IMPACT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

(ICT) ON HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT PERFORMANCE IN

STATE SPECIALIST HOSPITAL, AKURE.

BY

SAMUEL TIJESUNI EUNICE

CHTA/ND/2022/737

ONDO STATE COLLEGE OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY, AKURE,

HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT.

JULY, 2024.

i
 IMPACT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
(ICT) ON HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT PERFORMANCE IN
STATE SPECIALIST HOSPITAL, AKURE.

BY

SAMUEL TIJESUNI EUNICE

CHTA/ND/2022/737

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT, COLLEGE OF HEALTH
TECHNOLOGY, AKURE, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF PROFESSIONAL DIPLOMA
IN HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT (HIM).

JULY, 2024.

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this project titled “assessing the impact of effective appointment system
on the waiting time of patient in state specialist Hospital, Akure, Ondo State” carried out by
Iwaeni Opemipo Queen of the department of Health Information Management, College of
Health Technology Akure, Ondo State Nigeria and approved as meeting the requirements of the

ii
Health records Officer Board of Nigeria for the award of the Professional Diploma (PD) in
Health Information Management.

____________________

____________________

MRS. HENRY BABATUNDE DATE

SUPERVISOR

DEDICATION

iii
The project work is dedicated to God Almighty, the giver of life, the lover of my soul, the one

who has never failed me, the one who gives supernatural love, good health, protection, for his

Divine favour, mercy, provisions upon my life, family and for giving me the enablement to

complete this course of study.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to God almighty for bringing me this far whose help, love, sustenance, guidance,

and provision has been overwhelming. He made the journey of my academic pursuit impactful

and hitched free in Ondo State College of Health Technology Akure. I am forever indebted to

him for now, always and forever.

My utmost and unending appreciation goes to my supervisors in person of Mrs. Henry

Babatunde, for her guidance, support and advice throughout the course of this research work. I

pray you are rewarded bountifully and abundantly.

I also extend my gratitude to all my lecturers. Mrs. Henry Babatunde (HOD) Mr. Adebayo, Mrs.

Adebayo, Mrs. Adelegan, Mrs. Omomiyi, Mr. Gbabe, for their moral support and the knowledge

they impacted to me. May God continue to bless and enrich you all in Jesus name (AMEN).

Worthy of mention is the name of my special family especially my wonderful parents Mr and

Mrs Samuel for their help, word of encouragement ,prayer, and their financial support for the

completion of this programme. My sincere appreciation goes to my friends, Mrs. Moses precious

and Mrs. Olatunji Oluwadunsin and also my Brothers and sister for their support I say a very big

thank you, And to all HIM class '24', I hereby say a big congratulations to you all for the

successful completion of this journey. God bless you all

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 ABSTRACT

The study examined the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on Health
information management performance in state specialist Hospital, Akure. The population for the
study consists of thirty-three (33) Health Records Professional in State Specialist Hospital,
Akure. The study target population were 33 staffs in the Hospital.

The findings reveal a strong consensus among respondents on the benefits of integrating ICT in
health information management. A majority strongly agreed that ICT has significantly improved
communication within healthcare teams, while a smaller portion also agreed with this view. This
highlights the positive impact of ICT in fostering more efficient and effective communication,
enabling better collaboration and coordination in healthcare settings. Furthermore, most
respondents strongly believed that ICT plays a key role in reducing errors in health information
management, with others also agreeing. This suggests that the use of ICT is seen as instrumental
in enhancing the accuracy and reliability of health data, contributing to safer and more efficient
healthcare delivery. Overall, the results underline the value of ICT in improving both
communication and error reduction in health information management systems. Based on the
study’s findings, it is recommended that Hospital management should create separate
appointment slots for different types of consultations, such as routine check-ups, specialist visits,
and emergency care, to better manage patient flow.

It was recommended that Health information professionals should actively participate in and
advocate for ongoing professional development, including ICT-related certifications, to stay
competitive and enhance performance.

Keywords: Health Information Management Performance, Information and Communication

Technology, Patient, Waiting Time.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Front page i

Title page ii

Certification iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgement v-vi

Abstract vii

Table of Contents viii-x

List of tables xi

CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background to the Study.......................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the Problem..................................................................................................4
1.3 Objective of the Study............................................................................................................4
1.4 Research Questions................................................................................................................5
1.5 Scope of the Study.................................................................................................................5
1.6 Significance of the Study..................................................................................................5
1.7 Definition of Terms...........................................................................................................6
CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................................................7
LITERATURE REVIEW..............................................................................................................................7
2.0 Introduction............................................................................................................................7
2.1 Concept of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)....................................7
2.2 Health Information Technology........................................................................................8
2.3 Health Information Technology’s Advantages.................................................................9
2.4 ICT in the Training of Health Professionals...................................................................13
2.5 ICT in Professional Practice...........................................................................................16
2.6 ICT in Human Resource Development...........................................................................17
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 2.7 Roles of ICT in Evidence Based Practice.......................................................................19
2.8 Impact of ICT on Manpower Development....................................................................20
2.9 Continuing Professional Development...........................................................................21
2.10 Geographical and Professional Isolation.........................................................................22
2.11 Information Communication Technologies and Quality of Healthcare Services...........23
2.12 Benefits of ICT for Manpower Development.................................................................24
2.13 Challenges of Implementing ICT Solutions in Healthcare.............................................34
CHAPTER THREE.....................................................................................................................................36
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................................36
3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................36
3.3 Population of the Study...................................................................................................36
3.4 Sample and Sampling Technique.........................................................................................36
3.5 Data Collection Instrument..................................................................................................36
3.6 Face Validity of Instrument............................................................................................37
3.7 Data Collection Procedure...................................................................................................37
3.8 Method of Data Analysis.....................................................................................................37
CHAPTER FOUR........................................................................................................................................38
DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS..........................................38
4.0 Introduction.....................................................................................................................38
4.2 Discussion of Findings.........................................................................................................46
CHAPTER FIVE.........................................................................................................................................49
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS..................................................................49
5.0 Introduction.....................................................................................................................49
5.1 Summary..............................................................................................................................49
5.2 Conclusion......................................................................................................................50
5.3 Recommendations...........................................................................................................50
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................52
APPENDIX..................................................................................................................................................56

LIST OF TABLES

viii
Table 4.2: Demographic data of the respondents 39

Table 4.3 Impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) On Health Information
Management Performance in State Specialist Hospital, Akure. 40

Table 4.4: Attitudes and Perceptions of Health Information Management Towards the Use of
ICT in their Daily Activities in State Specialist Hospital, Akure. 42
Table 4.5: Effectiveness of the Use of ICT on the Overall Development of Health Information
Management in State Specialist Hospital, Akure. 44

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background to the Study
Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) include technologies in which the
computer plays a central role, such as Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL), the
Internet, and a variety of generic computer applications. Manpower development is partly
determined by the ability to establish a synergistic interaction between technological innovation
and human values. Nwagwu (2016) supported this when he asserted that the rapid rate at which
ICTs have evolved since the mid 20th century as well as the convergence and pervasiveness of
ICTs, give them a strong role in manpower development and globalization. Similarly, Brakel and
Chisenga (2013) maintained that ICTs have a significant impact on all areas of human activity,
particularly the technological development of any country (be it advanced or developing).
Vocational technical education is addressed in diverse perspectives.

Kewey and Hamburger in Ben (2008) view vocational technical education as any education
directed towards the preparation of individuals for skills performance task. The concept that is of
interest to this paper is that put forward by Mbata and Robert in Ben (2020) who maintained that
vocational technical education is an aspect of education designed to develop skills, abilities,
understandings, attitudes, work habits and appreciation encompassing knowledge and
information needed by workers to enable them make progress in employment on a useful and
productive basis. The central objective of vocational technical education centers on the
achievement of socio-economic, industrial and technological objectives that will actually
manifest themselves in economic stability, industrial harmony, technological advancement and
improved standard of living for all. Therefore, the development of highly skilled manpower of a
country is a function of its well placed priority on the standard of vocational and technical
education ICTs have exerted tremendous influence on vocational technical education in recent
years.

Yusuf (2015) submitted that the field of vocational technical education has been affected by
ICTs, which have undoubtedly affected teaching, learning, and research. In the same vein, Al-
Ansari (2016) opined that a great deal of research has proven its benefits to the quality of

1
vocational and technical education. Improved higher education is essential to the creation of
effective human capital in any country. The role of ICT in skilled manpower development
through vocational technical education among higher institutions cannot be overemphasized. In
this technology-driven age, everyone requires ICT competence to survive. Organizations are
finding it very necessary to train and re-train their employees to establish or increase their
knowledge of computers and other ICT facilities (Adomi and Anie, 2016).

The development of technology, especially information and communication technology

(hereinafter: ICT), has had significant effects on the economy and other aspects of human life in
recent decades. It is impossible to imagine the effective functioning of an individual, an
economy, and a whole society without the use of ICT. These effects are especially noticeable in
the period of dramatic changes associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, when ICT allowed the
“new normal” (Mińska-Struzik and Jankowska 2021; Huateng et al. 2021) to function.
Educational institutions, the health system, enterprises, households, and the entire world
economy depend on ICT. In the 1980s, in endogenous growth theories, scientists claimed that
technological changes were the foundation of economic growth and stressed the importance of
investing in human capital (Romer 2016). In addition, according to the human development
theory, income is only one of the elements that lead to the fulfilment of human needs; ICT is
considered to have significant effects on the fulfilment of human needs, even greater than
monetary income, because it improves the overall quality of life. ICT provides individuals with
access to information, enables social interaction, facilitates access to education and healthcare,
and creates new business opportunities. Thus, ICTs can have both direct and indirect effects on
the quality of human life.

Furthermore, according to the European Parliament (2021) study, ICT offers remarkable
opportunities to adequately address poverty in developing countries. Namely, ICT can assist the
poor in business development or promote self-determination. From an equality perspective, ICT
can also facilitate access to education and health, ensuring inclusion. Amartya Sen (2020) claims
that information technology is responsible for the expansion of human freedoms and that it leads
to better efficiency in various human activities. ICT is expected to have an even greater impact in
the future. This impact is widely seen as positive, especially at the macro level as mentioned
above, but at the micro level there are also possible negative consequences. From a

2
psychological point of view, ICT also causes stress and anxiety, leading to modern diseases in
developed countries. Developed countries are also expected to reach a steady state with respect
to ICT, while developing countries are not; thus, ICT may have a greater impact in these
countries. This calls for early acquisition of ICT skills by vocational students. According to
Lemke and Coughlin (2018) and Davis and Tearle (2019) in Esharenana and Emperor (2020),
ICTs have the potential to accelerate, enrich, and deepen vocational technical skills, to motivate
and engage vocational students, to help relate school experience to work practices, create
economic viability for tomorrow's workers, as well as strengthening vocational technical
teaching in Nigerian higher institutions and helping schools change. The ability to use computers
effectively has become an essential part of everyone's education. Reffell and Whitworth (2012)
maintained that skills such as bookkeeping, clerical and administrative work, stocktaking, and so
forth, now constitute a set of computerized practices that form the core IT skills package:
spreadsheets, word processors, and databases. The demand for computer/ICT literacy is
increasing in Nigeria, because employees realize that computers and other ICT facilities can
enhance Ben and Ashang efficiency. On the other hand, employees have also realized that
computers can be a threat to their jobs, and the only way to enhance job security is to become
computer literate. With the high demand for computer literacy, the teaching and learning of these
skills is a concern among professionals (Yusuf, 2015).

