Presentation/Introduction
(relating to previous lesson and explaining the importance of the lesson)
Start the class with a thought-provoking question:

"Why do we need proofs in geometry?"

 EASTERN BACOOR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SY 2023-2024

Discuss briefly with students to gather their initial thoughts on the importance of proofs.
Share a real-world example where understanding geometry and proofs is essential, such as architecture or
computer graphics.
The study of Geometry cannot be completed and will be less fulfilling if it will devoid of algebraic exercises. Also,
certain lessons learned in algebra are used in geometry. In the same way, many problems in algebra are
geometric in nature.
Recall the concept of the different properties in algebra and explain that algebra can be used in proving
geometric relations
2. Modelling (I DO)
A proof is a logical argument in which each statement you make is supported/justified by given
information, definitions, axioms, postulates, theorems, and previously proven statements.
Note:
• An axiom is any mathematical statement that serves as a starting point from which other points
are logically derived.
• A postulate is a statement that is accepted without proof.
• A theorem is a statement accepted after it is proved deductively.

There are two methods in writing proof.

These include:
1. Direct Proof
2. Indirect Proof

Direct proof is a type of logical reasoning that uses accepted facts to reason in a step-by-step
manner until the desired statement is obtained.

1. Assume the statement 𝑝 is true.

Steps in writing a direct proof:

2. Use what you know about 𝑝 and other facts as necessary to deduce that another statement 𝑞 is
true, that is to show 𝑝→𝑞 (if p then q) is true.

Two-Column Form is one way of organizing a proof. This consists of two columns, one for
statements and one for reasons.

Give illustrative examples

3. Guided Practice (WE DO)
Proof puzzle:

Distribute a set of proof puzzles to each group. Ensure that each puzzle has a missing step or
reason that needs to be filled in.

Encourage students to read through the puzzles and understand the given information and
conclusion.

Instruct each group to collaborate and solve their assigned proof puzzle.

Encourage discussion and critical thinking as they work together to fill in the missing steps.

Emphasize the importance of clear communication within the group.

Each group will present their completed proof on the large poster paper or whiteboard.

Encourage them to explain each step clearly and justify their reasoning.

Allow other groups to ask questions or provide feedback.

4. Independent Practice (YOU DO)

Direction: Fill in the blank by choosing your answers from the box. Write it on your notebook.
 EASTERN BACOOR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SY 2023-2024

Prove that if 2(𝑏 + 1) = −6, then 𝑏 = −4.

Prove: 𝑏 = −4
Given:2(𝑏 + 1) = −6

5. Generalization

desired statement is obtained. Steps in writing a direct proof: 1. Assume the statement 𝑝 is true. 2. Use what
Direct proof is a type of logical reasoning that uses accepted facts to reason in a step-by-step manner until the

you know about 𝑝 and other facts as necessary to deduce that another statement 𝑞 is true, that is to show 𝑝→𝑞
(if p then q) is true.
8. EVALUATION

1. A proof that 𝑝 → 𝑞 is true based on the fact that 𝑞 is true, such proof is known as _____.
Choose the letter of the correct answer.

A. Direct Proof B. Indirect Proof C. Both A and B are correct D. Neither A nor B are
correct
2. Which of the following occurs with a direct proof?
A. Statements are supported by known facts and definitions.
B. A conditional statement is proven.
C. A series of statements are made.

For 3-4 Given: 𝐴,𝐵, 𝐶, and 𝐷 are collinear in that order and 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶𝐷. Prove: 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐵D
D. All statements are correct.

(3)
3

(4)
3

9. ASSIGNMENT/AGREEMENT
Follow up

Remarks.

Reflection
INDEX OF MASTERY
 EASTERN BACOOR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SY 2023-2024

SCOR MABOLO PANAPAAN QUEENSROW SALINAS ZAPOTE

E SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 SECTION 5
5
4
3
2
1
0

Prepared by: Reviewed and checked Recommending Approved:

by: Approval:

MA. RICA MAE M. ARLENE M. GALVEZ JERICHO B. CASTILLO ALFREDO N.

ROSETE SARABUSAB
Teacher I Master Teacher I Head Teacher III Principal II