DERIVATIONS FOR AISSCE-2024-25

CLASS –XII
PHYSICS
(IMPOTARNT DERIVATIONS ARE WRITTEN WITH STAR MARK & MOST IMPOTARNT
DERIVTONS ARE WEITTEN WITH DOUBLE STARS, QUESTIONS IN RED COLOUR ARE NOT IN
SYLLABUS)

Sl no DERIVATIONS ATTACHED QUESTIONS

1. State coulomb’s law and prove that 1. What is the unit of dielectric
coulomb’s force is a mutual force. constant.
Define electric dipole moment. Is it 1. Write the intensity in vector
2. * a scalar or a vector .Derive the form.
expression of electric field intensity 2. Draw the graph between
at any point on axil line(end –on intensity and distance from
position) of electric dipole. centre of dipole.
Define electric dipole moment. Is it 1. Write the intensity in vector
3. * a scalar or a vector .Derive the form.
expression of electric field intensity 2. Draw the graph between
at any point on equatorial(broad intensity and distance from
side-on position) line of electric centre of dipole.
dipole 3. Eaxial /Eeuatorial=2:1
Deduce the expression for the 1. Depict the direction of the
4. * torque acting on a dipole of dipole torque.
moment 𝑝⃗ placed in a uniform 2. Express it in the vector form.
* electric field 𝐸⃗⃗ . 3. Find out the orientation of the
dipole when it is in (i) stable
equilibrium, (ii) unstable
equilibrium. Draw the
corresponding diagram.
4. What happens to dipole when
it is kept in non-uniform
electric field?
Use gauss law to derive the expression1.forDefine
the electric flux. Is it a
5. * electric field (E) due to a straight uniformly
scalar or a vector quantity
charged 2. Write the expression of
* infinite line of charge density λ C/m. intensity in vector form.
3. Draw a graph to show the
variation of E with
perpendicular distance r from
the line of charge.
Use Gauss’s theorem to find the 1. Draw a graph to show the
6. * electric field due to a uniformly variation of E with
charged infinitely large plane thin perpendicular distance r from
* sheet with surface charge density 𝜎. the line of charge.
2. Find the expression for the
electric field between two
uniformly charged large
parallel sheets with surface
charge densities σ and -σ
respectively.

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 Using Gauss’ law deduce the 1. Plot a graph showing variation
7. * expression for the electric field due of electric field as a function of
to a uniformly charged spherical r > R and r < R. (r being the
* conducting shell of radius R at a distance from the centre of the
point (i) outside and (ii) inside the shell)
shell.

8. Using Gauss’ law deduce the 1. Why electric field lines are
expression for the electric field on perpendicular to the surface of
the surface of a charged conductor. a charged conductor.

Derive the expression for the 1. What is the work done to

9. * potential energy of an electric dipole rotate the dipole from stable
of dipole moment 𝑃⃗⃗ placed in a equilibrium position to
* ⃗⃗
uniform electric field 𝐸 . unstable equilibrium position.
Find out the orientation of the dipole
when it is in (i) stable equilibrium,
(ii) unstable equilibrium.
10. Derive the expression for the 1. Draw the graph between
potential due to a point charge . potential and distance for both
positive and negative charge.
2. What is significance of
negative potential.
3. Plot a graph comparing the
variation of potential V and
electric field E due to a point
charge Q as a function of
distance R from the point
charge.

11. Derive the expression for the 1. If electric field intensity is zero
potential due to an electric dipole at at a given point, will the
any point .Deduce the expression electric potential be
for axial and equatorial line. necessarily zero at that point?
Answer with example.
2. Is a zero potential point
necessarily has zero intensity.
Answer with example.

12. Derive the relation electric field 1. Draw the equipotential

intensity and potential surface for an electric field
which along z direction with
increasing magnitude.

13. Derive the expression for the 1. Draw the graph of

capacitance of a parallel plate capacitance vs d and A
capacitor having plate area A and 2. What is the capacitance when
plate separation d. two plates are connected by a
A slab of material of dielectric conducting wire?
constant K has the same area but
has the thickness t. Find out the
expression for its capacitance when
the slab is inserted between the
plates of the capacitor.

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14. Deduce the expression for the 1. How can one calculate energy
electrostatics energy stored in a stored in a capacitor from Q
capacitor of capacitance ‘C’ and vs V graph.
having charge ‘Q’. Also find energy 2. A parallel plate capacitor is
density. charged by a battery. After
some time the battery is
disconnected and a dielectric
slab of dielectric constant K is
inserted between the plates.
How would (i)the capacitance,
(ii) the electric field between
the plates and (iii) the energy
stored in the capacitor, be
affected? Justify
your answer.
15. Derive the effective capacitance in Find effective capacitance if each
series and parallel combination of capacitor has capacitance c.
capacitors.

