Eng_Sectional_Test

Sectional Test English
CLAT - By @cl_mock
English Sectionals for CLAT Preparation
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SECTION-A : ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Passage (Q.1-Q.5): Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions given below it.
Paragraph 1: The government – and Paytm – may not agree, but there are some downsides to the rising
digitization and connectivity. One is an unleashing of aspirations. Everyone wants not just what Bengal’s
leftists used to contemptuously dismiss as components of the middle-class Indian dream — gaadi, baadi,
chaakri (car, home, job) — but a whole lot of other things. From watching the latest Salman-starrer now —
which is why India is the ‘download’ capital of the world — to the latest phone and footwear, people desire
for all forms of comfort. This is a downside because the Indian economy is simply not in a position to create
the kind of ecosystem which will enable all these aspirations to be realized by a vast majority of the people.
The other downside is the near-instantaneous transmission of unrest. Thanks to YouTube and WhatsApp,
an expression of farmer unrest can travel from Mannargudi to Mandsaur faster than any ponderous
government’s attempts to address or contain the disturbance within a particular area.
Paragraph 2: If we haven’t had more such demonstrations, or bigger unrest, it is probably because there
hasn’t been an issue big enough to concern all the people across the country at the same time. The recent
farmer protests, big and significant though they were, left urban India untouched. But there is one issue
which, sooner or later, may unleash social unrest on a scale which will make the farmer agitation look like
a toddler’s tantrum — jobs. Or more precisely, the lack of them. That the available workforce of a country
needs to be occupied in fruitful employment is a no-brainer. The reason global businesses are investing
billions of dollars in India is its potential to become one of the world’s economic powerhouses.
Paragraph 3: This potential derives from India’s ‘demographic dividend’ — the millions of young people
joining the workforce every year. India will add more than 100 million people of working age between now
and 2025, by which time it will account for one-fifth of the entire world’s workforce. That creating productive
and remunerative jobs for these aspirants is India’s biggest economic challenge is also a no-brainer.
Paragraph 4: If that be the case, then, going by the BSE’s own yardstick, India appears to be in a very
good place. If 96% of India’s workforce is productively employed, as the index suggests, then Prime
Minister Narendra Modi has more than made good on his pre-poll promise of creating one crore new jobs
in five years. It also means that India is now well and truly a middle-income country, with poverty and
deprivation confined to isolated pockets, and many, if not all, in a position to fulfill most of those newly
unleashed aspirations.
Paragraph 5: Economist Sudipto Mundle argued in a recent paper that “the vast majority of India’s working
households are still living precariously on the brink of survival”. This is Modi’s — and India’s — biggest
challenge. It is not just about creating jobs but generating employment that yields substantially more than
mere sustenance. Otherwise, the ‘aspirational young India’ will turn into an ‘angry young India’.
1. According to the first paragraph, which of the following is untrue?
(a) Everything is not hunky dory in the digitization projection in India.
(b) A middle class Indian dreams about having a good job, affordable housing and a sensible car to drive
around.
(c) Salmaan starrers are the only ones which are being downloaded by the Indians as part of digitization.
(d) Indian economy needs to pass through various upward modes to cater to the aspirations of its major
chunk of population.
2. In the second paragraph, the author uses the phrase 'a toddler's tantrum'. Which of the following reflects
the best contextual meaning of the phrase?
(a) The farmers' agitation is still in the infant stage but may become serious in future.
(b) When compared to the looming job situation, the impact of the farmers' agitation was a soft fall.
(c) Agitating for rights is child's play for the farmers as they have been receiving exclusive coverage on the
social media.
(d) Farmers' agitation is like a child's tantrum. It subsides on its own after a while.
Head Office: 127, Zone II, MP Nagar, Bhopal |+91-7676564400| https://www.toprankers.com Page 2 of 36
3. The third paragraph talks of a 'demographic dividend'. What does it imply in the context of the passage?
(a) When the world over is facing the problem of an aging population, India has a young human resources
capital.
(b) The population boom in India has been successfully contained.
(c) The B-schools in India are turning out many young people every year adding to the bleak job market.
(d) There is a vast gap between the aging and young population in India.
4. Which of the following statements connects paragraph three with paragraph four?
(a) According to popular adage, a country can be called as zero unemployed if every citizen is engaged in
one work or the other.
(b) Dattu is a laborer earning Rs. 5000 a month, barely managing his family needs and is gainfully
employed.
(c) By 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi will be in a position to declare that 96 percent of the workforce
as employed productively, in India.
(d) The age-old adage of 'garibi hatao' will become true in India in 2025.
5. What is the message of caution given by the author in the fifth paragraph?
(a) Indian youth is very restless and may turn angry if not provided with jobs of their choice.
(b) Poverty can never be eradicated in India.
(c) Prime Minister Narendra Modi needs to work very hard to get rid of poverty in India.
(d) India accounting for not just sustainable, but a more productive and remunerative jobs, by 2025 is just
a bubble and needs more introspection.
Passage (Q.6-Q.10): Our planet's natural ecosystems are in trouble. Recent advances in "big data" and
improved remote sensing tools show us that collective human impacts are leaving fewer places untouched,
with only 15% of the Earth's land mass formally protected and global biodiversity declining at an
unprecedented rate.
Global assessments led by scientists, such as the 5th Global Biodiversity Outlook published this week, and
others endorsed by governments through bodies like the Intergovernmental Panel on Biodiversity and
Ecosystem Services (IPBES), make it clear that governments are failing to meet existing global targets for
biodiversity, and that critical ecosystems like coral reefs will be altered to the point that the biodiversity they
hold, and the services they provide, will be damaged beyond repair.
Corals in particular have shown the most rapid increase in extinction risk of all assessed species groups,
with studies showing an estimated two thirds of coral reef fish lost compared to historical reefs as only 2.5
percent of the world's reefs are being actively protected. We must respond to this remarkable scientific and
political consensus on biodiversity loss with meaningful action. As an international community, we must do
more to help protect those important ecosystems such as coral reefs, which provide extraordinary
contributions to both biodiversity (about 25 percent of all marine biodiversity across about 0.1 percent of
the ocean floor) and human wellbeing (economic and food security for hundreds of millions of people).
International plans, usually in the form of policy frameworks, are well suited to globalized threats such as
climate change, but have a hard time addressing the myriad complex localized threats facing coral reefs
(such as overexploitation, pollution, coastal and industrial development) and other ecosystems.
They do, however, play an important role in driving consensus around how to measure and monitor
ecosystems like coral reefs and the benefits they provide to people. They also galvanise political will, unlock
billions in financing for nature conservation, and provide the impetus to drive change at a local level.
Currently, all but a few of the world’s governments are in the process of negotiating updated, consensus-
based goals and targets for biodiversity conservation to replace those that expire in 2020. This “post -2020
global biodiversity framework” will guide the action and investments of the 196 governments that are party
to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The negotiations are expensive and complex. Over the
last two years, members of the International Coral Reef initiative (ICRI), a global partnership of more than
forty governments and more than forty civil society organization with coral reef expertise, have agreed on
this framework that are critical for coral reefs.
6. Which of the following reflects the complexity of the international plans for ecosystem problems?
(a) The plans are usually in the form of policy framework.
(b) Governments don't follow the policy framework for a longer duration.
(c) They play an important role in driving the consensus around how to measure and monitor Ecosystems.
(d) International plans have a hard time tackling the multitude and complex localized menaces facing coral
reefs and other ecosystems.
7. In the sentence, "As an international community, we must do more to help protect those important
ecosystems", Which important ecosystems are being referred to?
(a) Marine ecosystems.
(b) Only coral reefs.
(c) Ecosystems which provide contribution to human wellbeing.
(d) Ecosystems which provide contribution to human wellbeing and biodiversity.
8. Why should we protect coral reefs?

(a) Protecting coral reefs will help nation get funding from World Bank and other Organisations.
(b) Protecting coral reefs will increase the soft power of a nation.
(c) Coral reefs contribute to the human wellbeing as well as the biodiversity.
(d) Coral reefs help to fight against globalized threats such as climate change.
9. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the passage?

(a) Saving coral reefs: an urgent need.
(b) Role of big data in protecting ecosystem.
(c) How International Coral Reef Initiative was started.
(d) Global Biodiversity post 2020.
10. As per the passage, which of the following sentences is not true?
(a) The natural ecosystem of earth is in trouble.
(b) The existing global targets for biodiversity are not being met.
(c) Members of the International Coral Reef Initiative have agreed on the steps we must take.
(d) Recent advances in "big data" have helped in the decline of global biodiversity.
Passage (Q.11-Q.15): One core component of the Belt and road Initiative (BRI) is the BeiDou Navigation
Satellite System (BDS). BDS, while largely a benign satellite navigation system, has a key component of
entrapment for economically weaker countries. What exactly are the malign components of the BDS that
have the potential to entrap countries in technology dependence on Beijing?
The benign parts of BDS can be gauged by the fact that the linked services are either replaceable, or do
not entail a continuing use of BDS past the implementation-construction phase. To foster digital economies
in Arab states, Beijing established a BDS in Tunis. This involved the training Arab state representatives in
transitioning to digital economies, and said training was done on the basis of BDS to show them the
opportunities and benefits.
For a long time, services we take for granted - like GPS navigation - were dependent on the US-controlled
Navstar satellites whose services were prohibited from being extended to Iran. A Memorandum of
Understanding (2015) between China and Iran resolved these issues with BeiDou, providing high-precision
navigation services, and spawned a host of services based on this technology. In South Asia, Pakistan's
new Islamabad International Airport's information integration system offers precise time synchronisation
and coordinated operation of the airport's sub-systems in a "reliable" manner.
Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia, Thailand, and Uganda have used BDS for agricultural and
infrastructural purposes. These include land, water, and ecology surveys. They have been able to benefit
by planning their crop cycles and water allocation with great precision, resist climatic variation, and increase
the accuracy of their national disaster agencies through dependence on these services. In some of these
countries, like Thailand, power distribution, and goods delivery and tracking are all linked to BDS.
On the face of it, all these above-mentioned projects seem benign, with only benefits to be reaped by the
countries dependent on the system. Yet, each of these associations has masked a critical element of
dependence. Today, Iran's entire basket of satellite-based services - their equivalents of Google Maps,
Uber, Zomato, Amazon, etc. - and the massive economic footprint they have spawned are dependent on
BDS. Any withdrawal of services would be catastrophic for large parts of the country's urban economy that
depend heavily on this system.
In a similar manner, agricultural systems in several parts of Southeast Asia, as discussed earlier, have
been enhanced based on BDS technology. Sustaining this expansion is also based on BDS, as it is used
to plan cropping seasons, adjust water distribution, and compensate for climate. Indeed, once even basic,
and traditional activities like agriculture become technology-dependent, their extraordinary increase in
productivity and resistance to climactic variation also depend on the usage of this technology.
11. Which of the following is referred to the 'critical element of dependence' as mentioned in the given passage?
(a) The expansion of the BDS Technology and the increase in the number of countries who accept it.
(b) The utter dependence on the BDS technology, from where going back is not possible and any departure
from the services of the technology would be disastrous.
(c) The extraordinary increase in productivity and resistance leading to the betterment of the agricultural
system.
(d) The transfer of the technology from Navstar satellites to BeiDou Navigation Satellite System in most
Asian countries.
12. What is the author's motive behind writing the fifth paragraph of the given passage?
(a) To tell the reader how BDS has the ability to entrap countries in technology dependence.
(b) To tell the reader about overall dependence of Iran on China's various technologies.
(c) To explain about the pros and cons of BDS for Iran.
(d) To tell the reader about different satellite-based services in Iran.
13. Which of the following is similar in meaning to the word 'benign' as mentioned in the given passage?
(a) Meticulous (b) Propitious (c) Unerring (d) Solemn
14. With which of the following is the author least likely to agree?
(a) There are many benefits of the BDS technology.
(b) Iran itself is responsible for its own course of action.
(c) BDS technology will eventually cause trouble to the whole world.
(d) The BDS technology largely focus on poor countries.
15. Which of the following is incorrect as per the given passage?

(a) BeiDou Navigation Satellite System is one of the central components of the Belt and road initiative.
(b) Myanmar, Laos, Indonesia, and Thailand use BDS technology.
(c) BDS technology fails when faced with the situations such as drought.
(d) Agricultural systems in several parts of Southeast Asia have been enhanced based on BDS technology.
Passage (Q.16-Q.20): Perhaps no other social entity appears more 'natural' than the family. Often, we are
prone to assume that all families are like the ones we live in. No other social institution appears more
universal and unchanging. Sociology and social anthropology have over many decades, conducted field
research across cultures to show how the institutions of family, marriage and kinship are important in all
societies and yet their character is different in different societies. They have also shown how the family (the
private sphere) is linked to economic, political, cultural and educational (the public) spheres.
According to the functionalists the family performs important tasks, which contribute to society's basic
needs and helps perpetuate social order. The functionalist perspective argues that modern industrial
societies function best if women look after the family and men earn the family livelihood. In India studies,
however, suggest that families need not become nuclear in an industrial pattern of economy. This is but
one example to show how trends based on experiences of one society cannot necessarily be generalised.
The nuclear family is seen as the unit best equipped to handle the demands of industrial society by the
functionalists. In such a family one adult can work outside home while the second adult cares for the home
and children. In practical terms, this specialisation of roles within the nuclear family involves the husband
adopting the 'instrumental' role as breadwinner, and the wife assuming the 'affective', emotional role in
domestic settings (Giddens 2001). This vision is questionable not just because it is gender unjust but
because empirical studies across cultures and history show that it is untrue.
A central debate in India has been about the shift from nuclear family to joint families. We have already
seen how sociology questions common sense impressions. The fact is that nuclear families have always
existed in India particularly among deprived castes and classes.
The sociologist A.M. Shah remarks that in post-independent India, the joint family has steadily increased.
The contributing factor is the increasing life expectancy in India according to him. It has increased from
32.5 - 55.4 years for men and from 31.7 - 55.7 years for women during the period 1941 - 50 to 1981- 85.
Consequently, the proportion of aged people (60 years and above) in the total population has increased.
This again is a broad generalisation. But in the spirit of the sociological perspective, it cautions us against
blindly believing a common-sense impression that the joint family is fast eroding. And alerts us to the need
for careful comparative and empirical studies.
16. Which of the following strengthens the author's argument that the character of family, marriage and kinship
is different in different societies?
(a) Importance of family, marriage and kinship is different in different societies.
(b) The private sphere such as family is linked to economic, political, cultural, and educational spheres.
(c) Family plays an important role in a person's life and give strength to the individual irrespective of the
societies.
(d) Marriage as an institution is as successful in western culture as much as it is in the Indian culture.
17. Which of the following is similar in meaning to the word 'perpetuate' as mentioned in the passage?
(a) Discern (b) Halt (c) Cease (d) Sustain
18. According to the author, the division of roles within the nuclear families is
(a) Justified, but a few sections of the society are against it.
(b) Is not true as per the empirical studies across cultures.
(c) Is not according to the demands of industrial society.
(d) Is a myth with respect to the western societies.
19. According to the passage, why was there a steady increase in joint family in the post-independent era?
(a) Increase in life expectancy in India.
(b) Increase in the proportion of younger people.
(c) Decrease in the number of aged people.
(d) Increase in the number of nuclear family.
20. What is the author's purpose behind writing the first paragraph of the given passage?
(a) To realise the importance of family and how it is affected by the economic and cultural spheres.
(b) To reveal the changing principles of family as joint families are seen very often.
(c) To highlight how the universal and important social institution i.e., family can vary as per its public
sphere.
(d) To indicate that all the societies are not same and do not have the same set of values.
Passage (Q.21-Q.25): The island of Ireland, whose northernmost part lies a mere 13 miles from Britain,
has been contested territory for at least nine centuries. Britain long gazed with colonial ambitions on its
smaller Catholic neighbour. The 12th-century Anglo-Norman invasion first brought the neighbouring
English to Ireland.
In the late 16th century, frustrated by continuing native Irish resistance, Protestant England implemented
an aggressive plan to fully colonize Ireland and stamp out Irish Catholicism. Known as “plantations”, this
social engineering exercise “planted” strategic areas of Ireland with tens of thousands of English and
Scottish Protestants.
Plantations offered settlers cheap woodland and bountiful fisheries. In exchange, Britain established a base
loyal to the British crown – not to the Pope.
England’s most ambitious plantation strategy was carried out in Ulster, the northernmost of Ireland’s
provinces. By 1630, according to the Ulster Historical Foundation, there were about 40,000 English-
speaking Protestant settlers in Ulster.
Though displaced, the native Irish Catholic population of Ulster was not converted to Protestantism.
Instead, two divided and antagonistic communities – each with its own culture, language, political
allegiances, religious beliefs and economic histories – shared one region. Over the next two centuries,
Ulster’s identity divide transformed into a political fight over the future of Ireland.
“Unionists” – most often Protestant – wanted Ireland to remain part of the United Kingdom. “Nationalists” –
most often Catholic – wanted self-government for Ireland. These fights played out in political debates, the
media, sports, pubs – and, often, in street violence. By the early 1900s, a movement of Irish independence
was rising in the south of Ireland. The nationwide struggle over Irish identity only intensified the strife in
Ulster.
The British government, hoping to appease nationalists in the south while protecting the interests of Ulster
unionists in the north, proposed in 1920 to partition Ireland into two parts: one majority Catholic, the other
Protestant-dominated – but both remaining within the United Kingdom. Irish nationalists in the south
rejected that idea and carried on with their armed campaign to separate from Britain. Eventually, in 1922,
they gained independence and became the Irish Free State, today called the Republic of Ireland.
In Ulster, unionist power-holders reluctantly accepted partition as the best alternative to remaining part of
Britain. In 1920, the Government of Ireland Act created Northern Ireland, the newest member of the United
Kingdom.
In this new country, native Irish Catholics were now a minority, making up ___(A)___ of Northern Ireland’s
1 .2 million people. Stung by partition, nationalists refused to recognise the British state. Catholic
schoolteachers, supported by church leaders, refused to take state salaries. And when Northern Ireland
seated its first parliament in May 1921, nationalist politicians did not take their elected seats in the
assembly. The Parliament of Northern Ireland became, essentially, Protestant – and its proBritish leaders
pursued a wide variety of anti-Catholic practices, discriminating against Catholics in public housing, voting
rights and hiring.
21. Which of the given options can be used to complete the blank labelled (A) in the most appropriate way,
contextually and grammatically?
(a) less by a third
(b) less by one thirds
(c) less than a thirds
(d) less than a third
22. Which of the following statement (s) is/are NOT TRUE in accordance with the information provided in the
passage?
I. Britain successfully suppressed Catholicism in Ireland.
II. The British crown was under authority of the Pope.
III. "Plantations" restructured the society of Northern Ireland.
(a) Only I (b) Only III (c) Both II & III (d) Both I & II
23. Which of the following is/are correctly inferred from the given passage?
I. Ulster was chosen as a plantation because of its geographical significance.
II. The people of Ulster actively took part in the conflict.
III. Ulster unionists didn't support the formation of Irish Free State.
(a) Only I (b) Only III (c) Both II & III (d) Both I & II
24. Which of the following words as used in the passage can be replaced by the word “belligerent”?
(a) Strife (b) Appease (c) Gazed (d) Aggressive
25. Why did Britain want to colonize Ireland?

