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Unit VLatticesandBooleanAlgebraLectureNotes

LAATT

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14 views34 pages

Unit VLatticesandBooleanAlgebraLectureNotes

LAATT

Uploaded by

hm0401234
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Bi ere and (Boolean | Petal Ovetered Sebi \y A actakion Room a Ack S ais Called a parkial | ovduving BX Partial ovelly My it da ppurive, Anti. Syummetic and brcumsitive, iegly aRa for atl aes C Reflertved Wi)aRh and bRa => a=b (AnK- Syrarneborg) WW) aRb omd bRe DD aRe ( bremitive) Algebra a eS A sek S tegether with a partal ordeving R (ds called ag portrally ovcured aot e& poret, and | Gs denoted by (S,R). Members of S are cabled ole ments (op ARe poset. The Ayrnbel used for partial otey | Azhakee Bw San oa x = 2. The elements a amd b of a posck (S, <) are calla Comparable if either ach or bda. When 2 and b are element of S Auth Hat heifiey Ab wer bea, a and b are called intomparable 3. TH (8,2) wa poset and every hwo chements 4s | OSL Comparable, S is Colled a tokatly ovdiyed et | Livsody ordeved set, and < ia Called a total over ora Uineoy ovder, A Fobatly ordeved eb La abo Ceoled a chan, sa bek (8,2) and (1, ¢) an porets Yer ya es amd bib et, tte Product set SxT Artomad by Cab) 4 Cay) Fh aye a amd bre by dr catted Ae pre dua order, at a We eh CSc) oma ct 2) ant poseks, Ror 44 ,0L ES amd | bijbr ET, Khe cavteton procusk Ox dr dabined by Cosby) < Cay b> Mk aS a, or 3 bora ana, aa biSb, Mo Catted Rericoqraphieal oiler. & (8, 2) we a well-erdevad get Sf Ub ws oa poset [Buch thar < sh a bokod ovdaring and every non amply [Awesek 0 S has a Aeast element, | Hasse Diagrams | A parbat ardiy ¢ ona Ath X can ba represented by means af 0 Atasyrare noun’ a8 Heckte Magia 4% GS). it, Bo Masia Bagram tb 0 graphical representation mH O pesek urtexr Loops and all edges Aesutking yore Kha brown ive, property ane met Maou, dad ke dretton oy Ral qeas we Andivcokid by ae Povtkon ef dha Verb use NE heme Aiagram for a Solel order Aulation Con be Aarau as a Adngle verbeal chain, Spestal Elewank in Poset Th x perek, the notation a2 b denote tak (HER ALL is Mod as a precedts bX or “b rucceed a”, whan (P,£) Jo a ‘peset , An clerrint 2 EP ts called A mantimal ebennt of P, Gt “Hurt io no element be P Paarh trak a2 b (ol Abictty precedes bh’) An ekemunk a @P WB Laltad a mtrtmnol clumenk 4 P, Sk thet bb no chemint LEP Auth trok bia. | | 3, | TE were enodsh an elemenk AEP Auch thar bem | | Ffer at BEP, Men a ds tated the qeakist clement of | pL poset (P29. al TE hare endstr om element 26 P Auch trak a, * as cn upper bound thet bs tes than every othay ) opp found Oo A. g, The clemink® yy Js Calud sre qveatist Rewer bound (Cts) Trpiwner op Ae Aubsek A of a poset CP, s), ab y Bo dower beund -Mrok “uo quaker Man |eving other dower bound of A. Nef ged Carb) = GiB fa, b3 Berm (a,b) = LWeata,b3 | Prrob