CHAPTER 3

DEVELOPMENT OF CONSTRUCTION PLANNING AND SCHEDULING

FOR SELECTED PROJECT

3.1. General

Construction planning lays the foundation for project success. It’s a

comprehensive process that includes everything from analyzing project requirements
to resource planning to scheduling. It is a phase necessary to allocate resources
effectively and streamline project activities. Proper planning of construction activities
impacts all aspects of the project. A well-planned construction schedule is an incredible
tool to track project progress, identify bottlenecks, and take necessary corrective actions.
When you can implement a plan, you can ensure that all the construction activities are
completed on time, which enables timely project delivery and minimizes costs and
penalties.

Typical construction site with its respective planning and work schedules can
be easily touched it’s targets and finishing-line rather than the ordinary construction site
with no planning and schedules. Currently, regional planning and scheduling practices
are necessary to be more effective on the construction project. To successfully manage
and coordinate in the construction site as a Civil Engineer, it is critically important to
fluent with the behaviors of construction planning and work-schedules. For that reason,
a three-storied building was selected as proposed project in this study. The proposed
site is 45.5ft wide and 73.5 ft long (site area=3,344 Sqft). Substructure and
superstructure of proposed building is proposed to be with the type of reinforce concrete.
Pile foundation will be the type of foundation for that proposed construction project.

Application and systematic implementation of construction planning should be

developed based on the consideration current local practice and conditions. We use
scheduling techniques with critical path method (including working activity, preceding
activity, activity schedule, network diagram) for our proposed project. And we also use
Microsoft project scheduling for our proposed project.
 21

3.2. Consideration of Project Planning

Planning is a connection between the knowledge of the past and the proposed
action that produces a positive result in the future. In this study, the construction
planning process is inspired through the study of project documents which include the
available technical and commercial studies and investigations, designs and drawings,
estimate of quantities, construction method statements, project planning data, site
conditions, working regulations, local resources, and project environment. Proposed
project is broken down as tasks, work packages and activities level depend upon the
size and nature of project to perform more easily. Project duration is estimated by using
critical path method. And resource requirements are considered according to the current
local conditions.

3.3. Development of Project Estimate for Selected Project

It is important for preparation of estimate to be done before the work is

accomplished. For this reason, estimating for budget becomes one of the most difficult
tasks in project planning. The organization must also determine the cost of all material
and labour are mainly provided in construction planning and scheduling. Therefore, in
this study, the quantities of materials and labour are considered from estimation for plan
and schedule. The labour for rebar installation, formwork and concreting are considered
approximately 24 numbers of labours. Besides, the estimated cost, at any time, is based
upon amount of information the is known about the project when the estimate was
prepared Accurate project estimates, including material and labor costs, are crucial for
effective planning and scheduling, with labor requirements and costs determined based
on available project information

3.4. Identification of Work Packages and Activities

The construction of the proposed project can be divided into substructure

construction and superstructure construction. Substructure construction can be divided
into piling work, pile cap & pile cap beam construction, R-Wall construction, ground
beam construction. The other sector includes (18) work packages. Therefore, total work
packages for selected project are as followed;

1. Piling Work
 22

2. Pile Cap Construction

3. Retaining Wall Construction (Under Pile Cap Beam)
4. Pile Cap Beam Construction
5. Column Construction (Pile Cap Top to 1st Floor)
6. Retaining Wall Construction (Under Bearing Slab)
7. Bearing Slab Construction
8. Beam, Slab & Stair Construction
9. Retaining Wall Construction
10. Column Construction (1st to 2nd Floor)
11. Beam, Slab & Stair Construction (2nd Floor)
12. Retaining Wall Construction (2nd Floor)
13. Column Construction (2nd to Niche level)
14. Beam & Slab Construction (Niche level)
15. Column & R Wall Construction (Niche to Lower roof)
16. Roof Beam Construction
17. R Wall & Gutter Construction
18. Roof Work Construction
19. Walling Construction (Ground Floor,1st Floor, 2nd Floor
20. MEP Work (All Floor)
21. Finishing
22. Underground tank & Septic tank Construction