(a) To finish the Anglo-Norman conquest.
(b) To create a stronger front to defeat the Spanish Armada
(c) To bring more territory under the British crown.
(d) To exploit the resources of Northern Ireland.
Passage (Q.26-Q.30): A murmur from the driver’s seat indicated that I was near my destination. From the
confines of the car I scanned the dark surroundings with eyes heavy with sleep. Kochi’s noisy, unruly
evening traffic was around 55 km behind us. I attributed my sluggishness to the near-silence that rules
Thattekad, a bird sanctuary in the foothills or the Western Ghats in Kerala’s Ernakulam district.
My eyes were half-closed as I entered my room at the home stay. The lone photograph in the room - that
of three unattractive birds captioned as Ceylon frog mouth - did little to perk me up. I remained in this state
until dinner summons. Frog mouth photos stared back from every wall in the house as I went through the
meal in a haze. By the time I climbed into bed, I’d had an overdose of the nocturnal grey-brown bird. Or so
I thought.
The morning arrived early. Girish, the guide, took our group of three (two birding fanatics from Bengaluru
being my companions for the day) into the forest. We walked under a canopy of teak, mahogany, and
bamboo trees, at a rocky patch. Girish instructed us to look out for the black baza, a small bird of prey. The
baza didn’t oblige but many others did. In a span of 30 minutes, we spotted the Asian brown flycatcher, the
orange headed thrush, the Oriental honey buzzard and a variety of woodpeckers.
The little black raptor chose to stay elusive. In a desperate bid to divert attention from the bird that remained
invisible, I voiced my ‘desire’ to see the unsightly frog mouth. We moved ahead in search of the new target.
But instead of the grey-brown plumage of the peninsular bird, we were rewarded with the eye-popping
colors of the Malabar trogon. And before we knew it, the canopy overhead had given way to the most
spotless blue sky. We reached a water body in the middle of the sanctuary. A handful of dead tree trunks
jutted out of the water. It was the end of the walk and I was happy to just sit by and absorb the stillness
around.
The frog mouth had been declared an endangered species in 1983. Improving their numbers proved difficult
given that the bird lays only one egg on an average every year. More than two decades on, the number of
frog mouths at Thattekad has climbed close to 50 pairs.
My quest for the bird I had begun to admire continued over the next day. We drove towards Pandapara,
where the frog mouth had been sighted close to where we stood. We waded through the knee-deep waters
of a stream before we arrived at another rocky patch. A few minutes later he pointed to a tree to the left of
the trail we were on. There, in perfect camouflage with the dead leaves, sat a pair of frog mouths. If one of
them hadn’t blinked I’d have assumed those birds were stuffed!
26. In the beginning of the passage the author is not very keen on the photograph of the frog mouth, but the
next day he is desperate to spot it. Why?
(a) The author is an ornithologist out on bird spotting.
(b) He was tired after the journey and the unattractive snaps of the frog mouth did not help.
(c) The frog mouth was an endangered species and spotting it would be any ornithologist’s dream.
(d) All the above
27. Why does the author call his friends ‘a couple of birding fanatics?’.
(a) They were fanatic about birds and their habitat.
(b) The author and his friends are ornithologists, and they are so committed to their profession that they
are passionate about spotting birds.
(c) The author’s friends were interested only in birds and could even skip food for their sake and the author
finds it difficult to keep pace with them.
(d) The authors friends were ardent bird lovers and kept trekking fanatically till they spotted the bird they
wished to see.
28. What does the author mean when he says ‘absorbing the stillness around’?
(a) Sitting absolutely still so as not to disturb the birds.
(b) After a long walk in the jungle, the author is just relaxing and stretching his feet.
(c) The author is an ornithologist and hence is always attracted by nature. Here, he just sits still feeling
one with the nature.
(d) It is an expression to denote that the scene with the water body was so ethereal that the author forgot
himself and sat still.
29. Frog is an amphibian and the frog mouth belongs to the avian community. What can be common between
them?
(a) Both have descended from the frog.
(b) Both eat similar types of insects.
(c) The frog mouth gapes like a frog.
(d) Both have the same ancestors.
30. ‘If one of them hadn’t blinked I’d have assumed those birds were stuffed!’ This is the last line of the passage.
What do you infer from this?
(a) As the frog mouth was endangered the author could only see the stuffed version of the birds.
(b) The frog mouths blended so beautifully with the foliage and sat so motionlessly that only their blinking
could differentiate them.
(c) The author was waiting for the frog mouths to blink so that he could capture them in his camera.
(d) The frog mouths were so scared with the human treads that they even forgot to blink.
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ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

