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RATIO AND PROPORTION
A ratio can be written in different forms like x : y or x/y and is commonly read as, x is to y. In the ratio a : b we call, a ,the first term or antecedent. b, the second term or consequent. On the other hand, proportion is an equation that says that two ratios are equivalent. A proportion is written as x : y :: z :w , and is read as x is to y as z is to w. Here, x/y = z/w where w & y are not equal to 0.
a b c Continued proportion : = = =k then a=d k 3 , b=d k 2 , c=dk b c d Mean proportion : b 2=ac If a, b and c are in continued proportion , then a is called the first proportion and c is called the third proportion. Properties of ratio and proportion: a c b d Invertendo : = ⟹ = b d a c a c a b Alternendo : = ⇒ = b d c d a c a+ b c+ d Componendo : = ⇒ = b d b d a c a−b c−d Dividendo : = ⇒ = b d b d a c a+ b c +d Componendo and dividend : : = ⇒ = b d a−b c−d a c a c Convertendo : : = ⇒ = b d a−b c−d MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS: 1. If p, q, and r are in continued proportion, then: (a) p :q= p: r (b) q : r= p2 : q2 (c) p :q2 =r : p 2 (d) p :r= p2 :q 2 2. The given table shows the distance covered and the time taken by a train moving at a uniform speed along a straight track
The values of x and y are:
(a) x = 4, y = 150 (b) x = 3, y = 100 (c) x = 4, y = 100 (d) x = 3, y = 150 3. If 2 x+3 :3 x +5 y=18 :29 , then the ratio x : y is: (a) 2 : 3 (b) 3 : 5 (c) 3 : 4 (d) 5 : 29 4. If (2 x+ 5):(8 x +9) is the duplicate ratio of 3 :5, then the value of x is: (a) 4 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 ASSERTION AND REASON BASED QUESTIONS: 1. The monthly pocket money of Ravi and Sanjeev are in the ratio 5: 7. Their expenditures are in the ratio 3: 5. If each saves ₹ 80 per month. Assertion : Their monthly pocket money is ₹ 200 and ₹ 280 respectively. Reasoning : ratio of pocket money is proportional to expenditure. [A is true R is false] 2. Assertion: If a and b are two quantities of same kind, then fraction a/b is called ratio. Reason : a is called the consequent and b is called the antecedent. [A is true and R is false] 3. Assertion : If a, b, c and d are in continued proportion, then a/b = c/d = k Reason : a = c k 2 and b = ck [both A and R are true] PRACTICE QUESTIONS: 1. The mean proportion between two numbers is 6 and their third proportion is 48. Find the two numbers. [3 and 12] 2. The profit in rupees in a local restaurant and the number of customers who visited the restaurant are tabulated below for each week for one month.
Find: (a) if the number of customers and profit per week in continued proportion or not? Justify your answer. (b) the value of x and y. [No. (b) x = 1607, y = 64240] 4 2 2 4 2 a + a b +b a 3. If b is the mean proportion between a and c, show that: 4 2 2 4 = 2 b +b c +c c 2 2 7 m+2 n 5 m +n 113 4. If = , use properties of proportion to find (i) m : n (ii) 2 2 [8:7 , ] 7 m−2 n 3 m −n 15 5. 3,9,m,81 and n are in continued proportion. Find the values of m and n. [27,243] 3 x +3 x 14 6. Using componendo and dividend, find the value of x, when: 2 = [2] x + 1 13 x y z 1 1 1 7. If x , y and z are in continued proportion,Prove that: 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 = 3 + 3 + 3 x . z z .x x . y x y z 8. If q is the mean proportion between p and r , prove that: 2 2 p −q +r =q ( 2 4 1 2 )1 1 − 2+ 2 p q r
The Three Roles of Agricultural Markets - A Review of Ideas About Agricultural Commodity Markets in India Author(s) - MUHAMMAD ALI JAN and BARBARA HARRISS-WHITE
The Three Roles of Agricultural Markets - A Review of Ideas About Agricultural Commodity Markets in India Author(s) - MUHAMMAD ALI JAN and BARBARA HARRISS-WHITE