16. Derive an expression for drift How the drift velocity varies if
velocity of free electrons in a (a) Potential difference
conductor in terms of relaxation increases
time (b)Temperature increases

17. Define the term conductivity of a 1. Are the paths of electrons

metallic wire. Write its SI unit. straight lines between
successive collisions (with
Using the concept of free electrons the positive ions of the metal
in a conductor, drive the expression ) in the (i) absence of electric
field, (ii) presence of electric
for the conductivity of a wire in
field.
terms of number density and 2. Show on a graph, the
relaxation time. Hence obtain the variation of resistivity with
relation between current density temperature for a typical
and the applied electric field E. semiconductor

18. Derive Ohm’s law. 1. Write the limitations of Ohm’s

law.
2. V-I graph for a metallic wire at
two different temperatures T1 &
T2 is shown in the fig..
Which of the two temperatures is
higher & why?

Find the equivalent emf and internal 1. Two identical cells, each of
19. * resistance when two cells are emf E, having negligible
connected in internal
(a) Series resistance,
(b) Parallel are
connected in
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 parallel with each other across
an external resistance R.
What is the current through
this resistance?

20. State Kirchhoff’s rules for an 1. Is there any change in

electric network. balanced condition if cell and
Using Kirchhoff’s rules, obtain the galvanometer are
balance condition in terms of the interchanged?
resistances of four arms of 2. When bridge is said to most
Wheatstone bridge. sensitive.
State Biot-Savart law, giving the Write the expression of magnetic
21. ** mathematical expression for it. field at the center of the coil
Write its vector form
Use this law to derive the
expression for the magnetic field
due to a circular coil carrying
current at a point along its axis.
How does a circular loop carrying
current behave as a magnet?
A long straight wire of a circular 1. Draw the graph B vs r
22. * cross section of radius ‘a’ carries a
steady current ‘𝐼’. The current is
uniformly distributed across the
cross section. Apply Ampere’s
circutal law to calculate the
magnetic field at a point ‘r’ in the
region for (i) r < a (ii) r > a.
Using Ampere’s circuital law, obtain 2. How is the magnetic field
23. * the expression for the magnetic inside a given solenoid made
field due to a long solenoid at a strong.
point inside the solenoid on its axis. 3. Draw the magnetic lines of
force for a solenoid

Two long straight parallel 1. Use this expression to define

24. ** conductors carrying steady currents S.I. unit of current
II and I2 are separated by a 2. Depict magnetic field lines
distance‘d’. Explain briefly, with the due to two straight, long,
help of a suitable diagram, how the parallel conductors carrying
magnetic field due to one conductor steady currents I1 and I2 in
acts on the other. Hence deduce the same direction.
the expression for the force acting
between the two conductors.
Mention the nature of this force.
29. Derive the expression for the torque 1. When is the torque acting on
on a rectangular current carrying the loop (i) maximum, (ii) zero
loop suspended in a uniform 2. Which one experience more
magnetic field torque ,between circular and
rectangular loop made from
wire of same length ,.
30. Describe the concept used for the
selection of velocity of a charged
particle. Explain the principle of the
device with the help of a diagram
where the same concept is used.

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 Draw a labelled diagram of a 1. Why is it necessary to
31. ** moving coil galvanometer. Describe introduce a cylindrical soft iron
briefly its principle and working. core inside the coil of a
How is galvanometer converted into galvanometer?
a voltmeter and an ammeter 2. What is the importance of a
radial magnetic field and how
is it produced
3. Increasing the current
sensitivity of a galvanometer
may not necessarily increase
its voltage sensitivity. Explain,
giving reason.
An electron in the ground state of
32. * Hydrogen atom is revolving in a
circular orbit of radius R. Obtain
the expression for the orbital
magnetic moment of the electron in
terms of fundamental constants.
33. Prove that a current carrying
solenoid behaves alike a bar
magnet.
34. A small compass needle of
magnetic moment ‘m’ is free to turn
about an axis perpendicular to the
direction of uniform magnetic field
‘B’. The moment of inertia of the
needle about the axis is ‘𝐼’. The
needle is slightly disturbed from its
stable position and then released.
Prove that it executes simple
harmonic motion. Hence deduce
the expression for its time period.
35. Define magnetic dipole moment. Is 1. Write the intensity in vector
it a scalar or a vector .Derive the form.
expression of magnetic field 2. Draw the graph between
intensity at any point on axil intensity and distance from
line(end –on position) of magnetic centre of dipole.
dipole.
36. Define magnetic dipole moment. Is 1. Write the intensity in vector
it a scalar or a vector .Derive the form.
expression of magnetic field 2. Draw the graph between
intensity at any point on intensity and distance from
equatorial(broad side-on position) centre of dipole.
line of magnetic dipole 3. Eaxial /Eeuatorial=2:1
37. Deduce the expression for the 1. Depict the direction of the
torque acting on a dipole of dipole torque.
⃗⃗⃗
moment 𝑀 placed in a uniform 2. Express it in the vector form.
magnetic field B ⃗⃗. 3. Find out the orientation of the
dipole when it is in (i) stable
equilibrium, (ii) unstable
equilibrium. Draw the
corresponding diagram.
4. What happens to dipole when
it is kept in non-uniform
magnetic field?