SECTION-A : ENGLISH LANGUAGE meaning and is the right choice. Option (b), (c) and
(d) do not find a mention in the passage.
1. (c) ‘Refer to the lines, ‘The government – and Paytm – 4. (c) The key points to be observed here will be:
may not agree, but there are some downsides to the (a) Employment for everyone.
rising digitization and connectivity.’ The statement (b) 2025
talks of downsides to digitization making choice (a) (c) Prime Minister Narendra Moodi's pre-poll
true. The Bengali leftist’s definition of a middle-class promises.
Indian is 'gaadi, baadi, chaakri' - making choice (b) All these points are aptly covered in choice 3 which
true. Indian economy is not in a position to cater to is the right answer. Choice (c)
all the aspirations of its population making choice (d) The phrase ‘According to popular adage,’ finds no
true. These leaves us with choice (c) which is not true mentions in the passage, which makes choice (a)
as Salmaan starrers are also part of the stuff incorrect. Choice (b) is with reference to paragraph
downloaded from the net and not the only ones 5. Choice (d) is contrary to what ahs been mentioned
downloaded. in the passage.
Choice (c) is the answer. 5. (d) While the fourth paragraph optimistically talks about
2. (b) The author uses the above phrase while comparing an idealistic situation, the fifth paragraph quote by
the impact of the farmers' agitation on the social the Economist Sudipto Mundle projects the concept
media with the one likely to be created by a jobless that creating jobs for all is not enough but generating
situation, and to emphasize the intensity of the latter employment that yields substantially more than mere
compares the former to a tantrum thrown by a child- sustenance will be the actual job creation. Choice (d)
a short duration one which can be easily appeased. captures this point beautifully and is the right answer.
Thus choice (b) is the right answer. Rest of the Choice (a) is not the message, but more a hint of
options are not in the context the phrase has been what is to come. Choice (b) is far-fetched. Choice (c)
used. Choice (b) is not the message conveyed by Sudipto Mundle.
3. (a) Refer to the lines, ‘This potential derives from India’s 6. (d) Refer to fourth paragraph’s first sentence, ‘and it can
‘demographic dividend’ — the millions of young be noted that international plans don’t work for
people joining the workforce every year. India will ecosystems as international plans cannot address
add more than 100 million people of working age many complex problems (such as, overexploitation,
between now and 2025, by which time it will account pollution, coastal and industrial development).
for one-fifth of the entire world’s workforce.’ The term Hence, option (d) is correct. Option (a) is irrelevant.
'demography' relates to the structure of populations. Option (b) does not find a mention in the passage.
A 'dividend' is an earning on a secure investment. A Option (c) addresses the benefits of the International
demographically secure investment for a country is plans, but does not mention the complexities.
its young population which can contribute to its 7. (d) Refer to the lines, ‘As an international community, we
economy and growth. Choice (a) reflects the correct must do more to help protect those important
ecosystems such as coral reefs, which provide global partnership of more than forty governments
extraordinary contributions to both biodiversity and more than forty civil society organization with
(about 25 percent of all marine biodiversity across coral reef expertise, have agreed on this framework
about 0.1 percent of the ocean floor) and human that are critical for coral reefs.’
wellbeing (economic and food security for hundreds 11. (b) Option b) is correct as per the last line of the fifth
of millions of people).’ The abovementioned paragraph and the sixth paragraph which gives the
sentence conveys that the important ecosystems are example of Iran and its dependence on the BOS
which provide extraordinary contribution to both technology and how it can be dangerous if any
biodiversity and human wellbeing. country tries to get rid of the technology. 'Critical
Hence, option (d) is correct. Options (a) and (b) are element of dependence' refers to that part of
limited in scope as they provide incomplete dependence of technology, where, if the technology
information. Also ‘only’ in option (b) makes it is not there then many important systems are
redundant. Option (c) takes into account only one disturbed. Hence, the answer is option b). Option a)
aspect and does not mention biodiversity. and c) reflect the advantages of BDS. Option d)
8. (c) Refer to second paragraph, ‘…governments are provides a mere fact, but does not discuss the
failing to meet existing global targets for biodiversity, flipside of BDS.
and that critical ecosystems like coral reefs will be 12. (a) Option a) is correct as the fifth paragraph talks about
altered to the point that the biodiversity they hold, the trick behind the BDS that how it is going to be a
and the services they provide, will be damaged problem in the disguise of a solution. The given
beyond repair.’ paragraph using the example of Iran addresses the
It can be concluded that coral reefs provide cons of the BDS technology and make the country
contribution to human wellbeing (economic and food using the technology highly dependent on it. Option
security for hundreds of millions of people) as well as a) is also the essence of the passage. Option b) is
biodiversity (about 25 percent of all marine an example of how dependence on BDS is tricky.
biodiversity across about 0.1 percent of the ocean Option c) again is more or less addresses the reason
floor). Option (a), (b) and (d) are incorrect as of entrapment. Option d) is irrelevant.
answers to the question stem. Hence, option (c) is 13. (b) The word 'benign' means 'pleasant; not harmful or
correct. severe'. 'Propitious' which means 'giving or indicating
9. (a) A title carries the essence of a topic in brief. The a good chance of success; favourable' is similar in
passage starts with the problems surrounding the meaning to 'benign'. 'Meticulous' means 'showing
coral reefs and then explains how coral reef is getting great attention to detail; very careful and precise',
extinct and at the end talks about global cooperation 'unerring' means 'always right or accurate' and
that can save coral reefs. Option (a) is the only option 'solemn' means 'characterized by deep sincerity'.
which best summarises the above idea. Option (b) is Hence, the answer is option b).
a partial addressal; hence, cannot be the title of the 14. (c) Option c) is incorrect as the given passage does not
passage. Option (c) is a response to the threat posed talk about the whole world but a few regions in the
by the decline of coral reefs and plays an important, world. The passage talks about the extension of the
but partial role, making option (c) unsuitable as a technology but does not anywhere say that it will
title. Option (c) is a guided the action and affect the whole world. The passage mostly talks
investments of the 196 governments that are party to about poor countries. Hence, the answer is option c).
the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) that is (a)- The passage talks about the benefits of BOS
a ray of hope. It is the culminating point; therefore, technology at various points, therefore, negating
cannot be the title. Hence, option (a) is correct. option (a). (b)- It is correct as per the latter half of the
10. (d) Refer to first paragraph’s last sentence, ‘Recent fifth paragraph of the passage, which talks about Iran
advances in "big data" and improved remote sensing in particular. (d}- It is correct as per the latter half of
tools show us that collective human impacts are the second sentence of the passage.
leaving fewer places untouched, with only 15% of the 15. (c) Option c) is incorrect as per the second sentence of
Earth's land mass formally protected and global the last paragraph of the given passage which says
biodiversity declining at an unprecedented rate.’ It that BDS also compensate for climate, it means it
can be easily concluded that the role of “big data”, as somehow helps in the case when there is insufficient
per the passage, is to help in showing how collective rainfall and other climate related issues. Hence, the
human impacts are leaving fewer places untouched answer is option c) Option b) is correct as these
and not in the decline of global biodiversity. It, by no countries use BDS. Refer to the lines, ‘Myanmar,
means, is a plan in action. Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia, Thailand, and Uganda
Hence, option (d) is correct. Option (a) is the first line have used BDS for agricultural and infrastructural
of the passage; hence, is true. Option (b) has been purposes.’ Option d) is directly extracted from the
mentioned in the passage. Refer to the lines, passage.
‘…make it clear that governments are failing to meet 16. (b) Option b) is correct as it tells that family is linked with
existing global targets for biodiversity, and that economic, cultural and other spheres. So, this
critical ecosystems like coral reefs will be altered to means that different societies with different political,
the point that the biodiversity they hold, and the economic, and other different features affect the
services they provide, will be damaged beyond character of family and in the same way affect
repair.’ Option (c) finds a mention in the passage. marriage and kinship also. Hence, the answer is
Refer to the lines, ‘Over the last two years, members option b). Option a) is a simple statement that neither
of the International Coral Reef initiative (ICRI), a strengthens nor weakens the argument. Option c)
and d) are universal statements that weaken the III: The Irish Free State was the result of the partition
argument. of Ireland. The Ulster unionists "...reluctantly
17. (d) The word 'perpetuate' means 'make (something) accepted partition…" only because they wished to
continue indefinitely'. 'Sustain' which means 'to remain a part of Britain. This shows that the Ulster
cause or allow something to continue for a period of unionists didn't support the partition or the Irish
time' is similar in meaning to 'perpetuate'. 'Discern' Free State. So, option III is true. Hence, the correct
means 'recognize or find out', 'halt' means 'bring or answer is C.
come to an abrupt stop' and 'cease' means 'bring to 24. (d) Belligerent means hostile and aggressive.
an end'. Hence, the answer is option d). Strife means bitter sometimes violent conflict or
18. (b) Option b) is correct as per the last sentence of the dissension political strife.
third paragraph of the given passage which says that Appease means pacify or placate (someone) by
the roles mentioned in the previous sentence is acceding to their demands.
questionable and it is not according to the empirical Gazed means look steadily and intently, especially in
studies across cultures. Hence, the answer is option admiration, surprise, or thought.
b). Option a) is contrary to what is mentioned in the Contested means causing dispute or argument.
passage. The division of roles in nuclear family, is Aggressive means ready or likely to attack or
questionable, not justifiable. Option c) is contrary to confront; characterized by or resulting from
the passage. Option d) is out of scope as it is not aggression. Hence, the correct answer is d.
supported in the passage. 25. (c) The passage states that the only gain from the
19. (a) Option a) is correct as per the second sentence of "plantations" was establishing a community "loyal to
the fifth paragraph of the given passage which says the British crown". Since this was the aim of the
that increase in life expectancy is a contributing plantations, we can say this is one of the reasons
factor which led to increase in joint family. Hence, the behind the colonization of Ireland.
answer is option a). The rest of the options are If the British wished to spread Protestantism, they
incorrect regarding the question stem. would've converted the Catholics, which they didn't.
20. (c) According to the first paragraph, the author conveys The Irish resistance was a result of the colonization,
the idea that the institution of family is something that not the reason behind it.
is common everywhere but it is not the same as it The passage doesn't provide any additional
varies as per the circumstances and society the information on the rest of the options. Hence, the
families are in. Hence, the answer is option c). correct answer is C.
Option (d} misses out on the universal aspect of 26. (d) Going through the passage, we know that the author
'family' as a social institution, therefore, is eliminated. is an ornithologist, on a bird spotting expedition. The
Option a) is incorrect as the passage is not about the journey to Thattekad bird sanctuary was very
importance of families. Option b) is far-fetched as the tiresome and on entering the rest room the photo of
author’s purpose. an unattractive bird did nothing to lift his tired spirits.
21. (d) In the given sentence, we are stating the fraction that After a restful night the author, being a true spirit
the Irish Catholics make out of the total. ‘by’ should ornithologist, is raring to go and hoping to spot the
be used when there is a comparison bin made. ‘a frog mouth as it was a declared endangered species.
third’ is singular so it should be ‘less than a third’. Hence choice D is the correct answer. All the three
Hence, the correct answer is d. options answer the question stem; therefore, option
22. (d) Only options I, II & III are correct. The reasons are as (d) is the answer.
follows: 27. (b) Birders is a synonym for ornithologists and birding is
I: “...the native Irish Catholic population of Ulster was observation of birds in their natural habitat, and this
not converted to Protestantism'' shows that is what birders do. Bird watchers are bird lovers and
Catholicism was not removed at all. The Republic of are zealous about their hobby or profession to a
Ireland that gained independence in 1922, was fanatical degree. Thus, the phrase ‘birding fanatics’
formed by a majority Catholic. So, option I is false. and the answer is as captured by choice (B). Hence,
II: The British went out of their way to establish “...a choice (b) is the right answer Choices (a) and (c) are
base loyal to the British crown…" and not to the not found in the paragraph and rejected. Choice (d)
Pope. Clearly the crown is not under the authority of captures part of the answer and hence, rejected.
the Pope. So, option II is false. 28. (c) Ornithologists or bird-watchers are always one with
III: "Plantations" were a social engineering exercise nature as they observe birds in their natural habitat.
and, thus, can be called a restructuring plan. In this The author and his friends had a long trek for
plan, tens of thousands of English and Scottish spotting birds and an opening with a water body and
Protestants were planted in Northern Ireland. So, absolute silence was the perfect foil for the strain and
option III is true. Hence, the correct answer is D. the author becomes one with the silence and forgets
23. (c) Only options I, II & III are correct. The reasons are as himself for a while. This is captured perfectly in
follows: choice c) and is the right answer Choices a), b), and
I: Ulster is described as “...the northernmost of d) are also true but do not capture the essence of the
Ireland’s provinces" and nothing else. So, option I is scene. Hence, they are rejected.
false. 29. (c) Frog is an amphibian — meaning it can live both on
II: “These fights played out in political debates, the land and in water. It has a wide gaping mouth which
media, sports, pubs – and, often, in street violence.” houses a long cleft tongue capable of capturing prey
This is only possible if the public actively takes part from a distance. The only similarity between the
in the conflict. So, option II is true. amphibian and the bird can be — as evident in the
name itself — a wide gaping mouth. Hence choice C 15% has been agreed by 136 countries (including
is the right answer Choices A, B, D are just ramblings India).
and not true. 40. (b) The OECD is an intergovernmental economic
30. (b) The author, his friends and the guide have been organisation, founded to stimulate economic
trekking in the forest for a long time with a hope of progress and world trade.
catching a glimpse of the frog mouth birds. Finally at Founded: 1961.
Pandapara, after wading knee deep in a stream the Headquarters: Paris, France.
guide points out quietly to the author a tree to the left. Total Members: 36.
The author looks hard but finds nothing. Suddenly he India is not a member, but a key economic partner.
sees something blink and he is able to see a pair of 41. (c) With the establishment of the NGT, India became the
frog mouths in perfect symphony with the foliage third country in the world to set up a specialised
and realizes that had one of the birds not blinked he environmental tribunal, only after Australia and New
would have never seen them and even if he had Zealand, and the first developing country to do so.
seen them, they were so motionless that he might 42. (b) NGT specialised body set up under the National
have mistaken them for stuffed birds. Choice b) Green Tribunal Act (2010) for effective and
captures this beautifully and is the right answer expeditious disposal of cases relating to
Choices a), b), d) are far-fetched and can be ignored. environmental protection and conservation of forests
and other natural resources.
SECTION - B : GENERAL KNOWLEDGE/CURRENT AFFAIRS 43. (a) NGT is mandated to make disposal of applications or
appeals finally within 6 months of filing the same.
31. (d) Space reforms approach(ISpA): 4 pillars The NGT has five places of sittings, New Delhi is the
First, the freedom of innovation to the private sector. Principal place of sitting and Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata
Second, the role of the government as an enabler. and Chennai are the other four.
Third, preparing youth for the future. The Tribunal is headed by the Chairperson who sits
And fourth, to see the space sector as a resource for in the Principal Bench and has at least ten but not
the progress of the common man. more than twenty judicial members and at least ten
32. (d) Government is playing the role of enabler so that the but not more than twenty expert members.
private enterprises can come forward and take 44. (b) Decisions of the Tribunal are binding. The Tribunal
charge and not vice-versa. The correct answer is d. has powers to review its own decisions. If this fails,
33. (d) In the 2019 Budget, the government had announced the decision can be challenged before the Supreme
the setting up of a New Space India Limited (NSIL), Court within ninety days.
a public sector company that would serve as a 45. (d) Article 141 of the Indian Constitution provides that,
marketing arm of ISRO (Indian Space Research "The law declared by the Supreme Court shall be
Organisation). binding on all courts within the territory of Indi(a)" In
Its main purpose is to market the technologies Article 141 the expression "all courts" has been used
developed by ISRO and bring it more clients that which creates question that whether Supreme Court
need space-based services. comes under the sphere of all courts.
34. (a) The Indian National Committee for Space Research 46. (a) The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
was established by Jawaharlal Nehru under the produced by the United Nations Development
Department of Atomic Energy in 1962, on the urging Programme (UNDP) and the Oxford Poverty and
of scientist Vikram Sarabhai recognising the need in Human Development Initiative measures poverty by
space research. INCOSPAR grew and became considering various deprivations experienced by
ISRO in 1969, within DAE. people in their daily lives, including poor health,
35. (a) The Aryabhata spacecraft, named after the famous insufficient education and a low standard of living.
Indian astronomer, was India's first satellite; it was 47. (b) • 1.3 billion people are multidimensionally poor.
completely designed and fabricated in India and • About half (644 million) are children under age
launched by a Soviet Kosmos-3M rocket from 18.
Kapustin Yar on April 19, 1975. • Nearly 85% live in Sub-Saharan Africa (556
36. (d) The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and million) or South Asia (532 million).
Development (OECD) has announced that a global • More than 67% live in middle-income countries.
deal to ensure big companies pay a Global Minimum 48. (a) Of the 80 countries and five billion people for which
Tax (GMT) rate of 15% has been agreed by 136 there is data over time, 70 reduced MPI in at least
countries (including India). one period, with the fastest changes coming from
37. (a) The countries behind the accord together accounted Sierra Leone (2013-2017), followed by Togo
for over 90% of the global economy. (2013/2014-2017).
38. (d) Kenya, Nigeria, Pakistan and Sri Lanka have not yet 49. (c) • The Multidimensional Poverty Index was
joined the deal. The move is part of an evolving launched by the UNDP and the OPHI in 2010.
consensus that big multinationals are funnelling • MPI is based on the idea that poverty is not
profits through low-tax jurisdictions to avoid paying unidimensional (not just depends on income
taxes. and one individual may lack several basic needs
39. (a) Recently, the Organisation for Economic like education, health etc, rather it is
Cooperation and Development (OECD) has multidimensional.
announced that a global deal to ensure big • The index shows the proportion of poor people
companies pay a Global Minimum Tax (GMT) rate of and the average number of deprivations each
poor person experiences at the same time.
Passage(Q.1-Q.6): The passage given below is followed by a set of questions. Choose the most
appropriate answer to each question.
The story of Robinson Crusoe, few people know, is based on a real life incident. The son of a cobbler,
Alexander Selkirk was a wayward young man, with little respect for authority. Abject conditions at sea and
the cruelty of the captains made the sailors miserable in those days. It was not surprising that Alexander
became rebellious and malevolent when he became a sailor.
In 1704, he was Sailing Master on a ship; when it anchored for repairs near the desolate island of Juan
Fernandez about 650 kilometres west of Chile. They were looking for gold, which they often got by
plundering other ships. In the days that followed, Alexander hatched a conspiracy. He instigated the other
sailors to leave the ship and remain on the island. They would declare a mutiny. Perhaps, Alexander
reasoned, that the Captain would accept their demands if he believed that his men would refuse to sail
otherwise. Unfortunately for Alexander, the crew played the Judas. The Captain, getting to know of
Alexander’s part in the planned mutiny, left him behind on the island as he was a bad influence on the men.
He was provided with a few necessities, among them, a copy of the Bible.
Alexander, marooned on an island populated only by wild cats and goats became adept at hunting and his
food soon comprised of fish, turtles and meat. He also made clothes with goat skin. Although a cobbler’s
son, he could not make shoes. Running barefoot after goats had hardened the soles of his feet. He read
the Bible again and again and slowly took to reading it aloud. He spoke and sang to the cats and learnt to
milk goats.
Once, during his stay on the island, a Spanish ship anchored near the island and the crew rowed in.
Alexander was petrified and hid in the thick foliage. In those days Spain and England were at daggers
drawn. Fortunately, the Spaniards left after an unkempt brief rest.
In February 1709. two English ships sailed in to collect fresh water and shoot goats. Alexander rushed to
them for succour. He looked strange with his hair. beard and goat skin clothes. His rescuers understood
him with great difficulty. His speech had changed a great deal. His vocabulary had shrunk and he had to
grope for words. They did, however, manage to understand his story finally.
Alexander took a job as a sailor on one of the ships and reached London in 1711. He returned home with
a large fortune. However, he ran out of his fortune in two years and had to return to sea. Alexander’s
adventure became well-known.
Eight years later. Daniel Defoe gave the story a new shape with many twists, calling it The Adventures of
Robinson Crusoe. It was now the story of a man who was shipwrecked on an island and lived alone for an
unbelievable twenty eight years.
1. Match the appropriate word in the list below with a word used in the comprehension.
(i) Incite (A) instigated
(ii) A person or thing that aids or helps (B) succour
(iii) Dishevelled (C) unkempt
(iv) Mutinous (D) adept
(E) rebellious
(a) (i)-B (ii)-C (iii)-D (iv)-E
(b) (i)-C (ii)—E (iii)-A (iv)—D
(c) (i)-A (ii)-B (iii)-E (iv)-D
(d) (i)—A (ii)-B (iii)—C (iv)—E
2. What does the author mean by the phrase ‘with little respect for authority?’
(a) Lack of concern for anyone.
(b) Lack of concern for superiors and rules.
(c) Lack of concern for friends and foes.
(d) Lack of discipline.
3. Why did Alexander become reckless and malevolent when he became a sailor?
(a) Because he was inherently undisciplined and wayward as stated in the comprehension.
(b) Alexander knew that indiscipline wasn’t tolerated, and was seasick due to the abject conditions and
wanted to go back home.
(c) Because of abject conditions on sea and maltreatment.
(d) A combination of the factors in reasons (1) and (3).
4. Where would you most probably find such a piece of work?

(a) Archaeological paper.
(b) Research paper of a literature scholar.
(c) A book by Daniel Defoe.
(d) A book of fables.
5. What does the author mean that the crew played Judas?
(a) Judas was a keen follower of Christ and the crew, too, were keen followers of Alexander.
(b) The crew betrayed Alexander, even after being an integral part of the plot.
(c) The analogy with Judas is with reference to betrayal; whereby Judas is an eponym of betrayal.
(d) The crew, too, were part of the plot along with Alexander and successfully implemented it.
6. Why was Alexander petrified when the crew of the Spanish ship rowed in?
(a) Because he may be considered as an enemy.
(b) He was totally out of touch with people, and the first sight after a long interval of 28 years scared him.
(c) He wasn’t sure of the intentions of the Spanish sailors.
(d) He considered the Spaniards to be traitors.
Passage(Q.7-Q.11): Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Charles Dickens was a British novelist, journalist, editor, illustrator and social commentator who wrote such
beloved classic novels as Oliver Twist, A Christmas Carol, Nicholas Nickleby, David Copperfield, A Tale of
Two Cities and Great Expectations. Dickens is remembered as one of the most important and influential
writers of the 19th century.
Dickens was born Charles John Huffam Dickens on February 7, 1812, in Portsmouth, on the southern
coast of England. The famed British author was the second of eight children. His father, John Dickens, was
a naval clerk who dreamed of striking it rich. Charles' mother, Elizabeth Barrow, aspired to be a teacher
and school director. In 1822, the Dickens family moved to Camden Town, a poor neighbourhood in London.
By then the family's financial situation had grown dire, as John Dickens had a dangerous habit of living
beyond the family's means. Eventually, John was sent to prison for debt in 1824, when Charles was just
12 years old.
Following his father's imprisonment, Dickens was forced to leave school to work at a boot-blacking factory
alongside the River Thames. At the run-down, rodent-ridden factory, Dickens earned six shillings a week.
It was the best he could do to help support his family. Looking back on the experience, Dickens saw it as
the moment he said goodbye to his youthful innocence, stating that he wondered "how [he] could be so
easily cast away at such a young age." He felt abandoned and betrayed by the adults who were supposed
to take care of him. These sentiments would later become a recurring theme in his writing.
Much to his relief, Dickens was permitted to go back to school when his father received a family inheritance
and used it to pay off his debts. But when Dickens was 15, his education was pulled out from under him
once again. In 1827, he had to drop out of school and work as an office boy to contribute to his family's
income. As it turned out, the job became a launching point for his writing career. Within a year of being
hired, Dickens began freelance reporting at the law courts of London. Just a few years later, he was
reporting for two major London newspapers. In 1833, he began submitting sketches to various magazines
and newspapers under the pseudonym "Boz." In 1836, his clippings were published in his first book,
Sketches by Boz. In the same year, Dickens started publishing The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick
Club. His series, originally written as captions for artist Robert Seymour's humorous sports-themed
illustrations, took the form of monthly serial instalments. The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club was
wildly popular with readers. In fact, Dickens' captions were even more popular than the illustrations they
were meant to accompany.
7. Which of the following is/are true according to the passage?

i) Dickens was one of the most prominent writers of the 19 th century.
ii) Dickens could go back to school when his father received family inheritance and had paid off all his
debts.
iii) Dickens' captions were less popular than the illustrations they were meant to accompany in 'The
Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club'
(a) Both i) and ii) (b) Only ii) (c) Both i) and iii) (d) Only iii)
8. According to the passage, which of the following works is/are not authored by Charles Dickens?
i. Oliver Twist
ii. A Christmas Carol
iii. David Copperfield
iv. Gulliver's travels
v. A Tale of Two Cities
(a) Only ii) (b) Only iv) (c) Both ii) and iv) (d) Both i) and ii)
9. Which of the following is accredited to Charles Dickens?

(a) He provided a clear portrait of the Victorian-era underclass.
(b) He provided a hazy picture of the Victorian-era underclass.
(c) He provided a hazy picture of the Victorian-era upper-class
(d) He provided a clear portrait of the Victorian-era upper-class.
10. Which of the following became a recurring theme in Dickens' novels?

(a) The feeling of abandonment and faithfulness by adults who are supposed to take care of children.
(b) The feeling of abandonment and betrayal by adults who are supposed to take care of children.
(c) The feeling of protection and betrayal by adults who are supposed to take care of children.
(d) The feeling of providing security and trustworthiness by adults who are supposed to take care of
children.
11. Which of the following correctly defines the meaning of 'pseudonym' as used in the passage?
(a) A fictitious name, especially one used by an author.
(b) The real name of an author.
(c) The author's family name.
(d) The name used by predecessors.
Passage(Q.12-Q.16): Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
Oceans cover over 70% of our "blue" planet and are vital to its health. For instance, carbon moves in and
out of the ocean and can be stored there for thousands of years. Oceans are also a source of food and
livelihood to millions of people, and to the economies of coastal countries. They are also the largest
habitable space on the planet and house many different organisms.
But there's a great deal that scientists still don't know about the world's oceans.
The "deep sea" is traditionally defined as below 200m. Usually light from the sun can't reach these depths
and they are home to organisms that have special adaptations to live here. These waters are often in
remote areas and are beyond the reach of all but specialist technologies; therefore, much of the deep sea
remains underexplored. Exploration is always revealing species that are new to science. Many of these
could be directly important to humans, for example, some contain specific compounds that may aid
medicinal advances.
Seychelles and the Maldives are now jointly launching a new deep-sea scientific mission in the Indian
Ocean that is focused on seamounts - large landforms that rise from the ocean floor but don't reach the
surface. Because of a limit in equipment and experts, there have not been any systematic biological
surveys of this region at these depths before. Historically, this type of research has been near countries
with better access to resources, such as those on the shores of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
The mission of the "First Descent: Midnight Zone" is to understand what lives in the water, from the surface
to the seabed. We also want to know how this changes, from waters in Seychelles to the Maldives. This
information will eventually be available on open access databases, building on the global knowledge of the
deeper ocean for other scientists and policymakers. We hope that this information enables countries to
understand how to manage their oceans better.
Our expedition is made up of scientists from many different disciplines who are coming together to
document biological, physical and chemical parameters. This will provide us with valuable baseline data
which can also be used to predict life in other sites that we couldn't explore. The gear we will use ranges
from traditional oceanographic technologies to newly developed equipment. The most advanced piece of
technology we will use is the full depth submersible, it looks like an underwater pod that can go to extreme
depths. This enables us to explore the steep slopes of the seamounts. This will allow us to film and record
transects of the seabed and also take samples of specific organisms of interest with the manipulator's arm.
We expect to find cold-water coral reefs and gardens of soft corals and sponges - all home to diverse life.
This expedition will take five weeks, operating 24 hours a day.
12. Which of the following is/are true according to the passage?

i. Oceans are insignificant to the earth's health.
ii. The light from the sun cannot reach below 200m.
iii. Historically, deep-sea research has been confined to countries with better access to resources such as
those on the shores of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
(a) Only i) (b) Only ii) (c) Only iii) (d) Both ii) and iii)
13. Which of the following is/are false about the oceans according to the passage?
(a) There's a lot that scientists still don't know about the world's oceans.
(b) The largest ocean on Earth is the Pacific Ocean, it covers around 30% of the Earth's surface.
(c) The oceans accommodate one-third of the total living species on earth.
(d) Both b) and c)
14. According to the passage, what are 'seamounts'?