This is also true of other ICT components. Emuku and Emuku (2020) asserted that new
instructional techniques that use ICTs provide a different modality of instruments. For vocational
technical students, according to the authors, ICT use allows for increased individualization of
learning. In schools where new technologies are used, students have access to tools that adjust to
their attention span and provide valuable and immediate feedback for literacy enhancement,
which is currently not fully implemented in the Nigerian higher vocational and technical
education system. In a related view, Goshit (2016) stated that ICT integration and application in
schools’ curriculum in Nigeria will prove beneficial in improving Nigeria’s vocational technical
education system and giving vocational students a better education. The author further explained
that a technologically-advanced workforce will lead to ICT growth in Nigeria, with the potential
to improve military technology and telecommunications, media communications, and skilled ICT
professionals who will be well-equipped to solve IT problems in Nigeria and other parts of the
world if integrated into schools’ curriculum

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1.2 Statement of the Problem

The integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in health information

management at State Specialist Hospital, Akure, has a transformational potential for healthcare
delivery. However, the deployment of ICT in this setting is not without its problems. Health
information management personnel encounter major difficulties, including limited training on
new technologies, opposition to change, and potential disruptions in workflow due to the
adoption of ICT systems (Yusuf, 2015). Additionally, concerns like as data security,
interoperability, and the requirement for continual upgrades provide ongoing obstacles. These
barriers not only hamper the proper deployment of ICT technologies but also have the potential
to affect the accuracy and effectiveness of health information management operations.
Understanding and tackling these difficulties are critical for realizing the benefits of ICT,
guaranteeing the smooth integration of technology, and boosting the overall performance of
health information management performance at State Specialist Hospital, Akure.
1.3 Objective of the Study

The general objective is to examine the impact of information and communication technology
(ICT) on Health information management performance in state specialist Hospital, Akure.

Specific objectives are;

1. to determine the impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on Health

information management performance in SSH Akure.
2. to investigate the attitudes and perceptions of Health Information Management towards
the use of ICT in their daily activities in SSH Akure.
3. to determine the effectiveness of the use of ICT on the overall development of Health
information management in state specialist Hospital, Akure.

4
1.4 Research Questions

1. What are the impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on Health
Information Management performance?
2. What are the attitudes perception of Health Information Management professionals
towards the use of ICT in their daily activities?
3. Does the use of ICT have effect on the overall development of Health Information
Management professionals in State Specialist Hospital, Akure.
1.5 Scope of the Study

This study is conducted in within the framework of examine the impact of Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) on Health Information Management performance in State
Specialist Hospital, Akure.
1.6 Significance of the Study

This study will assist to expose the significant relevance of Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) in influencing the growth of Health Information Management (HIM)
professionals at the State Specialist Hospital in Akure. By diving into the influence of ICT on
HIM professionals, this research intends to give vital insights that may guide strategic decisions
and policy formulations within the healthcare system. The outcomes of this study are likely to
contribute to the advancement of training programs, skill development efforts, and resource
allocation for HIM professionals. Understanding the role of ICT in HIM professional
development is vital for increasing the efficiency, accuracy, and security of health information
systems. Additionally, the study's conclusions can assist the synchronization of workforce
capabilities with developing technology trends, ensuring that healthcare practitioners in Akure
are ready to harness the full potential of ICT for enhanced patient care and safety. Ultimately, the
value of this research resides in its ability to drive initiatives that would buttress the capacities of
HIM professionals, producing a resilient and technologically capable healthcare workforce in
Akure.

5
1.7 Definition of Terms

Communication is the act of sharing and receiving information through a variety of media to
various individuals.

Development is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change or the addition of
physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic components.

Economy is an area of the production, distribution and trade, as well as consumption of goods
and services.

Education is a purposeful activity directed at achieving certain aims, such as transmitting

knowledge or fostering skills and character traits.

Health care is the various services for the prevention or treatment of illness and injuries.

Information and Communications Technology. (ICT) means an assemblage of methods,

processes, hardware and software that have been interconnected for the purpose of generating,
transforming, transmitting, utilizing and storing information.

Information is an abstract concept that refers to that which has the power to inform.

Integration is a method of adding or summing up the parts to find the whole.

Knowledge is often understood as awareness of facts or as practical skills, and may also mean
familiarity with objects or situations.

Security is protection from, or resilience against, potential harm caused by others, by restraining
the freedom of others to act.

Vocation is a job or career, so something vocational is related to a specific kind of work.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction

This chapter basically dealt with all the various literature reviewed in relation to, impact of
information and communication technology (ICT) on manpower development. This work will be
discussed under the following headings

 Concept of information and communication technology (ICT)

 Health Information Technology
 Health information technology’s advantages
 ICT in the training of health professionals
 ICT in professional practice
 ICT in Human Resource Development
 Roles of ICT in evidence-based practice
 Impact of ICT on Manpower Development
 Continuing professional development
 Geographical and professional isolation
 Information communication technologies and quality of healthcare services
 Benefits of ICT for Manpower Development
 Challenges of implementing ICT solutions in healthcare
2.1 Concept of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

It is widely recognized that the role of information and communication technology (ICT) in
the future of healthcare will be significant and that healthcare professionals will need to be
computer literate in order to function effectively in an increasingly digital environment
(National Health Service, 2018). On estimate is that by 2010, 30% of a medical practitioners
time will be spent using ICT (Skinner et al., 2023). It also seems clear that todays students are
well suited to make use of technology, as they were the first to grow up in a period of
unprecedented access to information and computer use (Coomes, 2014). There is general
agreement that they are more comfortable with technology and that they use it almost
constantly (Prensky, 2019).

They also have distinctive ways of thinking, communicating and learning (Barnes et al.,
2017), which may have an impact not only in their social lives, but also in the ways in which
they learn and how they will practice their profession. Thus, determining how ICT can be

7
used to educate healthcare professionals and support their professional development and
evidence-based practice, is important. The World Health Organisation (WHO)has discussed
the benefits of ICT within the healthcare sector and stated that it has the potential to improve
the exchange of data leading to better access to information and to improve the cost-
effectiveness of institutions. It can also facilitate the continuing professional development
(CPD) of healthcare professionals by allowing the transfer of training materials to rural areas,
as well as enhancing communication between teachers and students or professional
colleagues. Other benefits of ICT in healthcare include providing learning tools for healthcare
professionals, students, patients and the community as a whole and providing the
opportunity for primary healthcare centres to have access to clinical specialists, through tele-
conferencing (WHO, 2014). The use of ICT within the field of healthcare is becoming an
increasingly important aspect of clinicians professional practice, improving the delivery of
health services and communication between healthcare workers, as well as enhancing the
decision making process through the efficient flow of information (WHO, 2014).
2.2 Health Information Technology

The design, development, implementation, usage, and maintenance of information systems in the
IT services for the healthcare industry is known as health IT (health information technology).
Healthcare information systems that are advanced and adaptable will keep improving the medical
quality of healthcare while also lowering costs, increasing efficiency, reducing errors, improving
patient satisfaction, and improving reimbursement for outpatient treatment and inpatient health
professionals.

The primary components of health information technology are the following:

 Electronic health records (EHRs)

 Personal health records (PHRs)
 Electronic prescribing (E-prescribing)
 Privacy and security
2.3 Health Information Technology’s Advantages

The majority of gynaecologists now use electronic health records. Due to the obvious
acknowledgement of their potential advantages and government programs to encourage their

8
usage, they have quickly gained traction. The capacity to retain and retrieve data, as well as the
opportunity to rapidly interact with patient information in a justification, enhanced patient safety
through elevated legibility, which may reduce the risk of medication errors, and the ease with
which patient data information can be retrieved, are all advantages of health information
technology (IT). Medical notifications, diagnostic flags and alerts, better recording and
documentation of appointments and diagnostic tests, clinical decision making, and the
accessibility of complete patient data all can potentially enhance patient safety. Data acquired
thanks to health information technology has been proved to enhance medical practice drastically
and can also be used to measure the success of therapeutic treatments.

2.3.1. Improved Communication Channels

Not too long ago, there was a time when health providers communicated via a beeper. Digital
technology, on the other hand, has enabled communication between patients and health care
professionals much easier. Patients are no longer required to receive letters informing them of
their consultations and testing. Thanks to technological advancements, all of the above-
mentioned have become considerably easier and more cost-effective. Medical practitioners can
also create their own webinars and videos, as well as engage with other experts using online
platforms and social media (Cohen and Prusak, 2021).

Videoconferencing has made it simple to converse across national boundaries. Health

information technology (HIT) has revolutionized the way healthcare providers communicate
with each other and their patients. By providing access to real-time data, it has enabled a more
efficient and effective flow of information across the healthcare system. This has led to improved
communication channels that are more secure, reliable, and accessible (Cohen and Prusak, 2021).
HIT has enabled healthcare providers to share and access patient information quickly and
securely. This eliminates the need for paper records and manual data entry, which can be slow,
cumbersome, and prone to errors. By connecting medical providers, patients, and insurers
through electronic health records (EHRs) and other digital health tools, HIT allows for more
accurate and timely sharing of medical information. This enables providers to make informed
decisions more quickly and provide better care for their patients. HIT has also improved
communication between healthcare providers and their patients. EHRs provide an up-to-date

9
view of a patient’s medical history and can be used to quickly and securely send messages or
reminders to patients about upcoming appointments or medication refills. This improved
communication helps to ensure that patients receive the care they need in a timely manner
(Cohen and Prusak, 2021).

2.3.2. Improved Patient Care

Thanks to technological advancements, taking care of patients has gotten substantially easier.
Pacemakers, health monitors, and other gadgets make it simple for individuals to keep track of
their own health. In case of possible issues, the collected data by these devices may be easier
forwarded to doctors who can identify what is wrong with a patient even when they are not
present. Massive surgeries that were seemingly unimaginable to do the way we do them now are
already available because of technologies like Capsule Endoscopy cameras, which are small
enough for a patient to swallow (Cohen and Prusak, 2021).

