Bluetooth is an example of

Bluetooth is an example of personal area network local area network virtual private network none of
the mentioned
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
Bluetooth is an example of a Personal Area Network (PAN).
It is used for short-range communication between devices such as smartphones, laptops,

headphones, and other peripherals, typically within a range of about 10 meters.
4o
You said:
The data link layer takes the packets from and encapsulates them into frames for
transmission. network layer physical layer transport layer application layer
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The data link layer takes the packets from the network layer and encapsulates them into frames for
transmission.
This process ensures that the data can be transmitted over the physical medium to the next hop or
destination.
4o
You said:
Which one of the following task is not done by data link layer? framing error control flow
control channel coding
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The task that is not done by the data link layer is:
Channel coding
Explanation:
• Framing: The data link layer is responsible for dividing the data into manageable units called
frames.
• Error control: It ensures error detection and correction during data transmission.
• Flow control: It manages the pace of data transmission between sender and receiver.
• Channel coding: This is a function of the physical layer, which deals with error detection and
correction techniques at the bit level.
4o
You said:
When 2 or more bits in a data unit has been changed during the transmission, the error is
called random error burst error inverted error bit error
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
When 2 or more bits in a data unit have been changed during transmission, the error is called a burst
error.
Explanation:
• Random error: Refers to errors occurring sporadically and usually affecting a single bit.
• Burst error: Involves two or more consecutive bits being altered during transmission.
• Inverted error: This term is not commonly used in error classification.
• Bit error: Refers to an individual bit being altered but does not specifically describe multiple
bits being changed.
A burst error can vary in length and is often caused by noise or interference during data transmission.
4o
You said:
CRC stands for cyclic redundancy check code repeat check code redundancy check cyclic repeat
check
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
CRC stands for Cyclic Redundancy Check.
Explanation:
CRC is an error-detection technique used in networking and storage devices to ensure the integrity of
data. It involves creating a checksum based on the data being transmitted, which is then compared at
the receiving end to detect any errors.
4o
You said:
Which layer links the network support layers and user support layers session layer data link
layer transport layer network layer
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The layer that links the network support layers and user support layers is the transport layer.
Explanation:
• The transport layer acts as an intermediary between the lower layers (network support
layers: physical, data link, and network) and the upper layers (user support layers: session,
presentation, and application).
• It ensures end-to-end communication, reliable data transfer, error checking, and flow
control.
4o
You said:
Which address is used in an internet employing the TCP/IP protocols? physical address and logical
address port address specific address all of the mentioned
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is: all of the mentioned
Explanation:
In an internet employing the TCP/IP protocols, multiple types of addresses are used at different
layers:
1. Physical Address: Used at the data link layer for communication within the same network
(e.g., MAC address).
2. Logical Address: Used at the network layer for identifying devices across different networks
(e.g., IP address).
3. Port Address: Used at the transport layer to identify specific processes or applications (e.g.,
port numbers like 80 for HTTP).
4. Specific Address: Could refer to domain names or URLs used at the application layer for user-
friendly identification.
All these address types work together to enable communication over the internet.
4o
You said:
Which address identifies a process on a host? physical address logical address port address specific
address
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is port address.
Explanation:
• A port address is used at the transport layer to identify a specific process or application
running on a host.
• Examples include port 80 for HTTP, port 443 for HTTPS, and port 25 for SMTP.
• This allows multiple applications to run on the same host (identified by its logical address or
IP address) without conflict.
Other addresses:
• Physical address: Identifies a device on a local network (e.g., MAC address).
• Logical address: Identifies a device across networks (e.g., IP address).
• Specific address: Refers to domain names or URLs, typically used at the application layer.
4o
You said:
Transmission data rate is decided by network layer physical layer data link layer transport layer
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is the physical layer.
Explanation:
• The physical layer is responsible for the actual transmission of raw bits over a
communication medium.
• It determines the data rate (bit rate), which depends on factors such as the transmission
medium, signal encoding techniques, and hardware capabilities.
• Other layers, such as the network layer or data link layer, handle logical addressing, error
detection, and flow control, but they do not directly control the transmission speed.
4o
You said:
The structure or format of data is called Syntax Semantics Struct None of the mentioned
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is Syntax.
Explanation:
• Syntax refers to the structure or format of data, specifying the rules for organizing and
formatting the data during communication.
• It defines how the data is arranged, such as the order of bits, headers, and fields in a
protocol.
• Semantics, on the other hand, deals with the meaning or interpretation of the data, not its
structure.
• Struct is not applicable in this context as it refers to a data structure in programming.

4o
You said:
Which one of the following is a transport layer protocol used in internet? TCP UDP both (a) and
(b) none of the mentioned
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is both (a) and (b).
Explanation:
• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) are both transport
layer protocols used in the internet.
• TCP is connection-oriented and provides reliable data transfer with error checking,
sequencing, and flow control.
• UDP is connectionless and provides faster transmission with less overhead, suitable for
applications where speed is critical, such as streaming media or online gaming.
4o mini
You said:
User datagram protocol is called connectionless because all UDP packets are treated independently
by transport layer it sends data as a stream of related packets both (a) and (b) none of the
mentioned
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is all UDP packets are treated independently by the transport layer.
Explanation:
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is called connectionless because it does not establish a
dedicated connection before sending data. Each UDP packet is treated independently by the
transport layer without error checking, sequencing, or flow control that TCP uses.
• This allows for faster data transmission but without guarantees of delivery, order, or error
correction.
Other options:
• It does not send data as a stream of related packets.
4o mini
You said:
120 In computer network nodes are the computer that originates the data the computer that routes
the data the computer that terminates the data all of the mentioned
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is all of the mentioned.
Explanation:
In a computer network, nodes can refer to:
1. The computer that originates the data (sender).
2. The computer that routes the data (router or intermediary device).
3. The computer that terminates the data (receiver or destination).
Each of these can be considered a node in the network, participating in the transmission and
reception of data.
4o mini
You said:
OSI stands for open system interconnection operating system interface optical service
implementation none of the mentioned
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
OSI stands for open system interconnection.
Explanation:
The OSI model (Open Systems Interconnection) is a conceptual framework used to understand and
implement networking and communication protocols in seven layers. It provides a standard for
computer-to-computer communication over a network, describing how data is transmitted and
received across a network.
4o mini
You said:
A local telephone network is an example of a network Packet switched Circuit switched both of the
mentioned none of the mentioned
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
A local telephone network is an example of a circuit-switched network.
Explanation:
• Circuit-switched networks establish a dedicated communication path between two

endpoints for the duration of the call. This is characteristic of traditional telephone networks.
• Packet-switched networks (like the internet) break data into packets and send them
independently over the network, which is more flexible and efficient for data
communication.
4o mini
You said:
Which sublayer of the data link layer performs data link functions that depend upon the type of
medium? logical link control sublayer media access control sublayer network interface control
sublayer none of the mentioned
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is media access control sublayer.
Explanation:
• The media access control (MAC) sublayer of the data link layer performs functions that
depend upon the type of medium. It controls how devices on the network gain access to the
medium and permission to transmit data.
• The logical link control (LLC) sublayer manages communication between the data link layer
and the network layer, independent of the physical medium.
• The network interface control sublayer is not a standard term used in data link layer
architecture.
4o mini
You said:
When 2 or more bits in a data unit has been changed during the transmission, the error is Options :
called random error burst error inverted error none of the mentioned
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is burst error.
Explanation:
• Random error: Involves single-bit errors that occur sporadically.
• Burst error: Occurs when two or more consecutive bits are altered during transmission due
to noise or interference.
• Inverted error: This term is not commonly used in error classification.
• None of the mentioned does not apply here because the correct term is burst error.
4o mini
You said:
How much channel throughout of slotted ALOHA will be in comparison to pure ALOHA. Same Double
Three times None of the above
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The channel throughput of slotted ALOHA will be double that of pure ALOHA.
Explanation:
• Slotted ALOHA divides the time into equal slots and aligns data transmissions to these slots,
reducing the probability of collisions. This leads to a higher throughput compared to pure
ALOHA, which allows packets to be sent at any time, increasing the chance of collisions.
• Therefore, slotted ALOHA achieves double the throughput of pure ALOHA under ideal
conditions.
4o mini
You said:
What is the measure (unit) used to represent signaling rate per second Baud HZ Bps None of these
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is Baud.
Explanation:
• Baud is a measure of signaling rate per second, representing the number of signal changes
(or symbols) per second.
• Hz (Hertz) measures frequency (cycles per second), but it's not specific to signaling changes.
• Bps (bits per second) measures data transfer rate in terms of bits sent per second, not
signaling rate.
• Therefore, Baud is specifically used to denote the signaling rate.
4o mini
You said:
The device operation at Data Link layer is Repeater Router Bridge None of the above
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is Bridge.
Explanation:
• Bridge operates at the Data Link layer. It connects two or more network segments at this
layer and manages traffic between them.
• Repeater operates at the Physical layer and simply amplifies the signal to extend its range.
• Router operates at the Network layer and forwards data packets between different
networks.
• Therefore, a Bridge is the device that specifically works at the Data Link layer.
4o mini
You said:
In which ARQ, when a NAK is received, all frames sent since the last frame acknowledge are
retransmitted Go back n Stop-and-wait Selective Reject Both A and B
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is Both A and B.
Explanation:
• Go back n ARQ retransmits all frames sent since the last acknowledged frame when a
negative acknowledgment (NAK) is received. This is because the system treats it as if those
frames were not received correctly.
• Stop-and-wait ARQ does not use multiple frames; it sends one frame at a time and waits for
an acknowledgment before sending the next one.
• Selective Reject ARQ only retransmits specific, problematic frames, not all frames after the
last acknowledged one.
• Thus, Go back n ARQ aligns with the concept of retransmitting multiple frames when a NAK
is received.
4o mini
You said:
Which of the following allows devices on one network to communicate with devices on another
network ? Modem Gateway T-switch Multiplexer
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is Gateway.
Explanation:
• Gateway allows devices on one network to communicate with devices on another network
by translating and forwarding data between different protocols, formats, or networks.
• Modem converts digital signals to analog signals for transmission over telephone lines and
vice versa.
• T-switch is not a standard networking device but rather could refer to a network switch or
telephony switch.
• Multiplexer combines multiple signals into one signal for transmission over a shared
medium, but it does not handle protocol conversion between networks.
• A Gateway is specifically used to bridge the communication between different network