(a) These are small landforms that rise from the ocean floor and reach the surface.
(b) These are large landforms that rise from the ocean floor but don't reach the surface.
(c) These are large landforms that rise from the ocean floor and reach the surface.
(d) These are small landforms that rise from the ocean floor and reach the surface, causing a tsunami.
15. According to the passage, which of the following countries are jointly launching a deep-sea scientific
mission in the Indian Ocean?
(a) India and Mozambique. (b) Comoros and Madagascar.
(c) Seychelles and the Maldives. (d) Somalia and Maldives.
16. According to the passage, which of the following does not illustrate that oceans are vital to the earth's
health?
(a) Oceans can store carbon for thousands of years.
(b) Oceans provide food and livelihood to a large number of people.
(c) Oceans are the largest habitable spaces on earth and are home to many different organisms
(d) The oceans regulate drastic climate changes on the earth.
Passage(Q.17-Q.21): Read the given passages and answer the questions that follow each passage.
Flying a helicopter is tricky, especially when hovering. You use your left hand to raise and lower the
collective-pitch lever (to climb or descend), your right hand to move the cyclic-pitch joystick (to go forwards,
backwards and sideways) and both feet to work the anti-torque pedals (to point the nose). At first it all
seems like an impossible dance, but with plenty of practice and careful co-ordination, it can be mastered.
Flying a drone, by comparison, is a lot easier. Some can be operated with little or no experience using only
a smartphone app.
One passenger drone undergoing flight tests is the Volocopter VC200. With 18 separate rotors it might
seem to be an ungainly contraption, but its makers. e-volo, a company based in Karisruhe, Germany, claim
it is more stable than a conventional helicopter It is certainly more straightforward to fly and can be operated
with just one hand. Twisting the joystick makes the Volocopter turn left or right and pushing an “up” or
“down” button makes it climb or descend.
The idea behind the Volocopter and similar craft under development is that, like a drone, they are packed
with sensors, including gyroscopes, accelerometers and magnetometers which, combined with an on-
board computer system, means the aircraft flies largely autonomously.
The technology is sufficiently advanced that there is nothing to stop passenger drones taking to the air,
provided they can meet the same safety standards as other light aircraft and are flown by trained pilots.
Aviation authorities have in the past worked with companies and flying enthusiasts to develop special
training programmes for other new types of aircraft, such as powered hang-gliders and microlights.
Some envisage going further still, allowing passenger drones to provide autonomous air-taxi services. A
bit like using an Uber app to call a cab, a pilotless drone would be summoned to whisk you away to your
destination.
Unmanned drones can already be flown under existing guidelines. They must be kept in line of sight, below
400 feet (122 metres) and away from people. To use a drone for commercial purposes, the operator must
undertake an approved training course. Exemptions to the line-of-sight rule will be allowed for some flights,
such as those making deliveries.
The attraction of drones is their ease of operation. By turning two of the rotors clockwise and two
anticlockwise it counters the twisting effects of torque produced by a single-rotor helicopter. Moreover,
whereas a helicopter needs to vary the pitch of its blades (the angle at which they attack the air) in order
to manoeuvre, the multiple rotors on a drone have a fixed pitch. The drone instead manoeuvres by
independently changing the speed of one or more of its rotors under computer control. As this set-up
requires fewer and less complex moving parts than a helicopter, it makes drones simpler, cheaper to build
and maintain, and potentially more reliable.
17. As understood from the passage,

I. Passenger drones that provide autonomous air-taxi services may be a thing of the near future, is the
vision of some.
II. The German company e-volo is also developing a drone that you can sit on like a motorbike.
III. Flying a helicopter can be mastered with sufficient practice and careful co-ordination.
(a) Only I (b) I and III (c) I and II (d) II and III
18. Which is the flying machine that appears awkward, clumsy and unnecessarily complicated?
(a) Helicopters. (b) Powered hang-gliders.
(c) Volocopter VC200. (d) Microlights.
19. Which among the following is NOT TRUE about the VolocopterVC200?
(a) It is manufactured by the German company e-volo.
(b) The joystick helps in sideways movement as well as ascent or descent.
(c) It has sensors, including gyroscopes, accelerometers and magnetometers.
(d) It uses a hybrid power system in place of conventional batteries.
20. Rules for operating unmanned drones specify that they should be kept in line of sight at all times. The
drones excluded from this rule are
(a) air-ambulances
(b) those conveying VIPs
(c) those making deliveries
(d) those conveying evacuees during a disaster
21. Compared to helicopters, drones are apparently better by virtue of

I. their ease of operation.
II. less moving complex parts, making it reliable.
Ill. the variable pitch of the rotors.
(a) Only I (b) I and II (c) I and III (d) I, II and III
Passage(Q.22-Q.26): The World Bank regards the $37 million grant as money well spent on a landmark
scheme that will help bring grid electricity to the 90 per cent of Congolese who lack it. Most
environmentalists and many in the aid community disagree. They say the dam is a white elephant and that
its power will mainly benefit urban elites, mining companies and the export market. What the DRC’s poor
need, they say, is de-centralised, low carbon energy sources such as solar panels. The disagreement over
Inga 3 is a microcosm of a wider debate about how best to bring electricity to people who lack it. And the
argument is not just pitting the likes of the World Bank against environmentalists.
The Breakthrough Institute, a California environmental think tank known for its iconoclastic stance, recently
published a report called Our High-Energy Planet. In it, co-author Alex Trembath argues that promoting
solar panels and other low-carbon energy technologies is “neo-colonialist, morally unacceptable and
increasingly irrelevant”. The charge is that solar enthusiasts are sacrificing economic development for the
poor on the altar of their environmental concerns.
The same debate surfaced at a recent meeting on low-carbon energy, organised by the University of
Sussex’s Sussex Energy Group at the Royal Society in London, where researchers presented an analysis
of the spread of domestic solar power in Kenya. Over 300,000 homes are now fitted with panels, an
achievement that the university’s David Ockwell praised as an example of “pro-poor, low-carbon
development”.
Or is it? As Ockwell himself remarked later in conversation, a couple of panels on the roof can charge
phones and run a few lights and a radio but would be no good for anything more demanding, like boiling a
kettle. Most Kenyans would probably prefer to be hooked up to centralised power, but the grid only reaches
one-fifth of the country.
In other words, it is not obvious that low-carbon is necessarily pro-poor. And its widespread adoption might
lock poor communities into a low-carbon future that is also low-energy and low-income.
Which brings us back to the Breakthrough Institute’s report. It slams environment groups and aid agencies
who make a fetish of off-grid, low-energy power while giving “big” low-carbon energy like nuclear and
hydroelectric the thumbs down. The institute says this is both unethical and counterproductive. It argues
that the world’s poor need a “massive expansion of energy systems” or they will be condemned to a future
of continued poverty.
The trouble is that neither side is wholly convincing. The Breakthrough report has little to say about the
implications of its strategy for the climate. The small is- beautiful crowd, meanwhile, have yet to explain
where their endless expanses of solar panels will take the poor.
22. Which of the following is the focal point of this passage?
(a) How to sustain economic growth while protecting the climate.
(b) How to provide for the world’s poor without affecting the climate.
(c) How to counter the forces that are trying to propel the world’s poor into an economically uncertain
future.
(d) How to find the best way to provide electricity to the world’s poor.
23. The Breakthrough institute condemns the attitude of environmental groups towards the electricity project
unethical because
(a) these groups sacrificing economic development for the poor on the altar of their environmental
concerns.
(b) these groups favour the rich and discriminate against the poor.
(c) these groups don’t care for the economic future of the globe.
(d) these groups do not try to find a solution that is suitable for the environment.
24. According to the passage, the environmentalists oppose Inga3 dam because
(a) it is a project that will incur high costs and will benefit certain class and businesses.
(b) it is a low carbon energy generation project that will not reach the masses.
(c) it is a massive project that will reach ninety percent of the Congo population.
(d) it supports their overall agenda.
25. According to the passage, why does the author say that “neither side is wholly convincing”?
(a) Because none of them care for the financial elevation of the poor.
(b) Because both sides have good intentions but present utopian ideas of implementation.
(c) Because both sides are yet to address the lacunae of their respective aims.
(d) Because both sides have contradictory ideas which can’t survive together.
26. In the passage, why does the author report Ockwell’s conversation on low power generation capacity of
solar panels?
(a) To show that the project, despite the hype, doesn’t prove useful for the Kenyan people in fulfilling their
minimal energy needs.
(b) To show that the project, though well meaning, doesn’t help the Kenyan people to fill more demanding
and long-term power solutions.
(c) To show that the project, though ambitious and low-carbon in nature, doesn’t prove useful for the poor
of the world in a long-term capacity.
(d) To show that the project, though with a noble aim, fails to meet the demanding requirements of the
Kenyan people.
Passage(Q.27-Q.30): Stoicism was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BC, but
was famously practiced by the likes of Epictetus, Cato, Seneca and Marcus Aurelius. The philosophy
asserts that virtue (such as wisdom) is happiness and judgment based on behavior, rather than words.
That we don’t control and cannot rely on external events, only ourselves and our responses.
But at the very root of the thinking, there is a very simple, though not easy, way of living. Take obstacles in
your life and turn them into your advantage, control what you can and accept what you can’t.
In the words of Epictetus:
“In life our first job is this, to divide and distinguish things into two categories: externals I cannot control,
but the choices I make with regard to them I do control. Where will I find good and bad? In me, in my
choices.”
Amazingly we still have access to these ideas, despite the fact that many of the greatest Stoics never wrote
anything down for publication. Cato definitely didn’t. Marcus Aurelius never intended for Meditations to be
anything but personal. Seneca’s letters were, well, letters and Epictetus’ thoughts come to us by way of a
note-taking student.
And so it was from their example, their actions, we find real philosophy.
Because other than their common study of the philosophy, the Stoics were all men of action—and I don’t
think this is a coincidence. Marcus Aurelius was emperor of the most powerful empire in the history of the
world. Cato, the moral example for many philosophers, defended the Roman republic with Stoic bravery
until his defiant death. Even Epictetus, the lecturer, had no cushy tenure—he was a former slave.
And this shouldn’t really be that surprising…
The modern day philosopher and writer Nassim Nicholas Taleb defines a Stoic as someone who
“transforms fear into prudence, pain into transformation, mistakes into initiation and desire into
undertaking.”
Using this definition as a model we can see that throughout the centuries Stoicism has been a common
thread though some of history’s great leaders. It has been practiced by Kings, presidents, artists, writers
and entrepreneurs. Both historical and modern men illustrate Stoicism as a way of life.
Prussian King, Frederick the Great, was said to ride with the works of the Stoics in his saddlebags because
they could, in his words, “sustain you in misfortune”.
27. Which of the following can be inferred from ‘Stoicism’?

(a) ‘Stoicism is a philosophy that emphasizes on controlling responses and behaviour to uncontrollable
external events.
(b) Stoicism is a philosophy that highlights transformation of external events through one’s actions.
(c) Stoicism refers to seeking wisdom by controlling how we react to external events.
(d) Stoicism is defined by optimistic celebrations of area without control by becoming oblivious to external
events.
28. According to the passage, which one of the following is true?

(a) Stoicism is a philosophy which has little to do with destiny and free will.
(b) Stoicism is essentially meant for those nearing the end of life.
(c) Epictetus, Cato, Seneca and Marcus Aurelius though from different walks of life, practiced Stoicism
(d) According to Nassim Nicholas Taleb, a stoic transforms fear into initiation, pain into transformation,
mistakes into prudence and desire into undertaking.
29. Stoicism is a philosophy which can be defined as

(a) Relational (b) Analytical (c) Obstructive (d) Metamorphic
30. Which of the following best describes the tone of the passage?
(a) Romantic. (b) Objective (c) Incensed. (d) Effusive
MOCK CLAT #20