3.5. Estimating Activity Duration

Completing the project within proposed time is the desire for every contractor,
engineer and owner. Due to this reason, time planning should be made before starting
the construction. After preparing detailed structural drawings and estimate of the project,
time planning can be started. For time planning, activities concerning the construction
are identified based on detail drawings and estimate of the project. Duration of each
activity is assigned according to resources available. And then, independence activities
are arranged to work in parallel for reducing time. For this study, time planning is done
by using Critical Path Method (CPM). Total project is calculated by adding the duration
of activities falling on the critical path.

In most scheduling procedures, each of the work activity has an associate time
 23

duration. These durations are used extensively in preparing a scheduling. Even though
the detail duration for each part of one activity is achieved by project detail estimation,
the proposed duration should also be more than the estimated duration because there
can be a delay or a lag between the completion of one activity and the start of another
activity. All formal scheduling procedures rely upon estimates of the durations of the
various project activities as well as the definitions of the predecessor relationships
among tasks. Moreover, the variability of an activity’s duration may also be considered.
In advance of actually doing a particular task, we cannot be certain exactly how long
the task will require. A straightforward approach to the estimation of activity durations
is to keep historical records of particular activities and rely on the average durations
from this experience in making new duration estimates. Since the scope of activities are
unlikely to be identical between different project, unit productivity rates are typically
employed for this purpose. For example, the duration of an activity (D N) might be
estimated as:

A (3.1)
DN =
PN

where A is the required area to assemble (in square feet/cubic feet), P is the average
productivity of a standard crew in this task (measured in square feet/cubic feet per man-
day), and N is the number of workers assigned to the task. For example, calculation of
duration for excavation of pile cap is as below.

Required area (A) = 3611.13 Cuft

Productivity of a standard crew (Sqft/Cuft per man-day) = 66.67Cuft

Numbers of workers assigned = 20 Nos

3611.13
Duration, DN = = 2.71 = 3days
66.67 ×20

This type of formula can be used for nearly all construction activities. Typically,
the required quantity of work, A is determined from detail examination of the final
facility design. The number of crews working, N is decided by the planner. In many
cases, the number or amount of resources applied to particular activities may be
modified with resulting project plan and schedule. The productivity of a standard crew
for the task can be achieved by computing the estimated data with standard rate for that
 24

activity in a hundred square feet/cubic feet per man-day. These standard rate of crew
and duration are based on Engineering Estimation Companion (Yellow Book).

The calculation of a duration as in Equation (3.1) is only an approximation to

the actual activity duration for a number of reasons. Because the random factors will
also influence the project duration and make estimation of activity durations uncertain.
Moreover, a scheduler will not typically know at the time of making initial schedule
how skillful the crew and manager will be that are assigned to a particular project. The
productivity of a skilled engineer may be many times that of an unskilled engineer. In
the absence of specific knowledge, the estimator can only use average values of
productivity.
Weather effects are very important and thus deserve particular attention in
estimating durations. It has both systematic and random influences on activity durations.
Whether or not a rainstorm will come on a particular day is certainly a random effect
that will influence the duration of many activities. However, the likelihood of a
rainstorm is likely to vary systematically from one month or one site to the next.
Adjustment factors for inclement weather as well as meteorological records can be used
to incorporate the effect of weather on activities’ durations. As a simple example, an
activity might require ten days in perfect weather. But the activity could not proceed in
the rain. Furthermore, suppose that the rain is expected ten percent of the days in a
particular month. In this case, the expected activity duration is eleven days including
one expected rain day. These expected days can be increased according to climatic
condition nearby the construction site. Activities constituted in respective work
packages are tabulated from Table 3.1. to Table 3.22 and durations in Table 3.23.