architectures.
4o mini
You said:
Two Networks and Transport-layer protocols commonly used on Internet are TCP and SPX TCP and IP
RIP and NLSP None of the above
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is TCP and IP.
Explanation:
• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and IP (Internet Protocol) are the two fundamental
transport-layer protocols used on the Internet.
• TCP is responsible for reliable data transfer, ensuring data is delivered correctly, in order, and
without errors.
• IP handles the addressing and routing of data packets across networks, determining the best
path for data to travel.
• RIP (Routing Information Protocol) and NLSP (NetWare Link Services Protocol) are routing
protocols, not transport-layer protocols.
4o mini
You said:
Data which is routed between networks or from node to node within networks requires only the
tunctions of OSI Layers 1 and 2 Layers 1 through 3 All layers None of the above
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is Layers 1 through 3.
Explanation:
• Layers 1 through 3 of the OSI model are required for routing data between networks or from
node to node within networks.
o Layer 1 (Physical layer) deals with the actual transmission of raw bits over a
communication medium.
o Layer 2 (Data Link layer) handles error detection and correction, flow control, and
media access control.
o Layer 3 (Network layer) is responsible for routing data packets across networks,
providing logical addressing (like IP addresses) and determining the best path for
data transmission.
• All these layers are necessary to manage data routing between networks effectively.
4o mini
You said:
A device operation at the physical layer is called a Bridge Router Repeater None of the above
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is Repeater.
Explanation:
• A Repeater operates at the Physical layer of the OSI model. It amplifies the signal to extend
its range or to regenerate it so that it can reach its destination without degradation.
• A Bridge operates at the Data Link layer and connects two or more network segments at this
layer.
• A Router operates at the Network layer and forwards data packets between different
networks based on IP addresses.
• Therefore, Repeater specifically works at the Physical layer.
4o mini
You said:
Encryption and decryption are functions of Transport layer Session layer Presentation layer None of
the above
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is Presentation layer.
Explanation:
• The Presentation layer is responsible for data translation, encryption, and decryption, as well
as formatting data into a suitable format for the application layer.
• Encryption and decryption are essential functions in ensuring data security and integrity as
data is transmitted across networks.
• Transport layer ensures end-to-end communication and flow control but does not handle
data formatting or encryption.
• Session layer manages the establishment, maintenance, and termination of sessions, but it
doesn’t specifically deal with encryption and decryption.
4o mini
You said:
Which of the following layers of the OSI reference model is concerned with the syntax of data
exchanged between application entities ? Presentation layer Application layer Transportation layer
Session layer
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is Presentation layer.
Explanation:
• The Presentation layer is responsible for the syntax and semantics of data exchanged
between application entities. It translates data formats so they can be understood by both
sender and receiver, dealing with data encryption, compression, and other translation tasks.
• The Application layer provides user interfaces and application services to end-users and
does not directly handle the syntax of data.
• The Transport layer manages data flow, error checking, and end-to-end communication, but
it doesn’t deal with the data format specifics.
• The Session layer manages the establishment, maintenance, and termination of sessions,
but it’s not concerned with data syntax directly.
4o mini
You said:
An internetworking device operating at the transport layer is called a Bridge Router Repeater
Gateway
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is Router.
Explanation:
• A Router operates at the Transport layer of the OSI model, and its primary function is to
forward data packets between different networks based on IP addresses. It uses routing
protocols to determine the best path for data transmission.
• A Bridge operates at the Data Link layer and connects two or more network segments.
• A Repeater operates at the Physical layer and amplifies signals to extend their range.
• A Gateway can operate at various layers (including Transport) and acts as a translator
between different network architectures or protocols.
4o mini
You said:
This set of Computer Networks Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on "UDP" 1.
Which of the following is false with respect to UDP Connection-oriented Unreliable Transport layer
protocol All of the mentioned
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is Connection-oriented.
Explanation:
• UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless protocol, not connection-oriented.
• It is unreliable because it does not provide mechanisms for error checking, sequencing, or
flow control like TCP.
• It is a Transport layer protocol used for transmitting datagrams over the IP network.
• Therefore, the false statement with respect to UDP is that it is connection-oriented.
4o mini
You said:
The field used to detect errors over the entire user datagram is UDP header Checksum Source
port Destination port
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is Checksum.
Explanation:
• Checksum is a field in the UDP header used to detect errors in the transmitted data over the
entire user datagram.
• It performs a calculation of the data to ensure that it was transmitted correctly without any
corruption.
• Source port and Destination port fields are used to identify the source and destination
applications, but they do not specifically detect errors over the entire datagram.
• The UDP header contains several fields including Checksum, Source port, Destination port,
Length, and UDP length.
4o mini
You said:
"Total length" field in UDP packet header is the length of Only UDP header Only data Only
checksum UDP header plus data
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is UDP header plus data.
Explanation:
• The Total length field in a UDP packet header specifies the total length of the UDP segment,
which includes both the UDP header and the user data.
• It does not refer to only the UDP header, only the data, or only the checksum.
• This field helps in determining where the UDP segment begins and ends in the packet,
allowing the receiving host to correctly interpret the data.
4o mini
You said:
TeP groups a number of bytes together into a packet called a .... user
datagram segment datagram packet
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is segment.
Explanation:
• TeP (Transmission Protocol) groups a number of bytes together into a segment when data is
being transmitted over a connection-oriented protocol such as TCP.
• A user datagram is used with connectionless protocols like UDP.
• A datagram refers to a self-contained, independent packet of data.
• A packet is a more general term that can refer to data at any layer, but segment is more
specific to the transport layer where TCP operates.
4o mini
You said:
In User Datagram Protocol (UDP), queues are associated with Slots IP Ports Packets
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is Ports.
Explanation:
• In User Datagram Protocol (UDP), queues are associated with ports.
• Each port number corresponds to a specific application or service on a host, and the system
maintains queues for incoming UDP packets destined for those ports.
• IP addresses identify the destination host, but queues themselves are not specifically
associated with IP addresses.
• Slots and Packets are not directly associated with the concept of queues in the context of
UDP transmission.
4o mini
You said:
In User Datagram Protocol, when sender receives datagram back is known as Path flow Flow
Users Echo None of the Above
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is Echo.
Explanation:
• In User Datagram Protocol (UDP), when a sender receives a datagram back, it is known as an
Echo.
• This is used for diagnostic purposes, to confirm that the data has been successfully
transmitted to the destination and that the response has returned correctly.
• Path flow and Flow Users are not standard terms used in the context of UDP
communication.
4o mini
You said:
Which protocol deals with emails PTP B I. SMTP LPD 1. X window
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is I. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol).
Explanation:
• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is the protocol used to send and receive emails across
the internet.
• PTP (Point-to-Point Protocol) is generally used for point-to-point data transmission.
• LPD (Line Printer Daemon) is used for printing services.
• X Window is a graphical windowing system for UNIX-like operating systems.
• Therefore, SMTP is specifically designed for email transmission.
4o mini
You said:
Which protocol uses window flow system A. UDP B. TCP FIP D None of above
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is B. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol).
Explanation:
• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) uses a window flow control system to manage data
transmission between devices.
• It controls the amount of data sent before requiring an acknowledgment from the receiving
end to prevent congestion and ensure reliable delivery.
• UDP (User Datagram Protocol) does not use a window flow control system, as it is a
connectionless protocol that sends data without guarantees of order or delivery
confirmation.
• FIP (File Information Protocol) and D are not standard protocol terms in this context.
4o mini
You said:
TCP/IP reference model contains how many layers A. 3 B. 4 C. 6 D.7
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is B. 4.
Explanation:
• The TCP/IP model consists of 4 layers:
1. Application Layer: Includes protocols like HTTP, FTP, and SMTP.
2. Transport Layer: Includes TCP and UDP.
3. Internet Layer: Primarily IP (Internet Protocol).
4. Network Access Layer: Includes protocols like Ethernet and PPP (Point-to-Point
Protocol).
• The OSI model, on the other hand, consists of 7 layers.
• Therefore, TCP/IP uses 4 layers.
4o mini
You said:
In link state routing, after the construction of link state packets new routes are computed using •
Bellman Ford algorithm O DES algorithm O Dijkstra's algorithm • Leaky bucket algorithm
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is Dijkstra's algorithm.