denne . f Lf bee Heda, BLU, T bY oma Ro be a vebatron deprard pe my ER Gp amd only ih aay i ditsible bys. AP > \ Crary Ue) Cyed, (25), 3,3) OB) Cte, eg) Uso bss tha TRO) tate by 2) Show that ON, 4) & Porbally ordered Sab, wha | WN as He ket of aki pobye snkeqess amd < ath « relekon | dune d by men hb amd wvby Tak nme os a Romomegabive | tateger- (Bo Cven N= RL sek of atl posibve integers To preve CN, 2) oh a partially ordered set Relakien £ Actined by men ARE nom bea non -nagabve ‘heat, Uy Replraive mRm D mMom=so a rene Megakue easea ee SS omRm NR Afhtwe 4 ou Aifouve. Ss Ani aymotbyt ec Sma. min amd nKrm Dn-m do oa Nom -negakve integer mRo wee > men uh a Ron Aigakve integer n-m> mn an = Im em Ne “TRS ards Ang monkene Se aubayrnmnntye . UW) Troumttve dywyn ON ARm ,mRn dS ARn. Am 2 m-L bb a non negakve takuger, mRn > n-m is ~ now negakive Ine aner > m-Lanem A a wow vegokive Sukeager. > wn-k os a hon ee inkeger > LRo SR a brenibve < as kronnitve. dies Lee ot aa oe Pars ally ordaved Sek. | . = sl lar R bea vetaion on a seb A. Thin define | V=3 tarb) & AxA / (b,4>ERJ. Prove Krak “af (A, RS as ek then (A,K') & abo a posee- |G jak R be ailalion oma kek A. Re Jlb,ay} so a parkal order Aslakon en A. prove l= [aby bo parkal order Attetten on A. co Refterdve: Lara) ER > Re laa} wd a vetterve . SOD replete + LW) AnKagmnatts € - (arb) ER oma (hb, aVER > ab. Gince toby eR = (hay ee! (bh) ER => a,b) eR! Cay by ee) amd (bay eR => ack, age ound maprnveatic. thy Fromme Teron Hy Tab eR, (bo eR > (aedeR, | | | | Since Carb) eR SD Ciaert ny (id eR > Cobyer!. lager =a (caer Ce by ER, Chay ek’ > Cae ee oe ay beomiteve . SCA ie) oo Ped. apes portal orcas Telokion. Draw the Horse diagram vreprerenking Hae parttal erdering arb | a divides bY on 12137416, 8, IDG {Hasse Bteqram | Draw Ke Howse tora on eee Pokal Orden: 12 CAB) J ASBd on Hr power Ack PLS) whee 6= Fa, b,c3 ke “plsy= pe, tad, tb}, Te}, Tasks, fa jet, Lbed, Fabe3 4 Jasbye3 3 Lea the 403 Ped 3 Qi @ Hawe dtimgrarn mp (POS), 2), aes eee stares ee b. WRteh element > oe posek (Chais,te, 12,3 Ort monional and ofl ch are nulnimal? && : ieee Maximal element = $12, 20,154 | a Wo ac Minimal elrment = 12,53 260 pe nS ~~ 2 s 1, Detemine whether ERL poteb vepresented by cork of te Hasse Heme diagrams Ahaveagreatert element ond a feast "SCR YE os ub Maximal element = §d,e3 Minimad element = Ja,b3 | Greatest clement = No Least element = No iy Maximal element = 243 Minimal clomenk = fabd Greokust shemint = PAY only ows Wsttenal elem, | Least ebtmank = No. NN) Maximal elements 26,4) Iriel element, = Lal Gvestut abemenk = No Least elemunk = $03 Saby one ratwimnad eka mink WO Maxinnah ebtwank = 143 Minimal elem = Lay Greokut elem = {At heart shemamk = Ja}, 8) Ty Here a garatist climink on a Leost clara tw Wee poset (24, /)? ee Lew be poste, Iwkeger , nez2t, he iwkeger Vo ds BAe Lost akimenk os In ~ Mrost alinenk =| Tea no rst clement , Os no inte, we