Jennifer Freyd

Jennifer Joy Freyd (/fraɪd/; born October 16, 1957, in

Providence, Rhode Island) is an American Jennifer Freyd
psychologist, researcher, author, educator, and speaker. Born October 16, 1957
Freyd is an extensively published scholar who is best Alma mater University of Pennsylvania,
known for her theories of betrayal trauma, DARVO, Stanford University
institutional betrayal, and institutional courage. Known for Research on Betrayal Trauma,
DARVO, Institutional Betrayal,
Freyd is the Founder and President of the Center for
and Institutional Courage
Institutional Courage,[1][2] Professor Emerit[3][4] of
Psychology at the University of Oregon, Adjunct Website www.jjfreyd.com (https://www.jjfre
Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences in the yd.com/)
School of Medicine,[5] Faculty Fellow at the Clayman
Institute for Gender Research,[6] Affiliated Faculty, Women's Leadership Lab, Stanford University[7] and
principal investigator of the Freyd Dynamics Lab.

Freyd is a Member of the Advisory Committee, 2019–2023, for the Action Collaborative on Preventing
Sexual Harassment in Higher Education, National Academies of Science, Engineering, and
Medicine.[8][9] She is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association, the American Psychological
Society, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Since 2005, Freyd has been the
editor of the Journal of Trauma & Dissociation.[10]

She is also the leader of the Program on Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Sexual Violence at the Center
for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University.[11]

Education
Freyd attended Friends Select School in Philadelphia and after three years of high school was admitted to
the University of Pennsylvania where she received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Anthropology. In 1983
she earned her Ph.D. in psychology at Stanford University.[12]

Career
Freyd was an assistant professor at Cornell University from 1983 to 1987, until she was hired with tenure
as an associate professor of psychology at the University of Oregon in 1987.[13] In 1992, Freyd was
promoted to full professor at the University of Oregon.[14]

In 2017, Freyd filed suit against the University of Oregon for violating the Equal Pay Act, the Equal
Protection Clause, and Title IX during her decades of employment.[15] Women's and civil rights groups
have collaborated on amicus briefs, including Equal Rights Advocates, the ACLU Women's Rights
Project, the National Women's Law Center, the American Association of University Professors. The case
was heard by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.[16] The Ninth Circuit ruled in favor of Freyd's appeal on
March 15, 2021.[17][18]

Research and theory

In the last two decades, Freyd has researched and written extensively on sexual abuse and memory.[19][20]
Freyd's initial empirical discovery of representational momentum[21][22] and shareability (https://onlinelib
rary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15516709cog0703%202) led to her further explore the relationship
between trauma memories and the element of betrayal. Freyd introduced the following original concepts
to the trauma literature: betrayal trauma, DARVO, institutional betrayal, and institutional courage.[23]

Betrayal trauma is defined as a trauma perpetrated by someone whom the victim is close to and reliant
upon for support and survival.[24]

DARVO is an acronym used to describe a common strategy of abusers.[25][26] The abuser may: Deny the
abuse ever took place, Attack the victim for attempting to hold the abuser accountable; and claim that
they, the abuser, are the real victim in the situation, thus Reversing the Victim and Offender.[25]

Institutional betrayal refers to "wrongdoings perpetrated by an institution upon individuals dependent on

that institution, including failure to prevent or respond supportively to wrongdoings by individuals (e.g.
sexual assault) committed within the context of the institution".[27] It is an extension of betrayal trauma
theory. In a 2013 study, Carly P. Smith and Jennifer Freyd documented the psychological harm caused by
institutional betrayal.[28]

Freyd introduced the term institutional courage in 2014.[29]

In a September 2019 article in the Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, Freyd and Smidt[30] emphasize the
value of education for organizations that are taking steps toward institutional courage. The authors make
a distinction between training (which connotes "compliance and a rules-based process") and education,
which "is associated with complex understanding, critical thinking, and the acquisition of knowledge
based on empirical research and theory development".[30] As it concerns sexual violence (a primary focus
of Freyd's research), education is needed to help society understand "major aspects of the frequency,
consequences, and dynamics of sexual harassment and assault".[30]