SECTION-A : ENGLISH LANGUAGE gave the story a new shape with many twists, calling
it The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. It was now
1. (d) Synonyms for incite is instigated, unkempt is the story of a man who was shipwrecked on an island
disbelieved, mutinous is rebellious succour simply and lived alone for an unbelievable twenty-eight
means to aid or help. A careful study would leave out years.’ It is evident that the author believes that the
just one option as correct. The correct answer is story was misconstrued. Therefore, the purpose of
option (4). The rest of the options are incorrect as the the author was to present the truth. The rest of the
words do not match properly. options can easily be omitted, as option (a)
2. (b) Refer to the lines, ‘The son of a cobbler, Alexander archaeological survey is ruled out as there is no
Selkirk was a wayward young man, with little respect mention of any heritage site. Option (c) can be ruled
for authority.’ The fact that Alexander was a wayward out, as the above is not an excerpt from the book by
man (disobedient or rebellious) goes to show that he Daniel Defoe, but the author’s take on the
will have little respect for any authority. Also, the misrepresentation of a true incident by Daniel Defoe.
passage mentions he tries to instigate other sailors Option (d) is incorrect as it can be deduced from the
against the master. Option (b) is the correct answer. passage. Also, a fable is usually a short story with
Option (a) is incorrect, as the line mentions animals as the main character depicting human
particularly about authority. Option (c) is far-fetched, emotions with a moral lesson towards the end.
as the content does not find a mention in the 5. (c) Judas was one of the twelve apostles of Christ, and
passage. Option (d) is not the closest answer to the also the one who had betrayed Christ to the Romans,
given line. evidently it has been used here to indicate that
3. (d) Refer to the lines, ‘The son of a cobbler, Alexander Alexander was betrayed by his co-plotters. The
Selkirk was a wayward young man, with little respect analogy was made in this regard; therefore option (c)
for authority.’ As given in the first 4 lines of the is the best answer. Option (b) is close, but got the
comprehension it was a combination of his wayward expression, ‘even after being an integral part of the
nature and maltreatment aboard the ship. Hence the plot.’ Does not find a reference. Options (a) and (d)
answer is a combination of options (a) and option (c) are contrary to the essence of the passage.
fit together, making option (d) as the answer. Option 6. (a) Refer to the lines, ‘Once, during his stay on the
(b) is far from the reasons mentioned in the passage. island, a Spanish ship anchored near the island and
The passage does not indicate homesickness as the the crew rowed in. Alexander was petrified and hid
reason for Alexander’s indiscipline and in the thick foliage. In those days Spain and England
waywardness.(3). were at daggers drawn.’ Though it cannot be
4. (b) The passage is not exactly a story, but yet a work definitely said that the only reason of his hiding was
that can only been put forward by a literature scholar that he was scared of the Spanish, but then if
researching stories of Daniel Defoe and their roots. carefully noted the author has made mention of the
Refer to the lines, ‘Eight years later. Daniel Defoe bad blood between the Spanish and the English, and
one can infer that perhaps his reasons of hiding may Option b) and c) are not mentioned in the passage.
have been because he thought he would be Thus, nothing can be concluded about their validity.
considered an enemy. The resto the options (b), (c) Hence, d) is the correct answer.
and (d) find no mention in the passage, with respect 14. (b) The first sentence of the fourth paragraph says,
to the question stem. "Seychelles and the Maldives are now jointly
7. (a) Statement i) is true: the second-last sentence of the launching a new deep-sea scientific mission in the
first paragraph says, "Dickens is remembered as one Indian Ocean that is focused on seamounts - large
of the most important and influential writers of the landforms that rise from the ocean floor but don't
19th century." reach the surface." Hence, b) is the correct answer.
Statement ii) is true: the first sentence of the fourth The rest of the options (a), (c) and (d) provide
paragraph says, "Much to his relief, Dickens was incorrect information, based on the information in the
permitted to go back to school when his father passage.
received a family inheritance and used it to pay off 15. (c) The first sentence of the fourth paragraph says,
his debts." "Seychelles and the Maldives are now jointly
Statement iii) is incorrect: the last sentence of the launching a new deep-sea scientific mission in the
last paragraph says, "In fact, Dickens' captions were Indian Ocean that is focused on seamounts - large
even more popular than the illustrations they were landforms that rise from the ocean floor but don't
meant to accompany." reach the surface." Hence, c) is the correct answer.
Hence, a) is the correct answer. The rest of the options (a), (b) and (d) provide
8. (b) The first sentence of the first paragraph says, incorrect information, based on the information in the
"Charles Dickens was a British novelist, journalist, passage.
editor, illustrator and social commentator who wrote 16. (d) The first paragraph of the passage says, "Oceans
such beloved classic novels as Oliver Twist, A cover over 70% of our "blue" planet and are vital to
Christmas Carol, Nicholas Nickleby David its health. For instance, carbon moves in and out of
Copperfield A Tale of Two Cities and Great the ocean and can be stored there for thousands of
Expectations " This list or the entire does not mention years. Oceans are also a source of food and
‘Gulliver’s Travels’. Hence, b) is the correct answer. livelihood to millions of people, and to the economies
9. (a) The last sentence of the first paragraph says, of coastal countries. They are also the largest
"Among his accomplishments, he has been lauded habitable space on the planet and house many
for providing a stark portrait of the Victorian-era different organisms." Option d) is not mentioned in
underclass, helping to bring about social change." the passage, thus, nothing can be concluded about
Hence a) is the correct answer. its validity. Hence, d) is the correct answer.
10. (b) The last two sentences of the third paragraph say, 17. (b) Statement I appears in paragraph six. Refer to the
"He felt abandoned and betrayed by the adults who line, Some envisage going further still, allowing
were supposed to take care of him. These passenger drones to provide autonomous air-taxi
sentiments would later become a recurring theme in services.’ Statement I is a rephrasing of the
his writing." Hence, b) is the correct answer. Option aforementioned statement.’ Statement III can be
(a) is incorrect due to the word ‘faithfulness’, which found in the first paragraph. Refer to the line, Flying
does not find a mention. Options (c) and (d) are a helicopter is tricky, ……but with plenty of practice
incorrect due to the expressions, ‘protection’ and and careful co-ordination, it can be mastered.’
trustworthiness’, which find no reference to the ‘However, statement II is not found in the passage.
recurring theme in Dicken’s novels. Since the passage does not support statement II in
11. (a) 'Pseudonym' is a name someone uses instead of terms of data, the statement is considered invalid.
their real name, especially on a written work. Hence, option (b) is the correct answer. The rest of
Dickens used the name Boz. Hence, a) is the correct the options are incorrect.
answer. The rest of the options are not mentioned in 18. (c) Go to the description of the passenger drone
the passage; hence, are incorrect. Volocopter VC200 in paragraph two. It says, ‘With 18
12. (d) Statement i) is incorrect, the first sentence of the first separate rotors it might seem to be an ungainly
paragraph says, "Oceans cover over 70% of our contraption. The adjective ungainly means clumsy or
"blue" planet and are vital to its health." awkward. Contraption is a machine or device that
Statement ii) is true, the first two sentences of the appears strange or unnecessarily complicated, and
third paragraph say, "The "deep sea" is traditionally often badly made or unsafe. This makes answer (c)
defined as below 200m. Usually light from the sun as the answer. The rest of the options (a), (b) and (d)
can't reach these depths and they are home to have not been referred with the specific description.
organisms that have special adaptations to live 19. (d) The second and third paragraphs tell a lot about
here." VC200. Refer to the lines, ‘One passenger drone
Statement iii) is true, the last sentence of the fourth undergoing flight tests is the Volocopter VC200. With
paragraph says, "Historically, this type of research 18 separate rotors it might seem to be an ungainly
has been near countries with better access to contraption, but its makers. e-volo, a company based
resources, such as those on the shores of the in Karisruhe, Germany, claim it is more stable than a
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans." conventional helicopter’, ‘Twisting the joystick makes
Hence, d) is the correct answer. the Volocopter turn left or right and pushing an “up”
13. (d) Option a) is correct as per the second paragraph. or “down” button makes it climb or descend.’ And
‘they are packed with sensors, including gyroscopes,
accelerometers and magnetometers which,
combined with an on-board computer system, is incorrect as the passage does not mention
means the aircraft flies largely autonomously.’ favouring the rich, with respect to the Breakthrough
Statements (a), (b) and (c) are true about the institute. Options (c) and (d) are irrelevant in the
Volocopter; statement (D) is not. context.
20. (c) The question is about rules for operating unmanned 24. (a) Refer to the first paragraph. Refer to the line, ‘Most
drones. All the options except (C) have a particular environmentalists and many in the aid community
category of people in them, as patients, VIPs, and disagree. They say the dam is a white elephant and
evacuee& (C) tells of unmanned drones making that its power will mainly benefit urban elites, mining
deliveries. Refer to the lines, ‘Unmanned drones can companies and the export market.’ It is evident from
already be flown under existing guidelines. They the lines that option (a) is the answer. A white
must be kept in line of sight, below 400 feet (122 elephant means something that costs a lot of money
metres) and away from people. To use a drone for without serving any utility. Option (b) is incorrect as
commercial purposes, the operator must undertake it is not a low carbon project. Option (c) are the views
an approved training course. Exemptions to the shared by the World Bank. Refer to the lines, ‘The
line-of-sight rule will be allowed for some flights, World Bank regards the $37 million grant as money
such as those making deliveries.’ This makes well spent on a landmark scheme that will help bring
option (c) as the correct answer. The rest of the grid electricity to the 90 per cent of Congolese who
options (a), (b) and (d) must be kept in line of sight’ lack it.’ Option (d) is incorrect as it is vague;
therefore, they are incorrect as answers. moreover, it does not find support in the passage.
21. (b) The last paragraph tells about the advantages of 25. (c) Refer to the last paragraph, ‘The trouble is that
drones over helicopters., making Statement I neither side is wholly convincing. The Breakthrough
correct. The ease of operation is foremost. Refer to report has little to say about the implications of its
the lines, ‘The drone instead manoeuvres by strategy for the climate.’ Option 3 best captures the
independently changing the speed of one or more of author’s main problem. He has not compared the two
its rotors under computer control. As this set-up sides. Option (c) is the correct answer. Option (a) is
requires fewer and less complex moving parts than incorrect as it does not find the support in the
a helicopter, it makes drones simpler, cheaper to passage. What author wants to convey is that both
build and maintain, and potentially more reliable, the sides are unable to fully convince the
making statement II correct. vulnerabilities of their strategies. He has not talked
Thirdly, while a chopper needs to vary the pitch of its about “utopian implementation plans”, making option
blades, the multiple rotors on a drone have a fixed (b) incorrect. Option (d) is incorrect it is off the mark
pitch — not a variable one. Hence, this makes and is not the concern of the author.
statement III incorrect as drone has a fixed pitch. 26. (b) Refer to the third, fourth, and fifth paragraphs. The
The computer control in the drone takes care of the author mentions Ockwell and his discussion in these
manoeuvring. Therefore, option (b) is the correct paragraphs. The main point of Ockwell is that this
answer, making other options as incorrect. project has one benefit i.e., its low carbon nature. But
22. (d) The passage focuses on providing energy efficient it fails to help the Kenyan people in fulfilling any
and economically viable electricity to the poor demanding power-based task or in fighting economic
countries such as Congo. The entire begins with backwardness. Only option (b) talks about these.
debate on de-centralised, low carbon energy Option (a) wrongly states that the project will not help
sources such as solar panels. A panel agrees that is their minimal electricity needs. It will do so in a limited
the answer to the poor countries, while keeping the capacity, according to the author. Option (c) talks
environment intact and the others debate that why about the poor of the world which is out of context in
the poor countries be subjected to low carbon energy this regard. Option (d) talks about “the demanding
sources when it does not solve major electricity requirements of the Kenyan people” which doesn’t
problems, further taking the these countries’ necessarily mean the need for electricity.
economies down. So, options 1 and 3 can be directly 27. (a) The passage states how stoicism is more based on
eliminated. The passage doesn’t address genral behaviour rather than words. Refer to the line, ‘The
issue, making option (a) redundant. Option (c) is not philosophy asserts that virtue (such as wisdom) is
the subject matter of the passage; it is taking the happiness and judgment based on behavior, rather
passage into a different tangent. Option (b) talks than words. That we don’t control and cannot rely on
about providing for the poor in general. So, it is too external events, only ourselves and our responses.’
generic. Option (d) is the best answer as it is the gist This makes option (a) as the answer, which is on the
of the passage. same lines. Option (b) is wrong as the understanding
23. (a) Refer to the line “The Breakthrough Institute, a of Stoicism is not about transformation of external
California environmental think tank known for its events. Option (c) is incorrect Stoicism is not about
iconoclastic stance, recently published a report seeking wisdom, but happiness. The wisdom lies in
called Our High-Energy Planet. In it, co-author Alex seeking happiness by controlling one’s reaction to
Trembath argues that promoting solar panels and external events. Option (d) is ruled out as there is no
other low-carbon energy technologies is “neo- mention of optimistic celebrations.
colonialist, morally unacceptable and increasingly 28. (c) Refer to the lines, ‘Stoicism was founded in Athens
irrelevant”. The charge is that solar enthusiasts by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BC, but
are sacrificing economic development for the was famously practiced by the likes of Epictetus,
poor on the altar of their environmental Cato, Seneca and Marcus Aurelius. This makes
concerns. Option (a), thus, is the answer. Option (b) option (c) true. Options (a) and (b) do not find a
mention in the passage; therefore, are untrue. with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok
Option (d) is erroneous. Refer to the line, ‘The Declaration) by the founding fathers of ASEAN,
modern day philosopher and writer Nassim Nicholas namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore
Taleb defines a Stoic as someone who “transforms and Thailand. Its chairmanship rotates annually,
fear into prudence, pain into transformation, based on the alphabetical order of the English
mistakes into initiation and desire into undertaking.” names of Member States.
29. (d) In the passage, it is stated that, ‘The modern day 35. (d) TIMOR-LESTE is the only Southeast Asian nation
philosopher and writer Nassim Nicholas Taleb that is not a part of the Association of Southeast
defines a Stoic as someone who “transforms fear Asian Nations (Asean). In 2005 Timor Leste joined
into prudence, pain into transformation, mistakes the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), and later in
into initiation and desire into undertaking”’. This 2007, it signed the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation
shows how the core philosophy behind stoicism is in Southeast Asia (TAC). Furthermore, it established
transformation or metamorphosis, making option (d) of diplomatic missions in 10 of ASEAN member
as the correct choice. The other options are factually countries and opened a national ASEAN Secretariat
incorrect. Option (a) ‘relational’ which means in its capital city, Dili, in 2009.
interpersonal is remote to Stoicism. ‘Analytical’ in 36. (d) Shri R.K. Singh is the Minister for Power, New and
option (b) may appear close, but the word that was Renewable Energy, Government of India and the
mentioned in the passage was ‘wisdom’ for Stoicism, President of the ISA Assembly.
which is good judgement. Analytical, which is logical 37. (a) The ISA is headquartered in Gurugram, India. In
or investigative is not conducive to the philosophy. January 2016, Narendra Modi, and the then French
Stoicism is not ‘obstructive’ (disruptive; hindering); President François Hollande jointly laid the
therefore Option (c) is incorrect. foundation stone of the ISA Headquarters and
30. (b) The author in the passage describes Stoicism with inaugurated the interim Secretariat at the National
illustrations in as neutral a tone as can be. The Institute of Solar Energy (NISE) in Gwal Pahari,
passage does not carry high-strung emotional Gurugram, India.
words; therefore, the tone ‘objective’ is the best 38. (a) The United States of America has become the 101st
answer. Option (a), ‘romantic’ which means member country to join the International Solar
fantasizing or having idealistic views is not conveyed Alliance (ISA).
through the passage, making option (a) incorrect. 39. (d) The ISA is an intergovernmental treaty-based
‘Incensed’ means enraged or angry cannot be organisation with a global mandate to catalyse solar
deduced from the passage as the tone is very mild. growth by helping to reduce the cost of financing and
‘Effusive’ means unrestrained or gushing with technology. ISA, co-founded by India and France
emotions or words, is also not the tone, making during the 2015 climate change conference in Paris
option (d) incorrect. has assumed centre-stage for India’ attempts at a
global climate leadership role. ISA is the nodal
SECTION - B : GENERAL KNOWLEDGE/CURRENT AFFAIRS agency for implementing One Sun One World One
Grid (OSOWOG), which seeks to transfer solar
31. (b) Prime Minister Narendra Modi on October 28, 2021, power generated in one region to feed the electricity
is addressing the 18th India-ASEAN Summit virtually demands of others.
at the invitation of the Sultan of Brunei. 40. (a) The vision behind the OSOWOG or the Green Grid
32. (b) In order to recover from the loss of the strategic is ‘The Sun Never Sets’ and is a constant at some
partner -USSR (end of the Cold war 1991), India geographical location, globally, at any given point of
sought to build up a relationship with the USA and time. It has been taken up under the technical
allies of the USA in Southeast Asia. In this pursuit, assistance program of the World Bank.
former Prime minister of India P V Narasimha Rao 41. (b) The Continuous Learning and Activity Portal (CLAP)
launched Look East policy in 1992, to give a strategic was launched by the hon’ble Union minister for Jal
push to India’s engagement with the South-East Asia Shakti Gajendra Singh Shekhawat and other
region, to bolster its standing as a regional power dignitaries on the inaugural day of ‘Ganga Utsav –
and a counterweight to the strategic influence of the the River Festival 2021’.
People’s Republic of China. The ‘Act East Policy’ 42. (b) Ganga was declared as the National River of India
announced in November, 2014 is the upgrade of the on 4th November 2008.
“Look East Policy”. 43. (d) Namami Gange Programme is an Integrated
33. (a) Look East policy: Focused on the Association of Conservation Mission, approved as a ‘Flagship
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries + Programme’ by the Union Government in June 2014
Economic Integration. India became a dialogue to accomplish the twin objectives of effective
partner of ASEAN in 1996 and summit level partner abatement of pollution and conservation and
in 2002. In 2012 the relationship got up-graded into rejuvenation of National River Ganga. It is being
a Strategic Partnership in 2012. operated under the Department of Water Resources,
However, Act East Policy focused on ASEAN River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation,
countries + Economic Integration + East Asian Ministry of Jal Shakti.
countries + Security cooperation. It was launched in 44. (b) The River Ganges flows through the countries of
2014. India and Bangladesh. It originates in the snowfields
34. (b) ASEAN is a regional grouping that promotes of the Gangotri Glacier in the Himalayas as the
economic, political, and security cooperation. It was Bhagirathi River. The major rivers which flow into the
established in August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand Ganges are: Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghara,
Directions (Q.1-Q.30): Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Passage(Q.1-Q.5): The capabilities that scientists have developed to engineer the genetics of plants and animals
could have a profound impact on the control of insects and insect-related diseases. One approach would be to
introduce, into the pest population, individuals that have been genetically altered to carry genes that interfere
with reproduction. Researchers are also evaluating the possibility of replacing natural mosquito populations with
populations that are unable to support normal parasite development. In addition, work is underway to produce
mites and insects that are highly effective enemies of crop pests. For instance, a transgenic version of a mite is
helping to control spider mites in almond orchards. There are, however, associated concerns. One is that
arthropods (in contrast to transgenic crops) have the ability to make sudden changes in their diets and even in
their genes, coupled with the fact that they can readily move from one area to another. Furthermore, it may be
that the foreign gene from the genetically engineered organism can be transferred to other arthropod species.
Other researchers are directing their attention to functional analysis of the genes that assure the virulence of
various parasites. One of the most vicious malaria parasites, for example, protects itself by manufacturing a
protein that expels drugs before they can be fully effective. Having identified and isolated these genes, scientists
are attempting to develop a compound that will interfere with the action of the protein. This in turn, should permit
engineering the genes within the parasite to either prevent or reverse the resistance of these organisms to various
drugs
In related studies, genetic engineers have achieved impressive successes in designing agricultural plants with
improved resistance to insects and viruses. Initially such efforts were directed to improving plant resistance.
Today the aim has been expanded to include protecting the harvested crop. In certain crops (cereal grains, beans,
peas) weevils and other insects can cause losses during storage equal to those incurred during the growing season.
1. According to the passage, why is it insufficient to control plant damage or losses due to pests?
(a) Plants can resist pests whereas harvested crops cannot.
(b) Researches have so far been working on improving plant resistance only.
(c) Damage to stored crops, by pests, is equally prevalent.
(d) Plants are resistant to pesticides.
2. Which of the following describes the organisation of the passage?

(a) A hypothesis is made, and the various implications are discussed.
(b) An observation is made and the different aspects are detailed to support it.
(c) A specific case is presented, the pros and cons are discussed and a conclusion is arrived at.
(d) A generalization is made, specific cases are provided to substantiate it.
3. ‘Efforts towards producing mites and insects that are highly effective enemies of crop pests’ is a case of
(a) a poison used as antidote to another poison.
(b) developing a population of genetically altered species to counter the harmful ones.
(c) killing damage causing insects by insects of the same breed.
(d) using chemicals as pesticides to eradicate the entire population of mites and insects.
4. The use of transgenic versions is likely to be ineffective in arthropods because of all of the following abilities of
arthropods, EXCEPT:
(a) their migration.
(b) transformation of genes.
(c) ability to transfer genetically engineered foreign genes to others.
(d) resistance to insects and viruses.
5. Select the word which is most nearly the SAME in MEANING to the word VIRULENCE, as used in the
passage.
(a) malignity (b) forbearance (c) courtesy (d) solitude
Passage(Q.6-Q.10): Archimedes of Syracuse is hailed by some as the greatest mathematician of antiquity.