dviable by at postive Wk egen QW) Fra Khe ae ok akest Lower bound ome kor Least upper bound of Mee Sete 13,4124 amd TU 2, HS, te} Ab Hey Srdat, in tee poser t2*1). Ste gibfarb}= qua Cad) | Luba bd = dem Carb) | . gi 13,41 123 = qed (tite) =3 Rubs 9,12} = deme (319) 12) = 36. BU ty qis,ted = ged Limits ied =! Kab 1127415) 10h = Lem LU ass Fre = 20. Ie] Draw the Hane dtagrore [it Draw Hasse cltagiam < er ODay 1) ushene velakren om Yo yr, S10, MIT 4 Dag=Pti21s.4 2.812, 245 (OE ee a " g I w - & " 2 2 3 Haase olteg rom (Sotal order) Haace Diag ram Aov Day. | B) Lee Az 1013/9, 27,81), Avaw VB. Lee A= D112) 5, 103 with tHe [Ate Hane diagram 4 He elation Adis. Draw Me loo LAL). Hasse Aiagram. a | Se. , ae 1° | : <> | 4 | > ' } |__ Haase Diagram 4 (A!) Hasse Diageam + Wy] Commder She Aek Doge lid) Fle, rs, HOY ana Hu rebalten [dvvdes (7) be a Parhiad erdenting xelabion On Boy.’ 1 Draw the Hasse Aagram eh Deo with nclakion divides | [ly Determine all Upper, bounds 24 S amel 10 UW) Dektrmene AU Lower bounds 01 Sand lo. |W Deke. LUB of 5 amd lo. bw Determine GLB of S amd to. Sh De Yay Silo, 2, by. Ab USde Se, 13 % a 3 © db MDS toi 241} } os Abie} eis, 13 2 5 Uy Lubyejwt sro : Wy ghb Bey} = Horse Magram o Dep: Ni) wb(5)=35, 10,25, 503 ubliey = $10,503 ub} sie} = fio, 50} we] Lae D2 Eh 3s Bre, b tests 303 Udi a velaKon %&y. a ama omhy “yO divides yg. Fed w AM Lower bounds of 10 ond 15 gy GLO OH LP, amd 1S city) AW epper boynd of to amd IF Wy bua 4 lo oma Is lw Draw dhe Howe eteng vem for Das | | | | iw x Cy Bb We) = Th 2% 5105 4 is AL (15) = Jus setsh Abgroasy = 53 ‘ . Gio Gre feast = F WD ublioy= { te, 305 os Us) = qis.303 | Hasse eee Dao ubdotss = 203. | Uy) LUBS 0 rsh = 30- 1 i Lek Dost 2% S)\e, 20, 25, 50, 100} bette Adisons of Ivo, | Drow the Home A og rare eo (Dies!) hier [oe the | relakton © AtMaMon", find Uw gee Lied @ hubfioved ® gh bsivonens wy Aubls, 10, 20,255, tr) Draw Ate Hawe Magia of (Dae 1) wie b,, dente dhs Ack of Portive divinors of 20 amd | isthe Arbakion % Av men’. errs A Posek CP, <) as knoum an Aabtica Sf eauk pair of P has anak upper bound amd greakat Lower bound . The Lottee CL, 4) hata binang Sperakion CA) amd BW , a Lattee can be demoted by vplet (CL, +,®) om (Lr AWN) ww CL, 44). Note: 1. gtb fa, b3 = anh too ax boy a.b : Catad as a meet b/ ery “a product &) 2. Aubta by = avb wy a®b low arb (seed as Sa join bi tory Sa ur b ) 3B. AaAbE gee ba rb3 =D anabea anbeb. A. avb =Lubtabl D> adavb béeavb. Print ple of Dusky Amy Abakencent dn repeat wg Loktrus Invetving Khe operation Vo omd A and the voletion £ amd > Armco, SV wephored by A oma a 2 veplored bays < by» amd 7% by ere The dalton (1,29 od Cbd) one tolled duals ot eo oktar, | Properties oH eae Vi TE Gye) Av a Matttce an usGich v omd a denote Khe eperabrons op feta ana mut respestively, Aho f-4a abel, ach tH avb-=b / arbaa iy avb=b Gri ety af ash > aAb=a Sf amd enty Mh ath i) AAbza Ih amd ony ‘ab avb=b Test ky