Table 3.1. Activities in Piling Construction

Item Activity Description Quantity Unit Activity Duration (Day)
1 Site Cleaning 4935 Sqft 3
2 Surveying 4935 Sqft 2
3 Piling Work 103 Nos 15

Table 3.2. Activities in Pile Cap Construction

Item Activity Description Quantity Unit Activity Duration (Day)
1 Pile Cap Excavation 3611.13 Cuft 3
2 Hard core & Sand Filling 1779.07 Cuft 1
3 Pile Cap Lean Concreting 746.75 Cuft 1
4 Pile Cap Rebar Installation 246.16 Cwt 9
 25

Table 3.2. Continued,

Item Activity Description Quantity Unit Activity Duration (Day)
5 Pile Cap Formwork 1382.5 Sqft 3
6 Pile Cap Concreting 1866.88 Cuft 1

Table 3.3. Activities in Retaining Wall Construction (Under Ground Beam)

Item Activity Description Quantity Unit Activity Duration (Day)
1 R Wall Excavation 5931.06 Cuft 5
2 Hard core & Sand Filling 8510.54 Cuft 2
3 Lean Concreting 1078.38 Cuft 1
4 Brick Work 1317.04 Cuft 4

Table 3.4. Activities in Pile Cap Beam Construction

Item Activity Description Quantity Unit Activity Duration (Day)
1 Pile Cap Beam Rebar 92.19 Cwt 5
2 Pile Cap Beam Formwork 2271.51 Sqft 4
3 Pile Cap Beam Concreting 1086.64 Cuft 1

Table 3.5. Activities in Column Construction (Pile Cap Top to 1F)

Item Activity Description Quantity Unit Activity Duration (Day)
1 Column Rebar 108.74 Cwt 5
2 Column Formwork 1740.8 Sqft 2
3 Column Concreting 552.704 Cuft 1

Table 3.6. Activities in Retaining Wall Construction (Under Bearing Slab)

Item Activity Description Quantity Unit Activity Duration (Day)
1 Brick Work 14.98 Cwt 8
2 Sand Backfilling 1334.96 Sq.ft 1

Table 3.7. Activities in Bearing Slab Construction

Activity Duration
Item Activity Description Quantity Unit
(Day)
1 Concreting (1:3:6) (Bearing Slab) 1560.91 Cuft 1
2 Rebar (Bearing Slab) 124.43 Cwt 6
3 Concreting (1:2:4) (Bearing Slab) 1560.91 Cuft 1
 26

Table 3.8. Activities in Beam, Slab & Stair Construction (1F)

Activity Duration
Item Activity Description Quantity Unit
(Day)
1 Rebar 277.3 Cwt 14
2 Formwork 5139.63 Sq.ft 10
3 Concreting 2762.88 Cuft 2

Table 3.9. Activities in Retaining Wall Construction (1F)

Item Activity Description Quantity Unit Activity Duration (Day)
1 R Wall Rebar 14.98 Cwt 2
2 R Wall Formwork 1334.96 Sq.ft 3
3 R Wall Concreting 335.33 Cuft 1

Table 3.10. Activities in Column Construction (1F to 2F)

Item Activity Description Quantity Unit Activity Duration (Day)
1 Column Rebar 84.11 Cwt 3
2 Column Formwork 1357.43 Sqft 2
3 Column Concreting 481.44 Cuft 1

Table 3.11. Activities in Beam, Stair & Slab Construction ( 2F)

Item Activity Description Quantity Unit Activity Duration (Day)
1 Rebar 273.03 Cwt 12
2 Formwork 7484.36 Sqft 9
3 Concreting 2779.88 Cuft 1

Table 3.12. Activities in Retaining Wall Construction (2F)

Item Activity Description Quantity Unit Activity Duration (Day)
1 R Wall Rebar 14.98 Cwt 2
2 R Wall Formwork 1334.96 Sq.ft 1
3 R Wall Concreting 335.33 Cuft 1