Ignoring a clunky numerical system and devising his own, he demonstrated the nature of infinity and calculated
a value for pi. He realized that the volume of an object can be measured by how much water it displaces, a
discovery he is said to have made in the bath and which caused him to run naked through the streets of the city
shouting “eureka” (“I have found it”). Now, a new use for an old particle accelerator is poised to reveal more of
his thoughts.
Research at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory in California, led by Uwe Bergmann, will attempt
to read the final pages of the oldest known manuscript of Archimedes’ palimpsest.
Much of the text has already been read, but between 10% and 20% remains hidden. In places, the ink from the
original text is no more than a faint stain, so the scientists studying it need a technique that is sensitive to very
low concentrations of ink. The answer, they hope, will be X-ray fluorescence imaging. The ink contains iron,
and traces of iron can be made to reveal themselves when bombarded with X-rays. Iron atoms have 26 electrons
in different orbitals around their nuclei. An X-ray turned to the correct energy can knock an electron out of the
innermost orbital. This makes the system of orbitals unstable and an electron from an orbital further out rapidly
fills the hole. As this replacement electron falls into place, it emits an X-ray at a second specific energy. A
detector captures each X-ray having this energy, building up an image of the ink dot by dot.
In principle, this could be done using any suitable X-ray source, but the Stanford Synchrotron is so powerful that
it can reveal in a day what might take others months. That power, though, comes at a price. To ensure the beam
does not loiter on the parchment and damage it, the researchers have had to design the procedure so that the X-
ray beam cannot be on when the manuscript is stationary.
To help read the pages damaged by forgers, the researchers also plan to fire X-rays into the backs of the
parchment leaves and measure fluorescence from elements other than iron–including zinc and barium – that are
found in the paint but not in the ink. They hope this will help to determine if a mark is just paint or whether there
may be text underneath.
A two-week test run has proved successful. The first page of the manuscript, which had previously proved
illegible, revealed some of its secrets. The X-ray imaging showed its contents. Indeed the test was so successful
that Dr. Bergmann hopes to obtain images that will reveal missing text from “The Method of Mechanical
Theorems”, the only copy of which is contained in the palimpsest. Such an achievement would allow scholars
to cry out their own “eureka!”.
6. Archimedes is hailed as the greatest mathematician because

(a) he devised a numerical system to replace an unyielding one.
(b) he demonstrated the nature of infinity.
(c) he calculated a value of pi.
(d) All of these
7. The main objective of the scientists of the Stanford Synchrotron Laboratory was to
(a) to read the final pages of Archimedes’ palimpsest.
(b) study the techniques of X-ray fluorescence imaging.
(c) check the veracity of Archimedes’ findings.
(d) to formulate mechanical theorems.
8. The difference between the Stanford Synchrotron and an ordinary X-ray source is that
(a) the former is more accurate.
(b) the Stanford Synchrotron is faster and powerful.
(c) the latter is more expensive.
(d) an ordinary X-ray source is comparatively more sophisticated.
9. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?
(a) Ink of very low concentration is found in Archimedes writing on the parchment.
(b) X-ray fluorescence imaging is a technique that can highlight sensitive to very low concentrations of ink.
(c) Apart from iron, elements like zinc and barium are also found in the ink used in the parchment.
(d) Archimedes proved that the volume of an object can be measured by the amount of water it displaces.
10. Which among the given options is closest in meaning to the capitalized word as used in the passage.
ILLEGIBLE
(a) esoteric (b) indecipherable (c) ambiguous (d) explicit
Passage(Q.11-Q.15): Despite decades of governmental efforts to thwart the use of illicit drugs, it is certain that
drug abuse will continue to be a major social problem. There are varying reasons for this conclusion, but one
thing is increasingly clear: there will be no “quick fixes” or easy solutions to the existing problem.
Dilemmas in searching out solutions to the drug problem are illustrated, in part, by arguments over which drugs
are good or bad for the user. Additionally, controversy centres on the issue of legalization of certain drugs that,
according to some, are relatively harmless to the casual user, and, when controlled and legally prescribed, create
a series of different problems.
The use of the term “drug abuse” illustrates, in part, the confusion surrounding the drug issue. To some people,
any use of an illicit drug is drug abuse, while to others, using a drug to the extent that it compromises his or her
physical or psychological well-being is a more accurate interpretation of the term. The latter definition would
infer that one can take drugs and use them responsibly (a premise that itself is controversial).
The current state of affairs involving drug use clearly indicates that pervasive use of dangerous substances is
widespread.
Adding to the physical dangers of substances abuse is the reality that drugs alter a person’s behaviour.
Psychoactive drugs alter a person’s mood, perception, attitudes, and emotions. As a result. In addition, there is
growing concern about the relationship between mind and mood altering substances and violent crime in society
at large.
There can be no doubt that drugs abusers account for a disproportionate amount of both violent and property
crime. Although the precise relationship between drugs and crime is still dubious, there are several
manifestations of this relationship that deserve close attention. The first is the relationship between crime and
addiction. Drug addicts frequently find that the cost of their habit exceeds their ability to pay for the drugs. If the
addict cannot finance his or her habit, he or she will commonly turn to other sources of income, such as
prostitution, burglary, and robbery, rather than seek treatment. The alternative is to become physically ill from
the symptoms of withdrawal.
Drug users face the additional problem of acquiring their drugs in an underground marketplace, which brings
them into contact with a wide variety of criminal actors.
Finally, drugs are both an intuitive escape and a natural occupational recourse for many. Drugs provide a quick,
although illusory, escape from the problems of poverty, unemployment and underemployment, poor education,
and a myriad of other social problems faced by inner-city youth. drugs provide a quick route to material success
and accumulation of wealth for others. It has become an attractive occupational alternative, that is an “easy way
out”.
11. According to the passage the term ‘drug abuse’ itself illustrates, in part, the confusion surrounding the issue
because
(a) there can only be either use or abuse of a drug.
(b) all the substances used as drugs cannot be called ‘harmful’.
(c) an illicit drug is one which is unlawfully sold and so the use of the drug by itself cannot be called ‘abuse’.
(d) for some, any illicit drug use is abuse, while for some it is an abuse only when its use crosses an acceptable
limit.
12. Which of the following explains the author’s views about the nexus between drug addiction and crime?
(a) Convinced about the relationship.
(b) Doubtful of the nexus.
(c) Doubtful of the exact nature but clear that there is a relationship.
(d) Convinced that there is no relationship.
13. The tone of the passage is

(a) cynical (b) consternating (c) satirical (d) pleading
14. Based on the passage, which of the following reflects the meaning of the word, ‘Thwart’?
(a) negate. (b) obstruct. (c) postpone. (d) neglect.
15. The word opposite in meaning to dubious is,

(a) certain. (b) problematic. (c) determined. (d) distorted.
Passage(Q.16-Q.20): Returning for a moment to the movie ideal of a mathematician, we note that sloppy clothes
have not been the invariable attire of great mathematicians. All through the long history of mathematics about
which we have fairly detailed knowledge, mathematicians have paid the same amount of attention to their
personal appearance as any other equally numerous group of men. Some have been fops. others slovens; the
majority, decently inconspicuous.
The psychological peculiarities of great mathematicians are another topic in which there is considerable interest.
But on the general question, not much can be said till psychologists call a truce and agree among themselves as
to what is what. On the whole the great mathematicians have lived richer, more virile lives than those that fall to
the lot of the ordinary hard — working mortal. Nor has this richness, been wholly on the side of intellectual
adventuresomeness. Several of the greater mathematicians have had more than their share of physical danger
and excitement, and some of them have been implacable haters — or, what is ultimately the same expert
controversialists.
This brings us to what at first sight may seem like a significant trait of mathematicians — their hair-trigger
quarrelsomeness. Following the lives of several of these men, we get the impression that a great mathematician
is more likely than not to think others stealing his work, or disparaging it. or not doing him sufficient honour,
and to start a row to recover imaginary rights. Men who should have been ______ such brawls seem to have
gone out of their way to court battles over priority in discovery, and to accuse their competitors of plagiarism.
Another ‘psychological” detail of a similar sort is more disturbing. Envy is carried up to a higher level. Narrow
nationalism and international jealousies, even in impersonal pure mathematics, have marred the history of
discovery and invention to such an extent that it is almost impossible in some important instances to get at the
facts or to form a just estimate of the significance of a particular man’s work for modern thought. Racial
fanaticism — especially in recent times — has also complicated the task of anyone who may attempt to give an
unbiased account of the lives and work of scientific men outside his own race or nation.
An impartial account of western mathematics, including the award to each man and to each nation of its just
share in the intricate development, could be written only by a Chinese historian. He alone would have the
patience and the detached cynicism necessary for disentangling the curiously perverted pattern to discover
whatever truth may be concealed in our variegated occidental boasting.
16. It can be inferred that the passage is an extract from
(a) an introduction to the biographical sketches of some mathematicians of the western world.
(b) a serious psychological study of what makes men of genius narrow minded and parochial.
(c) a research paper trying to ascertain the precise individual contributions of various mathematicians.
(d) an introduction to a collection entitled, ‘The eccentricities of Great Mathematicians.
17. With which of the following statements would the author be least likely to agree?
(a) A significant number of great mathematicians have been quarrelsome and mean to their contemporaries in
the field.
(b) Mathematicians as a class revel in controversy.
(c) A serious involvement with mathematics appears to predispose a person to peevishness and irascibility.
(d) Most mathematicians have lived richer, virile lives than other men.
18. The author’s proposal to hand over the job of unravelling the complications to a Chinese historian is meant to.
(a) suggest the impossibility of the task that a Chinese historian is capable of fulfilling.
(b) highlight the proverbial Chinese ingeniousness in these matters.
(c) specifically highlight the Chinese penchant for detached cynicism.
(d) suggest the impartiality of the Chinese in writing biographies.
19. According to the author, the narrow nationalism in which some of the great mathematicians have indulged, has
led to all the following complications, except
(a) It has distorted the facts pertaining to individual contribution to mathematics.
(b) It has harmed the progress of mathematics.
(c) It has given biased accounts of life and work of individual mathematicians.
(d) It has unnecessarily complicated the history of discovery.
20. ‘Men who should have been _______such brawls seem to have gone out of their way to court battles over priority
in discovery…’ Fill in the correct preposition, from the given options, to make the sentence coherent.
(a) below. (b) in. (c) above. (d) for.
Passage(Q.21-Q.25): Because economic and social phenomena are so forbidding, or at least so seem, and
because they yield few hard tests of what exists and what does not, they afford to the individual a luxury not
given by physical phenomena. Within a considerable range, he is permitted to believe what he pleases. He may
hold whatever view of this world he finds most agreeable or otherwise to his taste.
As a consequence, in the interpretation of all social life, there is persistent and never-ending competition between
what is right and what is merely acceptable. In this competition, while a strategic advantage lies with what exists,
all tactical advantage is with the acceptable. Audiences of all kinds most applaud what they like best. And in
social comment, the test of audience approval, far more than the test of truth, comes to influence comment. The
speaker or writer who addresses his audience with the proclaimed intent of telling the hard, shocking facts
invariably goes on to expound what the audience most wants to hear.
Just as truth ultimately serves to create a consensus, so in the short run does acceptability. Ideas come to be
organised around what the community as a whole or particular audiences find acceptable. And as the laboratory
worker devotes himself to discovering scientific verities, so the ghost writer and the public relations man concern
themselves with identifying the acceptable. If their clients are rewarded with applause, these artisans are deemed
qualified in their craft. If not, they have failed. By sampling audience reaction in advance, or by pre-testing
speeches, articles and other communications, the risk of failure can now be greatly minimised.
Numerous factors contribute to the acceptability of ideas. To a very large extent, of course, we associate truth
with convenience-with what most closely accords with self-interest and personal wellbeing or promises best to
avoid awkward effort or unwelcome dislocation of life. We also find highly acceptable what contributes most to
self-esteem.
21. Physical phenomena do not offer the kind of luxury the author refers to because they
(a) are difficult to understand
(b) are easy to understand.
(c) have little to do with self-esteem.
(d) are concrete and specific and can readily be verified to ascertain their correctness.
22. In which of the following respects does the public relations man’s attitudes significantly differ from that of the
laboratory worker?
(a) His devotion to duty.
(b) The latter’s methodical approach to his work.
(c) The latter’s search for truth.
(d) His desire to excel in his profession.
23. A suitable title for the passage would be

(a) The role of truth in social realities.
(b) Truth and human nature.
(c) Human nature in economics and sociology.
(d) The slow road from acceptability and the truth.
24. With which of the following statements would the author be least likely to agree?
(a) Truth in the matter of economic and social phenomena is least likely to be interpreted differently by people.
(b) In social phenomena, what is merely acceptable may be far different from the truth.
(c) People do not easily accept truths about social phenomena that are likely to cause uncertainty and change in
their lives.
(d) In general people accept as truth, things that help to add to their self-esteem.
25. It can be inferred from the passage that

(a) veritable intentions of plain speak is abandoned for a painless approval.
(b) strategic advantage is defined by verity, while tactical advantage by public approval.
(c) conceptualization merits public approval to forestall failure.
(d) convenient truth marks the essence of popular mandate in society.
Passage(Q.26-Q.30): NASA's Perseverance rover keeps making history. The six-wheeled robot has converted
some carbon dioxide from the Martian atmosphere into oxygen, the first time this has happened on another
planet, the space agency said Wednesday. "This is a critical first step at converting carbon dioxide to oxygen on
Mars," said Jim Reuter, associate administrator for NASA's space technology mission directorate.
The technology demonstration took place on April 20, and it's hoped future versions of the experimental
instrument that was used could pave the way for future human exploration. Not only can the process produce
oxygen for future astronauts to breathe, but it could make hauling vast amounts of oxygen over from Earth to
use as rocket propellant for the return journey unnecessary.
The Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization Experiment -- or MOXIE -- is a golden box the size of a car
battery, and is located inside the front right side of the rover.
Dubbed a "mechanical tree," it uses electricity and chemistry to split carbon dioxide molecules, which are made
up of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. It also produces carbon monoxide as a byproduct. In its first run,
MOXIE produced 5 grams of oxygen, equivalent to about 10 minutes of breathable oxygen for an astronaut
carrying out normal activity.
MOXIE's engineers will now run more tests and try to step up its output. It is designed to be able to generate up
to 10 grams of oxygen per hour.
Designed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MOXIE was built with heat-resistant materials like
nickel alloy and designed to tolerate the searing temperatures of 1,470 degrees Fahrenheit (800 Celsius) required
for it to run.
A thin gold coating ensures it doesn't radiate its heat and harm the rover.
MIT engineer Michael Hecht said a one ton version of MOXIE could produce approximately 55,000 pounds (25
tons) of oxygen needed for a rocket to blast off from Mars.
Producing oxygen from Mars' 96 percent carbon dioxide atmosphere might be a more feasible option than
extracting ice from under its surface then electrolyzing it to make oxygen.
Perseverance landed on the Red Planet on February 18 on a mission to search for signs for microbial life. Its
mini helicopter ‘Ingenuity’ made history this week by achieving the first powered flight on another planet. The
rover itself has also directly recorded the sounds of Mars for the first time.
26. As per the passage, which of the following statements is true?
I. Perseverance is a four-wheeled robot.
II. 96 percent of Mar's atmosphere contains carbon dioxide.
III. MOXIE produces carbon monoxide as a by-product.
(a) Both I and II (b) Both II and III
(c) All I, II, and III (d) Only I
27. Which of the following statement is/are false with reference to the passage?
I. MOXIE is located inside the front left side of the rover.
II. The process can make hauling vast amounts of oxygen over from Earth to use as rocket propellant for the
return journey unnecessary.
III. MOXIE can tolerate the searing temperatures of 1,450 degrees Fahrenheit.
(a) All I, II, and III (b) Both I and II (c) Both II and III (d) Both I and III
28. Which of the following is MOST SIMILAR in meaning to the given word as used in the passage?
Searing
(a) Blistering (b) Diminishing (c) Knackering (d) Holistic
29. Which of the following statements would the author agree with the most?
(a) Materials like nickel alloy was used in MOXIE to protect it from the bone-chilling cold.
(b) The conversion of Mars' 96 percent carbon dioxide into oxygen can pave the way for future human
exploration.
(c) MOXIE can produce 5 grams of oxygen that can provide 20 minutes of breathable oxygen to an astronaut
carrying out normal activity.
(d) MOXIE is dubbed as a biological tree that can be used to split carbon dioxide molecules.
30. What do the author mean by 'pave the way for future human exploration'?
(a) The humans can go and settle on Mars if carbon present in the Mar's atmosphere can be converted into
breathable oxygen.
(b) Tourism can be flourished on Mars by converting its carbon dioxide into oxygen.
(c) Mars can be converted into a scientific centre for performing experiments like converting carbon dioxide
into oxygen.
(d) The conversion of carbon dioxide into oxygen will make it possible for the humans to explore the unknown,
and push the boundaries of scientific and technical limits.
MOCK CLAT #23

