• Cells produce ATP (The Energy Currency) by two main
mechanisms: 1. Substrate Level Phosphorylation . 2. Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain). Oxidation/Reduction • In oxidative Phosphorylation, ATP produced as follow: • In the cell , energy-rich molecules such as glucose, fatty acids (body fuels) are utilized constantly in organized sequence of reactions (catabolic pathways) involve oxidation reactions.
NAD: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, from vitamin B3 Niacin.
FAD: Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide, from vitamin B2 Riboflavin. Electron Carriers in Inner Mitochondrial Membrane • In mitochondria, the reduced coenzyme Re-Oxidized and donates a pair of electrons to molecular Oxygen to form water. • (NADH + H+) + O (1/2O) NAD+ + H2O. • (FADH2) + O (1/2O) FAD + H2O
• Before the pair of electrons received
by oxygen, they transported through a set of electron carriers located in the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane in a process called Electron Transport Chain. Components of the ETC Complex I (NADH Dehydrogenase)
Location: Impeded in inner Mitochondrial Membrane
Structure: Enzyme (Dehydrogenase) + Coenzyme (FMN) Function: Transfer 2 electrons [as H2] from NADH+H+ to FMN which becomes FMNH2 Components of the ETC Complex II (Succinate Dehydrogenase)
Location: Mitochondrial Matrix (TCA Cycle).
Structure: Enzyme. Function: Transfer 2 electrons (As H2) from FADH to Coenzyme Q. Components of the ETC Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone)
Location: Mobile component in inner mitochondrial membrane
Structure: Quinone Derivative, small, (similar to Vitamin K). Function: Transfer the 2 electrons (H2) from complex I (FMNH2) and complex II (FADH2) to Complex 3. Components of the ETC Complex III: Cytochrome bc1
• Location: Impeded in inner Mitochondrial Membrane.
• Structure: Cytochrome contains Heme group with Fe3+ (Hb). • Function: Transfer the 2 electrons from Coenzyme Q to Cyt C. Components of the ETC Cyt C: Cytochrome C
• Location: Mobile component in inner mitochondrial membrane.
• Structure: Cytochrome protein contains Heme group with Fe3+ (Hb). • Function: Transfer 2 electrons from complex III to complex IV. Components of the ETC Complex IV: Cytochrome C oxidase (cytochrome a + a3)
• Location: Impeded in inner Mitochondrial Membrane.
• Structure: Cytochrome contains Heme group with Fe3+ (Hb). • Function: Transfer the 2 electrons from Cyt c to 1/2O2 to give H2O. Components of the ETC Complex V: (ATP Synthase)
Location: Impeded in inner Mitochondrial Membrane
Structure: Protein (Enzyme) with two domains (Fo and F1). Function: ATP synthesis from ADP. ATP Synthesis: Chemiosmotic Hypothesis While electrons transported across inner mitochondrial membrane, protons (H+) pumped out from the matrix to the intermembrane space at Complexes I, III, and IV. ATP Synthesis: Chemiosmotic Hypothesis This process creates an electrical and pH gradient (more positive charges and lower pH on outside of the membrane than inside. The energy generated by this proton gradient is sufficient to drive ATP synthesis. ATP Synthesis: Chemiosmotic Hypothesis Protons pumped outside the inner mitochondrial membrane, they reenter the matrix by passing through a channel in domain (Fo) of Complex V. This drives the rotation of Fo and dissipating the pH and electrical gradients. ATP Synthesis: Chemiosmotic Hypothesis Fo rotation causes conformational changes in the F1 domain that allow it to bind ADP + Pi, phosphorylation, and release ATP. This is called Chemiosmotic Hypothesis. Oligomycin Oligomycin (drug) binds to the Fo domain of ATP synthase, closing the H+ channel, preventing reentry of protons into the mitochondrial matrix, and thus preventing phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. More Figures for ETC More Figures for ETC More Figures for ETC