let ach —O aab= gebiardj | Wie know Haat beb —@® an Uby reflexive) By onset or® > anh 2a amd aabSb Fon OO ave faab=a avb= Lub qa bd Conversely Si a a Ceo eee L® | arb= qihgarbl Fen © ¥O@ Darbsa and anabsb ac Senate 1 AaAbsb | > [a Zh] (by anb=a) wD Hence preaf Ci ie Comemely ly aves Reb tajel | (ash &ofavesb] © Dagavb amd bs avb aah & al|-® ae ave Fom O11 Dfazb) Chy avb-by avh=b C9) aab=a Hence preg >. Hence proof uy Wy) ber ach —O | We know that ofa —O | Fam OFO (hy refleaee) azarb —@ ab di Mi & Th [r)2) Ws a Lattice, then for amy ab, c eb Ava =a 4 Telem potency . AKA za UW) avb=bva } Commutatvity AAbz baa ) av Cbved = favbyve ] Asso iat ty anlbacy =Caab)ac Wy) avanb) =a i Absorphten. ar(avb) =a > ava = tubja a} = Lubyay aa arvas grbparas= ght 23 aa i Hence she proof UD. y avb= Lubjab3- tub? bad =bva A Abe gthfabh= gl tbias= bra avb= ba 4 Hance pref Cid aAb =baa dit) av(bve) = Cavbyve MS hve = Lubyl, c) D> ba bve omd ce bye. avlbve) > dubla, bye} =) agavlbyve) omd bve < av(bve) bebve, bve 4 avlbve) & b < avCbve) by transi be cé bye, bveZ avlbve) BD ¢ Zavibved ” azarvlbvd, be avlbve) Davb Zavlbvd b abn. joa avb £ av(bve) cc avCbved > [(avb)ve < avibve —O Rus avb= Lubia,by Daszavbh omd bs avb tavbyve = tubfavb,c§ | avb < (avb)ve amd CS Cavbyve az avb, avbalavbve 2 ae Cavbyve by thea hye, bi avb, avb 4 lavb)ve | bz Cavb)ve 4 bé(avbve omd ¢¥ Cavbve D bve 4 (avb)ve by defn ef jon, aglavbve, bye = lavbove > lavlbve £ Cavbyv ce From Or® Lace By om ay ram ek avtive = avibval = avCbve). Hence te proof Utd By the Paraiple 4 duotity, ea read iy avlaaby=a OAb = gee ia b3, ankb Za and aabsb Also aca (by refered ago, arsbsa D avlanb) sa Chy data. 4 goin) By Aapinthon of ub, a a dz av (aab)—@® From O-@, By ombkia ‘0 a Vs [avtantSza} By Ae privaiple of dual , Hewce TRA pros Uv) anlavb) =a Trotonic Prope: T. G4 29.58 to Dodetice, Ahem or ounsy Arb CEL, he Aollouing propertin Arolds good Tt bee Kun Ww avb < Wy aab <= aac ave omd Proof Lek CL, 2) BO a Sakic, shee any a,b/cel b4ce bvese ond bac=b t) Saree BSC to bveae. —O Also AVaza by tclam pokent.—@® Now ave = Cav adv (bve) Cby Or®) (oy awouakve) avlavbyvc = avlbvayve = Cav bv Cave) * Cavb)v Cave) = ave > iy Since C by com mukabve) ave C by amoiakve) beac ts bac=b, —O a by jolem potent — Now arabe (aaada lbacd Algo AAa= by OD = arlarbdd ae by ousouabive = ar lbaadac by Coromutakye arb = (aabalarnd by aasouadive > Babs ang] Bence Mae sesulk. | | eh FERIGtntnennnneenenneneene 4| Dutvibukve Th i | Tl O12) bia doktor, thu oma abe EL Cb an (bved > (aab) v Canc) Wid av (brey < (avb) Alave) | Pref LU aanlbvead > (Caabyvlanc) | Gabe gtbtarby | SD anabh ea amd aabib —O | byes fub}b,c§ | | => be bve amd ec Sete ase & aveec. By distabutive Tnequotity , av (bac) 4 lavbya lave) <& Conversely , : avibac) <= lavbyac habla; bach £ gy tavese) a x avlbac) <@vbyac Ac. » zel Hence the result Sublotvces A nonempty Aubact Lop a dattice L si tolled a