In early 2019, Freyd announced a new research initiative to promote the study of institutional courage.[31]
The project supported interdisciplinary research on the interconnected problems of sexual violence,
DARVO, and institutional betrayal, as well as ways in which institutional courage can flourish. Freyd
described her current research agenda on institutional betrayal and courage[32] and intention to create a
nonprofit organization, The Center for Institutional Courage, on a December 2019 episode of the Human
Centered podcast.[33] Freyd described the Center for Institutional Courage as “roughly equal parts a
research center that can nurture new knowledge generation, and an outreach part that applies that
knowledge to the world”.[33] In early 2020, Freyd and her colleagues incorporated the Center for
Institutional Courage 501(c)(3) (https://www.institutionalcourage.org/about-us), an institution dedicated
to scientific research, wide-reaching education, and data-driven action promoting institutional courage.[4]
In 2021, the Center for Institutional Courage funded 15 research projects on the topics of institutional
courage, institutional betrayal, and DARVO.[4]

Activism
Because of her research on sexual assault and institutional betrayal, Freyd was invited to the White House
in 2014 to meet with White House advisors on violence against women, as well as New York Senator
Kirsten Gillibrand, to discuss how her research relates to campus sexual violence.[34][35] In June 2017,
Freyd was invited again to speak at a meeting of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and
Medicine, where she presented on institutional betrayal and sexual harassment in academia.[36] In an
open essay, entitled "Gender Discrimination, Dr. Jennifer Freyd's Lawsuit, & Recommendations for
Universities,"[37] the author underscored the far-reaching consequences of gender discrimination against
women in higher education.

Freyd's research on sexual violence and institutional betrayal has become increasingly prominent[38] with
the rise of the Me Too movement and growing societal awareness of the prevalence of sexual harassment
and assault.[39] For example, in an interview with Diane Sawyer in 2017, actress and political activist
Ashley Judd referenced DARVO when discussing the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations.[40]

Freyd has focused on ensuring that survivors do not lose their voice in the process of reporting sexual
violence.[41] Freyd asserted that since institutions can perpetrate abuse by (1) ignoring survivors' wishes
about how their private information is shared when they decide to disclose, and (2) by emphasizing that
survivors' information will be passed along without their consent, she proposed that faculty educate
colleagues and students about Title IX, sexual violence, and institutional betrayal, as well as provide
resources for disrupting a culture of sexual violence and learning how to be a good listener.[42] Freyd has
proposed 10 steps by which institutions (including universities) can make progress toward institutional
courage, such as encouraging whistleblowing and carrying out assessments of institutional betrayal
through anonymous surveys.[43] The Chronicle of Higher Education has covered the ongoing debate at
the University of Oregon[44] and the Association of American Universities (AAU).[45] Dozens of
scientists have criticized the AAU's proposed campus climate survey, with Freyd as a key player in the
scientific debate.[46][47][48]

In 2021, Freyd argued that academic institutions should cease the use of the gendered honorary titles
'emeritus' and 'emerita' and instead adopt the gender-neutral term 'emerit'.[49] As of early 2022, both the
University of Oregon and Oregon State University are considering dropping the gendered titles in favor
of 'emerit' or a similar gender-neutral alternative.[50]

Personal life
Freyd was married to John Quincy "JQ" Johnson III, from 1984 until his death in 2012.[51] Together they
have three children.[51]
Around 1990, Freyd severed ties with her parents, stating that a recent therapy had uncovered memories
of her father, mathematics professor Peter J. Freyd, abusing her during her childhood.[52] Her parents,
Pamela and Peter Freyd, disputed Freyd's claims of sexual assault, and in 1992 co-founded the False
Memory Syndrome Foundation, which has been described as a US "advocacy group [...] for people
claiming to have been wrongly accused of physical and sexual abuse."[53][54][52] Three years after its
founding, it had more than 7,500 members.[52] The foundation was dissolved on December 31, 2019.[55]

Selected publications

Books
Freyd, J. J. (1996). Betrayal Trauma: The Logic of Forgetting Childhood Abuse. Harvard
University Press, Cambridge, MA. ISBN 978-0-674-06805-6..
Freyd, J. J.; Anne P. DePrince (2001). Trauma and cognitive science: a meeting of minds,
science, and human experience. Haworth Press. ISBN 978-0-7890-1374-3.
Freyd, J. J.; Pamela J. Birrell (2013). Blind to Betrayal: Why we fool ourselves we aren't
being fooled. Somerset, New Jersey: Wiley. ISBN 9780470604403.

