330 CSS-3 Programming Paradigm

Lecture 01
 330 CSS-3 PROGRAMMING PARADIGMS

OBJECTIVE:

•To understand the basic building blocks of programming

Languages.

•To Learn and understand various programming paradigms.

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Outline

 INTRODUCTION
 Introducton to Computer Programming
 Programming Languages
 Programming Paradigms
 Reasons for Studying Concepts of Programming Languages
 Programming Domains
 Language Evaluaton Criteria
 Infuences on Language Design

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Computer Programming

 The functons of a computer system are controlled by computer programs

 A computer program is a clear, step-by-step, fnite set of instructons

 A computer program must be clear so that only one meaning can be derived
from it,

 A computer program is writen in a computer language called a programming

language
 programming languages are human-engineered languages developed to
convey instructons to machines

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Programming Languages

 There are three categories of programming languages:

 1. Machine languages.

 2. Assembly languages.

 3. High-level languages.

 Machine languages and assembly languages are also called low-

level languages

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Programming languages
classifcations

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Programming Languages (cont’d)
 A Machine language program consists of a sequence of
zeros and ones.
 Each kind of CPU has its own machine language.
 Advantages
 Fast and efcient
 Machine oriented
 No translaton required

 Disadvantages
 Not portable
 Not programmer friendly

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High-Level Programming Languages

 A high-level language (HLL) has two primary

components
 (1) a set of built-in language primitves and grammatcal
rules
 (2) a translator
 A HLL language program consists of English-like
statements that are governed by a strict syntax.
 Advantages
 Portable or machine independent
 Programmer-friendly

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 High-Level Programming Languages-cont

 Disadvantages
 Not as efcient as low-level languages
 Need to be translated
 Examples : C, C++, Java, FORTRAN, Visual Basic, and Delphi.

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 Programming Paradigms
 Why are there hundreds of programming languages in use today?
 Some programming languages are specifcally designed for use in certain
applicatons.
 Diferent programming languages follow diferent approaches to solving
programming problems
 A programming paradigm is an approach to solving programming problems.
 A programming paradigm may consist of many programming languages.

 Common programming paradigms:

 Imperatve or Procedural Programming
 Object-Oriented Programming
 Functonal Programming
 Logic Programming

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Reasons for Studying Concepts of
Programming Languages

• Increased ability to express ideas

• Improved background for choosing appropriate languages
• Increased ability to learn new languages
• Beter understanding of signifcance of implementaton
• Overall advancement of computng

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Programming Domains
• Scientfc applicatons
• Large number of foatng point computatons
• Fortran
• Business applicatons
• Produce reports, use decimal numbers and characters
• COBOL
• Artfcial intelligence
• Symbols rather than numbers manipulated
• LISP
• Systems programming
• Need efciency because of contnuous use
• C
• Web Sofware
• Eclectc collecton of languages: markup (e.g., XHTML), scriptng (e.g., PHP),
general-purpose (e.g., Java)

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Language Evaluation Criteria
• Readability: the ease with which programs can be read and
understood
• Writability: the ease with which a language can be used to create
programs
• Reliability: conformance to specifcatons (i.e., performs to its
specifcatons)
• Cost: the ultmate total cost

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Evaluation Criteria: Readability
• Overall simplicity
• A manageable set of features and constructs
• Few feature multplicity (means of doing the same operaton)
• Minimal operator overloading
• Orthogonality
• A relatvely small set of primitve constructs can be combined in a relatvely
small number of ways
• Every possible combinaton is legal
• ) Control statements
• The presence of well-known control structures (e.g., while statement
• Data types and structures
• The presence of adequate facilites for defning data structures
• Syntax consideratons
• Identfer forms: fexible compositon
• Special words and methods of forming compound statements
• Form and meaning: self-descriptve constructs, meaningful keywords

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Evaluation Criteria: Writability
• Simplicity and orthogonality
• Few constructs, a small number of primitves, a small set of rules for combining
them
• Support for abstracton
• The ability to defne and use complex structures or operatons in ways that allow
details to be ignored
• Expressivity
• A set of relatvely convenient ways of specifying operatons
• Example: the inclusion of for statement in many modern languages

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Evaluation Criteria: Reliability
• Type checking
• Testng for type errors
• Excepton handling
• Intercept run-tme errors and take correctve measures
• Aliasing
• Presence of two or more distnct referencing methods for the same
memory locaton
• Readability and writability
• A language that does not support “natural” ways of expressing an
algorithm will necessarily use “unnatural” approaches, and hence
reduced reliability
• Readability afects reliability in both the writng and maintenance phases
of the life cycle.

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Evaluation Criteria: Cost
• Training programmers to use language
• Writng programs (closeness to partcular applicatons)
• Compiling programs
• Executng programs
• Language implementaton system: availability of free compilers
• Reliability: poor reliability leads to high costs
• Maintaining programs

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Evaluation Criteria: Others

• Portability
• The ease with which programs can be moved from one implementaton to
another
• Generality
• The applicability to a wide range of applicatons
• Well-defnedness
• The completeness and precision of the language’s ofcial defniton

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 Why learn more than one PL?

• So you can choose the right language for a given

problem
– If all you have is a hammer, every problem looks like a
nail.
• So you can learn a new language more easily later
– As your job changes, you may need to used diferent
languages
– As our understanding of programming improves, new
languages are created
• To learn new ways of thinking about problems
– Diferent languages encourage you to think about
problems in diferent ways “Paradigms”

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 Paradigms of Programming?

• There are several ways to think about

computaton:
– a set of instructons to be executed
– a set of expressions to be evaluated
– a set of rules to be applied
– a set of objects to be arranged
– a set of messages to be sent and received

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Influences on Language Design

• Computer Architecture
• Languages are developed around the prevalent computer architecture,
known as the von Neumann architecture
• Programming Methodologies
• New sofware development methodologies (e.g., object-oriented sofware
development) led to new programming paradigms and by extension, new
programming languages

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