Explanation:
• In link state routing, after the construction of link state packets (LSPs), new routes are
computed using Dijkstra's algorithm.
• This algorithm finds the shortest path from a starting node to all other nodes in a graph,
making it suitable for use in link state routing protocols like OSPF (Open Shortest Path First).
• Bellman-Ford algorithm is another algorithm but is used more commonly in distance-vector

routing protocols.
• DES algorithm and Leaky bucket algorithm are not used for computing routing paths.
4o mini
You said:
In distance vector routing algorithm, each router maintains a separate routing table with the
following entries. O preferted input line, estimated time O preferred input line, estimated distance O
preferred output line, estimated time O preferred output line, router
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is O preferred output line, estimated distance.
Explanation:
• In a distance vector routing algorithm, each router maintains a separate routing table that
includes the preferred output line (interface) and the estimated distance (or cost) to reach a
destination network.
• The table entry typically contains:
o Destination network
o Preferred output line (interface)
o Estimated distance (metric)
• The algorithm calculates the shortest path based on these distance estimates and updates
the table accordingly.
• Preferred input line, estimated time or preferred output line, router are not standard
entries in the distance vector routing table.
4o mini
You said:
In distance vector routing algorithm, the routing tables are updated.. by exchanging information with
the neighbours automatically using the backup database by the server
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is by exchanging information with the neighbors automatically.
Explanation:
• In a distance vector routing algorithm, routing tables are updated by exchanging

information with the neighbors automatically.
• Routers periodically send their routing tables to their directly connected neighbors to inform
them of their routes and costs to different networks.
• This process allows each router to build a collective view of the network topology and make
routing decisions based on the best paths available.
• The updates happen periodically or in response to changes in the network (e.g., link failures).
• Using the backup database or by the server do not describe the mechanism used in distance
vector routing algorithms.
4o mini
You said:
Distance vector routing algorithm is implemented in Internet as .... Options : • OSPF O RIP • ARP O
RARP
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is O RIP (Routing Information Protocol).
Explanation:
• RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a classic distance vector routing algorithm used in
Internet routing.
• It periodically shares its routing table with its neighbors, allowing each router to build a
collective view of the network topology.
• OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a link state routing protocol, not a distance vector one.
• ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) and RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) are
protocols used at the Data Link layer, not related to distance vector routing algorithms.
4o mini
You said:
Which of the following is reliable communication protocol? O TCP • IP O UDP O ALL OF THE ABOVE
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is O TCP.
Explanation:
• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a reliable communication protocol. It provides
mechanisms for error checking, sequencing, flow control, and acknowledgment to ensure
data is transmitted correctly and in order.
• IP (Internet Protocol) is not a reliable protocol. It is responsible for addressing and routing
packets but does not provide reliability, error recovery, or flow control.
• UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless and unreliable communication protocol,

which means it does not guarantee data delivery, ordering, or error checking.
• Therefore, TCP is the only reliable communication protocol among the options listed.
4o mini
You said:
DHCP Server provides to the client. Protocol IP Address O MAC Address • PORT Address
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is IP Address.
Explanation:
• DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server provides an IP address to the client.
• When a device connects to a network, it sends a DHCP request, and the DHCP server assigns
an IP address to the device, making network communication possible.
• MAC Address is a unique identifier for network interfaces, and PORT Address is associated
with TCP or UDP communication, but DHCP is specifically for IP address assignment.
4o mini
You said:
Controlling access to a network by analyzing the incoming and outgoing packets is called • IP Filtering
O Data Filtering O Packet Filtering • Firewall Filtering
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is Packet Filtering.
Explanation:
• Packet Filtering is a method used by firewalls to control access to a network by analyzing

incoming and outgoing packets.
• It involves checking the packets against predefined rules to allow, deny, or modify their
passage based on the source and destination IP addresses, protocols, ports, and other packet
characteristics.
• IP Filtering specifically refers to filtering based on IP addresses, which is a subset of Packet

Filtering.
• Data Filtering and Firewall Filtering are broader terms but can be specific to packet filtering
or may include other methods of filtering traffic.
4o mini
You said:
allow many devices to share limited address space on a network Q: 56 of 120 Options : O Multiple
addressing • Port addressing O Dynamic addressing • None of the above
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is Dynamic addressing.
Explanation:
• Dynamic addressing allows many devices to share a limited address space on a network. It
automatically assigns IP addresses to devices when they join the network, conserving the
available address pool.
• Multiple addressing refers to using multiple IP addresses, but it doesn't specifically address
the issue of sharing address space among many devices.
• Port addressing is associated with TCP/UDP ports, not IP addresses.
• None of the above would be appropriate if none of the options specifically addressed the
concept of sharing address space in a network.
4o mini
You said:
Which of the following to keep track of the individual units of data (called packets) that a message is
divided into for efficient routing through the Internet. • ARP О НТТР • TCP/IP
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is TCP/IP.
Explanation:
• TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a suite of protocols used to

transmit data over the Internet.
• TCP (part of TCP/IP) is responsible for segmenting messages into packets, tracking each
packet, and ensuring they are reassembled correctly at the destination. It manages the order
of packets and error checking to ensure reliable communication.
• ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is used to map IP addresses to MAC addresses.
• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is used for transmitting web pages and not specifically
for routing packets or keeping track of individual data units.
• Therefore, TCP/IP is responsible for keeping track of packets that a message is divided into
for efficient routing.
4o mini
You said:
You need to subnet a network that has 5 subnets, each with at least 16 hosts. Which classfi subnet
mask you will use? 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.224 © 255.255.255.240 255.255.255.248
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct subnet mask to use is 255.255.255.224.
Explanation:
• To create 5 subnets with each subnet having at least 16 hosts, we need a subnet mask that
provides enough addresses to support the required number of hosts per subnet.
• A subnet mask of 255.255.255.224 provides 32 IP addresses per subnet (which includes the
network and broadcast addresses), accommodating up to 30 usable IP addresses per subnet
(16 usable hosts per subnet since the first 2 addresses are reserved for network identification
and broadcast).
• 255.255.255.192 provides only 62 IP addresses per subnet.
• 255.255.255.240 provides only 14 usable addresses per subnet.
• 255.255.255.248 provides only 6 usable addresses per subnet, which is not sufficient for 16
hosts.
• Therefore, 255.255.255.224 is the correct subnet mask for 5 subnets, each with at least 16
hosts.
4o mini
You said:
You need to configure a server that is on the subnet 192.168.19.24/29. The router has the first
available host address, which of the following you will assign to the server? 192.168.19.0
255.255.255.0 192.168.19.33 255.255.255.240 © 192.168.19.26 255.255.255.248 • 192.168.19.31
255.255.255.248
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is 192.168.19.26 255.255.255.248.
Explanation:
• The subnet mask 255.255.255.248 (or /29) provides 8 usable IP addresses.
• The IP range for the subnet 192.168.19.24/29 is:
o Network address: 192.168.19.24