Chapters in books
Freyd, J. J.; Quina, K. (2000), "Feminist ethics in the practice of science: The contested
memory controversy as an example", in Brabeck, M. (ed.), Practicing Feminist Ethics in
Psychology (http://dynamic.uoregon.edu/jjf/articles/fq2000.pdf) (PDF), Washington, D.C.:
American Psychological Association, pp. 101–124, ISBN 978-1-55798-623-8
Freyd, J. J. (2002), "Memory and dimensions of trauma: Terror may be 'all-too-well
remembered' and betrayal buried", in Conte, J.R. (ed.), Critical Issues in Child Sexual
Abuse: Historical, Legal, and Psychological Perspectives (http://dynamic.uoregon.edu/jjf/arti
cles/dimensions.pdf) (PDF), Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, pp. 139–173,
ISBN 978-0761909125

Journal articles
Freyd, J. J. (1994). "Betrayal trauma: Traumatic amnesia as an adaptive response to
childhood abuse" (https://philarchive.org/rec/FREBTT). Ethics & Behavior. 4 (4): 307–329.
doi:10.1207/s15327019eb0404_1 (https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15327019eb0404_1). Pdf. (h
ttp://dynamic.uoregon.edu/jjf/articles/freyd94.pdf)
Freyd, J. J. (1997). "Violations of power, adaptive blindness, and betrayal trauma theory".
Feminism and Psychology. 7: 22–32. doi:10.1177/0959353597071004 (https://doi.org/10.11
77%2F0959353597071004). S2CID 143672491 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1
43672491). Pdf. (http://dynamic.uoregon.edu/jjf/articles/freyd97r.pdf)
Freyd, J. J. (1998). "Science in the memory debate". Ethics & Behavior. 8 (2): 101–113.
doi:10.1207/s15327019eb0802_1 (https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15327019eb0802_1). Pdf. (h
ttp://dynamic.uoregon.edu/jjf/articles/freyd98.pdf)
Freyd, J. J.; DePrince, A. P.; Zurbriggen, E. L. (2001). "Self-reported memory for abuse
depends upon victim-perpetrator relationship". Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. 2 (3): 5–
17. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.661.4356 (https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.6
61.4356). doi:10.1300/j229v02n03_02 (https://doi.org/10.1300%2Fj229v02n03_02).
 S2CID 17149424 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17149424). Pdf. (http://dynamic.
uoregon.edu/jjf/articles/fdz.pdf)
Freyd, J. J.; Putnam, F.W.; Lyon, T.D.; Becker-Blease, K.A.; Cheit, R.E.; Siegel, N.B.;
Pezdek, K. (2005). "The science of child sexual abuse". Science. 308 (5721): 501.
doi:10.1126/science.1108066 (https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1108066).
PMID 15845837 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15845837). S2CID 70752683 (https://api.
semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:70752683). Pdf. (http://dynamic.uoregon.edu/jjf/articles/freyd
2005.pdf)
Freyd, J. J. (2012). "A plea to university researchers". Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. 13
(5): 497–508. doi:10.1080/15299732.2012.708613 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15299732.20
12.708613). PMID 22989239 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22989239).
S2CID 14798947 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14798947). Pdf. (http://dynamic.
uoregon.edu/jjf/articles/freydjtd2012.pdf)
Freyd, J. J. (2013). "Preventing betrayal". Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. 14 (5): 495–
500. doi:10.1080/15299732.2013.824945 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15299732.2013.8249
45). PMID 24060032 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24060032). S2CID 43820112 (http
s://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43820112). Pdf. (http://dynamic.uoregon.edu/jjf/article
s/freydjtd2013.pdf)
Freyd, J. J. (2015). "Proposal for a National Institute on Sexual Violence". Journal of Trauma
& Dissociation. 16 (5): 497–499. doi:10.1080/15299732.2015.1069170 (https://doi.org/10.10
80%2F15299732.2015.1069170). PMID 26458061 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/264580
61). S2CID 46613952 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46613952). Pdf. (http://dyn
amic.uoregon.edu/jjf/articles/freydjtd2015.pdf)
Freyd, J. J. (2017). "Attributes, behaviors, or experiences? Lessons from research on
trauma regarding gender differences" (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15299732.2017.135868
7). Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. 18 (5): 645–648.
doi:10.1080/15299732.2017.1358687 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15299732.2017.135868
7). PMID 28816648 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28816648). Pdf. (http://dynamic.uoreg
on.edu/jjf/articles/freydjtd2017.pdf)

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