Doctors can then monitor the camera to see if there are any problems inside the body. Health
information technology (HIT) has revolutionized the way healthcare is delivered, with the
ultimate goal of improving patient care. HIT can streamline the way healthcare professionals
access and share patient information, allowing for more efficient and timely care. HIT systems
also enable healthcare providers to access patient data from multiple sources in a single location,
providing clinicians with a more complete picture of their patients’ medical history (WHO,
2018). HIT can also help reduce medical errors, a major concern in healthcare delivery.
Electronic health records (EHRs) can decrease the likelihood of prescription errors, as well as
errors in the ordering and administration of tests and treatments. Additionally, EHRs can help
reduce medication errors by providing physicians with access to a patient’s complete medication
list (Cohen and Prusak, 2021).

2.3.3. Better Accessibility of Information

One of the most significant advantages of technology in the healthcare business is that it allows
for better and more convenient access to information for both healthcare practitioners and
patients. All of the data can be saved digitally, sparing hospitals a lot of money and space. While
physical storage is still required, much of it has been digitized, making it much easier for

10
clinicians to obtain data. Health Information Technology (HIT) is an emerging field that has
revolutionized the way health care is delivered. HIT enables information to be accessed and
shared more quickly, securely, and accurately than ever before. This has improved the quality of
care, reduced costs, and improved patient safety (WHO, 2018).

HIT makes it possible for healthcare providers to electronically store, manage, and access patient
health data in order to provide better care. This is done through electronic health records (EHRs),
which are digital versions of paper medical records. EHRs allow providers to access patient
information from any location, anytime. This makes it easier for providers to make informed
decisions about patient care, coordinate care between providers, and improve overall patient
outcomes. In addition to providing better access to patient information, HIT also makes it easier
for patients to access their health records. Patients can now access their records online, which
makes it easier to keep track of their health history, review test results, and communicate with
their providers. This allows patients to be more informed and involved in their own healthcare
decisions (WHO, 2018).

2.3.4. Telehealth and Telemedicine

In the field of healthcare, telehealth and telemedicine app development are the next steps
forward. Patients can now effortlessly communicate with their doctors from anywhere across the
globe. They can also obtain the assistance they need from the professional at the correct time
from the comfort of home, thanks to a number of excellent telehealth platforms. Patients can use
these platforms to monitor for symptoms, manage their medications, communicate with
specialised experts, and much more. They can also test to see if they require a specific
medication and order it right away, having it delivered to their door (Green, 2019).

Telehealth and telemedicine are two terms that are often used interchangeably, but they are not
the same. Telemedicine refers to the practice of medicine using telecommunications technology,
while telehealth is a broader term that encompasses a variety of activities, such as remote patient
monitoring, communication between healthcare providers, and health education. Health
information technology (HIT) plays an essential role in the delivery of telehealth and
telemedicine services. HIT enables healthcare providers to store and share patient information
electronically and securely. This helps to facilitate communication between healthcare providers,

11
and between healthcare providers and their patients, which is critical for providing telehealth and
telemedicine services. HIT also enables the remote monitoring of patients, which can be
particularly valuable for patients who are unable to attend in-person appointments or require
ongoing monitoring. This can include tracking of vital signs, medication adherence, and health
behavior change. HIT also facilitates the delivery of telehealth and telemedicine services by
providing healthcare providers with access to the most up-to-date information about their
patients. This includes the ability to review medical records, access lab results, and view images.
This allows healthcare providers to provide more accurate diagnoses and treatments, as well as
better coordinate care between different providers (Haynes et al., 2015).

2.3.5. Availability of Online Education

Another significant advantage of digital technology is the accessibility of online education,

particularly for healthcare-related degreed. Students wanting to pursue a profession in healthcare
can now complete their education entirely online. This gives people the freedom to study
whenever and wherever they prefer, from any institution they want. Healthcare practitioners no
longer need to travel large distances or take time off work because online education is now more
available to them. Online education has been a growing trend for quite some time, but with the
advent of HIT, it has become even more accessible to those interested in furthering their
education in the health care field. HIT has made it possible for students to access course content,
lectures, and other educational materials from a variety of sources, such as online libraries,
videos, and e-books. This allows for students to access educational content from any location, at
any time, and to receive immediate feedback if needed (Haynes et al., 2015).

HIT has also made it easier for health care providers to stay abreast of the latest developments in
the field. This is accomplished through the use of web-based applications, such as webinars,
podcasts, and webcasts. These allow providers to access educational materials in a timely
manner, and to receive the latest updates in their particular field of study. The availability of
online education has been a boon to those in the health care field. By having access to the latest
information and trends, health care providers can better serve their patients and provide the best
possible care. In addition, online education allows for health care providers to stay up-to-date on

12
their own continuing education requirements. This helps ensure that they remain current in their
field and provide the best possible care (Johns, 2018).

2.4 ICT in the Training of Health Professionals

The South African government has recognised the importance of ICT in education, stating in its
Draft White Paper on e-Education that ICT has the potential to improve the quality of
education and training and specifically names the healthcare sector as a focus area in which
development needs to take place (Department of Education, 2014).The use of ICT in
education is generally known as e-learning, where content can be distributed in several
formats (for example digital video, audio, images and text) through several channels (for
example telephone, radio, TV, compact discs and the Internet). E-learning can be described
as any teaching or learning scenario in which the teacher and student are separated in time
and space and the gap between the two is bridged by some form of online technology ( Salami,
2018).

Web-based teaching and learning brings several benefits to the educational process, including
allowing students to engage more actively with the content, rather than learning being a passive
process. This encourages deep learning through activities such as problem-solving and
information-gathering. Finally, coursework is accessible to students anywhere, at any time
(Johns, 2021). A study of the use of e-learning at two South African universities indicated that
it has a positive role to play as an alternative mode of instruction in higher education
(Rohleder et al., 2017). The main advantage reported by students taking part in this study
was an improvement in communication between students and facilitators through the use of
online forum discussions and email. Other advantages included a cost saving of working
in a paper less environment, as well as easier submission of assignments. However, the
authors found that some students experienced difficulty with e-learning as there was a strong
preference for face-to-face interaction that would be problematic for this method of teaching.
This preference for face-to-face contact was also found by Sweeney, Donaghue and
Whitehead (2014), and in a study among South African physiotherapy students (Rowe,
2018).

13
Eksteen (2015) investigated the use of e-learning among physiotherapy students as a
means of enhancing their clinical reasoning and lifelong learning skills, as well as their
interaction with each other and lecturers. She concluded that while e-learning provides a
well-structured way of working through problem solving and clinical reasoning situations, it
does not provide the important interaction that is possible with direct face-to-face contact.
In other words, e-learning may have an influential role to play in education but should be
seen as a means of enhancing this process, rather than as an end in itself. It was also found that
the response to e-learning is related to each students individual style and approach to
learning, suggesting that there is no one size fits all approach. Peacock and Hooper
(2017) suggest that institutions using e-learning must prepare students to engage effectively
with these systems, as they are unlikely to be familiar to the student.

Rowe (2018) also found that the majority of physiotherapy students had not had regular
access to ICT prior to beginning tertiary education. Induction programmes as part of the
curriculum could be used to provide a framework upon which physiotherapy students can
use online learning resources to assist their development as independent learners (Hamshire,
2018).The use of video to enhance the learning process was demonstrated by Maeno, Fujita,
and Iwatsuki (2014), who used videoconferencing to teach basic therapeutic techniques to first
year physiotherapy students over a distance.

Davies, Ramsay, Lindfield and Couperthwaite (2015) showed that traditional classroom
teaching techniques could be combined with digital video to develop physiotherapy students
neurological and analytical skills. It was found that the use of video footage of real patients,
combined with students theoretical knowledge of neurological conditions gave them a better
appreciation of what to expect on their clinical placements. Again, the studies suggest that
digital multimedia resources should be used as away to add value to already established
teaching techniques, rather than trying to substitute one for the other. In the United Kingdom
(UK), Devitt and Murphy(2004) surveyed doctors use of computers for clinical tasks at
an acute hospital in the National Health Service (NHS). The study found that doctors
mainly used computers to conduct literature searches, write clinical reports and prepare
presentations. However, while clinicians and researchers often use online databases to
support their practice, they sometimes lack the skills to do this well (Haynes et al., 2015).

14
This may be a result of not addressing the problem during undergraduate training, as was
suggested by Giustini and Barsky(2007), who found that students are not taught how to search
the literature effectively or to evaluate the credibility of search results. Mostert (2015) had
previously highlighted the importance of teaching students the skills to manage the vast
amount of information that is available online, although whether or not this practice has
found its way into the curriculi of health-related education is uncertain While the situation in
Europe appears positive, medical students in Africa seem to be losing out on the benefits
that ICT has to offer. Samuel, Coombes, Miranda, Melvin, Young and Azarmina (2014)
looked at the use of ICT by medical students at a Tanzanian university, as well as a pilot
ICT mentoring programme by elective UK medical students at the same university. They
found that Tanzanian medical students had a low level of ICT literacy but that mentoring by the
UK students had the potential to improve this situation, with only about five hours of
input required to double ICT competency scores. The authors suggest that programmes to
increase ICT skills are required, as well as improving access to computers for medical students.

These results were similar to those of Ajuwon (2023), who found that first year medical and
nursing students in Nigeria had not made full use of ICT as a means of enhancing their
medical education. This was partly because of the high cost of accessing ICT services and
low ICT penetration. There commendations made were similar to those of Samuel et al.
(2004), that is, to improve access to ICT by including computer education in medical and
nursing training and the establishment of more computer laboratories for use by students. The
use of ICT in education has been shown to have several benefits and while there are
some inherent problems with the e-learning paradigm, such as diminished opportunities for
face-to-face contact, educators must recognise that ICT is the lens through which this
generation views the world and should seek to incorporate it into their teaching practice.
Clinical reasoning and problem solving skills, essential to the clinician, were found to be
improved among physiotherapy students using an e-learning approach, which may have an
impact on professional competence.
2.5 ICT in Professional Practice

ICT not only has the ability to enhance the education and training of healthcare
professionals, but has also been shown to be a potential means of addressing several important

15
problems in their professional practice (WHO, 2018). These problems relate mainly to
evidence-based practice (EBP),continuing professional development (CPD) and geographical
and professional isolation. The use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in
professional practice is becoming increasingly important. As technology advances, so too does
the need for professionals to be able to use ICT effectively in order to remain competitive. ICT
has the potential to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of professional practice and can be
used to facilitate collaboration, streamline processes and improve communication with clients
and colleagues. This paper will discuss the various ways in which ICT is being used in
professional practice, the benefits of using ICT and the potential challenges that may arise
(Green, 2019).

The most obvious use of ICT in professional practice is through the use of computers, laptops
and tablets. Computers allow professionals to access and store large amounts of data and
information, allowing them to quickly and easily access the information they need. They can also
be used to create documents, spreadsheets and presentations, as well as to communicate with
clients and colleagues. The use of computers in professional practice is becoming increasingly
widespread, as they offer a range of advantages over traditional paper-based methods. (Green,
2019).