o First usable address: 192.168.19.25
o Last usable address: 192.168.19.30
o Broadcast address: 192.168.19.31
• Since the router has taken the first available host address (192.168.19.25), the server should
be assigned the next available address which is 192.168.19.26.
• 192.168.19.31 is the broadcast address, which should not be assigned to any host.
Therefore, 192.168.19.26 255.255.255.248 is the correct IP address for the server.
4o mini
You said:
You need to configure a server that is on the subnet 192.168.19.24/29. The router has the first
available host address, which of the following you will assign to the server? 192.168.19.0
255.255.255.0 192.168.19.33 255.255.255.240 192.168.19.26 255.255.255.248 О 192.168.19.31
255.255.255.248
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is 192.168.19.26 255.255.255.248.
Explanation:
• The subnet mask 255.255.255.248 (or /29) provides 8 usable IP addresses.
• The IP range for the subnet 192.168.19.24/29 is:
o Network address: 192.168.19.24
o First usable address: 192.168.19.25
o Last usable address: 192.168.19.30
o Broadcast address: 192.168.19.31
• Since the router has taken the first available host address (192.168.19.25), the server should
be assigned the next available address which is 192.168.19.26.
• 192.168.19.31 is the broadcast address, which should not be assigned to any host.
Therefore, 192.168.19.26 255.255.255.248 is the correct IP address for the server.
4o mini
You said:
Which of the following is the ethernet broadcast address used in ARP and RARP requests? Q: 61 of
120 Options : 255.255.255.255 08:00:20:11:aa:01 ff:ff:ff:ft: ff: ft 224.0.0.0
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff.
Explanation:
• In Ethernet networks, the broadcast address is ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff.
• This address is used for Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Reverse ARP (RARP) requests
to communicate with all devices on the local network segment.
• The IP broadcast address 255.255.255.255 is used in IPv4 networks, but for Ethernet frames,
it's represented as the MAC address ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff.
• 08:00:20:11:aa:01 and 224.0.0.0 are not the standard broadcast addresses used for Ethernet
or ARP/RARP requests.
4o mini
You said:
Which protocol does DHCP use at the Transport layer? O: 62 of 120 Options : 108 • IP O ARP O UDP 0
TCP
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is UDP (User Datagram Protocol).
Explanation:
• DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) uses UDP at the Transport layer.
• UDP is preferred for DHCP because it allows fast, connectionless communication. It does not
establish a connection before transmitting data, which makes it suitable for tasks like IP
address allocation.
• TCP would be too slow and resource-intensive for DHCP, which requires quick and efficient
address assignment.
• IP and ARP are at different layers of the OSI model and not used for DHCP transport.
4o mini
You said:
is an ARP that acts on behalf of a set of hosts. Q: 63 of 120 Options : Modem Global Router O Proxy
ARP • All of the above
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is Proxy ARP.
Explanation:
• Proxy ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is a technique used to allow a router or switch to
respond to ARP requests on behalf of a set of hosts. It allows devices on a remote network to
communicate with devices on a local network without needing direct knowledge of their
MAC addresses.
• This is useful when hosts on a subnet cannot communicate directly with each other because
they are on different IP subnets but share the same physical network segment.
• Modem and Global Router are not specifically related to the function of Proxy ARP, which
acts as an intermediary in responding to ARP requests.
4o mini
You said:
Which of the following are disadvantages of using NAT? Translation introduces switching path
delays. Conserves legally registered addresses. Causes loss of end-to-end IP traceability. Increases
flexibility when connecting to the Internet. Certain applications will not function with NAT
enabled. Reduces address overlap occurrence. 1, 3 and 5 3 and 4 2,4 and 5 1 and 3
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is 1, 3, and 5.
Explanation:
• Translation introduces switching path delays: NAT requires translation between public and
private IP addresses, which can introduce latency.
• Causes loss of end-to-end IP traceability: NAT hides internal IP addresses, making it difficult
to track end-to-end communication paths.
• Certain applications will not function with NAT enabled: Some applications (like gaming,
VPNs, and SIP-based VoIP) require a direct end-to-end IP connection and do not work well
with NAT.
• Conserves legally registered addresses: NAT conserves IP addresses by using private IP

address ranges.
• Increases flexibility when connecting to the Internet: This is not a disadvantage; in fact, NAT
enhances flexibility by allowing multiple devices to use a single public IP address.
• Reduces address overlap occurrence: This is not directly a disadvantage of NAT; in fact, NAT
helps manage address overlaps in different address spaces.
4o mini
You said:
Which is the correct expression for the length of UDP datagram? • UDP length = IP length - IP
header's length O UDP length = UDP length - UDP header's length O UDP length = IP length + IP
header's length • UDP length = UDP length + UDP header's length
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct expression for the length of a UDP datagram is:
UDP length = IP length - IP header's length
Explanation:
• The length of the UDP datagram is found by subtracting the IP header's length from the
overall IP packet length. This calculation removes the IP header overhead to give the length
of the UDP payload.
• UDP length should not include the length of the UDP header itself; it focuses on the data
segment or payload carried by UDP.
• The other expressions provided are incorrect because they either include the UDP header's
length or misinterpret the relationship between UDP and IP lengths.
4o mini
You said:
Which of the following is false with respect to UDP? Connection-oriented Unreliable Transport layer
protocol Low overhead
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is Connection-oriented.
Explanation:
• UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is unreliable; it does not guarantee delivery, ordering, or
error checking like TCP (Transmission Control Protocol). It is suitable for applications where
speed is more important than reliability.
• UDP is a transport layer protocol. It provides basic data transmission services without the
error correction and flow control features of TCP.
• Low overhead is true for UDP because it has a smaller header compared to TCP, making it
more efficient for applications requiring fast transmission of small packets.
Therefore, Connection-oriented is the false statement with respect to UDP.
4o mini
You said:
In TCP, sending and receiving data is done as Q: 67 of 120 Options : • Stream of bytes O Sequence of
characters Lines of data Packets
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is Stream of bytes.
Explanation:
• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a connection-oriented protocol that sends and
receives data as a stream of bytes.
• It does not handle data as discrete packets but rather manages the entire data stream,
ensuring it arrives in the correct order and with error checking.
• This characteristic makes TCP suitable for applications where data integrity and order are
important, such as file transfer and web browsing.
So, the correct answer is Stream of bytes.
4o mini
You said:
TCP process may not write and read data at the same speed. So we need • Packets O
Buffers Segments Stacks
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is Buffers.
Explanation:
• Buffers are used in TCP to store data temporarily while it is being read or written.
• TCP process may not write and read data at the same speed due to network conditions or
processing delays. Buffers allow TCP to manage this mismatch by storing excess data
temporarily, preventing overflow and ensuring smooth data transmission.
• Packets are smaller units of data in a network, segments are used in TCP to refer to the data
portion of a packet, and stacks refer to the software architecture used to manage protocols
on a network stack.
Therefore, Buffers is the correct choice.
4o mini
You said:
Communication offered by TCP is Full Duplex Half Duplex Simplex Byte by Byte
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is Full Duplex.
Explanation:
• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) offers full duplex communication, meaning it can send
and receive data simultaneously in both directions.
• This is different from half duplex, where communication can occur in both directions but not
simultaneously, and simplex, where data transmission is unidirectional (either sending or
receiving, but not both).
• Byte by byte refers to the granularity of data transmission, which is more relevant to how
data is managed in TCP than the type of communication.
Therefore, Full Duplex is the correct choice.
4o mini
You said:
In the sending computer UDP sends the data unit to O Application • Transport O IP • None of the
above
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is Transport.
Explanation:
• In the sending computer, UDP (User Datagram Protocol) sends the data unit to the
Transport layer.
• The Transport layer takes the data from the application layer and packages it into a UDP
datagram, adding a header that includes information like source and destination ports. This
datagram is then passed down to the IP layer for encapsulation and transmission over the
network.
• The Application layer directly interacts with the user applications, and the IP layer handles
routing and addressing of packets across networks.
Therefore, Transport is the correct choice.
4o mini
You said:
The combination of IP Address and Port Address is called as Transport Address Network
Address Socket Address Server Address
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is Socket Address.
Explanation:
• A Socket Address is a combination of an IP Address and a Port Number. It uniquely identifies

a specific endpoint in a network communication.
• The IP Address identifies the device's location on the network, while the Port Address
specifies the service or application on that device.
• This combination is used by protocols like TCP and UDP to direct data to the correct
destination and port.
Therefore, Socket Address is the correct choice.