Aublaktee of L A aber! > avb, aabew! Lattice Homemorphian TH fli, Vind amd Fla, @s*¥ we tro Lottreer , & mapping ft by Dla oh tatled a Aathie tomomenphtiny Apo by fe La ob fen omy a bel Fdlavby= fin ® St amd f (aaby= flo ¥ fb). TL a domemeorphism Fi lil, of fyw0 Sakteos SLI AJ amd $62, O¥) & bijective Cornet ome, mh), than fois calle an tro mmorplism Complte Laktice A daktice (Liv, A) ds ‘cobted Complete if earh of aE non emplg Aubscti of L tara fteark Upper bound ond a gqacakest dower bound. An element | Js kxoum ax upper bound of a Roktee LLivsr) Bf 2S1 Wer, An edemont 0 de known a Lower bound of Roktite Uv, a) 4 of% VWuer, Compleminked Lakttee . A RokBee CL), AY 2s ao Complemented Lott ce ak Ae eah ael , there eruste be L Such tot avb=l and arb=o. cunded Lake : A Taktice ustteh dea Suokh aluvunt 0 amd | da Called a bounded taktter, Wo Tra bounded Qaktree, the bounds o amd \ tokaty CAa =O = AAO OVa => A=>AaAVO laaeacaal\ UVieg =| Sav for alk @EL-. W) A bounded Loktrea ds Aatd be be Complemeuked | Sp even elewenk Shor abreast om. Comphencnt vin kRL LakKee 1 Diutabokue Lok ee | A Satter Lhe, AY ce Cablid a dinksbutrve Doki, Dy for any arb cE b, anrlbve) = Canb)vlanc) av (bac) = Cavb)yalavc) | Modular hottee - A §aktbee Uy, < Jaw (bac) = ) ds Aatd bs be moclilay +} Cavby Ac usienever ALE Asx adh ab, cb | Theowern 1 CCancetation Laws) Tn a distrbubtve Loktee Qik), anb=aac ard avb= ave Imply that bac. Prot Given CLiZ) Bs a dintibubve takes wand AaAbs AKC , avbzave. b= ba (avb) by absorption = ba lave) by aver =Cbaayvtbacd by Ak cdvibubve = (anby VC bac) by Commutative = aac) v (bac) by ayer = lavbjac by Ube buds ve. b= Cave) ae by given = CA (ave) by Commutahve [bezel Gy sees Hence the vesubk. Threum 2 Tn a complemented amd di stnbubbve Bott re Gomphemenk of eaue aXement As unique. Cy €) de & complemented omd Aistabultve Labi. Suppose Amok an ehemrent Sa’ hes choo Complund bo od c teen avb=) amd MAb =0 ave=) AAC=0. Te prove, Comptemank to wmtqur (b=) b= bal = ba lav by yvew =(Lbaay (bao by Us bss bubve, = (aabyv (bao by Corambative, Pov tene) bye = Caacyv (bad by qo = lavbyac 2 VAS Bene the resulk. , Saar leap | A Aokee (Le) Ma che ap poo axybre. 4 fos ave Arb, cel, [-Ae bee oms Ev » . P, aa Kate bo distabulive Laktice Meer kak CL 2D be chain and fot tay ab COL iby hen ALbEC and ar b7C. Cosetd> agbee | Suppose «2b D> arbaa , avbab | bee = bacab 7, bvese | aeze D AACE ay ave =e Lbhy trond) | To prove “CL, £) th ov ate bukve Jota. anlbve) = anc =a | = anlbve) =(@rb)v(aac) (arb)v (aac) Sava =a | Cosetti) axrbee om efbea. | Suppse CSb = cabast, Cvb= b ben D baaab, bvaza! a CARE E 1 CVA RO Chy treme) ww an lbvO=z antevb) = arab.