Another way in which ICT is used in professional practice is through the use of software
applications. A wide range of software applications are available, which can be used to
streamline processes and improve the efficiency of professional practice. Examples of such
applications include project management software, customer relationship management (CRM)
software and accounting software. These applications can help to reduce the amount of manual
labour involved in professional practice, as well as saving time and money. The use of the
internet is also an important aspect of professional practice. The internet allows professionals to
access a wide range of information quickly and easily, as well as providing a platform for
communication with clients and colleagues. This can be used to share documents, discuss ideas
and collaborate on projects. In addition, the internet can be used to advertise and promote
professional services, as well as providing a platform for clients to make payments (Green,
2019).

16
The use of ICT in professional practice brings a number of potential benefits. It can help to
improve efficiency and effectiveness, as well as reducing the amount of manual labour involved.
It can also facilitate collaboration, as well as improving communication with clients and
colleagues. ICT can help to reduce costs, as it eliminates the need for costly paper-based
methods (Krishna, 2020). However, there are also potential challenges associated with the use of
ICT in professional practice. One issue is the security of the data and information stored on
computers and other devices. This can be a particular concern in professional practice, as the
data and information stored is often confidential and sensitive. It is therefore important to ensure
that appropriate security measures are in place in order to protect this data (Krishna, 2020).

There is the potential for ICT to lead to a disconnect between professionals and their clients. This
is because it can be difficult to maintain personal relationships and establish trust when
communicating via computer. It is therefore important to ensure that appropriate measures are
put in place to ensure that the relationship between professionals and their clients remains strong
(Krishna, 2020). The use of ICT in professional practice is becoming increasingly important as
technology advances. ICT can be used to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of
professional practice, as well as facilitating collaboration and improving communication with
clients and colleagues. However, there are also potential challenges associated with the use of
ICT, such as data security and maintaining personal relationships. It is therefore important for
professionals to be aware of these potential challenges and ensure that appropriate measures are
in place to ensure that the use of ICT is beneficial to their practice (McGee, 2017).

2.6 ICT in Human Resource Development

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has had a profound impact on the way that
organizations manage their human resources. ICT has enabled organizations to transfer
information quickly, accurately and cost effectively, enabling them to use their resources more
efficiently, and to develop more effective human resource management strategies. ICT has also
played a role in the development of new training methods and techniques, and in the
development of innovative approaches to HR management. This paper will discuss the impact of
ICT on human resource development, and the various ways in which ICT can be used to improve
HRD processes (Aghaei and Gholami, 2018).

17
One of the key ways in which ICT has had an impact on human resource development is through
the development of new technology-based training methods. ICT has enabled organizations to
develop more efficient and effective methods of training their employees. For example, e-
learning, which is the use of electronic media and technology to deliver educational content, has
become increasingly popular in recent years. The use of e-learning has allowed organizations to
provide training to their employees in a more cost effective and timely manner. Additionally, the
use of e-learning has allowed organizations to provide training to a larger number of employees,
as well as to provide more individualized training to each employee (Gueutal, 2017).

Another way in which ICT has impacted human resource development is through the
development of new tools and processes to facilitate the recruitment, selection and training of
employees. For example, many organizations now use applicant tracking systems, which are
software programs that allow organizations to manage the recruitment process more efficiently.
For example, ICT has enabled organizations to develop more effective assessment processes.
Additionally, ICT has enabled organizations to develop more effective training processes, such
as virtual training, which can be used to provide employees with training without the need for
physical attendance (Kudesh and Bhatti, 2017).

ICT plays a vital role in the development of human resources. It enables organisations to better
manage their workforce and to improve the quality of their products and services. ICT can be
used to identify the skills and competencies required for the job, to assess the current skills and
qualifications of staff, to offer training and development programmes, and to track the progress
of staff and evaluate their performance (Ramanayake and Amaratunga, 2015). ICT can also be
used to facilitate recruitment and selection processes, to provide e-learning opportunities, and to
support distance learning. It can be used to track the progress of staff and assess their
performance, as well as to collect and analyse data to determine the effectiveness of training
initiatives. ICT has also been used to improve the management of human resources. It can help to
automate and streamline the recruitment process, to track the progress of employees, and to
provide access to performance reviews and feedback. It can also be used to identify and manage
staff development needs, to design and deliver training courses, and to monitor the progress of
employees (Ramanayake and Amaratunga, 2015).

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2.7 Roles of ICT in Evidence Based Practice

Evidence based practice is fast becoming the standard by which assessment and treatment
interventions in healthcare are measured. It is the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of
current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients (Sackett
and Richardson, 2017). According to the Health Professions Council (HPC) in the UK,
physiotherapists must be able to use research, reasoning and problem solving skills to
determine appropriate actions (Chartered Society of Physiotherapists [CSP] website, 2018). In
addition to the skills just mentioned, regular access to information is essential in EBP, and
clinicians are increasingly turning to the Internet to find content that supports their clinical
practice (Martin, 2014).In addition to this, a study by Kulier et al. (2008) found that an e-
learning programme focusing on the teaching and learning of evidence-based medicine
across five European countries improved the knowledge, attitudes and skills among
postgraduate medical students.

This demonstrates that ICT is not only an effective means of facilitating EBP, but has also been
useful in teaching it. In a study of the attitudes and barriers of evidence based practice (EBP)
among physiotherapists in Tanzania, Maigeh (2023) showed that the majority of participants
(91.3%) considered EBP to be useful in their practice, and that although most
physiotherapists surveyed had a good knowledge of EBP, lack of access to literature limited
them from incorporating this into practice. This common barrier has been highlighted in
several other studies (Young and Kumar (2017).

It has been suggested that electronic knowledge bases or increasingly, Health Information
Systems4(HIS) could be used to conduct research (Guyatt et al., 2020). However, in a survey
of South African physiotherapists working in community service placements, some reported
having no or minimal access to the Internet, universities or libraries and no opportunities
for even basic research (Steyn, 2015).

Peacock and Hooper (2017) have suggested that employers have a vital role in encouraging EBP
by supporting ICT-based initiatives to promote the sharing of expertise and practice that is
evidence based. It seems clear that EBP is being recognised as a requirement for good
practice among healthcare professionals and that the role of the Internet in providing

19
access to research upon which to base their practice is becoming increasingly important.
However, there are obstacles when it comes to incorporating EBP into professional
practice, including a lack of access to relevant content. It has been suggested by some
authors that increased use of ICT may provide greater access to resources with which to conduct
research.
2.8 Impact of ICT on Manpower Development

ICT has had a significant impact on manpower development, both in terms of the development of
individuals and the development of organisations. At the individual level, ICT has enabled
people to acquire new skills, to improve their existing skills, and to develop new competencies. It
has enabled them to access a wide range of educational programmes and to benefit from e-
learning opportunities. It has also enabled them to develop their professional networks and to
access a range of resources and tools to help them progress within their profession (Abbasi and
Sipra, 2018).

At the organisational level, ICT has enabled the development of teams and the improvement of
organisational performance. It has enabled organisations to access a range of resources and tools
to monitor and measure the performance of staff and to identify areas for improvement. It has
also enabled organisations to design and deliver training programmes that are tailored to their
specific needs, to track the progress of staff, and to assess the effectiveness of training initiatives
(Barney, 2021). ICT has had a significant impact on human resource development. It has enabled
individuals to access a wide range of knowledge and skills, allowing them to develop their
capacities and maximize their potential. ICT has enabled the creation of new learning
opportunities, both formal and informal, which have been embraced by many people. People can
now access online courses, e-books, and other resources easily. As a result, the ability to acquire
knowledge and skills has improved significantly (Barney, 2021).

The use of ICT has also enabled the development of new communication technologies, such as
email and instant messaging, which have allowed people to collaborate and share information in
real-time. This has enabled the development of new business models, such as telecommuting and
remote working, which have allowed people to work from home or other locations. This has
opened up new opportunities for people to work flexible hours and across different locations.

20
ICT has also enabled the development of new tools and technologies, such as virtual reality,
which have allowed people to gain new skills and knowledge in a more immersive and
interactive way. This has enabled people to develop their capacity to learn and grow, as well as
to gain new skills and knowledge more quickly and effectively. As a result, the ability to acquire
knowledge and skills has improved significantly (Cohen and Prusak, 2021).

The use of ICT has also been instrumental in the development of new methods of training, such
as online courses, which have enabled people to learn at their own pace and in their own time.
This has enabled people to gain new skills and knowledge in a more convenient way. This has
enabled people to gain new skills and knowledge more quickly and effectively, enabling them to
progress faster in their careers (Struber, 2018),
2.9 Continuing Professional Development

ICT not only has the ability to enhance the education and training of healthcare
professionals, but can also provide a channel by which CPD can be effected, through the use
of telemedicine and teleconsultation (WHO, eHealth for Healthcare Delivery, 2019). In her
survey of 52 physiotherapists working in community service in KwaZulu-Natal Province
in South Africa, Steyn (2015) found that there were no CPD courses offered specifically to
accommodate rural physiotherapists, and sometimes not even textbooks were available for
reference. The physiotherapists also reported that the few courses available to them were too
expensive, too far away and unrelated to community work.

These results were similar to those of Hill and Alexander (2016), who found that health
professionals in rural parts of Australia were disadvantaged when it came to accessing
CPD, mainly because of their geographical isolation. They implemented a solution whereby
rural nurses and community members used the telephone network to access a CPD module on
diabetes care, which allowed students and experts to interact and share information. Mitchell,
Robinson, McEvoy, and Gates (2019) used a combination of videoconferencing, telephone,
video-tapes, the Internet and printed material to show howtelemedicine5was able to play a
role in the professional development of health, education and welfare professionals in two
small mining towns. These studies demonstrate that the use of ICT is able to facilitate the
CPD process through the transfer of information and experience to remote areas.

21
2.10 Geographical and Professional Isolation

The problem of geographical isolation was found to be an influential factor affecting the
recruitment and retention of healthcare workers to remote areas of Australia (Struber, 2019),
which are often associated with lower numbers of healthcare workers than cities
(Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2019). Struber (2019) also identified several
disincentives to rural work, including a lack of professional supervision, support and/or
mentoring, difficulties accessing professional development opportunities, a lack of support
for ongoing/postgraduate education, professional isolation and a lack of resources. Together
with the points related to professional practice mentioned above, social and cultural
isolation and a lack of access to entertainment have also been identified as other factors
related to geographical isolation in both Australia and South Africa (McEvoy and Gates,
2021; Struber, 2019).