Table 3.13. Activities in Column Construction (2F to niche)

Item Activity Description Quantity Unit Activity Duration (Day)
1 Column Rebar 59.96 Cwt 2
2 Column Formwork 990 Sq.ft 1
3 Column Concreting 253.5 Cuft 1
 27

Table 3.14. Activities in Beam & Slab Construction (niche level)

Item Activity Description Quantity Unit Activity Duration (Day)
1 Rebar 38.23 Cwt 2
2 Formwork 1082.66 Sq.ft 2
3 Concreting 395.11 Cuft 1

Table 3.15. Activities in Column & Retaining Wall Construction (niche to lower
roof)
Item Activity Description Quantity Unit Activity Duration (Day)
1 Rebar 77.98 Cwt 5
2 Formwork 2444.47 Sq.ft 4
3 Concreting 619.11 Cuft 1

Table 3.16. Activities in Roof Beam, R Wall & Gutter Construction

Item Activity Description Quantity Unit Activity Duration (Day)
1 Rebar 89.25 Cwt 4
2 Formwork 2421.68 Sq.ft 4
3 Concreting 808.44 Cuft 1

Table 3.17. Activities in Roof Work Construction

Activity
Item Activity Description Quantity Unit
Duration (Day)
1 Roof Frame Installation 328 Cwt 32
2 Wire Mesh & Insulation Installation - - 7
3 Roof Tile Installation - - 22

Table 3.18. Activities in Walling Construction (All Floor)

Item Activity Description Quantity Unit Activity Duration (Day)
1 Lintel (GF) 507.69 Cuft 7
2 Lintel (1F) 434.51 Cuft 7
3 Lintel (2F) 516 Cuft 7
4 Brick Work (GF) 96.89 Cuft 8
5 Brick Work (1F) 7223.06 Cuft 6
6 Brick Work (2F) 1458.2 Cuft 9
7 Plastering (GF) 4000 Sqft 5
8 Plastering (1F) 3291.65 Sqft 4
9 Plastering(2F) 3952.90 Sqft 5
 28

Table3.19. Activities in MEP Work

Item Activity Description Quantity Unit Activity Duration (Day)
1 MEP Work (All Floor) - - 140

Table 3.20. Activities in Finishing Work Package

Item Activity Description Quantity Unit Activity Duration (Day)
1 Finishing Work (Ceiling) - - 42
2 Finishing Work (Toping) - - 7
3 Finishing Work (Painting) - - 4
4 Finishing Work (Tiling) - - 10

Table 3.21. Activities in Underground Tank Construction

Item Activity Description Quantity Unit Activity Duration (Day)
1 Excavation 1987.88 Cuft 2
2 Lean Concreting 355.54 Cuft 1
3 Rebar 42.56 Cwt 3
4 Formwork 772.72 Sqft 2
5 Concreting 520.52 Cuft 1

Table 3.22. Activities in Septic Tank Construction

Item Activity Description Quantity Unit Activity Duration (Day)
1 Excavation 1050 Cuft 1
2 Lean Concreting 127.45 Cuft 1
3 Rebar 15.41 Cwt 1
4 Formwork 718.99 Sq.ft 2
5 Walling Construction 31.3007 Cuft 1

Table 3.23. Activities' Duration for Selected Project

Duration
Item Activity Activity Description Quantity Unit
(Days)
1 A1 Site Cleaning 4935 Sqft 3
2 A2 Surveying 4935 Sqft 2
3 B Piling Work 103 Nos 15
Pile Cap & R Wall (Under
4 C 9542.19 Cuft 8
Ground Beam) Excavation
Pile Cap & R Wall Hard core
5 D 10289.61 Cuft 3
& Sand Filling
 29

Table 3.23. Continued,

Duration
Item Activity Activity Description Quantity Unit
(Days)
Pile Cap & R Wall Lean
6 E 1779.07 Cuft 2
Concreteing
7 F R Wall Brick Work 8510.54 Cuft 4