SECTION-A : ENGLISH LANGUAGE engineering and a birds eyeview of its scope. Option
1. (c) Genetic engineers have achieved impressive (d) is ruled out because there are no specific cases
successes in designing agricultural plants with discussed in the passage to substantiate any
improved resistance to insects and viruses. Initially generalization. There is no simplification of any
such efforts were directed to improving plant theory or a concept.
resistance. Today the aim has been expanded to 3. (b) As said in the above passage, Researchers are also
include protecting the harvested crop. In certain evaluating the possibility of replacing natural
crops (cereal grains, beans, peas) weevils and other mosquito populations with populations that are
insects can cause losses during storage equal to unable to support normal parasite development. In
those incurred during the growing season. Hence addition, work is underway to produce mites and
option C is the most suitable. Option (a) is incorrect, insects that are highly effective enemies of crop
as the distinction between plants and harvested pests. It is evident from the passage that the research
crops finds no mention in the passage. Option (b) is going on to replace the natural mites and insects
does not provide an answer to the reasons for the with the genetically altered prototype that will be
insufficiency to control plant damage….It simply more effective against the crop pests. Hence, the
says that the researchers have been working on plant correct option is B. Options (a), (c) and (d) are not
resistance only, but why is there an insufficiency, is supported by the passage. The passage does not
not answered. Option (d) defies the entire logic and address making a poison as an antidote to another
the research so far. If that was the case, the poison. Neither it talks of chemicals as pesticides.
researchers have been wasting their time. Right? Option (c) is incorrect, as the passage does not
2. (b) In the opening, the passage can be witnessed as an support killing damage causing insects by insects of
observation (Genetic’s engineering’s impact on pest the same breed. It does not take into the
control and pest related diseases). Afterwards, we consideration the mutation of the genes as the major
can see the various approaches adopted and their leap; hence, is not a desirable option.
effects. Hence, option B is the most suitable. Option 4. (d) As per paragraph one, Arthropods (in contrast to
(a) is unsuitable, as the author is passing on the transgenic crops) have the ability to make sudden
effects of research and its future capabilities. The changes in their diets and even in their genes,
author does not present a theory of his own. Option coupled with the fact that they can readily move
(c) is incorrect, as no specific case is discussed and from one area to another. Furthermore, it may be
there are no merits or demerits in the passage. The that the foreign gene from the genetically
passage contains author’s observation on genetic engineered organism can be transferred to other.
Options (a), (b) and (c) cover the points made in the from the original text is no more than a faint stain,
passage. Option D is not covered by the said so the scientists studying it need a technique that is
paragraph; hence, it is the right answer. sensitive to very low concentrations of ink.’ Option
5. (a) The word ‘virulence’ means poisonous or harmful. (b) can be found in these lines, ‘so the scientists
’Forbearance’ means fortitude or self-control; studying it need a technique that is sensitive to very
‘courtesy’ means civility; ‘solitude’ is isolation or low concentrations of ink. The answer, they hope,
emptiness. Hence ‘malignity’ which also means the will be X-ray fluorescence imaging.’ Option (d) can
same as virulence is the synonym. So, the correct be found in these lines, ‘He realized that the volume
answer is Option A. The rest of the options are of an object can be measured by how much water it
unsuited as synonyms. displaces, a discovery he is said to have made in the
6. (d) In the first paragraph, it is clearly mentioned in the bath…’
second line that Archimedes demonstrated the 10. (b) The word ‘Illegible’ means difficult or impossible to
nature of infinity and calculated a value for pi. Also, read. Indecipherable (option B) is the synonym of
it is mentioned that ignoring a clunky numerical the word illegible. Whereas ‘estoric’means intended
system, he devised a numerical system of his own. for or likely to be understood or enjoyed by only few
Hence, the correct option is ‘D’. people with a special knowledge or interest and the
7. (a) According to the second paragraph, Research at the meaning of the word ‘ambiguous’ is having more
Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory in than one meaning. ‘Explicit’ means clear or
California, led by Uwe Bergmann, attempted to read obvious. Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.
the final pages of the oldest known manuscript of The rest of the words are not similar in meaning to
Archimedes’ palimpsest. Hence, it can be seen that the word ‘illegible’.
the correct option is ‘A’. 11. (d) Refer to the lines, ‘To some people, any use of an
The X-ray fluorescence imaging is a technique illicit drug is drug abuse, while to others, using a
sensitive to low concentrations of ink. Hence, option drug to the extent that it compromises his or her
(b) is not correct. Option (c) is incorrect, as the physical or psychological well-being is a more
scientists wanted to unveil the secrets in the last 10- accurate interpretation of the term.’ Option D most
20 percent of the illegible text, and not find out the suitably covers the confusion surrounding the issue;
authenticity of Archimedes’ findings. Option (d) is hence, it is correct. Option (a) further creates
far-fetched, as it does not find a support in the confusion; hence is incorrect. Option (b) clarifies
passage. the confusion, and does not add to the problem;
8. (b) The first sentence of the fourth paragraph states that therefore, is ruled out. Option (c) is not the
the Stanford Synchrotron is so powerful that it can confusion that is mentioned in the passage. The
reveal in a day what might take others months. That confusion is in the varied interpretation of the term
power, though, comes at a price. Hence, we can ‘drug abuse’.
conclued that the Stanford Synchrotron is faster and 12. (c) Refer to the lines, ‘There can be no doubt that drugs
powerful. So the correct answer is option B, the abusers account for a disproportionate amount of
other options do not hold true. Accuracy is not been both violent and property crime. Although the
discussed as one of the USPs of Stanford precise relationship between drugs and crime is still
Synchrotron, making option (a) incorrect. Option (c) dubious, there are several manifestations of this
is contrary to what is mentioned in the passage. As relationship that deserve close attention.’ The first is
it is Stanford Synchrotron that is more expensive the relationship between crime and addiction.
and not the ordinary X-ray. Option (d) does not find Hence, option C is the most suitable. Option (a) is
a mention; in fact, it is the Stanford Synchrotron that incorrect, as the author is convinced that the dug
is more sophisticated by its virtue of being more abusers are responsible for a lop-sided violence and
powerful. crimes related to property, but he is not certain about
9. (c) As per the explanation given in paragraph five, the the relationship between the drug addiction and
researchers plan to fire X-rays into the backs of the crime. Option (b) though close, is vague. It appears
parchment leaves and measure fluorescence from incomplete to be the answer. A better choice is
elements other than iron–including zinc and barium option (c) that better explains the nexus. Option (d)
– that are found in the paint but not in the ink. So the is far-fetched and not supported by the passage.
fact that zinc and barium are found in the ink is not 13. (b) The tone of a passage is the writer's attitude or
true and option C is the most suitable.Option (a) can feeling about the subject that he or she is presenting.
be found in these lines, ‘Research at the Stanford The writer is alarmed and unnerved, as expressed in
Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory in California, led his words. Refer to the lines, ‘The current state of
by Uwe Bergmann, will attempt to read the final affairs involving drug use clearly indicates that
pages of the oldest known manuscript of pervasive use of dangerous substances is
Archimedes’ palimpsest. widespread.’ ‘Adding to the physical dangers of
Much of the text has already been read, but between substances abuse is the reality that drugs alter a
10% and 20% remains hidden. In places, the ink person’s behaviour’. Also, ‘In addition, there is
growing concern about the relationship between richer, more virile lives than those that fall to the lot
mind and mood-altering substances and violent of the ordinary hard — working mortal.’
crime in society at large.’ The content of the passage 17. (c) The passage clearly brings out that quite a number
reflects a grim situation of drugs, and the tone of the of mathematicians have been quarrelsome and the
passage reflects the author’s state of mind, which is whole class of mathematicians is surrounded by
concerned and alarmed at the same time. This makes controversies. Therefore, option (a) and (b) are
‘consternating’ the best tone, which means incorrect. The passage does not imply that a person
alarming, confusing, dismaying or daunting. The involved in mathematics becomes irritable or hot
contents are scary, and hence the tone. Therefore, headed. Option (c) therefore, is the statement with
option B is the correct answer. Option (a) is which the author is least likely to agree, and is the
incorrect, as cynical means to be inherently correct answer. Option (d) is clearly indicated in the
pessimistic, or sceptical and distrusting. Option (c) passage. Refer to the lines, ‘On the whole the great
is incorrect, as ‘satirical’ means mocking or ironic. mathematicians have lived richer, more virile lives
Option (d) is ruled out, as ‘pleading’ is a strong than those that fall to the lot of the ordinary hard —
urging or requesting which is not reflected in the working mortal.’
passage. 18. (a) According to the passage, narrow nationalism,
14. (b) The word ‘thwart’ means to stop or block. The international jealousies and racial fanaticism has
above passage stresses on the point that Government complicate the task of anyone who may attempt to
wants to stop the use of drugs. Hence option B is the give an unbiased account of the lives and work of
correct answer, as ‘obstruct’ means to block or scientific men outside his own race or nation. The
prevent something. ‘Negate’ means to contradict or author has thus brought out the enormity and
deny. The word ‘postpone’ means to delay, impossibility of the task. He has only highlighted the
‘neglect’ means to forget to do something. None of qualities of a Chinese historian in option (b), (c) and
the other words reflect similar meaning to the main (d). According to the author, Chinese alone would
word. have the patience and the detached cynicism
15. (a) ‘Dubious’ means doubtful.The word ‘Certain’ necessary for disentangling the curiously perverted
means completely sure, without any doubts. Certain pattern to discover whatever truth may be concealed
is the antonym of dubious. Whereas, ‘Problematic’ in our variegated occidental boasting. Due to these
means difficult to deal with; ‘determined’ means qualities, Chinese is most suitable to do the near
having firmly decided to do something or to impossible task. Option (a) is, therefore, the correct
succeed, even if it is difficult, and ‘distorted’ means answer.
to change something and show it falsely. Hence, Refer to the lines, ‘An impartial account of western
option A is the correct answer. None of the other mathematics, including the award to each man and
words reflect the opposite meaning of the main to each nation of its just share in the intricate
word. development, could be written only by a Chinese
16. (a) This passage is not a complete article in itself. The historian. He alone would have the patience and the
passage seems to be a prelude to a book or a detached cynicism necessary for disentangling the
collection of stories. It can also not be seen as a curiously perverted pattern to discover whatever
research paper or a serious psychological study, truth may be concealed in our variegated occidental
especially a generalised study of men of genius, boasting.’ Options (b), (c) and (d) are the traits of a
when the passage talks of mathematicians. Refer to Chinese historians in performing the most difficult
the lines, ‘An impartial account of western task of assessing the works of western
mathematics, including the award to each man and mathematicians. Hence, these options serve as sub-
to each nation of its just share in the intricate sets to the set (a), the main idea.
development, could be written only by a Chinese 19. (b) The passage clearly states that narrow nationalism
historian.’ The fact that a historian could actually has marred the history of discovery and invention to
be giving an account of the works, is stated in the such an extent that it is almost impossible to get at
passage. Therefore, option (b) and (c) are incorrect. the facts or to form a just estimate of the significance
Option (d) can be confused as the answer, but on of a particular man’s work for modern thought. It
careful inspection, it is a general introduction, taking has also complicated the task of anyone who may
considering every mathematician to be eccentric; attempt to give an unbiased account of the lives and
whereas, the passage particularly refers to the work of scientific men outside his own race or
western mathematicians. As an introduction, the nation. But, the passage does not state that narrow
passage talks only about the mathematicians of nationalism has harmed the progress of
Western world. Also, the passage begins from the mathematics. Option (b) is, therefore, the correct
fact ‘Returning for a moment to the movie ideal of a answer. The rest of the options discuss the
mathematician. ’Therefore, Option (a) is correct. On complications mentioned in the passage.
the whole the great mathematicians have lived 20. (c) Option (c) is the correct answer, as the author means
that the intellectuals mathematicians who should
have been dignified (hence, above such brawls) acceptability.’ Option (d) is therefore the correct
have stooped as low as to fight court battles against answer. Option (a) is a half-baked idea. Option (b)
their contemporaries. The preposition will be is not about ‘truth and human nature’, what
‘above’ to mean that the mathematicians (the happened to acceptability. Option (c) is far-fetched
superior) should have risen above their jealousies as a title.
and fights. The rest of the options alter the 24. (a) As per the passage, in the social phenomena,
meanings. ‘Below’ would be contrary to what the acceptable can be different from the truth.
author implies. ‘In’ means participating. And ‘for’ People only accept those truths which add to their
means favouring such fights. self-esteem and which do not add turmoil to their
21. (d) According to the author, economic and social lives. Option (b), (c) and (d) are therefore, correct
phenomena are forbidding and yield few hard tests statements, and not the answers. They concur with
of what exists and what does not. These phenomena the author’s philosophy. Option (a) is contradictory
afford to the individual a luxury not given by to what the author says in the passage. Refer to the
physical phenomena. Within a considerable range, lines, ‘Because economic and social phenomena are
he is permitted to believe what he pleases. The so forbidding, or least so seem, and because they
physical phenomena does not offer this luxury yield few hard tests of what exists and what does
because, physical phenomena, because, they are not, they afford to the individual a luxury not given
concrete, specific, easy to understand and tangible, by physical phenomena. Within a considerable
can be verified to ascertain their correctness unlike range, he is permitted to believe what he pleases. He
the economic and social phenomena. Therefore may hold whatever view of this world he finds most
option (d) is the correct answer, and option (a) is agreeable or otherwise to his taste.’ According to the
contrary and option (b) is a subset of option (d). passage, unlike physical phenomena which has a
Option (c) does not find a mention in the passage concrete interpretation, economic and social
with regard to physical phenomena. phenomena have varied interpretations, based more
22. (c) According to the author, both the laboratory worker on acceptability than the truth because they the ruth
and the public relation man are devoted to their is hard to digest, these phenomena are open to
duties, put in hard work with dedication. They both different interpretations according to the
have the desire to excel in their profession and are convenience of the people. Option (a) contradicts
methodical approach to work. However, the the author’s contention; therefore, is the correct
laboratory worker devotes himself to discovering answer.
scientific truth, whereas the public relations man 25. (d) As clearly evident from the last paragraph as well as
concern themselves with identifying not the truth the entire tone of the passage, the author points out
but the acceptable. Option (c), therefore, is the our acceptance of things in terms of convenience,
correct answer, as it is the only differentiator and hence, option (d) is correct.
between the two. Refer to the lines, ‘Just as truth ultimately serves to
Refer to the lines, ‘Just as truth ultimately serves to create a consensus, so in the short run does
create a consensus, so in the short run does acceptability. Ideas come to be organised around
acceptability. Ideas come to be organised around what the community as a whole or particular
what the community as a whole or particular audiences find acceptable.’ The rest of the options
audiences find acceptable. And as the laboratory are either negated or cannot be inferred from the
worker devotes himself to discovering scientific passage. Option (a) is extreme with expressions
verities, so the ghost writer and the public relations such as abandoned and painless, which finds no
man concern themselves with identifying the support in the passage. Option (b) is a mere
acceptable. If their clients are rewarded with extraction from the passage and not an inference.
applause, these artisans are deemed qualified in their Option (c) finds a mention, but in a fleeting manner
craft.’ and not as an overall cannot be inferred.
23. (d) A title carries the essence of the passage, and 26. (b) Out of the given statements, statements II and III are
therefore, must be relevant and give a complete true. Refer to the sentences, ‘Producing oxygen
picture in a few words. The author in the passage has from Mars' 96 percent carbon dioxide atmosphere
identified’ the different phenomena and goes on to might be a more feasible option than extracting ice
differentiate between the acceptability of ideas and from under its surface then electrolyzing it to make
truth. The author further discusses how to make oxygen’ And ‘It also produces carbon monoxide as
truth acceptable to the society and how difficult and a by-product.’ makes both statements II and III
slow is the road for the same. Refer to the lines, ‘As correct.
a consequence, in the interpretation of all social life, Statement I is incorrect, as Perseverance is a six-
there is persistent and never-ending competition wheeled robot.
between what is right and what is merely Refer to the lines, ‘NASA's Perseverance rover
acceptable.’ And ‘Just as truth ultimately serves to keeps making history. The six-wheeled robot has
create a consensus, so in the short run does converted some carbon dioxide from the Martian
atmosphere into oxygen, the first time this has produce oxygen for future astronauts to breathe, but
happened on another planet.’ Hence, option B is the it could make hauling vast amounts of oxygen over
correct answer. from Earth to use as rocket propellant for the return
27. (d) As per the passage, statements I and III are false. journey unnecessary.
They can be corrected as:
• MOXIE is located inside the front right side of the SECTION - B : CURRENT AFFAIRS, INCLUDING
rover. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
• MOXIE can tolerate the searing temperatures of
1,470 degrees Fahrenheit. 31. (d) Adding to its list of achievements, India became the
As per the passage: Designed at the Massachusetts fourth country in the world to have its independent
Institute of Technology, MOXIE was built with regional navigation satellite system developed by
heat-resistant materials like nickel alloy and ISRO.
designed to tolerate the searing temperatures of 32. (d) Dr. Vikram Sarabhai was an Indian physicist and
1,470 degrees Fahrenheit (800 Celsius) required for industrialist who initiated space research and helped
it to run. develop nuclear power in India. Dr. Sarabhai was
Hence, option D is the correct answer. considered as the Father of the Indian space
Only Statement II is correct. program.
Refer to the lines, ‘Not only can the process produce 33. (c) In 2006, the project was approved by the
oxygen for future astronauts to breathe, but it could Government of India and was expected to be
make hauling vast amounts of oxygen over from completed and implemented by 2015.
Earth to use as rocket propellant for the return 34. (a) India became the fourth country in the world to have
journey unnecessary.’ its independent regional navigation satellite system
28. (a) ‘Searing’ means very hot. ‘Blistering’ means developed by ISRO. The Indian Regional
intense (of heat), ‘Diminishing’ is defined as Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) with its
making or becoming less, ‘Knackering’ means operational name of NavIC (Navigation with Indian
tiring (someone) out, and ‘Holistic’ means Constellation) has been recognised by the
considered as a whole thing rather than a collection International Maritime Organization (IMO) as a part
of parts. Blistering is closest in meaning; of the World Wide Radio Navigation System
hence, option A is the correct answer. (WWRNS) for operation in the Indian Ocean
29. (b) The author would agree with the fact that if the 96% Region.
of carbon dioxide can be converted into oxygen; it 35. (d) The United States' GPS: Global Positioning System
could pave the way for future human exploration. (GPS) is the world's most used GPS system. It is a
It is evident from the passage: Producing oxygen constellation of 32 satellites. Russia's GLONASS:
from Mars' 96 percent carbon dioxide atmosphere Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS)
might be a more feasible option than extracting ice provides global coverage with a constellation of 26
from under its surface then electrolyzing it to make satellites.
oxygen. 36. (c) In August 2019 from the ramparts of the Red Fort,
Hence, option B is the correct answer. Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the
The rest of the options contradict with what the decision to create the post of Chief of Defence Staff
author would agree. Option (a) has the incorrect during his Independence Day speech.
expression, ‘bone-chilling’. Option (c) is incorrect 37. (a) The Indian Air Force helicopter that crashed on
as 5 grams of oxygen that can provide 10 minutes of Wednesday, with Chief of Defence Staff General
breathable oxygen to an astronaut. Option (d) is Bipin Rawat and others on board, belonged to the
incorrect, as MOXIE is dubbed as a mechanical tree 109 Helicopter Unit, based out of Sulur air base in
and not a biological tree. Tamil Nadu. It was an MI-17 V5 variant, which is
30. (d) The author believes that humans would be able to one of the latest versions of this Russian-made
travel to Mars to discover new worlds and push the military transport helicopter available around the
boundaries of scientific and technical limits if world.
carbon dioxide present in the Mar's atmosphere can 38. (b) Establishment of a CDS of the Indian armed forces
be converted into breathable oxygen. Hence, option was recommended by the Kargil Review Committee
D is the correct answer. The rest of the options are in 2001 and reiterated by the Naresh Chandra
not supported by the passage. Human settlement and committee in 2012.
tourism are not mentioned in the passage; therefore, 39. (d) Along with the creation of Chief of Defence Staff,
options (a) and (b) are incorrect. Option (c) is not the Department of Military Affairs (DoMA) was
the ultimate aim; therefore, incorrect. Paving the created as the fifth department within the Ministry
way for future exploration means to make it easier of Defence.
for future objectives and goals. Option (d) can be 40. (d) General Bipin Rawat was an Indian military officer
safely inferred from the information provided in the who was a four-star general of the Indian Army.
passage. Refer to the lines, ‘Not only can the process Prior to taking over as the CDS, he served as the
Directions (Q.1-Q.30): Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Passage(Q.1-Q.5): As many of us would have already realized, life is indeed a drama with each of us doing
varied roles at various stages of our lives, that resonate with our personality and temperament. Every role has its
own identity and purpose. But unlike in a staged drama, in life people are free to choose the roles they want to
play. For example, you might have to get married in a drama, whereas in life you have a choice: you can either
get hitched or remain single.
Hence, when people have the power to decide what role they want to play it is imperative that they make wise
choices that would result in positive consequences for themselves as well as to their fellow humans.
While role play on a stage can, in most cases, be a joyful experience, the real roles we play bring with them
several challenges and problems that need to be overcome if we want to play our parts to perfection.
It takes a lot of effort on the part or every person to strive and achieve excellence in their various roles. Today
everyone has several opportunities to try out diverse roles, and it is up to the individual to choose roles of their
liking, or roles that they believe would help them fulfill their needs, aspirations.
It is up to the discretion of the individual to take up a single role or multiple roles on the basis of their ability to
execute it/them. A homemaker is no less worthy than a working woman; it is simply a choice made by the
individual.
It is necessary to ensure that we are fulfilling each role to the best of our abilities. And if we find a lag then we
must make sure that we make up for the loss and rework our strategies. And unlike in a stage play, our real roles
come with a lot of emotional bonding, which requires us to be more sensitive in handling the roles that we
execute.
It also calls for more commitment and acumen as finally it is these roles that determine our inner happiness and
well-being. In this drama of life it is important that we respect our coactors and work together in peace and
harmony. We must never gauge another individual’s role worth based on social, economic, political, racial or
cultural factors as each role, however trivial it might appear to be, has its importance in its own space. We must
always strive to prove our role’s worth and give back to society.
It is more likely that people would remember an affluent individual for his contribution to society rather than
any empire he would have built for himself. So if we want to leave a mark even after we have left the stage it
can only be through the good work that we would leave behind by comprehending our own roles better.
So if we contribute to society even in a small way, it would make a world of difference to future generations.
1. What is the stark difference between drama and life?