It was suggested by Taylor and Lee (2015) that the use ofICT may influence the recruitment and
retention of occupational therapists who work under difficult conditions. Together with
this, the transfer of information to rural areas through the use of telemedicine may be an
effective means of improving the medical care provided to patients (Fraser, 2019).WHO, in
their document eHealth for Healthcare deliver (2019.), have suggested that the use of ICT in
healthcare may have a role to play in minimizing the problems associated with geographical
isolation, including the effects of professional isolation. The challenges to recruiting and
retaining healthcare workers in rural areas can be overcome through the implementation of
online support networks, such as interactive CSP (CSP, 208), but physiotherapists need to be
provided with the skills, time and resources to participate in these services (Peacock and Hooper,
2017).The importance of access to the Internet at work was highlighted by Louw and
Hanmer (2019), who suggested that South African provincial government departments allow
unrestricted use of the Internet for healthcare professionals to access relevant health
information. While it seems self-evident that access to the vast resources on the Internet, as
well as the ability to enhance communication between healthcare professionals can only
enhance patient care and professional development, it is a concern that this resource is
often not available to South African healthcare professionals.

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2.11 Information Communication Technologies and Quality of Healthcare Services

Information communication technologies, through the use of computers, the Internet, mobile
devices and various interactive platforms, significantly shape the functioning of modern
organizations, their systems, processes and communication (Jahn et al., 2020). Advanced
information communication technologies help the process of knowledge creation through a
number of different functionalities such as analysis and presentation, data storage and
management, networking and communication, as well as interaction and collaboration. Creating
new knowledge and innovation has become crucial in the process of implementing information
communication technologies in the regular practice of healthcare institutions (Kessel et al.,
2019). The creation of information and creation of new knowledge is the area where information
communication technologies, may contribute to a higher quality of healthcare services.
Nowadays, the ability to effectively access needed information and to distinguish between
relevant and irrelevant information is becoming an ever important skill for professionals and
organizations.

Soto-Acosta and Cegarra-Navarro (2019) emphasize the role of information communication

technologies in the exploitation and management of existing knowledge. The ability of
individuals, professionals and organizations to have access to and later to disseminate health
related information in today’s electronic society emphasizes the necessity of adopting
information communication technologies within the healthcare environment. Additionally, this
possibility for creating new knowledge, through information communication technologies,
enables the application of the concept "patient-centered care", which implies directly and
positively a higher quality of services provided. Andreeva and Kiant (2019) also point to the
specific role of information communication solutions at the level of organizational knowledge,
organizational performance, and organizational competitiveness. Our study adds to existing
state-of-the-art literature that provides insight into the fast growing field of information-
communication technologies that support the successful functioning of the healthcare sector with
the provision of safe, efficient, high-quality, and information-communication technology assisted
healthcare services. The provision of such services is typically reliant on an adequate workforce,
financial resources and the knowledge and know-how on how to utilize services (Hazlehurst and
Brouthers, 2018).

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2.12 Benefits of ICT for Manpower Development

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has had an enormous impact on the world,
particularly in the field of manpower development. ICT is a rapidly growing field that enables
the efficient communication, storage and exchange of information between people and machines,
and it has revolutionized the way we work, play and interact. It has made it easier to access and
share data, reducing the need for manual labor and allowing people to work faster, more
efficiently and more productively.

2.12.1 Increased Access to Knowledge and Skills

One of the main benefits of ICT for manpower development is that it has increased access to
knowledge and skills. By providing access to educational resources such as digital libraries,
online courses and video tutorials, ICT has enabled individuals to acquire new skills and
knowledge. This has enabled people to develop their skills and knowledge, which can then be
applied to their work, leading to improved job performance The concept of increased access to
knowledge and skills has been made possible by advances in technology, such as the internet,
which allows us to access a vast variety of information from any location in the world. This has
given rise to a number of online learning platforms, such as Coursera, Udemy, and Lynda, which
offer free or low-cost courses to students who wish to learn new skills and gain knowledge.
Additionally, many universities and colleges now offer online courses, which allow students to
access lectures, readings, and other materials from the comfort of their own homes. Furthermore,
the emergence of open-source software has enabled individuals to access and use software at no
cost, which has further increased access to knowledge and skills. Open-source software is
designed to be modified and distributed freely, allowing individuals to customize software to
meet their specific needs. Additionally, open-source software is often developed collaboratively,
with individuals from around the world contributing to its development. This has made the
software more widely available to individuals and organizations, providing them with access to
the latest technology.

2.12.2 Improved Productivity

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ICT has also enabled business owners and employees to increase their productivity. By
automating certain tasks and providing access to real-time information and data, ICT has enabled
people to work faster and more efficiently. This in turn has allowed businesses to become more
competitive and profitable. Information and communications technology (ICT) has become
increasingly important to businesses and organizations in the last few decades. This is due to its
ability to improve productivity by streamlining processes, increasing efficiency and creating new
opportunities for collaboration. ICT provides organizations with access to a range of powerful
tools and resources that can help boost performance and increase productivity (Arora, 2018).

ICT has greatly improved how organizations manage their processes and resources. By
introducing new technologies, businesses can automate and streamline their processes, reducing
the amount of manual labor required and increasing efficiency. This can lead to fewer errors,
improved accuracy and better quality output. In addition, ICT has enabled businesses to improve
their customer service by providing customers with more ways to interact with the organization.
For example, businesses can now use automated systems to respond to customer inquiries,
provide customer support and even send out personalized offers to customers. This can help
improve customer satisfaction and loyalty, leading to increased sales and profits (Khan, 2018).

ICT has also made it easier for organizations to collaborate with each other. By utilizing digital
technologies, businesses can share information quickly and easily, allowing them to work
together more effectively. This can lead to improved communication, faster decision-making,
and improved problem-solving. ICT has also improved the way businesses interact with their
customers. Businesses now have access to a range of tools and resources that allow them to
better understand their customers and tailor their services to meet their needs. This can lead to
improved customer satisfaction and loyalty, resulting in increased sales and profits. ICT has
improved the way businesses manage their finances. By introducing new technologies,
businesses can better manage their finances, reducing costs and improving accuracy (Thompson,
2017).

ICT has had a major impact on the way businesses operate, leading to increased productivity and
improved performance. By introducing new technologies, businesses can automate and
streamline their processes, improving efficiency and accuracy. They can also use digital

25
technologies to better understand their customers and tailor their services to meet their needs.
ICT has improved the way businesses manage their finances, allowing them to better control
costs and improve profitability (Thompson, 2017).

2.12.3 Improved Communication

ICT has also improved communication between employers and employees. By utilizing online
communication tools such as emails, instant messaging and video conferencing, ICT has enabled
employers and employees to communicate quickly and effectively, leading to improved job
performance Samuel et al., 2014). Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has
undeniably revolutionized the way people communicate and interact with each other. This
technology has made it easier and faster for individuals to access and share information, thereby
facilitating communication and collaboration in a variety of ways. ICT has enabled people to
communicate with each other, no matter their location, and has enabled the development of new
and innovative ways of communication. This paper will explore how ICT has improved
communication and how it has changed the way people interact and collaborate.

2.12.3.1 Email and Social Networking

Email and social networking are two of the most common forms of communication enabled by
ICT. Email has been around for several decades and has greatly improved communication by
making it easier for individuals to send messages to each other. Email has enabled users to
quickly send messages and attachments to multiple people and has made it easier to keep in
contact with people who are far away. Additionally, email can be used to send large amounts of
data or documents, which can be easily stored and shared. Social networking has become
increasingly popular in recent years and has made it easier for people to stay in touch with each
other, regardless of their location. Social networking sites allow users to instantly send messages
to each other, as well as share photos, videos, and other content. Additionally, social networking
sites allow users to create groups and pages, which can be used to facilitate communication and
collaboration among members (Kirby, 2020).

26
2.12.3.2 Instant Messaging and Video Conferencing

Instant messaging (IM) and video conferencing are two forms of communication enabled by ICT
that have made it easier for individuals to communicate with each other in real-time. IM allows
users to instantly send messages to each other and can be used to hold conversations with
multiple people at once. Additionally, IM can be used to share files and other documents, which
can be useful for collaboration (Kirby, 2020).

Video conferencing has also become increasingly popular in recent years and has made it easier
for people to communicate with each other, regardless of their location. Video conferencing
allows users to see and hear each other in real-time, which can be useful for both personal and
professional communication. Additionally, video conferencing can be used to share documents
and other content, making it an ideal tool for collaboration (Perry, 2018).

2.12.3.3 Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is another form of ICT that has greatly improved communication. Cloud
computing allows users to store and access data and files from any device with an internet
connection. This makes it easier for individuals to collaborate and work together, regardless of
their location. Additionally, cloud computing allows users to share files and documents with
each other, making it an ideal tool for communication and collaboration (Safko, 2009).

2.12.4 Increased Job Opportunities

ICT has also increased the number of job opportunities available to individuals. By providing
access to educational resources and job postings, ICT has enabled individuals to find jobs that
are best suited to their skills and knowledge. This has enabled individuals to increase their
earning potential and advance their careers. ICTs have opened up new possibilities for
individuals to seek employment. With the advent of the internet, job seekers are now able to
access job postings from any part of the world. This has created a global job market that provides
individuals with the opportunity to apply for jobs located outside of their home country.
Additionally, ICTs have made it easier for individuals to search for jobs online and to connect
with potential employers. Through social media platforms, individuals are able to create and

27
maintain relationships with employers, make connections with potential employers, and
participate in virtual job fairs (Lambert, 2018).

Furthermore, ICTs have enabled organizations to improve their business operations and to create
new job opportunities. Businesses can now use ICTs to streamline processes and increase
efficiency. This has allowed organizations to reduce costs and increase the speed at which they
are able to complete tasks. Additionally, ICTs have enabled organizations to expand their reach
into global markets, allowing them to access new customers and create new job opportunities
(Aguilar and Soto, 2016). ICTs have enabled organizations to take advantage of new tools, such
as cloud computing and artificial intelligence, to improve their business operations and increase
their efficiency. Cloud computing has enabled organizations to store and access data remotely,
reducing the need for physical storage and allowing businesses to access data from anywhere in
the world. Artificial intelligence has enabled organizations to automate certain tasks, saving time
and money while also creating new job opportunities (Aguilar and Soto, 2016).

ICTs have enabled organizations to use data analysis to improve their decision-making
processes. This has allowed organizations to gain insights into their operations and to create new
products and services. Additionally, data analysis has enabled organizations to identify new
markets and to create new job opportunities by understanding customer demand (Harvey, 2018).

2.12.5 Improved Flexibility

ICT has also enabled employers to offer more flexible working arrangements. By utilizing online
tools such as telecommuting and remote working, employers have been able to provide
employees with more flexible working arrangements, allowing them to work from home or other
locations. This has enabled individuals to balance their work and personal lives and find a better
work-life balance. Flexibility is an important concept in today’s world, as it allows for
organizations to quickly respond to changes in the market and technological advances.
Information and communication technology (ICT) has been instrumental in improving flexibility
in many aspects of business and life, ranging from communication and transportation to finance
and production (Caballero, 2015).