=baasb—D (aabyy (aac) = (baady (cAaa). = bvxe = evb = b-© Imm OO a aby vane) 7 Evan chatn do a cindatbubktye Aathee . tence Hac result. j SST | Theor ; a 2 : Every Avstibubve fathee lua modular but not convasely, Pe Ly 2) be a cintahurve Beker amd yb CEL anlbved s(arnky vl ary av (bac) = (avb) a (avod To preve Ld modular, ie, Whenevey ase her oM a bicel , avtbacys lavbac. We have ake Dd arheza, aves © ss avcbac) = lavbya lave) by clit bubive " av(bao) = (averc: by gen IL tp modular . << Conmmely, b ds ravcluley. To prve bdo not Aistibakve by uring MR feu. pte not biatet Srrample | tavbac)= ov( bab) = baby by bs lavb) Ac= Lovb)abi St, ° Sav(bacd =@vbyac Caseu) i ack, c=!) Ld modular. asc bel To dnd Lb nok Abtibabee => bare by, bivt=l aalbve) saab) v Care) tav( bac) = bv Chat) ach, be by tabs = bb. bya Ub ¥ bs) = gthi by, bavbad Gv bac bivbyad byVba= Auvjbr,br3=! A } = bib ME atbvbsd= bed t= By Sav bade Cavb)at . Caabyv (arc) = Cbiabsdy (br Abs) Case gi by Abie gtb th, rb dzo mso, Cab; bi A ba = gh Phish) =e» Bue c ane bh (hr abspvCh Abs) = ove =0 @ butve . | Theorem 5° : Every Chain 2s modutar | | Proof! Threrem' 4 Theorem ty CNecestang part) Ty Uy, a) Ss & Complemunked diate babve Aoktiie, thn De Morgan's Saw | ub lavbyts al ab! | Wy caanyt= alvel — eta for abt arb eh wo Ska ama Prive De Morgals Laws bn Lomplemanted Aininbutve Lobe. Proots het L be a tomptemenk kk a omd b be any wo elements of L- Ler ol ama bo be tae Complemink of o amd b in b. | | | cd Aistsbubive Latte. So analso amd bablao aval. ae iy To prove Lavb)! =. ala bl Ca'vb) N (alr!) =o {a'vb) wv Calabl) =) ie., (av) A (alab!) = (alabl) A (avb) by commutobye =(Cala bl) aa) v (fala bl) ab) by cdustabuive =(Lblaal) Aa) Vv (ala (blab)) i. 5 (bla Calaa)) v Cala eo) a = (bla ody Lalas) = ONG a0. al [Cavey v Calabl) = (lavbyval a Ke ache ({bva) vo!) A (av eve!)) = (by (aval) A (avi) =(bvi) alavy) = VA) cay so alabl beheves ‘tre Complement of avb. > Cave)'= ala! By he pesipte og dea, Laaby'= aly tl Heme Ate proof: y Problems. | Dakerming ushetRer he eto portal ordi ng. Auk vate Hasse dingrams core $8 S a ty wy wy Ww Soonneran 7 ea parr ef elements Sus bot a Lub Ud Every pote of chemaws tar bett a Leart upper bound amd o whut fous bownd cb & a Lokhe. Wy Bub Tbe} dow wot entste gh Lar 2} dees not axtat. > be net a Boke . Uy Rb Te} Aeu not egigt | UW) La nek a Lektee | Cv Every pa ode ments thos both a Lrart upper bound amd a quentest dower bound — ee | Alyy ts a Raktee. : + Dn whe Posee Vet a Lotttree ? Be ak a ama b be boo -pouthve tntigers. tee a The Lub amd gth of ktuie roo Twkege a Hu Lom ond ke aed op Riese Wteegers respectively . Eq> ass, bag. Aad ts. ed = ten(s, 8) = 40 edit ahh Si e 3 = ged Cs,a) ah exh . ze ela Newt Determine whaltar tte poet Ctra sacl, 7) amd CU 2,418,163, 7) ane Laktreas? iy (Ls 883) Ro. Ww China, 95557) . & * > 4 a s j 2 i Lub 32,24 does not vost. Bren pote of edarnents hos both a Lub omd eee SAD de not a Sat ee . TERY do aw Lakh -? Determine usbaltar CPU, <) do a Laktre oe Lub a fot db ae A omd B be two Bubsc ofS. THe Sab oma She L A oma B are AUB ond ANB Pesparbveld (PG), 2) uh a Laker. 