8 G1 Pile Cap Rebar Installation 746.75 Cuft 9

Pile Cap Beam Rebar
9 G2 1078.38 Cuft 5
Installation
10 H1 Pile Cap Formworking 1317.04 Cuft 3

11 H2 Pile Cap Beam Formworking 246.16 Cwt 4

Concreting (Pile Cap & Pile
12 I 92.19 Cwt 2
Cap Beam)
Column Rebar (Pile Cap top
13 J 1382.5 Sqft 5
to 1st Floor)
Column Formworking (Pile
14 K 2271.51 Sq.ft 2
Cap top to 1F)
Column Concreting (Pile Cap
15 L 2953.52 Cuft 1
top to 1F)
R Wall Brick Work (Under
16 M 14.98 Cwt 8
Bearing Slab)
17 N Sand back filling work 1334.96 Sq.ft 1
Concreting (1:3:6) (Bearing
18 O 1560.91 Cuft 1
Slab)
19 P Rebar (Bearing Slab) 124.43 Cwt 6
Concreting (1:2:4) (Bearing
20 Q 1560.91 Cuft 1
Slab)
Rebar (Beam, Slab, Stair & R
21 R 292.28 Cuft 16
Wall 1F )
Formwork (Beam, Slab, Stair
22 S 6474.59 Cwt 13
& R Wall 1F )
Concreting (Beam, Slab, Stair
23 T 3098.21 Cuft 3
& R Wall 1F)
24 U Column Rebar (1F to 2F) 84.11 Cwt 3
25 V Column Formwork (1F) 1357.43 Sqft 2
26 W Column Concreting (1F to 2F) 481.44 Cuft 1
Rebar (Beam, Slab, Stair & R
27 X 288.01 Cwt 14
Wall 2F)
Formwork (Beam, Slab, Stair
28 Y 8819.32 Sqft 10
& R Wall 2F)
Concreting (Beam, Slab, Stair
29 Z 3115.21 Cuft 2
& R Wall 2F)
 30

Table 3.23. Continued,

Duration
Item Activity Activity Discription Quantity Unit
(Days)
Column Rebar (2F to niche
30 AA 273.03 Cwt 2
level)
Column Formworking (2F
31 BB 7484.36 Sqft 1
to niche level)
Column Concreting (2F to
32 CC 2779.88 Cuft 1
niche level)
Rebar (Beam, Slab niche
33 DD 59.96 Cwt 2
level)
Formworking (Beam, Slab
34 EE 990.00 Sq.ft 2
niche level)
Concreting (Beam, Slab
35 FF 253.50 Cuft 1
niche level)
Column & R Wall Rebar
36 GG 38.23 Cwt 5
(niche to lower roof)
Column & R Wall
37 HH Formworking (niche to 1082.66 Sq.ft 4
lower roof)
Column & R Wall
38 II Concreting (niche to lower 395.11 Cuft 1
roof)
Rebar (Roof Beam, RC
39 JJ 77.98 Cwt 4
Wall & Gutter)
Formworking (Roof
40 KK 2444.47 Sq.ft 4
Beam, RC Wall & Gutter)
Concreting (Roof Beam,
41 LL 619.11 Cuft 1
RC Wall & Gutter)
42 MM Roof Frame Installation 89.25 Cwt 32
Wire Mesh & Insulation
43 NN 2421.68 Sq.ft 7
Installation
44 OO Roof Tile Installation 808.44 Cuft 22