4o mini
You said:
Which of the following field in IPv4 datagram is not related to fragmentation? • Flags O
Offset TOS Identifier
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is TOS (Type of Service).
Explanation:
• Flags in an IPv4 datagram are used for controlling fragmentation (such as the More
Fragments and Don't Fragment flags).
• Offset specifies where in the datagram the current fragment belongs, in terms of byte
positions.
• Identifier identifies the group of fragments that belong to a particular original datagram.
• TOS (Type of Service) is not directly related to fragmentation; it specifies the type of service
requested, such as latency or throughput, but does not affect how the datagram is
fragmented.
Therefore, TOS is the correct choice.
4o mini
You said:
What should be the flag value to indicate the last fragment? Q: 73 of 120 Options 1 108 0 1 TTL
Value Protocol field Value
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is 0 1.
Explanation:
• In IPv4 fragmentation, the Flags field includes a More Fragments bit (indicated by 0 1 in
binary).
• When this bit is set to 0, it indicates that the current fragment is the last fragment of the
datagram.
• A More Fragments value of 1 indicates that there are additional fragments following this
one.
Therefore, 0 1 is the correct choice to indicate the last fragment.
4o mini
You said:
What should be the flag value to indicate the last fragment? Q: 73 of 120 Options 1 108 0 , 1 TTL
Value Protocol field Value
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is 0 0.
Explanation:
• In IPv4 fragmentation, the Flags field includes a More Fragments bit.
• When this bit is set to 0 0 (binary), it indicates that the current fragment is the last fragment
of the datagram.
• A More Fragments value of 0 1 indicates there are more fragments to come.
Therefore, 0 0 is the correct flag value to indicate the last fragment.
4o mini
You said:
Which of these is not applicable for IP protocol? • is connectionless offer reliable service offer
unreliable service does not offer error reporting
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is offer reliable service.
Explanation:
• IP (Internet Protocol) is connectionless, meaning it does not establish a connection before

sending data and does not guarantee the order or delivery of packets.
• IP offers an unreliable service, as it does not provide error checking or retransmission of lost
packets.
• IP does not offer error reporting; it simply forwards packets and does not have mechanisms
for handling errors.
Therefore, offer reliable service is not applicable for the IP protocol.
4o mini
You said:
The network physical data link transport О В O D layer ensures reliable transmission on a single link
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is data link.
Explanation:
• The data link layer ensures reliable transmission over a single link. It manages error
detection and correction and handles the framing of data for transmission across a physical
link.
• This layer deals with protocols like Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and others that define how data is
encapsulated and transmitted over the physical medium.
• The transport layer provides end-to-end communication across networks, ensuring data
delivery between hosts, not just over a single link.
Therefore, data link is the correct choice.
4o mini
You said:
The data link layer divides the stream of bits received from the network layer into data
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is frames.
Explanation:
• The data link layer is responsible for dividing the stream of bits received from the network
layer into frames.
• Each frame includes data from the network layer encapsulated with a header and possibly a
trailer, which may contain error detection bits.
• This process ensures that data can be properly transmitted and reconstructed at the
destination.
Therefore, frames is the correct term.
4o mini
You said:
The from being overwhelmed with data. data link network presentation session layer is responsible
for regulating the flow of data to prevent the receiver
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is network.
Explanation:
• The network layer is responsible for regulating the flow of data to prevent the receiver from
being overwhelmed.
• It deals with routing packets across networks and ensuring data packets are delivered
efficiently.
• The data link layer manages error detection and correction for the physical link and groups
bits into frames, but it doesn't directly manage the flow control across networks.
• The session layer is involved with maintaining, managing, and synchronizing the interaction
between two communicating devices, but flow control is not its primary responsibility.
• The presentation layer handles data translation and encryption, but not flow control.
Therefore, network is the correct choice.
4o mini
You said:
In pure ALOHA, the vulnerable time is the same as two times three times none of the above A B C D
the frame transmission time.
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is two times.
Explanation:
• In pure ALOHA, the vulnerable time is twice the frame transmission time.
• This is because a collision could occur at the time when the second station sends its frame
immediately after the first station, leading to overlap.
• Therefore, the time period during which a new frame should not be sent to avoid collision is
twice the frame time.
Therefore, two times is the correct choice.
4o mini
You said:
120 Options : Lest Name- Data Communication Practice Test final • In slotted ALOHA, the vulnerable
time is the same as two times three times none of the above
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is two times.
Explanation:
• In slotted ALOHA, the vulnerable time is twice the frame transmission time.
• This is because in slotted ALOHA, the time is divided into equal slots, and a collision can only
occur if two stations attempt to send frames in the same slot. Since the system is more
synchronized, the vulnerable time matches the transmission time of two consecutive slots.
Therefore, two times is the correct choice.
4o mini
You said:
The vulnerable time for CSMA is the the same as two times three times none of the above
propagation time.
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is the same as.
Explanation:
• In Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA), the vulnerable time is approximately the same as
the propagation time.
• This is because the sending station must wait for an acknowledgment after sending a signal
to determine if a collision has occurred. The propagation delay determines how long it takes
for the signal to reach the receiver, so the vulnerable time is directly influenced by this
propagation delay.
Therefore, the same as is the correct choice.
4o mini
You said:
the method, after the station finds the line idle it sends or refrain from sending based on the
outcome of a random number generator. If the line is busy, it tries again nonpersistent 1-persistent p-
persistent none of the above
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is p-persistent.
Explanation:
• In p-persistent CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access), a station that finds the line idle will
send with a probability p.
• If the line is busy, it will try again after a random backoff time. This method balances the
need for efficiency and the probability of collision.
• 1-persistent always tries to send as soon as the line becomes idle, and nonpersistent tries to
send after a random backoff time if the line is busy, but with a lower probability compared to
p-persistent.
Therefore, p-persistent is the correct choice.
4o mini
You said:
control over another random access controlled access channelization none of the above methods, no
station is superior to another station and none is assigned the
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is random access.
Explanation:
• In random access methods, no station has control over another, meaning every station has
equal opportunity to access the channel without requiring permissions or an authority.
• Controlled access methods assign specific control over channel access to a single station or
use a pre-defined protocol to manage access.
• Channelization typically refers to dividing the channel into separate channels or bands, not
directly related to random access methods.
Therefore, random access is the correct choice.
4o mini
You said:
a station monitors the medium after it sends a frame to see if the transmission was successful. If so,
the station is finished. If, however, there is a collision, the frame is sent
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is nonpersistently.
Explanation:
• In nonpersistent CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access), after a station sends a frame, it
monitors the medium to see if the transmission was successful.
• If there is a collision, the station waits for a random backoff time and then attempts to
retransmit the frame.
• This method is less aggressive compared to 1-persistent CSMA, which attempts to send as
soon as the medium is idle.
Therefore, nonpersistently is the correct choice.
4o mini
You said:
a station monitors the medium after it sends a frame to see if the transmission was successful. If so,
the station is finished. If, however, there is a collision, the frame is sent CSMA/CA CSMA/CD either (a)
or (b) both (a) and (b)
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is CSMA/CD.