5) Examine wRetier the lattees qiven in the follows KR eae Heqan Be olistribubye” or not. é ’ a c % ay 7 ° >) dy tly aan(bve) = (aab)v (anc) a +o “ Rektice UD ds nek Ashibubve . | Wy an Cbvedd= Canby v Care) | ALA (avas)= (a)Aas) V (4A 43) anal =. 0voO | | | | aA, AN = ayo | 7 : | st Rakbree Cy do nok Athi bubve . 6) Prove hak (Lh, A/V) do not a complemenkid tether | Lumday ditvixton cebetton) uke Lt) 203,616) 12} amd | ao Avaw Hie Hake cliagram . Geto. ” + Complemented Latiee’s avba) | re QAb=0. ‘ + anrb= gtbfarb}> gedia,b3 =©) avb= Dubsarbi= Lem Cab] =W A= 2, b=3. : anb= ghbanisd = ged ade Lal, 2 avb= Dub $234 = tem, = G42), eis Le 16,125 dinok & tomplmantl deatie . Bar Tn a Comaplemanked, cbinbibutive ryace dhe Sak Okt mapivedant: . , un bea. wh) a vb=1 ‘ avbeb i rs LEA ni! Uby given) = anrlbab') by amo Wale = aad 'bablso | aal = -! aAoze. Wis prove uy v9 wii) ae dy > 4) My aabec- To prove aib | (aaply/so! (by compliant) = arbaas avbab | alvaytas. (bj Ament hho bee! | a oe) => bad=b', a alvb =| : Spade b Chay geen This proves wii) | \ aab=b tes ul > Wy Tedet bea eetae To prove Yeo V Dbladzbl, bvalzol : =e) wy) alvb =! av wuss . oy icy Lalvbyabl = tae ; avb=b (alablv (bat!) = b! “ty Ableb! aie (alab) vo =b! “babl=o oa w. alaul =! AVOEA blaal = 4! => ble al oy TRA proves Liv) » 8) TEL a Astibubve Lette 2 Cavb) a (bve) Alevay= Carb)y (baddy Cctaa), Soe Cavbyalbveda leva) = (avb) Aa Cevb) a leva) by tornmnubahve = Cavb)a (Cv Cbaay) by clientes buive | = (Cavb)ac) v (favb) ACbara)) by cbtsterbubsve | = (a aOVObac) v(aACbaad)v (balbaa)) = taacdv (badd v ((ara)ab) v (Corb) Aa) = (aac) vCbAc) v (arb) vCbAA) = (aac) vebacyy (ash) Carb) | = (OAD VU bAOY (AAP). | = Canty v (bre) v (laa), Hence the vusull. ‘ Verity osfitter Khe Detter given bythe Baste | Borars in vat coe Aistibutive K ( (aneyv(and)= bvb=b <> Ld (Yi Bso Cby i Gren ab=a : a.bl=o. Dd atb= a.b4b ‘by gen ty > as = b+ab a.bio = ba bia by commutative | Te prove tilly take complemenh Arb = b by absorptr | Ca-bl)'=o! wb 2 Ci) Civen atb=b. KD alab= ala lort) by given =(alra)ab by ousouate Hence all tha & Adobe = 4b by Complent om taptvalent. alsb = 1 by dominance | Caven al +b =] | MK) +b = (atb)-1 | an = (arb): ale) by given Cao) 4b by Aisha = oO+b by Compl a+b=b : ‘is 2) Tn Boclran algebra , if atb=! amd a.bao, Show that bea). (‘the Complement of every ebenent A 48 unique). Gre bE bet = b. (ata) by Complemant . =batb.oa by AW ates bub ve =O:b+ba by Commudolive | = o.tbo Ny given. : a. +b, a by Complennint. avasal.b by Commukative toy As br bubtve = a. (arb) = ol. | ; by re 3] Tr any Boolean algebra, Aho Hot ablialb =o VU omd ently 3p a= b. Ge ht acb ppl all a cut olg: by an = O+60 ablyalb =o Ke Lak ablyalb =o ablaalboo , Then atabadbia aba Abeba k . Adalb =a (hy absonpe) ab! +b = b (by absorp) Castoal). Catb)ea by MK thde! (Ab) Cheb) = b Cdtebtbuty A. latbysa Cath) t = b. SD a4tbh sa —O ath =.b —@® Fem ©%r®O aah

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