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 Derive the expression for the 1. What is the work done to
38. * potential energy of an electric dipole rotate the dipole from stable
of dipole moment 𝑀 ⃗⃗⃗ placed in a equilibrium position to
uniform electric field 𝐵 ⃗⃗. unstable equilibrium position.
Find out the orientation of the dipole
when it is in (i) stable equilibrium,
(ii) unstable equilibrium.
State the law which relates to generation
1. A metallic rod held
39. * of induced emf in a conductor being horizontally along east – west
moved in a magnetic field. direction, is allowed to fall
Apply this law to obtain an under gravity. Will there be an
expression for the induced emf emf induced at its ends?
when one ‘rod’ of a rectangular Justify your answer.
conductor is free to move in a
uniform, time independent and
‘normal’ magnetic field.
A metallic rod of ‘L’ length is rotated 1. Write the polarity of the rod.
40. * with angular frequency of ‘𝜔’ with
one end hinged at the centre and
the other end at the circumference
of a circular metallic ring of radius ,
about an axis passing through the
centre and perpendicular to the
plane of the ring. A constant and
uniform magnetic field B parallel to
the axis is present everywhere.
Deduce the expression for the emf
between the centre and the metallic
ring
Define self inductance. Write its SI 1. What is the effect on self
41. * unit. (b) Derive an expression for conductance when a rod is
self inductance of a long solenoid of inserted in the coil if the rod is
length I , cross – sectional area A (a) Iron
having N number of turns. (b) Copper
Define self – inductance of a coil. 2. Find energy density in coil.
42. * Show that magnetic energy required
to build up the current I in a coil of
1
self inductance L is given by 2 LI 2.
Define mutual inductance between 1. How is the mutual inductance
43. ** two long coaxial solenoids. Find out of a pair of coils affected
the expression for the mutual when
inductance of inner solenoid of
(i) number of turns of each
length 𝑙 having the radius 𝑟1 and the
coil is increased?
number of turns 𝑛1 per unit length
due to the second outer solenoid of (ii) separation between the
same length and 𝑛2 number of turns coil in increased?
per unit length.
(iii) A thin iron sheet is placed
between the two coils other
factors remaining the same?
explain your answer in each
case.
Explain the meaning of the term
44. * mutual inductance. Consider two
concentric circular coils, one of
radius 𝑟1 and the another of 𝑟2 (𝑟1 <
𝑟2 ) placed coaxially which centers

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 coinciding with each other. Obtain
the expression for the mutual
inductance of the arrangement

State the principle of an ac 1. Draw the variation of emf

45. ** generator and explain its working induced with time.
with the help of a labeled diagram.
Obtain the expression for the emf
induced in a coil having N turns
each of cross-sectional area A,
rotating with a constant angular
speed ω in a magnetic field B ⃗⃗,
directed perpendicular to the axis of
rotation.

