Antidifferentiation and

the Definite Integral

5.1 Antidifferentiation and the
Indefinite Integral
Def. A function F is called an antiderivative
of the function f on an interval I if
F' ( x ) = f ( x ) for all values of x in I.
Theorem If f and g are two functions defined
on an interval I with f ' (x ) = g' (x ) for all
values of x on the interval I, then there is a
constant C such that f ( x ) = g( x ) + C for all
x in I.
Theorem If a function F is any
antiderivative of the function f on an
interval I, then every antiderivative of f on
the interval I is of the form
F (x ) + C
where C is an arbitrary constant (or real
number).
Remarks

⚫ Antidifferentiation (or integration) is

the process of finding all antiderivatives of
a given function.

⚫ We write  f (x )dx = F (x ) + C to mean that

F' (x ) = f (x ) or d (F (x )) = f (x )dx.
⚫

differential in
x
integral sign
integrand
Example
Verify that  (3x − 2 x )dx = −3x − x + C .
−2 −1 2

solution

( )
Dx − 3x −1 − x 2 + C = 3x −2 − 2 x

 (3x − 2 x )dx = −3x − x + C

−2 −1 2
Thus,
Example
⚫
Example
⚫
The CONSTANT of Integration
⚫
Example

⚫
5.2 Basic Theorems on
Antidifferentiation
Theorem 1  dx = x + C
Theorem 2
If n is any real number such that n  −1,
n +1
then n x
 dx =
x +C
n +1

Theorem 3
 af (x )dx = a  f (x )dx
where a is any real number.
Theorem 4 If f and g are defined on the
same interval, then
  f (x )  g (x )dx =  f (x )dx   g (x )dx.

Theorem 5 If f1 , f2 , f3 ,. . ., fn are
defined on the same interval, then

  f1 (x )  f 2 (x )  f 3 (x )    f n (x )dx

=
 f1 (x )dx 
 f 2 (x )dx 
 f 3 (x )dx   
 f n (x )dx
Example 1
5
Evaluate
 x 3 dx

solution
5
From Theorem 5.2.2 and with n =
3 ,

5 8
5 +1


x3 3x 3 .

x 3 dx = +C = +C
5  8
 + 1
3 
Example 2
Evaluate  ( + 11)dx .

solution

 ( + 11)dx = ( + 11) dx
.
= ( + 11)x + C
Example 3
 5 1
Evaluate
  3x − 5 x − x 2 dx




solution

3
6 2
3x 5x 2x 2
= − − +C
6 2 3

.
Example 4
Evaluate
 (9 − 2x 7
)
− 10 x −2 dx
solution

 (9 − 2x 7
− 10 x −2 ) dx = 9 x −
2 x8  x −1 
− 10
−
+C

.
8  1 

1
8
x
= 9 x − + 10  + C
4  x
Example 5
Evaluate  ( x 2 x + 3 3 x dx )
 1 1
solution
 ( ) 
x 2 x + 3 3 x dx = x 2 x 2 + 3x 3 dx
 
  .

 5   7 
 3 4 
 2x 2   3x 3 
=
  2 x 2 + 3x 3 dx = (2)



  5
 + (3)
  7
+C

   
5 7
4x 2 9x 3
= + +C
5 7
5.3 The Chain Rule for
Antidifferentiation
The Chain Rule

Theorem Let g be a differentiable function

whose range includes the interval I. If f is a
function defined on I and F is an
antiderivative of f on I, then

 f (g (x ))g' (x )dx = F (g (x )) + C
Remark

In particular, if g is differentiable on I and n

is any real number such that n  −1, then
g (x )
n +1

 g (x ) g' (x )dx = +C
n

n +1
 Example 1
Evaluate
solution :
 3 2 y − 5dy

  (2 y − 5) 3 dy
1
3 2 y − 5dy =

Let u = 2 y − 5  du = 2dy

 
1
(2 y − 5)
1
3 dy = u3
du
=
1
2  u 3 du
.
2
  4  4
1  3u 3  3u 3
=  +C = +C
2 4  8
 

Substituting back
u = 2y − 5

4
3 2 y − 5dy 3(2 y − 5)
3
= +C
8
Example 2
Evaluate
 (
x 4 x − 1 dx
3 4
)
2

solution:
 (
x 4 x − 1 dx =
3 4
)
2
 (4 x − 1) x dx
4 2 3

We let u = 4x −1  du = 16 x dx or du = x3dx.
4 3

Thus,  ( x 4 x − 1 dx =
3 4
)
2
 u2du
16
16

=  u du =  1  u  + C = (4 x − 1) + C
1 2  3 4 3

16  16  3  48
Example 3
Evaluate
 s 2
s − 2ds
solution:
Let w = s − 2  dw = ds also s = w + 2

 s 2
s − 2ds =  (w + 2)2 wdw

=
 (w 2
) 1
+ 4w + 4 w 2 dw


 5
2
3 1 
=  w + 4w + 4w 2 dw
2
 
 7  5   3 
2w 2  2w 2   2w 2 
= + (4)  + (4 ) +C
7  5   3 
   

7  5   3 
2(s − 2 ) 2  8(s − 2 )2   8(s − 2 )2 
= + + +C
7  5   3 
   
Example 4
 w − 1
2

Evaluate  (w + w )
3
−1 2
 2 dw
solution:  w 
Let u = w + w −1
−1
,

 
2
1 w
 du = (1 − w )dw = 1 − 2 dw =
−2
dw
 w 
2
w
3  w − 1
2

Hence  ( w + w −1
) 2  2 dw =

 w 
2(w + w ) +C
5 5
−1
3
2u 2 2

 u du =
2
+C =
5 5
 5.3b Antiderivative of
Logarithmic
and Exponential Function
⚫
⚫
⚫
 1
න 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑙𝑛𝑎
Example 4.
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 5 − 9𝑥
න 105 −9𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = −9𝑑𝑥
1
− 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
9
1
= − ‫ ׬‬10𝑢 𝑑𝑢
9
−1
= 105−9𝑥 +𝐶
9𝑙𝑛10
 න 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶

Example 5.
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 2𝑥
න 8𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= 8‫𝑒׬‬
2
= 4𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶
 න 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶

Example 6.
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 4
3 𝑥4
න 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
1
4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑢 1
= ‫ 𝑒 𝑥 ׬‬4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑢
1
= ‫׬‬ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
4
1 𝑢 1 𝑥4
= 𝑒 +𝐶 = 𝑒 +𝐶
4 4