45 PP Lintel (GF) 507.69 Cuft 7

46 QQ Lintel (1F) 434.51 Cuft 7
47 RR Lintel (2F) 516 Cuft 7

48 SS1 Brick Work (GF) 96.89 Cwt 8

49 SS2 Brick Work (1F) 7223.06 Sq.ft 6

50 SS3 Brick Work (2F) 1458.20 Cuft 9
51 TT MEP Work (All Floor) 2738.35 Cuft 140

52 UU1 Plastering (GF) 4000.00 Sqft 5

 31

Table 3.23. Continued,

Duration
Item Activity Activity Description Quantity Unit
(Days)
53 UU2 Plastering (1F) 5618.28 Sqft 4
54 UU3 Plastering (2F) 5548.75 Sqft 5
55 VV1 Finishing Work (Ceiling) - - 42
56 VV2 Finishing Work (Toping) - - 7
57 VV3 Finishing Work (Painting) - - 4
58 VV4 Finishing Work (Tiling) - - 10
Excavation (Underground
59 WW 1987.88 Cuft 2
tank)
Lean Concreting
60 XX 355.54 Cuft 1
(Underground tank)
61 YY Rebar (Underground tank) 42.56 Cwt 3
Formwork (Underground
62 ZZ 772.72 Sqft 2
tank)
63 AAA Excavation (Septic tank) 1050.00 Cuft 1
64 BBB Lean Concreting (Septic tank) 127.45 Cuft 1
65 CCC Rebar (Septic tank) 15.41 Cwt 1
66 DDD Formwork (Septic tank) 718.99 Sq.ft 2
Concreting (Under Ground
67 EEE 551.82 Cuft 1
tank & Septic Tank)

3.6. Making Network Diagram by Combing Work Packages

After identifying activities in each work packages, the next step is to draw the
combined network diagram as simple as possible. Before drawing, activity’s
dependence table is set up as shown in Table 3.24.

Table3.24 Activities’ Dependencies for Selected Project

Duration
Item Activity Activity Description Precede Follow
(Days)
1 A1 Site Cleaning 3 NONE A2
2 A2 Surveying 2 A1 B
3 B Piling Work 15 A2 C,D,E
Pile Cap & R Wall (Under
4 C 8 B G1,F
Ground Beam) Excavation
Pile Cap & R Wall Hard
5 D 3 B G1,F
core & Sand Filling
 32

Table3.24. Continued,

Duration
Item Activity Activity Description Precede Follow
(Days)
Pile Cap & R Wall Lean
6 E 2 B G1,F
Concreting
7 F R Wall Brick Work 4 C,D,E G2
8 G1 Pile Cap Rebar Installation 9 C,D,E H1
Pile Cap Beam Rebar
9 G2 5 F H2
Installation
10 H1 Pile Cap Formwork 3 G1 I
11 H2 Pile Cap Beam Formwork 4 G2 I
Concreting (Pile Cap & Pile
12 I 2 H1,H2 J,K
Cap Beam)
Column Rebar (Pile Cap top
13 J 5 I L
to 1st Floor)
Column Formwork (Pile
14 K 2 I L
Cap top to 1F)
Column Concreting (Pile
15 L 1 J,K M,N,R,S
Cap top to 1F)
R Wall Brick Work (Under
16 M 8 L T
Bearing Slab)
17 N Sand back filling work 1 L T
Concreting (1:3:6) (Bearing
18 O 1 Z P
Slab)
19 P Rebar (Bearing Slab) 6 O Q
Concreting (1:2:4) (Bearing
20 Q 1 P PP,SS1
Slab)
Rebar (Beam, Slab, Stair &
21 R 16 L T
R Wall 1F)
Formwork (Beam, Slab,
22 S 13 L T
Stair & R Wall 1F)
Concreting (Beam, Slab,
23 T 3 M,N,R,S U,V
Stair & R Wall 1F)
24 U Column Rebar (1F to 2F) 3 T W
25 V Column Formworking (1F) 2 T W
Column Concreting (1F to
26 W 1 U,V X,Y
2F)
Rebar (Beam, Slab, Stair &
27 X 14 W Z
R Wall 2F)
Formwork (Beam, Slab,
28 Y 10 W Z
Stair & R Wall 2F)
Concreting (Beam, Slab,
29 Z 2 X,Y O,AA,BB
Stair & R Wall 2F)
 33