Explanation:
• CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) is used in Ethernet
networks. After sending a frame, a station monitors the medium to check if the transmission
was successful.
• If the transmission was successful, the station is finished. If a collision occurs (indicating that
another station transmitted simultaneously), the frame is sent again after waiting for a
random backoff time.
• CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) is used in wireless
networks, which prevent collisions by using a different strategy of waiting for a time before
sending, rather than monitoring the medium for collisions after sending.
Which one of the following event is not possible in wireless LAN? a) collision detection b)
acknowledgement of data frames c) multi-mode data transmission d) connection to wired networks
BLACKBOXAI
The event that is not possible in a wireless LAN is:
a) collision detection
In wireless LANs, collision detection is not feasible due to the nature of the wireless medium.
Instead, wireless networks typically use collision avoidance techniques, such as CSMA/CA (Carrier
Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance), to manage access to the medium. In contrast, wired
networks can use collision detection methods like CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Detection).
You
Which one of the following event is not possible in wireless LAN? a) collision detection b)
acknowledgement of data frames c) multi-mode data transmission d) connection to wired networks
BLACKBOXAI
The event that is not possible in a wireless LAN is:
a) collision detection
In wireless LANs, collision detection is not feasible because devices cannot listen and transmit at the
same time due to the nature of the wireless medium. Instead, wireless networks use collision
avoidance techniques, such as CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance).
The other options (acknowledgement of data frames, multi-mode data transmission, and connection
to wired networks) are all possible in wireless LANs.
You
What is start frame delimeter (SFD) in ethernet frame? a) 10101010 b) 10101011 с) 00000000 d)
11111111 O A C D Se Clear Respons
BLACKBOXAI
The Start Frame Delimiter (SFD) in an Ethernet frame is:
b) 10101011
The SFD is a specific sequence of bits that indicates the start of the frame data in Ethernet frames. It
follows the preamble (which is 7 bytes of alternating 1s and 0s) and is used to signal the beginning of
the actual frame. The SFD is 1 byte long and is represented as 0xAB in hexadecimal, which
corresponds to the binary value 10101011.
You
Bluetooth is the wireless technology for a) local area network b) personal area network c)
metropolitan area network d) wide area network
BLACKBOXAI
Bluetooth is the wireless technology for:
b) personal area network
Bluetooth is designed for short-range communication between devices, typically within a range of
about 10 meters (33 feet). It is commonly used for connecting personal devices such as smartphones,
headphones, and other peripherals, making it suitable for personal area networks (PANs).
You
In a piconet, one master device a) can not be slave b) can be slave in another piconet c) can be slave
in the same piconet d) can be master in another piconet
BLACKBOXAI
In a piconet, one master device:
b) can be slave in another piconet
In Bluetooth technology, a master device in one piconet can act as a slave in another piconet. This
allows for flexibility in device roles across different piconets, but within a single piconet, a device can
either be a master or a slave, not both at the same time.
You
A device that connects networks with different protocols - Switch Hub Gateway All of these
BLACKBOXAI
A device that connects networks with different protocols is a:
Gateway
A gateway serves as a "gate" between two networks that may use different protocols, allowing them
to communicate with each other. In contrast, switches and hubs operate primarily at the same layer
of the OSI model and are used to connect devices within the same network or protocol.
You
Which of the following network device has the slowest type of connection? DSL Router Dial-up
modems None Of The Above
BLACKBOXAI
The network device that has the slowest type of connection among the options provided is:
Dial-up modems
Dial-up modems typically offer much slower connection speeds compared to DSL and routers, which
can facilitate faster broadband connections. Dial-up connections usually operate at speeds of up to
56 Kbps, while DSL can provide speeds ranging from hundreds of Kbps to several Mbps.
You
Which network is able to connect and send data to each computer via central hub or switch without
looking where the data is sent? Star Router BUS LAN
BLACKBOXAI
The network that is able to connect and send data to each computer via a central hub or switch
without looking where the data is sent is a:
Star
In a star topology, all devices are connected to a central hub or switch. When data is sent, it goes to
the hub or switch, which then forwards it to the appropriate device. The central device manages the
data traffic, allowing for communication without needing to know the specific destination
beforehand.
You
In service, each message carries the full destination address, and each one is routed through the
system independent of all others. connection-oriented connection-less service-oriented All Of These
BLACKBOXAI
The correct answer is:
Connectionless service
In a connectionless service, each message (or packet) carries the full destination address, and each
one is routed independently of all others. This means that there is no established connection before
data is sent, and each packet can take a different path to reach its destination. Examples of
connectionless protocols include UDP (User Datagram Protocol).
In contrast, connection-oriented services establish a connection before data transfer, and messages
are sent in a sequence.
You
In the route from sender to receiver A. datagram B. virtual circuit C. virtual channel D. virtual path
approach to packet switching, all packets of a message follow the same
BLACKBOXAI
In the route from sender to receiver, the correct answer is:
B. virtual circuit
In a virtual circuit approach to packet switching, all packets of a message follow the same path from
sender to receiver. This method establishes a predefined path for the packets to travel, ensuring that
they arrive in the correct order and follow the same route through the network. This is in contrast to
datagram switching, where packets can take different paths to reach the destination.
You
In the virtual circuit approach to packet switching, the same route from sender to receiver. A. no B.
some Cl all D. at least half packets of a message follow
BLACKBOXAI
In the virtual circuit approach to packet switching, the correct answer is:
C. all
In a virtual circuit approach, all packets of a message follow the same route from sender to receiver.
This means that once a virtual circuit is established, every packet sent over that circuit will take the
same path through the network, ensuring that they arrive in the correct order.
You
The switching method best suited for voice communication is A. circuit B. packet C. message D. b and
c switching.
BLACKBOXAI
The switching method best suited for voice communication is:
A. circuit switching.
Circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path between the sender and receiver for
the duration of the call, which is ideal for real-time voice communication. This method ensures a
constant and reliable connection, minimizing delays and interruptions, which is crucial for
maintaining the quality of voice calls.
Packet switching (options B and D) is more efficient for data transmission but can introduce delays
and variability in packet delivery, making it less suitable for real-time voice communication.
You
Options : Ping can • Measure round-trip time • Report packet loss • Report latency • All of the
mentioned
BLACKBOXAI
• All of the mentioned
Ping is a network utility that can measure round-trip time, report packet loss, and report latency. It
sends ICMP Echo Request messages to a target host and waits for Echo Reply messages, allowing it to
gather information about the network connection.
You
ICMP is used in • Ping • Traceroute O Ifconfig • Both Ping & Traceroute
BLACKBOXAI
• Both Ping & Traceroute
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is used by both the Ping and Traceroute utilities. Ping uses
ICMP Echo Request and Echo Reply messages to check the reachability of a host and measure round-
trip time. Traceroute uses ICMP (or sometimes UDP) to determine the path packets take to reach a
destination, reporting the time taken for each hop along the route.
You
If you want to find the number of routers between a source and destination, the utility to be used is
Q: 100 of 120 Options : O route • Ipconfig O Ifconfig • Traceroute
BLACKBOXAI
• Traceroute
Traceroute is a network diagnostic tool used to determine the path that packets take from a source
to a destination. It shows the number of hops (routers) along the way, along with the round-trip time
for each hop.
You
Which of the following is related to ipconfig in Microsoft Windows? O: 101 of 120 Options: • Display
all current TCP/IP network configuration values • Modify DHCP settings • Modify DNS settings • All of
the above
BLACKBOXAI
• Display all current TCP/IP network configuration values
The ipconfig command in Microsoft Windows is primarily used to display the current TCP/IP network
configuration values, such as IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway. It does not modify DHCP
or DNS settings directly; those tasks are typically handled through other commands or system
settings.
You
In delivery, both the deliverer of the IP packet and the destination are on the same network. Q: 102
of 120 Options : a connectionless a direct • an indirect • none of the above
BLACKBOXAI
• a direct
In direct delivery, both the sender (deliverer of the IP packet) and the destination are on the same
network. This means that the packet can be sent directly to the destination without needing to be
routed through other networks.
You
In • next-hop • network-specific • host-specific • default forwarding, the full IP address of a

destination is given in the routing table.
BLACKBOXAI
• host-specific
In host-specific forwarding, the routing table contains the full IP address of a specific destination
host. This allows the router to forward packets directly to that specific host rather than to a network
or a next-hop address.
You
In forwarding, the mask and destination addresses are both 0.0.0.0 in the routing table.
BLACKBOXAI
• default
In default forwarding, the mask and destination addresses are both set to 0.0.0.0 in the routing table.
This entry is used to route packets to a default gateway when no specific route matches the
destination address of the packet.
You
The idea of address aggregation was designed to alleviate the increase in routing table entries when
using classful addressing • classless addressing • both a and b none of the above
BLACKBOXAI
• classful addressing
Address aggregation, also known as route summarization, was primarily designed to alleviate the
increase in routing table entries that occurs with classful addressing. Classful addressing can lead to a
large number of individual routes in the routing table, and aggregation helps to reduce this by
combining multiple routes into a single entry. While it can also be applied in classless addressing, the
concept was originally developed to address the limitations of classful addressing.
You
What is the purpose of the DHCP server? Q: 106 of 120 Options : • to provide storage for email • to
translate URLs to IP addresses • to translate IPv4 addresses to MAC addresses • to provide an IP
configuration information to hosts
BLACKBOXAI
• to provide IP configuration information to hosts
The purpose of a DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server is to automatically assign IP
addresses and provide other network configuration information (such as subnet mask, default
gateway, and DNS server) to devices (hosts) on a network. This simplifies the process of managing IP
addresses and ensures that devices can communicate on the network without manual configuration.
You
How does a DHCP server dynamically assign IP address to host? Options : • Addresses are allocated
after a negotiation between the server and the host to determine the length of the agreement. •
Addresses are assigned for a fixed period of time. At the end of period, a new quest for an address
must be made, and another address is then assigned. • Addresses are leased to host. A host will
usually keep the same address by periodically contacting the DHCP sever to renew the lease. •
Addresses are permanently assigned so that the host uses the same address at all times.
BLACKBOXAI
• Addresses are leased to host. A host will usually keep the same address by periodically contacting
the DHCP server to renew the lease.
In DHCP, IP addresses are leased to hosts for a specific period of time. When a host connects to the
network, it requests an IP address from the DHCP server, which assigns an available address and
provides a lease duration. The host can renew the lease before it expires to continue using the same
IP address. This dynamic assignment helps manage IP address allocation efficiently.
You
10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 (Assignable IP range - 10.0.0.1-10.255.255.254) is
BLACKBOXAI
The IP address range 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 represents a private IP address space defined by the Class A
network.
Breakdown:
IP Address: 10.0.0.0
Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0 (or /8 in CIDR notation)
Assignable IP Range:
The assignable IP range for this network is from 10.0.0.1 to 10.255.255.254.
The first address (10.0.0.0) is the network address and cannot be assigned to a host.
The last address (10.255.255.255) is the broadcast address for the network and also cannot be
assigned to a host.
Summary:
The 10.0.0.0/8 network is part of the private IP address space, which means it is not routable on the
public internet and is typically used for internal networks. This range can accommodate a large
number of hosts (over 16 million) within the private network.
You
is used for assigning Class D IP addresses and related network settings • Normal DHCP Scope • Super
Scope • Class C • Multicast Scope
BLACKBOXAI
• Multicast Scope
Class D IP addresses (ranging from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255) are used for multicast groups. A
Multicast Scope in DHCP is specifically designed for assigning Class D IP addresses and related
network settings to devices that are part of a multicast group.
The other options do not pertain to Class D addresses:
Normal DHCP Scope is used for unicast IP addresses (typically Class A, B, and C).
Super Scope is a collection of multiple DHCP scopes that allows a DHCP server to serve clients from
different subnets.
Class C refers to a specific range of unicast IP addresses (192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255) and is not
related to multicast.
You
a host on a network has the address 172.16.45.14/30, what is the subnetwork this host belongs to?
BLACKBOXAI
To determine the subnetwork that the host with the address 172.16.45.14/30 belongs to, we need to
analyze the IP address and the subnet mask.
Step 1: Understand the Subnet Mask