46. Derive the relation between peak 1. What is the average value of
current and average current. AC over full cycle.

47. Derive the relation between peak 2. 220V a.c is more dangerous
current and rms current. than 200V d.c. Why?

An a.c. source generating a voltage 3. Draw the phasor diagram

48. * V = Vo sinwt is connected to a
capacitor of capacitance C. Find the
expression for the current I flowing
through it. Plot a graph of V and I
versus t to show that the current is
𝜋/2 ahead of the voltage.
An a.c. source generating a voltage 1. Draw the phasor diagram
49. * V = Vo sin t is connected to an 2. Find the instantaneous power
inductor of inductance L. Find the Pi supplied to the inductor.
expression for the current I flowing Show graphically the variation of
through it. Plot a graph of V and I Pi with 𝝎t.
versus t to show that the voltage is
𝜋/2 ahead of the current.
Derive an expression for the 1. Write the applications of LCR
50. * impedance of a series LCR circuit during resonace.
connected to an AC supply of
variable frequency.
Plot a graph showing variation of
current with the frequency of the
applied voltage.
51. Define band width and derive the
expression of quality factor.
Box 1. Write any two sources of
52. ** A, in energy loss in a transformer
the and how to minimise it.
set 2. A step up transformer
up converts a low input voltage
into a high output voltage.
shown below, Does it violate law of
represents an electric device often conservation of energy?
used/ needed to supply, electric Explain.
power from the (AC) mains, to a
load. It is known that V0 < Vi.
(a) Identify the device A and draw
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 its symbol.
(b) Draw a schematic diagram of
this electric device. Explain its
principle and working. Obtain an
expression for the ratio between its
output and input voltage
(c) Find the relation between the
input and output currents of this
device assuming it to be ideal.

Derive an expression for the 1. Can instantaneous power be

53. * average power consumed in a negative?
series LCR circuit connected to a.c.
source in which the phase
difference between the voltage and
the current in the circuit is Ф.
Explain how one ‘observes an
54. * inconsistency’ when Ampere’s
circuital law is applied to the
process of charging a capacitor.
How this ‘contradiction’ gets
removed by introducing the concept
of an ‘additional current’, known as
the ‘displacement current’?
55. Show that the magnetic field B at
a point in between the plates of a
parallel – plate capacitor during
ε0 μ0 r 𝑑𝐸
charging is (symbols
2 𝑑𝑡
having usual meanings).

56. Show that the radiation pressure

exerted by an EM wave of intensity
I on a surface kept in vacuum is
I⁄c.

57. Show that the displacement current

inside the capacitor is the same as
the current charging the capacitor.

58. Show that when electromagnetic

wave strike a surface, momentum
imparted to the wall is U/c, where U
is the energy absorbed by the
surface.

59. Show that Intensity of

electromagnetic wave is uc, where
u is the energy density

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 60. (a) Draw a ray diagram to show
image formation when the concave
mirror produces a real, inverted and
magnified image of the object.
(b) Obtain the mirror formula and
write the expression for the linear
magnification.
(i) A point
61. * object O is
kept in a
medium of
refractive
index n1 in
front of a convex spherical surface
of radius of curvature R which
separates the second medium of
refractive index n2 from the first one,
as shown in the figure. Draw the ray
diagram showing the image
formation and deduce the
relationship between the object
distance and the image distance in
terms of n1, n2 and R.(ii)When the
image formed above acts as a
virtual object for a concave
spherical surface separating the
medium n2 from n1 (n2> n1), draw
this ray diagram and write the
similar (similar to (a))relation.
Hence, obtain the expression for
the lens maker’s formula.
Draw a ray diagram to show the When a convex and cocave lens
62. * image formation by a combination of equal focal length are in
of two thin convex lenses in contact. contact ,the combination behaves
Obtain the expression for the power as what.
of this combination in terms of the
focal lengths of the lenses.
Derive prism formula. Find the angle of deviation when
63. * angle of prism is small

Draw a ray diagram of compound 1. Why two lenses are of small

64. ** microscope for the final image focal length.
formed at least distance of distinct 2. You are given three lenses of
vision? power 0.5 D, 4 D and 10 D to
Define its magnifying power and design a microscope.
derive it. Also write the expression Which lenses should be used
when final image is formed at as objective and eyepiece?
infinity. Justify your answer.
Draw a labelled ray diagram to You are given three lenses of
65. ** obtain the real image formed by an power 0.5 D, 4 D and 10 D to
astronomical telescope in normal design a telescope. (a) Which
adjustment position. Define its lenses should be used as
magnifying power. and derive it objective and eyepiece? Justify
your answer. (b) Why is the
aperture of the objective preferred
to be large?