28
The first area to explore is communication. With the introduction of ICT, communication has
become much faster and easier. Thanks to the internet, communication can take place almost
instantly between people in any location, through email, chat, and video conferencing. This has
significantly improved the flexibility of businesses, as they can quickly respond to customer
inquiries or changes in their environment without having to wait for traditional mail or face-to-
face meetings. Transportation has also seen a significant improvement in flexibility due to ICT.
With the introduction of GPS, businesses and customers alike can quickly determine the best
route to take from one place to another, reducing travel times and costs. This has allowed for
businesses to quickly respond to changes in their environment, as they can quickly move
personnel and resources to the necessary locations. Finance has also seen a significant
improvement in flexibility due to ICT (Dehghantanha and Gholami, 2022).

With the introduction of electronic banking, businesses can quickly transfer funds to other
businesses or customers, reducing the need for traditional banking methods. This has allowed
businesses to quickly respond to changes in their environment and quickly access funds when
required. Production has seen a significant improvement in flexibility due to ICT. With the
introduction of automation, businesses can quickly and efficiently produce large amounts of
goods or services with minimal effort. This has allowed for businesses to quickly respond to
changes in their environment, as they can quickly increase or decrease production in response to
market demand (Dehghantanha and Gholami, 2022).

2.12.6 Reduced Paperwork

ICT has also enabled businesses to reduce the amount of paperwork they have to deal with. By
utilizing electronic filing systems and cloud-based storage solutions, businesses have been able
to eliminate the need for paper documents, which can be time consuming and costly to manage
Samuel et al., 2014). The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has
drastically reduced paperwork in the modern world. With the emergence of digital technology,
companies are increasingly relying on electronic methods to store and manage information. This
has led to a dramatic reduction in the need for paperwork and has enabled organisations to save
time and resources (Peacock and Hooper 2017) In the past, companies had to fill out paperwork
for almost every transaction and process. This was both time consuming and costly. In addition

29
to the physical cost of the paper and storage, there was also an opportunity cost associated with
the time spent on paperwork. Employees had to manually fill out forms, file documents, and
keep track of records. This process was inefficient and required a significant amount of time and
resources (Harvey, 2018).

ICT has changed all of this. With the implementation of digital technology, companies are now
able to store and manage information electronically. This has significantly reduced the need for
physical paperwork, as all the information can be stored digitally. In addition to this, ICT has
enabled companies to automate many of their processes, eliminating the need for manual
paperwork. For example, companies are now able to automate their invoicing and billing
processes, meaning they no longer need to manually fill out invoices and bills (Aguilar and Soto,
2016).

In addition to reducing paperwork, ICT has also enabled companies to save time and resources.
With the implementation of digital technology, companies are able to access and manage
information quickly and easily. This has enabled them to reduce the amount of time they spend
on paperwork, as they no longer need to manually fill out forms and file documents.
Furthermore, ICT has enabled companies to streamline their processes, resulting in increased
efficiency. For example, companies are now able to store and manage information electronically,
meaning they no longer need to manually sort through large amounts of paperwork (Aguilar and
Soto, 2016).

2.12.7 Improved Collaboration

In the digital age, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) have become increasingly
important tools to help facilitate collaboration among people and organizations. ICT has
revolutionized collaboration by providing new tools that enable people to communicate, share
ideas, and work together more efficiently than ever before. This paper will discuss how ICT has
improved collaboration, the challenges it has presented, and the benefits it has provided.

ICT has also enabled businesses to collaborate more effectively. By using online collaboration
tools such as project management software, businesses have been able to work together more
efficiently and effectively, leading to improved job performance. ICT has enabled organizations

30
to collaborate more effectively and efficiently than ever before. This is due to the fact that ICT
provides a wide range of tools that can be used to facilitate collaboration. These tools include
online communication platforms such as email, instant messaging, video conferencing, and
social media. These tools allow people to communicate with each other and share information in
real-time, regardless of their physical location. ICT has enabled organizations to share data,
documents, and other resources more easily and securely than ever before. This has led to
increased collaboration between organizations, as they can now share resources and ideas more
quickly and easily (Struber, 2018),

However, ICT has also presented some challenges when it comes to collaboration. One of these
challenges is the potential for data breaches and security issues. As ICT enables organizations to
store and share sensitive data more easily, this also makes it easier for malicious actors to gain
access to that data. Additionally, ICT can also lead to increased communication overload, as
people are now expected to respond to emails and other communication quickly. This can lead to
people feeling overwhelmed and overworked, which can have a negative impact on collaboration
(Struber, 2004). ICT has enabled organizations to collaborate more effectively by providing new
ways to visualize and analyze data. This has been done through the use of data visualization tools
such as dashboards and charts, which allow organizations to quickly and easily identify trends
and patterns in data. This can be incredibly helpful when collaborating on a project, as it allows
organizations to quickly identify potential issues and opportunities (Struber, 2019),

Despite these challenges, ICT has still provided many benefits to collaboration. One of the main
benefits is increased productivity. By providing more efficient ways of communicating and
sharing resources, ICT has enabled organizations to collaborate more quickly and effectively,
leading to increased productivity. Additionally, ICT has enabled organizations to access a
broader range of resources and individuals, as they can now collaborate with people from around
the world. This has allowed organizations to access new ideas, skills, and perspectives, which
can help them to develop better solutions and strategies (Safko, 2019).

2.12.8 Enhanced Training

31
ICT has also enabled businesses to provide employees with enhanced training opportunities. By
utilizing online training resources such as webinars, businesses have been able to provide
employees with comprehensive, up-to-date training opportunities, leading to improved job
performance. Technology has revolutionized the way training is delivered and has made it much
easier for professionals to access valuable resources and information. The use of Information and
Communication Technologies (ICTs) has allowed for more efficient and effective training
programs, as well as increased access to training materials and resources. ICTs have enabled
organizations to deliver training to a wider audience, to reduce costs, and to enhance the quality
of training (Fanger, 2016). The use of ICTs has allowed organizations to deliver training in ways
that were not possible before. It has made it easier to access training materials and resources, to
share information, and to communicate with a global audience. ICTs have enabled organizations
to create virtual classrooms and to provide remote access to training materials. This has allowed
organizations to reach a wider audience, to reduce travel costs, and to increase the quality of
training. Additionally, ICTs have made it easier to store, organize, and manage training
materials, allowing for more efficient training processes (Al-Habaibeh and Foroudi, 2019).

The use of ICTs for training also has many benefits. ICTs allow for better collaboration between
instructors and learners, making it easier to share resources and to provide feedback.
Additionally, they allow for more interactive and engaging learning experiences. For example,
virtual classrooms allow instructors to use audio, video, and other multimedia tools to enhance
the learning experience. ICTs also allow learners to access resources and content anytime,
anywhere, which is especially beneficial for those who are unable to attend traditional in-person
training (Al-Habaibeh and Foroudi, 2019).

Despite the benefits of ICTs for training, there are some challenges organizations face when
implementing them. One of the main challenges is the cost associated with implementing and
maintaining ICTs for training. Additionally, organizations must ensure that their ICTs are secure
and reliable, as well as compliant with relevant laws and regulations. There is also the issue of
user acceptance, as learners may not be familiar with the technology and may have difficulty
navigating it (Barclay and Kleiner, 2019).

32
2.12.9 Improved Safety

ICT has also enabled businesses to improve the safety of their workplaces. By utilizing online
security tools such as firewalls and virus protection software, businesses have been able to
protect their networks, data and systems from malicious attacks, leading to improved job
performance Samuel et al., 2019). In the past, safety was the responsibility of a few individuals,
such as the police and emergency services. Today, however, safety is a responsibility shared by
individuals, organizations and governments. Technology plays an increasingly important role in
helping to ensure safety, both in the workplace and in the community. ICT has improved safety
by providing access to real-time data. With the help of ICT, organizations can monitor the safety
of their employees and customers in real time. For example, businesses can track the location of
employees using GPS technology, while security systems can be used to monitor activity in
buildings and other areas. This real-time data can be used to identify potential safety issues and
take action to prevent them from occurring (Brunetti and Pigni, 2016). ICT has improved safety
by providing access to automated systems. Automated systems can be used to monitor safety in
the workplace and detect potential hazards. For example, automated fire detection systems can
detect smoke and other signs of a potential fire, while automated safety systems can detect
hazardous conditions in a workplace. Automated systems can also be used to alert the
appropriate authorities when a potential hazard is identified (Brunetti and Pigni, 2016).

ICT has improved safety by providing access to remote monitoring systems. Remote monitoring
systems allow organizations to monitor and manage safety from a distance. For example,
organizations can use remote monitoring systems to monitor the safety of employees who are
working in remote locations, or to monitor activity in a factory or other facility from a central
location. Remote monitoring systems can also be used to monitor the safety of customers in
public areas, such as shopping malls and parks (Brunetti and Pigni, 2016). ICT has improved
safety by providing access to communication systems. Communication systems allow for rapid
and effective communication between organizations, emergency services and other stakeholders.
This can be vital in emergency situations, as it allows for quick response times and improved
coordination of resources. Communication systems can also be used to alert the public to

33
potential safety concerns (Brunetti and Pigni, 2016). ICT has improved safety by providing
access to data analysis tools. Data analysis tools can be used to identify potential safety risks and
take action to prevent them from occurring. For example, data analysis tools can be used to
identify trends in workplace accidents or to identify potential hazards in public areas. This data
can then be used to develop safety plans and policies, as well as to monitor safety in the
workplace and in public areas (Brunetti and Pigni, 2016).

2.12.10 Increased Access to Funding

Finally, ICT has enabled businesses to access more funding options. By utilizing online
crowdfunding platforms and other online financial tools, businesses have been able to raise
capital quickly and easily, leading to improved job performance and increased profitability
(Samuel et al., 2014). ICT (Information and Communication Technology) has revolutionized
the way businesses and organizations access and utilize funding. This has been especially true in
the last decade, as the development of digital banking and alternative finance solutions has
increased access to funding for a wider range of organizations. ICT has enabled organizations to
access and manage their finances more efficiently and effectively, as well as providing access to
a larger range of funding sources. This paper will discuss the impact of ICT on access to funding,
focusing on the benefits of digital banking and alternative finance solutions.

Digital banking has been a major driver of increased access to funding. It has enabled
organizations to access and manage their finances more quickly and easily than before, as well as
providing access to a wider range of funding sources. Digital banking allows organizations to
manage their accounts and transactions online, eliminating the need for costly manual processes
and reducing paperwork. This has enabled organizations to access funds faster and more
efficiently, as well as providing access to a larger range of funding sources. Additionally, digital
banking has enabled organizations to access and manage their finances more securely, as they
can monitor their accounts and transactions in real-time and receive alerts when suspicious
activity is detected (Samuel et al., 2019).