The /30 indicates that the first 30 bits of the address are used for the network part, and the
remaining 2 bits are used for host addresses. The subnet mask for /30 is:
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.252
Step 2: Calculate the Network Address
To find the network address, we can perform a bitwise AND operation between the IP address and
the subnet mask.
Convert the IP address and subnet mask to binary:
IP Address (172.16.45.14):
172 = 10101100
16 = 00010000
45 = 00101101
14 = 00001110
Binary: 10101100.00010000.00101101.00001110
Subnet Mask (255.255.255.252):
255 = 11111111
255 = 11111111
255 = 11111111
252 = 11111100
Binary: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100
Perform the bitwise AND operation:
Run
Copy code
110101100.00010000.00101101.00001110 (IP Address)
211111111.11111111.11111111.11111100 (Subnet Mask)

3-------------------------------------
410101100.00010000.00101101.00001100 (Network Address)
Step 3: Convert the Network Address Back to Decimal
The binary result 10101100.00010000.00101101.00001100 converts back to decimal as follows:
10101100 = 172
00010000 = 16
00101101 = 45
00001100 = 12
Conclusion
The network address for the host 172.16.45.14/30 is 172.16.45.12.
Summary
Host IP: 172.16.45.14
Subnet Mask: /30 (255.255.255.252)
Subnetwork (Network Address): 172.16.45.12
You
a host on a network has the address 172.16.45.14/30, what is the subnetwork this host belongs to?
172.16.45.0 О 172.16.45.4 • 172.16.45.8 • 172.16.45.12
BLACKBOXAI
To determine the subnetwork that the host with the address 172.16.45.14/30 belongs to, we can
analyze the subnetting.
The /30 subnet mask means that the first 30 bits are used for the network part, and the last 2 bits
are used for host addresses. The subnet mask in decimal is 255.255.255.252.
Step 2: Calculate the Network Address
With a /30 subnet, each subnet can accommodate 4 IP addresses (2^2 = 4), which includes:
1 Network address
2 Usable host addresses
1 Broadcast address
Step 3: Determine the Subnet Ranges
Given the subnet mask of /30, the subnets will be as follows:
Subnet 1:
Network Address: 172.16.45.0
Usable Addresses: 172.16.45.1, 172.16.45.2
Broadcast Address: 172.16.45.3
Subnet 2:
Subnet 3:
Subnet 4:

Conclusion
The host 172.16.45.14 falls within the subnet that starts at 172.16.45.12.
Answer
The subnetwork this host belongs to is 172.16.45.12.
You
120 Options : Time Remaining- 104:04 Using the illustration from the previous question, what would
be the IP address of SO if you were using the first subnet? The network ID is 192.168.10.0/28 and
you need to use the last available IP address in the range. Again, the zero subnet should not be
considered valid for this question. 192.168.10.24 • 192.168.10.62 © 192.168.10.30 • 192.168.10.127
BLACKBOXAI
To determine the last available IP address in the first subnet of the network ID 192.168.10.0/28, we
need to analyze the subnetting.
A /28 subnet mask means that the first 28 bits are used for the network part, leaving 4 bits for host
addresses. The subnet mask in decimal is 255.255.255.240.
Step 2: Calculate the Number of Hosts
With 4 bits for host addresses, the number of possible addresses is:
(2^4 = 16) total addresses per subnet.
The first subnet starts at 192.168.10.0. The range of addresses in this subnet is as follows:
Subnet 1:
Usable Addresses: 192.168.10.1 to 192.168.10.14
Step 4: Identify the Last Available IP Address
The last usable IP address in the first subnet (192.168.10.0/28) is 192.168.10.14.
Conclusion
Since the question specifies that the zero subnet should not be considered valid, and we are looking
for the last available IP address in the first subnet, the answer is:
192.168.10.14
However, none of the provided options (192.168.10.24, 192.168.10.62, 192.168.10.30,

192.168.10.127) match this result.
If you are looking for the last available IP address in the next subnet (the second subnet), it would be:
Subnet 2:
In this case, the last usable IP address in the second subnet would be 192.168.10.30.
Final Answer
If you are looking for the last available IP address in the first subnet, it is 192.168.10.14. If you are
looking for the last available IP address in the second subnet, it is 192.168.10.30.
Given the options, the correct answer is: 192.168.10.30.

You
What is the subnetwork address for a host with the IP address 200.10.5.68/28? Q: 112 of 120
Options : • 200.10.5.56 • 200.10.5.32 • 200.10.5.64 • 200.10.5.0
BLACKBOXAI
To determine the subnetwork address for the host with the IP address 200.10.5.68/28, we need to
You
What is the subnetwork number of a host with an IP address of 172. 16.66.0/21 172. 16.64.0 • 172.
16.48.0 • 172. 16.36.0 • 172. 16.0.0
BLACKBOXAI
To determine the subnetwork number for the host with the IP address 172.16.66.0/21, we need to
A /21 subnet mask means that the first 21 bits are used for the network part. The subnet mask in
decimal is 255.255.248.0.
Step 2: Calculate the Subnet Size
With a /21 subnet, we have:
Total IP addresses per subnet: (2^{(32 - 21)} = 2^{11} = 2048) addresses.
The subnets will be in increments of 2048 addresses. The first subnet starts at 172.16.64.0.
Subnet 1:
Subnet 2:
Step 4: Identify the Subnetwork Number
Since the IP address 172.16.66.0 falls within the range of the first subnet (172.16.64.0 to
172.16.71.255), the subnetwork number for the host is:
172.16.64.0
Conclusion
The subnetwork number for the host with the IP address 172.16.66.0/21 is:
172.16.64.0.
Final Answer
172.16.64.0
You
120 Options : Test Name- Data Communication Practice Test final If you wanted to have 12 subnets
with a Class C network ID, which subnet mask would you use? 255. 255.255.252 255. 255.255.255 •
255. 255.255.240 • 255. 255.255.248
BLACKBOXAI
To determine the subnet mask for 12 subnets with a Class C network ID, we need to analyze the
subnetting.
Step 1: Understand the Class C Network ID
A Class C network ID has a default subnet mask of 255.255.255.0, which allows for 256 addresses
(including the network and broadcast addresses).
Step 2: Calculate the Number of Subnets
We want to divide the Class C network into 12 subnets. To do this, we need to determine the number
of bits required to represent 12 subnets.
Number of subnets: 12
Number of bits required: (2^x \geq 12)
Solving for x: (x = 4) (since (2^4 = 16), which is greater than 12)
Step 3: Determine the Subnet Mask
With 4 bits for subnetting, we need to subtract these bits from the default Class C subnet mask.
Default Class C subnet mask: 255.255.255.0 (24 bits)
Subnetting bits: 4 bits
New subnet mask: 255.255.255.240 (28 bits)
Conclusion
The subnet mask required to have 12 subnets with a Class C network ID is:
255.255.255.240
Final Answer
255.255.255.240
You
The network address of 172. 16.0.0/19 provides how many subnets and hosts? • 7 subnets. 30 hosts
each 8 subnets, 8,190 hosts each 8 subnets. 2.046 hosts each • 7 subnets, 2,046 hosts each
BLACKBOXAI
To determine the number of subnets and hosts for the network address 172.16.0.0/19, we need to
A /19 subnet mask means that the first 19 bits are used for the network part. The subnet mask in
decimal is 255.255.224.0.
Step 2: Calculate the Number of Hosts
The number of bits left for hosts can be calculated as follows:
Total bits in an IPv4 address: 32
Bits used for the network: 19
Bits left for hosts: (32 - 19 = 13)
The formula to calculate the number of usable hosts is: [ \text{Usable Hosts} = 2^{\text{number of
host bits}} - 2 ] (The subtraction of 2 accounts for the network and broadcast addresses.)
So, for 13 bits: [ \text{Usable Hosts} = 2^{13} - 2 = 8192 - 2 = 8190 ]
Step 3: Calculate the Number of Subnets
To determine the number of subnets, we need to know how many bits are borrowed from the
default Class B subnet mask (which is /16 for 172.16.0.0).
Default Class B subnet mask: /16
New subnet mask: /19