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 66. Draw a ray diagram of an 1. Why is the aperture of the
astronomical telescope for the final eyepiece preferred to be
image formed at least distance small.
of distinct vision? 2. Why objective is large and
eyepiece is small focal length.
Define a wavefront. Using 1. How did Huygen’s explain’ the
67. * Huygens’s principle, verify the laws absence of the back wave?
of reflection at a plane surface.
State Huygen’s principle. Using this When monochromatic light travels
68. ** principle draw a diagram to show from a rarer to a denser medium,
how a plane wave front incident at explain the following, giving
the interface of the two media gets reasons: (i) Is the frequency of
refracted when it propagates from a reflected and refracted light same
rarer to a denser medium. Hence as the frequency of incident light?
verify Snell’s law of refraction (ii) Does the decrease in speed
imply a reduction in the energy
carried by light wave?
69. Light waves each of amplitude 𝛼
and frequency 𝜔, emanating from
two coherent light sources
superpose at a point. If the
displacements due to these waves
is given by Y1 = 𝛼 cos 𝜔𝑡 and Y2
= 𝛼cos (𝜔𝑡 + ɸ) where ɸ is the
phase difference between the two,
obtain the expression for the
resultant intensity at the point.
State the importance of coherent 1. How does the fringe width get
70. ** sources in the phenomenon of affected, if the entire
interference. In Young’s double slit experimental apparatus of
experiment to produce interference Young is immersed in water?
pattern, obtain the conditions for 2. Any question of example 10.4
constructive and destructive
interference. Hence deduce the
expression for the fringe width.
71. The figure,
drawn here,
shows a modified
Young’s double
slit experimental
𝜆
set up. If SS2 – SS`1 = 4. (i)
State the condition for constructive
and destructive interference.
(ii) Obtain an expression for the
fringe width.
(iii) Locate the position of the central
fringe.
State Huygens’s principle. Show, 1. Draw a plot of intensity
72. * with the help of a suitable diagram, distribution and explain clearly
how this principle is used to obtain why the secondary maxima
the diffraction pattern by a single become weaker with
slit. increasing order (n) of the
secondary maxima.
2. If a monochromatic source of
light is replaced by white light,
what change would you
observe in the diffraction
pattern?
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 73. Define and derive the expression of For what distance is ray optics a
Fresnel distance good approximation when the
aperture is 3 mm wide and the
wavelength is 500 nm?
Using photon picture of light, show The graph
74. * how Einstein’s photoelectric shows the
equation can be established. Write variation of
two features of photoelectric effect stopping
which cannot be explained by wave potential
theory. with
frequency of incident radiation for
two photosensitive metals A and B.
Which one of the two has higher
value of work function? Justify your
answer.

75. Discuss variation of photo current The given graph

for different anode potential. shows the
variation of
photoelectric
current (I) versus
applied voltage
(V) for two different photosensitive
materials and for two different
intensities of the incident radiation.
Identify the pairs of curves that
correspond to different materials but
same intensity of incident radiation.

76. In the study of Geiger – Marsdon How will the distance of closest
experiment on scattering of 𝛼 approach be affected when the
particles by a thin foil of gold, draw kinetic energy of the 𝛼 − particle
the trajectory of 𝛼 - particles in the is doubled?
coulomb field of target nucleus.
Explain briefly how one gets the
information on the size of the
nucleus from this study.
77. Using Rutherford model of the What is the significance of total
atom, derive the expression for the negative energy possessed by
total energy of the electron in the electron?
hydrogen atom
Obtain Bohr’s quantization
78. ** condition of angular momentum
on the basis of wave picture of
electron

79. Using Bohr’s second postulate of

quantization of orbital angular
momentum show that the
circumference of the electron in
the nth orbital state in hydrogen
atom is n times the de – Broglie
wavelength associated with it.

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 80. Derive the expression for the
magnetic field at the site of a point
nucleus in a hydrogen atom due
to the circular motion of the
electron. Assume that the atom is
in its ground state and give the
answer in terms of fundamental
constants.

Using Bohr’s postulates, obtain 1. What is the significance of

81. * the expression for negative sign in the
expression for the energy?
(i)radius(ii)velocity(iii)time 2. Draw the energy level
period(iv) kinetic energy and (v) diagram showing how the
potential energy of the electron in transitions between energy
stationary state of hydrogen atom. level result in the appearance
of Lyman series.
3. What is the maximum number
of spectral lines which can be
emitted when an electron
jumps from 2nd excited state to
the ground state?
4. Wrie the relation between
K.E.,P.E and T.E
(a) Draw the plot of binding Constancy of BE/A between
82. * energy per nucleon (BE/A) as a 30<A<150 proofs that nuclear
function of mass number A. Write force is a short range force.
two important conclusions that
can be drawn regarding the
nature of nuclear force. (b) Use
this graph to explain the release
of energy in both the process of
nuclear fusion and fission.

Explain, with the help of suitable

83. ** diagram, the two important
processes that occur during the
formation of p – n junction. Hence
define the terms: depletion region
and barrier potential. Draw the
circuit diagram to study forward
and reverse characterstics. Draw
the curves and define input
resistance ,output resistance
,knee voltage, breakdown voltage.

Draw the circuit diagram of a half 1. If input frequency is 50 Hz

84. ** wave and full wave rectifier using then what is the output
p – n junction diode. Explain its frequency in half wave and
working and show the output,
full wave rectifier.
input waveforms.

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