34
2.13 Challenges of Implementing ICT Solutions in Healthcare

Not everyone is singing the praises of ICT in health education and practice. Coyne (2015)
argued that the implementation of ICT can lead to a widening of the gap between rich and
poor, as well as of the digital divide, described by WHO as being more dramatic than any
other inequity in health or income (Edejer, 2018). The tragedy is that those who need the
vast resources of the Internet the most, are often the ones with the least access (Samuel
et al., 2019). Coyne (2015) also argued that the vast amounts of often contradictory
information available on the Internet, often published by dubious authors, can actually lead
to more difficulty in the ability to make decisions.

Edejer (2020) agreed and suggests that the quality of health information available on the web
is inconsistent and highlighted the fact that the results of research from developing
countries can be difficult to find. This would suggest that the technology, while
increasingly pervasive, is still unevenly distributed and in itself, is not a solution to the
problems found in either education or healthcare. While e-learning has often been portrayed
as the answer to many problems, it has also been associated with loneliness, time
management issues, poor physical examination skills and difficulty following the study
material. Students have also struggled to take responsibility for their own independent
learning, as well as finding that access to technology was limited and their technological
literacy, low (Mostert, 2016).Unfortunately, among those students who are ICT literate,
academic dishonesty has become alarmingly widespread over the past three decades(Stephens,
2019). Milliron and Sand hoe (2018) discussed these challenges to educators and found that a
combination of technological solutions and behavioural changes through education based on
respect, honesty, trust and responsibility can have a positive effect. The impact of this is that
educators must themselves be aware of the potential avenues for cheating in the digital age.

Another potential barrier to the widespread penetration of ICT into healthcare is the high cost
of equipment (Tygerberg children’s hospital, 2021).While this is certainly the case, Fraser
(2017) points optimistically to the falling cost of hardware and bandwidth, better imaging
devices and compression technology, the increasing use of the Internet and the use of
appropriate technology in developing countries, as important factors in the adoption of

35
ICT. Even though the telephone network is still inadequate for the wholesale adoption of
all Internet technologies, in particular the transmission of digital video, South Africa’s
communications infrastructure is the best developed and most modern in Africa (World
Factbook, 2018), which is a positive indication of the potential to improve.

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter focuses on the research methodology adopted in the study. This chapter explains the
following subheading

 Research Survey
 Population of the Study
 Sample Size and Sample Techniques
 Data Collection Instruments
 Validity and Reliability of the instrument
 Data Collection Procedure
 Methods of Data Analysis

3.2 Research Survey

The research method that was adopted for this study was survey research. It was designed to
examine the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on health information
management performance in State Specialist Hospital, Akure.
3.3 Population of the Study
The population for the study consists of thirty-three (33) Health Records Professional in State
Specialist Hospital, Akure. The study target population were 33 staffs in the Hospital.

3.4 Sample and Sampling Technique

Total enumeration of the population was used in place of sample size. This is due to minimal
population of the study, thereby, preventing the study from selecting sample size

36
3.5 Data Collection Instrument
The instrument that was used for the study was structured questionnaire which was administered

by the researcher. This questionnaire contained four main sections which are as follows:

Section A: the Socio-demographic data of respondents

Section B: Determine the impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on

Health information management performance;

Section C: Investigate the attitudes and perceptions of Health Information Management towards
the use of ICT in their daily activities.

Section D: determine the effectiveness of the use of ICT on the overall development of Health
information management in state specialist Hospital, Akure.
3.6 Face Validity of Instrument
To ensure the reliability of the instrument, the instrument was subjected to test and re-test in
order to ascertain the consistence of the instrument. The instrument was reviewed by the project
supervisor. The corrections and suggestions of the project supervisor helped the researcher in the
modification of some of the items in the questionnaire and validation of the instrument.

3.7 Data Collection Procedure

A letter of introduction was given to the researcher for formal introduction to the target
population by the head of the department before the administration of the questionnaire. The
questionnaires were distributed to the staffs in the study area, by given one to each respondents.

3.8 Method of Data Analysis

The data was analyzed statistically making use of the frequency distribution table and simple
percentages. The tool used was SPSS.

37
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

4.0 Introduction

The chapter entails the analysis and interpretation of data collected from the field of study
and the presentation of results. A total number of 33 questionnaires were designed and
administered. Analysis was made on total number of 32 questionnaires retrieved from the
respondents.

4.1 Data analysis

Table 4.1

The statistical tool used for the presentation is

Simple Presentation= Number of respondents x100

Total number of respondents
Variable Frequency Percentage (%)
Number Returned 32 97
Number Not Returned 1 3
Total 33 100

Source: Field Survey, (2024)

Table above shows the questionnaire distributed, 33 questionnaires were administered to the
respondents in the study area and total 32 (97%) questionnaires were retrieved back from the
respondents while 1 (3%) were not retrieved.

Table 4.2: Demographic data of the respondents

38
 Social Demographic Data Options Respondents Percentages (%)
Age 15-24year 5 16
25 -34years 4 13
35-44years 18 55
45 years and above 5 16
Total 32 100
Qualification ND/Technician 16 50
HND/Bsc 10 31
Masters 6 19
PhD 0 0
Total 32 100
Year of service Less than 5 years 8 25
5-10 years 9 28
11 years and above 15 47
Total 32 100

Source: Field Survey, (2024)

The above findings showed that 5 representing 16% of the respondents were within the age of
15-24, 4 representing 13% of the respondents were within the age of 25-34 years, 18
representing 55% of the respondents were within the age of 35-44 while 5 representing 16% of
the respondents were 45 years and above. It also revealed that 8 representing 25% of the
respondents have been working for less than 5 years, 9 representing 28% of the respondents have
been working for 5-10 years while 15 representing 47% of the respondents have been working
for 11 years and above.

39
SECTION B: Impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) On Health
Information Management Performance in State Specialist Hospital, Akure.

Research Question 1: What are the impact of Information and Communication Technology
(ICT) on Health Information Management performance?
Table 4.3: Impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) On Health
Information Management Performance in State Specialist Hospital, Akure.

Variable Respondents Percentage (%)

ICT has improved the accuracy of health information management in my organization.
Strongly Agreed 20 63
Agreed 12 37
Strongly Disagreed 0 0
Disagreed 0 0
Total 32 100
The use of ICT tools has increased the efficiency of retrieving patient health records.
Strongly Agreed 32 100
Agreed 0 0
Strongly Disagreed 0 0
Disagreed 0 0
Total 32 100
ICT has enhanced the security and confidentiality of patient data in health information
management
Strongly Agreed 19 59
Agreed 13 41
Strongly Disagreed 0 0
Disagreed 0 0
Total 32 100
The use of ICT systems has improved decision-making in health information
management.
Strongly Agreed 32 100
Agreed 0 0
Strongly Disagreed 0 0
Disagreed 0 0
Total 32 100

Source: Field Survey, (2024)

40
The above table showed that 20 representing 63% of the respondents strongly agreed that ICT

has improved the accuracy of health information management in my organization while 37

representing 15% of the respondents agreed that ICT has improved the accuracy of health

information management in my organization. It was also revealed that 32 representing 100% of

the respondents strongly agreed that the use of ICT tools has increased the efficiency of

retrieving patient health records. It was also revealed that 19 representing 59% of the

respondents strongly agreed that ICT has enhanced the security and confidentiality of patient

data in health information management while 13 representing 41% of the respondents agreed that

ICT has enhanced the security and confidentiality of patient data in health information

management. It was also revealed that 32 representing 100% of the respondents strongly agreed

that the use of ICT systems has improved decision-making in health information management.

41
SECTION C: Attitudes and Perceptions of Health Information Management Towards the
Use of ICT in their Daily Activities in State Specialist Hospital, Akure.

Research Question 2: What are the attitudes perception of Health Information

Management professionals towards the use of ICT in their daily activities?
Table 4.4: Attitudes and Perceptions of Health Information Management Towards the
Use of ICT in their Daily Activities in State Specialist Hospital, Akure.
Variable Respondents Percentage (%)
Health Information Managers feel comfortable using ICT tools and software for
managing health information
Strongly Agreed 21 66
Agreed 11 34
Strongly Disagreed 0 0
Disagreed 0 0
Total 32 100
Implementation of ICT in health information management has led to better patient
outcomes.
Strongly Agreed 32 100
Agreed 0 0
Strongly Disagreed 0 0
Disagreed 0 0
Total 32 100
The integration of ICT in health information management has made communication
within the healthcare team more effective
Strongly Agreed 26 81
Agreed 6 19
Strongly Disagreed 0 0
Disagreed 0 0
Total 32 100
ICT can help in reducing errors in health information management
Strongly Agreed 22 69
Agreed 10 31
Strongly Disagreed 0 0
Disagreed 0 0
Total 32 100

Source: Field Survey, (2024)

42
The above table showed that 21 representing 66% of the respondents strongly agreed that Health

Information Managers feel comfortable using ICT tools and software for managing health

information while 11 representing 34% of the respondents agreed that Health Information

Managers feel comfortable using ICT tools and software for managing health information. It was

also revealed that 32 representing 100% of the respondents strongly agreed that implementation

of ICT in health information management has led to better patient outcomes. It was also revealed

that 26 representing 81% of the respondents strongly agreed that the integration of ICT in health

information management has made communication within the healthcare team more effective

while 6 representing 19% of the respondents agreed that the integration of ICT in health

information management has made communication within the healthcare team more effective. It

was also revealed that 22 representing 69% of the respondents strongly agreed that ICT can help

in reducing errors in health information management while 10 representing 31% of the

respondents agreed that ICT can help in reducing errors in health information management

43
SECTION D: Effectiveness of the Use of ICT on the Overall Development of Health
Information Management in State Specialist Hospital, Akure.

Research Question 3: Does the use of ICT have effect on the overall development of Health
Information Management professionals in State Specialist Hospital, Akure?
Table 4.5: Effectiveness of the Use of ICT on the Overall Development of Health
Information Management in State Specialist Hospital, Akure.
Variable Respondents Percentage (%)
Training on ICT systems is adequate for healthcare staff to effectively manage health
information.
Strongly Agreed 18 56
Agreed 8 25
Strongly Disagreed 6 19
Disagreed 0 0
Total 32 100
The use of ICT in health information management has reduced the time taken to access
patient information
Strongly Agreed 32 100
Agreed 0 0
Strongly Disagreed 0 0
Disagreed 0 0
Total 32 100
ICT has facilitated better data analysis and reporting capabilities in health information
management.
Strongly Agreed 32 100
Agreed 0 0
Strongly Disagreed 0 0
Disagreed 0 0
Total 32 100
The benefits of using ICT in health information management outweigh the challenges
faced during its implementation.
Strongly Agreed 32 100
Agreed 0 0
Strongly Disagreed 0 0
Disagreed 0 0
Total 32 100

Source: Field Survey, (2024).