Table 3.24 Continued,

Duration
Item Activity Activity Discription Precede Follow
(Days)
Column Rebar (2F to niche
30 AA 2 Z CC
level)
Column Formwork (2F to
31 BB 1 Z CC
niche level)
Column Concreting (2F to
32 CC 1 AA,BB DD,EE
niche level)
Rebar (Beam, Slab niche
33 DD 2 CC FF
level)
Formwork (Beam, Slab
34 EE 2 CC FF
niche level)
Concreting (Beam, Slab
35 FF 1 DD,EE GG,HH
niche level)
Column & R Wall Rebar
36 GG 5 FF II
(niche to lower roof)
Column & R Wall
37 HH Formwork (niche to lower 4 FF II
roof)
Column & R Wall
38 II Concreting (niche to lower 1 GG,HH JJ,KK
roof)
Rebar (Roof Beam, RC
39 JJ 4 II LL
Wall & Gutter)
Formwork (Roof Beam, RC
40 KK 4 II LL
Wall & Gutter)
Concreting (Roof Beam,
41 LL 1 JJ,KK MM
RC Wall & Gutter)
42 MM Roof Frame Installation 32 LL NN,OO
Wire Mesh & Insulation
43 NN 7 MM TT
Installation
44 OO Roof Tile Installation 22 MM TT
45 PP Lintel (GF) 7 Q QQ,SS2
46 QQ Lintel (1F) 7 PP,SS1 RR,SS3
47 RR Lintel (2F) 7 QQ,SS2 TT
48 SS1 Brick Work (GF) 8 Q QQ,SS2
49 SS2 Brick Work (1F) 6 PP,SS1 RR,SS3
50 SS3 Brick Work (2F) 9 QQ,SS2 TT
51 TT MEP Work (All Floor) 140 RR,SS3 UU1
52 UU1 Plastering (GF) 5 TT UU2

53 UU2 Plastering (1F) 4 UU1 UU3

 34

Table 3.24. Continued,

Duration
Item Activity Activity Description Precede Follow
(Days)
54 UU3 Plastering (2F) 5 UU2 UU4
55 VV1 Finishing Work (Ceiling) 42 UU3 WW,AAA
WW,
56 VV2 7 UU3
Finishing Work (Toping) AAA
Finishing Work WW,
57 VV3 4 UU3
(Painting) AAA
WW,
58 VV4 10 UU3
Finishing Work (Tiling) AAA
Excavation (Underground UU1,UU2,
59 WW 2 XX
tank) UU3,UU4
Lean Concreting
60 XX 1 WW YY,ZZ
(Underground tank)
Rebar (Underground
61 YY 3 XX EEE
tank)
Formwork (Underground
62 ZZ 2 XX EEE
tank)
VV1,VV2,
63 AAA Excavation (Septic tank) 1 BBB
VV3,VV4
Lean Concreting (Septic CCC,
64 BBB 1 AAA
tank) DDD
65 CCC Rebar (Septic tank) 1 BBB EEE
66 DDD Formwork (Septic tank) 2 BBB EEE
Concreting (Under
YY,ZZ,
67 EEE Ground tank & Septic 1 NONE
CCC,DDD
Tank)

3.7. CPM Network for Selected Project

CPM network diagram is presented in this study to know the project duration,
interrelationship of activities and scheduling of construction period. In the network, an
arrow represents an activity with its head indicating the direction of progress of the
project. Defined events introduce the precedence relations among the activities. An
event is a point in tie that can show the completion of one or more activities and
beginning of new one. In CPM diagram, the duration of each activity can be assigned
and the forward pass and backward pass calculations performed to calculate the early
start, early finish, late start and late finish of each activity. Furthermore, it shows the
critical activities (CA) and non-critical activities to provide better management. The
network diagram of CPM method for all activities is shown in Fig. 3.1.