Bits borrowed: (19 - 16 = 3)
The formula to calculate the number of subnets is: [ \text{Number of Subnets} = 2^{\text{number of
borrowed bits}} ] So, for 3 bits: [ \text{Number of Subnets} = 2^3 = 8 ]
Conclusion
Number of Subnets: 8
Number of Usable Hosts per Subnet: 8190
Final Answer
8 subnets, 8,190 hosts each.
You
What is the maximum number of IP addresses that can be assigned to hosts on a local subnet that
uses the 255.255.255.224 subnet mask? ding 108 Test Name- Data Communication Practice Test final
Time Remair 14 15 16 30
BLACKBOXAI
To determine the maximum number of IP addresses that can be assigned to hosts on a local subnet
using the 255.255.255.224 subnet mask, we need to analyze the subnetting.
The subnet mask 255.255.255.224 corresponds to a /27 prefix length. This means that the first 27
bits are used for the network part, and the remaining bits are used for host addresses.
Step 2: Calculate the Number of Host Bits
In a /27 subnet:
Total bits in an IPv4 address: 32
Bits used for the network: 27
Bits left for hosts: (32 - 27 = 5)

Step 3: Calculate the Number of Usable Hosts
The formula to calculate the number of usable hosts is: [ \text{Usable Hosts} = 2^{\text{number of
host bits}} - 2 ] (The subtraction of 2 accounts for the network and broadcast addresses.)
So, for 5 bits: [ \text{Usable Hosts} = 2^5 - 2 = 32 - 2 = 30 ]
Conclusion
The maximum number of IP addresses that can be assigned to hosts on a local subnet that uses the
255.255.255.224 subnet mask is:
30.
Final Answer
30.
You
You have a network that needs 29 subnets while maximizing the number of host addresses available
on each subnet. How many bits must you borrow from the host field to provide the correct subnet
mask? Options : 108 0 2 3 • 4 5
BLACKBOXAI
To determine how many bits you need to borrow from the host field to create 29 subnets while
maximizing the number of host addresses available on each subnet, we can follow these steps:
Step 1: Calculate the Number of Bits Needed for Subnets
To find out how many bits are needed to create at least 29 subnets, we use the formula: [ 2^x \geq
\text{Number of Subnets} ] where (x) is the number of bits borrowed.
We need to find the smallest (x) such that: [ 2^x \geq 29 ]

Calculating the powers of 2:
(2^4 = 16) (not enough)
(2^5 = 32) (sufficient)
So, we need to borrow 5 bits to create at least 29 subnets.
Step 2: Conclusion
You need to borrow 5 bits from the host field to provide the correct subnet mask for at least 29
subnets.
Final Answer
5.
You
The combination of and is often termed the local address of the local portion of the IP address. •
Network number and host number • Network number and subnet number • Subnet number and
host number • Host number
BLACKBOXAI
The correct combination that is often termed the local address of the local portion of the IP address
is:
Network number and host number.
Explanation:
Network number: This part of the IP address identifies the specific network to which the device
belongs.
Host number: This part identifies the specific device (or host) within that network.
Together, the network number and host number make up the full IP address, where the network
number identifies the network and the host number identifies the individual device on that network.
Final Answer
Network number and host number.
You
If you wanted to have 12 subnets with a Class C network ID, which subnet mask would you use? 255.
255.255.252 255. 255.255.255 • 255. 255.255.240 • 255. 255.255.248
BLACKBOXAI
To determine which subnet mask to use for creating at least 12 subnets in a Class C network, we
need to calculate how many bits we need to borrow from the host portion of the address.
Step 1: Calculate the Number of Bits Needed for Subnets
The formula to calculate the number of subnets is: [ 2^x \geq \text{Number of Subnets} ] where (x) is
the number of bits borrowed.
For 12 subnets:
(2^3 = 8) (not enough)
(2^4 = 16) (sufficient)
So, we need to borrow 4 bits to create at least 12 subnets.
Step 2: Determine the Subnet Mask
A Class C network has a default subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 (or /24). If we borrow 4 bits from the
host portion, we can calculate the new subnet mask:
The original subnet mask in binary is: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 (or /24).

Borrowing 4 bits means we change the last octet to: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 (or
/28).
Step 3: Convert to Decimal
The binary 11110000 converts to decimal as follows:
(128 + 64 + 32 + 16 = 240)
Thus, the new subnet mask is 255.255.255.240.
Conclusion
To have at least 12 subnets in a Class C network, you would use the subnet mask:
255.255.255.240.
You
implies that all subnets obtained from the same subnet mask. Q: 120 of 120 Options : • Static
subnetting • Dynamic subnetting • Variable length subnetting • Dynamic length subnetting
BLACKBOXAI
The correct answer to the statement "implies that all subnets obtained from the same subnet mask"
is:
Static subnetting.
Explanation:
Static Subnetting: This method involves dividing a network into subnets using a fixed subnet mask. All
subnets created using static subnetting will have the same subnet mask, which means they will all
have the same size and number of hosts per subnet.
Dynamic Subnetting: This typically refers to the ability to allocate subnets dynamically, often seen in
DHCP configurations, but it does not imply that all subnets have the same mask.
Variable Length Subnetting (VLSM): This allows for subnets of different sizes (different subnet masks)
within the same network, which contradicts the statement.
Dynamic Length Subnetting: This term is not commonly used in networking and is likely a misnomer.
Final Answer
Static subnetting.
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Bluetooth is an example of personal area network local area network virtual private network none of

Bluetooth is an example of a Personal Area Network (PAN).

It is used for short-range communication between devices such as smartphones, laptops,

• Inverted error: This term is not commonly used in error classification.

CRC stands for Cyclic Redundancy Check.

The correct answer is: all of the mentioned

The correct answer is port address.

• Physical address: Identifies a device on a local network (e.g., MAC address).

• Logical address: Identifies a device across networks (e.g., IP address).

The correct answer is the physical layer.

The correct answer is Syntax.

• Struct is not applicable in this context as it refers to a data structure in programming.

The correct answer is both (a) and (b).

• It does not send data as a stream of related packets.

The correct answer is all of the mentioned.

In a computer network, nodes can refer to:

1. The computer that originates the data (sender).

2. The computer that routes the data (router or intermediary device).

3. The computer that terminates the data (receiver or destination).

OSI stands for open system interconnection.

A local telephone network is an example of a circuit-switched network.

• Circuit-switched networks establish a dedicated communication path between two

The correct answer is media access control sublayer.

The correct answer is burst error.

• Random error: Involves single-bit errors that occur sporadically.

• Inverted error: This term is not commonly used in error classification.

The correct answer is Baud.

• Therefore, Baud is specifically used to denote the signaling rate.

The correct answer is Bridge.

The correct answer is Both A and B.

The correct answer is Gateway.

• A Gateway is specifically used to bridge the communication between different network

The correct answer is TCP and IP.

The correct answer is Layers 1 through 3.

The correct answer is Repeater.

• Therefore, Repeater specifically works at the Physical layer.

The correct answer is Presentation layer.

The correct answer is Presentation layer.

The correct answer is Router.

The correct answer is Connection-oriented.

• UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless protocol, not connection-oriented.

• Therefore, the false statement with respect to UDP is that it is connection-oriented.

The correct answer is Checksum.

The correct answer is segment.

• A user datagram is used with connectionless protocols like UDP.

• A datagram refers to a self-contained, independent packet of data.

The correct answer is Ports.

• In User Datagram Protocol (UDP), queues are associated with ports.

The correct answer is Echo.

Which protocol deals with emails PTP B I. SMTP LPD 1. X window

The correct answer is I. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol).

• PTP (Point-to-Point Protocol) is generally used for point-to-point data transmission.

• LPD (Line Printer Daemon) is used for printing services.

• X Window is a graphical windowing system for UNIX-like operating systems.

• Therefore, SMTP is specifically designed for email transmission.

The correct answer is B. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol).

TCP/IP reference model contains how many layers A. 3 B. 4 C. 6 D.7

The correct answer is B. 4.

• The TCP/IP model consists of 4 layers:

1. Application Layer: Includes protocols like HTTP, FTP, and SMTP.