44
The above table showed that 18 representing 56% of the respondents strongly agreed that

training on ICT systems is adequate for healthcare staff to effectively manage health information,

8 representing 25% of the respondent agreed that training on ICT systems is adequate for

healthcare staff to effectively manage health information while 6 representing 19% of the

respondents strongly disagreed that training on ICT systems is adequate for healthcare staff to

effectively manage health information. It was also revealed that 32 representing 100% of the

respondents strongly agreed that the use of ICT in health information management has reduced

the time taken to access patient information. It was also revealed that 32 representing 100% of

the respondents strongly agreed that ICT has facilitated better data analysis and reporting

capabilities in health information management. It was also revealed that 32 representing 100% of

the respondents strongly agreed that the benefits of using ICT in health information management

outweigh the challenges faced during its implementation.

45
4.2 Discussion of Findings.
Thirty-three (33) questionnaires were administered to the respondents in the study area and total

32 (97%) questionnaires were retrieved back from the respondents while 1 (3%) were not

retrieved.

The results showed that 5 representing 16% of the respondents were within the age of 15-24, 4

representing 13% of the respondents were within the age of 25-34 years, 18 representing 55% of

the respondents were within the age of 35-44 while 5 representing 16% of the respondents were

45 years and above. It also revealed that 8 representing 25% of the respondents have been

working for less than 5 years, 9 representing 28% of the respondents have been working for 5-10

years while 15 representing 47% of the respondents have been working for 11 years and above.

The findings indicated that 63% (20 individuals), strongly believe that ICT has significantly

improved the accuracy of health information management in their organization. This highlights a

positive perception of ICT's role in enhancing data precision and reducing errors. Additionally,

15% (37 respondents) agreed that ICT contributes to better accuracy, although their agreement

was less emphatic. Together, these responses indicate broad support for the impact of ICT on

improving health in information accuracy, with varying degrees of conviction among the

respondents. This finding is in agreement with the study conducted by National Health Service

(NHS) (2019) in London, United Kingdom, found that the implementation of ICT systems has

enhanced the accuracy of health information management. The research highlighted that digital

tool reduced errors in patient records and improved overall data management processes in

healthcare settings across the country.

It was also revealed that 32 representing 100% of the respondents strongly agreed that the use of

ICT tools has increased the efficiency of retrieving patient health records. The findings indicate a

46
strong consensus among respondents regarding the positive impact of ICT on enhancing the

security and confidentiality of patient data in health information management. Specifically, 59%

of respondents strongly agreed, while 41% agreed, showing that all participants recognize ICT's

role in safeguarding patient data. This reflects widespread confidence in digital tools for

protecting sensitive information, suggesting that healthcare systems are successfully utilizing

ICT to improve data security measures, ensuring compliance with privacy standards and

boosting trust in health information management practices. A similar study by Olatunde (2021)

conducted in Lagos, Nigeria, supports these findings, revealing that the adoption of ICT in

healthcare has significantly improved the security and confidentiality of patient records. The

research emphasized that integrating digital systems has minimized unauthorized access, thereby

enhancing trust in health information management.

The study revealed that 21 representing 66% of the respondents strongly agreed that Health

Information Managers feel comfortable using ICT tools and software for managing health

information while 11 representing 34% of the respondents agreed that Health Information

Managers feel comfortable using ICT tools and software for managing health information. It was

also revealed that 32 representing 100% of the respondents strongly agreed that implementation

of ICT in health information management has led to better patient outcomes. A study conducted

by Okeke in 2020 in Lagos, Nigeria, supports the above findings, revealing that Health

Information Managers have become increasingly adept at using ICT tools in their daily tasks.

The research also highlighted that the integration of ICT in health information management led

to improved healthcare delivery and patient outcomes. It was also revealed that 26 representing

81% of the respondents strongly agreed that the integration of ICT in health information

management has made communication within the healthcare team more effective while 6

47
representing 19% of the respondents agreed that the integration of ICT in health information

management has made communication within the healthcare team more effective. It was also

revealed that 22 representing 69% of the respondents strongly agreed that ICT can help in

reducing errors in health information management while 10 representing 31% of the respondents

agreed that ICT can help in reducing errors in health information management

The findings showed that 18 representing 56% of the respondents strongly agreed that training

on ICT systems is adequate for healthcare staff to effectively manage health information, 8

representing 25% of the respondent agreed that training on ICT systems is adequate for

healthcare staff to effectively manage health information while 6 representing 19% of the

respondents strongly disagreed that training on ICT systems is adequate for healthcare staff to

effectively manage health information. A study conducted by Afolabi in 2020 in Lagos, Nigeria,

supports these findings, highlighting that healthcare professionals who received adequate ICT

training were better equipped to manage health information efficiently. The research emphasized

the importance of continuous and comprehensive training to ensure that all staff can effectively

utilize ICT systems in healthcare settings. It was also revealed that 32 representing 100% of the

respondents strongly agreed that the use of ICT in health information management has reduced

the time taken to access patient information. It was also revealed that 32 representing 100% of

the respondents strongly agreed that ICT has facilitated better data analysis and reporting

capabilities in health information management. It was also revealed that 32 representing 100% of

the respondents strongly agreed that the benefits of using ICT in health information management

outweigh the challenges faced during its implementation.

48
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 Introduction

In this chapter this project gives the summary of the entire research study which was designed to
examine the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on Health information
management performance in state specialist Hospital, Akure.
5.1 Summary

This study can be regarded as a descriptive analysis. It gives a systematic description of situation
of an event or area of interest. The population for the study consists thirty-three (33) Health
Records Professional in State Specialist Hospital, Akure. The study target population were 33
staffs in the Hospital. The data were collected through the use of structured questionnaires. This
questionnaire contained four main sections. The findings revealed that The findings showed that
18 representing 56% of the respondents strongly agreed that training on ICT systems is adequate
for healthcare staff to effectively manage health information, 8 representing 25% of the
respondent agreed that training on ICT systems is adequate for healthcare staff to effectively
manage health information while 6 representing 19% of the respondents strongly disagreed that
training on ICT systems is adequate for healthcare staff to effectively manage health information.
A study conducted by Afolabi in 2020 in Lagos, Nigeria, supports these findings, highlighting
that healthcare professionals who received adequate ICT training were better equipped to
manage health information efficiently. The research emphasized the importance of continuous
and comprehensive training to ensure that all staff can effectively utilize ICT systems in
healthcare settings. It was also revealed that 32 representing 100% of the respondents strongly
agreed that the use of ICT in health information management has reduced the time taken to
access patient information.

49
5.2 Conclusion

In conclusion, the findings revealed that majority of respondents affirmed that adequate ICT
training enhances healthcare staff's ability to manage health information effectively. This
suggests that ICT tools and systems are pivotal in improving the accuracy, accessibility, and
timeliness of health data. However, some respondents expressed concerns over the adequacy of
training, indicating that gaps still exist in ensuring all healthcare staff are proficient in using ICT
systems. This disparity calls for the implementation of more comprehensive and continuous
training programs to bridge the knowledge gap and optimize the full potential of ICT in health
information management. Ultimately, strengthening ICT infrastructure and training would lead
to improved healthcare delivery and better patient outcomes, reinforcing the importance of
integrating technology into the healthcare sector for enhanced performance.

5.3 Recommendations

Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations were made.

1. The government should allocate more resources to improve ICT infrastructure in

hospitals, ensuring reliable and up-to-date systems for efficient health information
management.
2. The government should establish regular and comprehensive ICT training programs for
healthcare workers to ensure they are proficient in using digital health tools and systems.
3. The government should encourage collaborations between public health institutions and
private ICT firms to develop and implement innovative technologies that can improve
health information management.
4. Health information professionals should prioritize acquiring advanced ICT skills to
effectively utilize health information management systems and stay updated with
emerging technologies.
5. Health information professionals should actively participate in and advocate for ongoing
professional development, including ICT-related certifications, to stay competitive and
enhance performance.

50
6. Health information professionals should focus on maintaining high data accuracy,
integrity, and confidentiality to ensure that health information management systems are
effective and trustworthy.
7. Health information professionals should work closely with IT departments and other
healthcare professionals to help in the seamless implementation and integration of ICT
systems in healthcare settings.

51
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 APPENDIX
QUESTIONNAIRE
HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT DEPARTME NT, ONDO STATE
COLLEGE OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY, AKURE ONDO STATE.
Dear Respondent,
This questionnaire is drafted to Examine the Impact of Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) on Health Information Management Performance in State Specialist Hospital,
Akure.
Please, kindly respond to the questions by giving honest and accurate answers, as they will
contribute to the success of this study. Be assured that all information provided will be treated
with confidentiality.
Thank you.
INSTRUCTION: Please, read the questions carefully and tick (√) the appropriate answer.
SECTION A: DEMOGRAPHIC DATA.
1. Age; (a)15-24year ( ) (b) 25 -34years ( ) (c) 35-44years ( ) (d) 45 years and above ( )
2. Qualification: (a) ND/Technician ( ) (b) HND/Bsc ( ) (c) Masters ( ) (d) PhD ( )
3. Year of service: (a) Less than 5 years ( ) (b) 5-10 years ( ) (c) 11 years and above ( )
SECTION B: Impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) On Health
Information Management Performance in State Specialist Hospital, Akure.
S/N Parameters Strongly Agreed Strongly Disagreed
agreed Disagreed
1 ICT has improved the accuracy of health
information management in my
organization.
2 The use of ICT tools has increased the
efficiency of retrieving patient health
records.
3 ICT has enhanced the security and
confidentiality of patient data in health
information management.
4 The use of ICT systems has improved
decision-making in health information
management.

SECTION C: Attitudes and Perceptions of Health Information Management Towards the

Use of ICT in their Daily Activities in State Specialist Hospital, Akure
S/N Parameters Strongly Agreed Strongly Disagreed
agreed Disagreed
1 Health Information Managers feel
comfortable using ICT tools and software
for managing health information.
2 Implementation of ICT in health
information management has led to better
patient outcomes.

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 3 The integration of ICT in health
information management has made
communication within the healthcare
team more effective.
4 ICT can help in reducing errors in health
information management.
SECTION D: Effectiveness of the Use of ICT on the Overall Development of Health
Information Management in State Specialist Hospital, Akure.
S/N Parameters Strongly Agreed Strongly Disagreed
agreed Disagreed
1 Training on ICT systems is adequate for
healthcare staff to effectively manage
health information.
2 The use of ICT in health information
management has reduced the time taken
to access patient information.
3 ICT has facilitated better data analysis
and reporting capabilities in health
information management.
4 The benefits of using ICT in health
information management outweigh the
challenges faced during its
implementation.

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