(a) In drama, characters have predetermined roles but life roles are extempore.
(b) In drama you do not have a choice but in life you do.
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of the above.
2. Which of the following is untrue?

(a) People should choose their roles wisely for positive results.
(b) Life is synonymous with conflicts and issues and needs immense courage to sail through.
(c) Life today has become easy-going and it is not difficult to achieve eminence in various fields.
(d) Life abounds with options which call for right decision making.
3. If we consider that multitasking has become the order of the day. How do you justify it?
(a) Today, everyone is taking up diverse roles to fulfill their aspirations.
(b) People who have the ability to manage several things take up multiple roles.
(c) Real roles have emotional overtones and need handling in a sensitive manner.
(d) Women multitask as a home maker and office managers.
4. Happiness is derived from
(a) multitasking. (b) properly judged and dedicated roles.
(c) emotional bonding. (d) reworking our strategies.
5. What would be the best way to leave our footprints on the sands of time?
(a) By building a memorial.
(b) By doing small good things for the society.
(c) By understanding ourselves and contributing to society.
(d) By respecting our co-stars and working in harmony.
Passage(Q.6-Q.10): Some people, including some young, strong and bright women, feel feminism is no more
necessary. It is a thing of the past because girls and women have equal rights now. I wish it was so.
On the one hand, women have broken many barriers; they have proven themselves in every area of work and
life, we have pretty good laws and policies, but at the same time violence against women is not less, if not more,
and this is so all over the world: in India the female male ratio continues to dip.
For the first time in human history, there are fewer women than men on this planet thanks mainly to gynocide
(killing of women) in India and China. The employment rate of women in India in the formal sector has been
going down while the GDP has been rising
Our religions, customs and traditions, our languages not just in India but everywhere, continue to be patriarchal.
The media and advertisements are filled with misogynistic (woman hating) images, stories and item numbers.
Therefore, for me feminism is still relevant and required. My first point is that feminism is perhaps the most
badnaam (infamous), purposely discredited, misinterpreted and misunderstood -ism. There are all kinds of totally
ridiculous rumors about feminism. For decades corporate media has spread falsehoods about feminism. I find it
totally amazing that most middle class men have heard about bra burning feminists, while they seem to have
missed hearing about the relentless struggles of feminists in South Asia against dowry deaths, female feticide or
rape.
Despite this, I am happy to call myself a feminist. I was delighted when HH the Dalai Lama said recently that
“if speaking for the rights of women is being a feminist, then I think I am a feminist”.
The word feminism is derived from the French word Femme, which means woman. Feminism looks at the world
through women’s eyes. Why do we this? We look at the world through women’s eyes because for the last couple
of thousand years the world has been looked at and spoken about through men’s eyes.
Almost all religious texts have been written by men; mainly men have formulated laws in most Parliaments of
the world; mainly men have made laws and passed judgments; men editors have interpreted and controlled news
and so on. Therefore, a balanced view is desperately required and for that we need to look at the world through
women’s eyes.
Another reason for looking at the world through women’s eyes is the fact that women are at the bottom of all
social, political and economic hierarchies. Hence when we look at the world through women’s eyes, we look at
it through the eyes of the most oppressed and exploited members of our societies. South Asian feminists have
defined feminists thus. Anyone who recognizes that women are discriminated against within families, at the
place of work and in society in general, and who takes action against this discrimination is a feminist”. According
to this definition, men can also be feminists.
6. Which part of speech is feminism?

(a) noun (b) particle (c) verb (d) infinitive
7. Which of the following is untrue?

(a) The empowerment of women is inversely proportional to the violence rate against them.
(b) Gender bias is still very much existent
(c) Female infanticide and female feticide have taken their toll in India.
(d) Women employment rate in the formal sector in India is inversely proportional to the GDP growth.
8. The idiom ‘it is a man’s world’ is reflected in
(a) there are fewer women than men on this planet thanks to gynocide.
(b) our beliefs in religion, customs, traditions and even languages are patriarchal.
(c) media and advertisements are filled with misogynistic information.
(d) the GDP has been growing faster than the women employment rate.
9. Which of the following is UNTRUE?

(a) Ridiculous rumors abound regarding feminism.
(b) Corporate media always spreads fake messages about feminism.
(c) Middle class men are also aware of dowry deaths, female infanticide and female feticides.
(d) A feminist need not belong to the female gender
10. It is important for feminism to view the world through women’s eyes because,
(a) the word feminism is derived from the French word ‘femme’.
(b) being the affected strata of society, women will be able to give an unbiased and unprejudiced view.
(c) we have had enough of texts and books from men’s viewpoint.
(d) feminism begins at home.
Passage(Q.11-Q.15): When it comes to family, where does love stop and duty begin? Sometimes that’s easily
answered: evolutionary instinct moulds a parent’s love for their children into something fierce and
uncomplicated. Broaden out the focus to siblings, adult children, ageing parents, aunts and uncles, and the answer
is less straightforward.
Britain’s more individualistic approach to family is often contrasted with family cultures in southern Europe.
There, young people tend to leave the parental home later, and it is much more common to find three or even
four generations of the same family living under the one roof. But as the UK’s housing crisis has given way to a
“boomerang generation”, and as the shrinking amount of state funding for older care leaves more families to
fend for themselves, there are signs that we might be starting to embrace a more Mediterranean approach to
family life. The question we’re not asking is: at what cost?
In Victorian Britain (1837-1901), working-class young people left home in their early teens to enter domestic
service, at one point the country’s biggest source of jobs. Half a century ago, baby boomers came of age in a
world of cheap housing and plentiful jobs, which eased their route to independence. The number of young people
going to university, many of them moving away from home, has ballooned from just 2% immediately after the
Second World War to over 40% today. Around 1990s.
At the other end of the lifespan, as people live longer - though often with protracted spells of poor health - we’ve
developed a professional care sector so that adult children don’t have to give up work to look after ageing parents.
By contrast, in countries such as Japan and Italy, where there is a greater expectation that families will step up,
there has been less reliance on professional care: across much of Italy, fewer than one in 50 over-85s live in a
care home, compared with one in six in the UK
That generous baby-boomer deal is a thing of the past: one in five 25- to 29-year-olds now lives with his/her
parents. The eye-watering costs of childcare mean more parents are relying on grandparents helping out to enable
them to go back to work. And the rising cost of elderly care means those who need it are often reluctant to fork
out. Rather than dip into the value of their house to pay, they would prefer to pass the property on to their
children. These financial shifts are being compounded by government policy. The tripling of tuition fees and the
axing of maintenance grants have loaded further debt on to young graduates. Last year the government revived
its plans to scrap support for the housing costs of low-income 18- to 21-year-olds. Cuts to social care have
implicitly shifted the balance of responsibility for looking after ageing parents, and ministers have explicitly said
families must pitch in more.
11. What, according to the passage, is meant by “boomerang generation”?
(a) Young people who leave the parental home after completing their education.
(b) Young people who rebel against the existing system.
(c) Young educated people who share a home with their parents.
(d) Young people who adopt a Mediterranean approach to life.
12. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about Britain’s approach to family?
(a) It is influenced by its economy and its education.
(b) Job opportunities have always had a positive influence on Britain’s approach to family.
(c) Cheap housing is the factor responsible for the independence of the young.
(d) Families are founded on economics of the world.
13. ‘Baby boomers’ are

(a) people having more than one baby.
(b) young children with good parental support.
(c) children of working class.
(d) persons born in the years following the World War II.
14. The passage suggests that austerity measures adopted by the British government are likely to
(a) create tension in family life. (b) have a bearing on family life.
(c) affect the elderly negatively. (d) be detrimental to the society.
15. With which of the following statements is the author likely to agree with?
(a) People in England are generally very frugal.
(b) Generational separation in England is determined by economic realities.
(c) Spending habits in England have changed.
(d) Grandparents in England are no more considered a burden on the family.
Passage(Q.16-Q.20): The Centre is working on an industrial policy for backward areas of the northeast as well
as the Himalayan States to subsidise the cost of capital, a senior official said. “It is a challenge to access funds
in India,” said Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP) Secretary Ramesh Abhishek.“Cost of
funds is high, and the government is working to bring this down and make funds easily accessible. We have
interest subsidy schemes specifically for more difficult areas like the northeast. We are trying to come out with
an industrial policy for backward areas of northeast and the Himalayan States and we are going to see how we
can subsidise the cost of capital in these areas,” he said at an interactive session on Make in India initiative
online. Mr. Abhishek further said that norms were yet to be announced by the concerned regulators, including
the RBI and the SEBI, regarding regulations for online lending platforms. “Those platforms are doing a good
job. So we are hoping that regulators will come out soon with good and positive regulations so online platforms
are able to do their business,” the DIPP Secretary said. On state-wise start-up policy, he said as of now there are
16 states that have their respective start-up policies and the Centre has asked the remaining states to soon join
the initiative. Noting that start-up policy is important for economic growth, he said startups are the biggest job
creators. “We have to turn our youth into job givers not job seekers. Creating a startup ecosystem is also
important,” he said. It is this perception that will help drive the economy in all aspects. The development of
agriculture sector is a key priority area for the Centre, he said. The government is encouraging organic farming
across the country and he has sought suggestions in this regard from the public. Mr. Abhishek also said that
Invest India — the national investment promotion agency — in the last one and a half years had promoted foreign
investments to the tune of $70 billion, of which already $3.1 billion worth of investments had come into the
country. “This kind of hand holding was never done by the Centre earlier,” Mr. Abhishek added. On the matter
of “troubles” relating to conversion of agricultural land to nonagricultural land for its commercial use, the official
said it was a “tricky issue” and sought suggestions from stakeholders so that the Centre can form a view on it
and then forward them to the state governments as land issues fall under the jurisdiction of states.
16. What is the main objective of the Government behind all these steps?
(a) To encourage the people of north-east
(b) To promote business and commerce in coastal areas
(c) To make the north east region developed in every way where finance plays the major role.
(d) To alleviate the poor health conditions of the people
17. Which of the following best explains the impact of the perception that the youth should be job-givers and not
seekers?
(a) It helps to increase the economy of the nation and create better job opportunities in the nation.
(b) It elevates the inclination of students towards higher education.
(c) The youth of the country gives a tough competition to the outside countries.
(d) The imbalance created in the economy after world war of the country gets balanced.
18. Why are start-up policies encouraged in the mentioned states?

(a) They help the people to be dependent.
(b) They create more job opportunities for people.
(c) They create a better balance in the nation.
(d) The Government earns support in these regions.
19. Which of the following is a significant step in the development of these (north eastern) regions?
(a) Regulations in the RBI (b) Establishment of online lending platforms
(c) More agricultural activities (d) None of these
20. Two statements (I) and (II) are given below. These statements may be either independent causes or may be
effects of independent causes or a common cause. One of these statements may be the effect of the other
statement. Read both the statements and decide which of the following answer choice correctly depicts the
relationship between these two statements.
I. It is a challenge to access funds in India as the cost of funds is high.
II. The government is working to bring this down and make funds easily accessible.
(a) Statement (I) is the cause and statement (II) is the effect.
(b) Statement (II) is the cause and statement (I) is the effect.
(c) Both the statements (I) and (II) are independent causes.
(d) Both the statements (I) and (II) are effects of independent causes.
Passage(Q.21-Q.25): Ever since the 1980s the fashion had been to make companies as lean as possible,
outsourcing all but your core competencies, expanding your just-in-time supplier system around the globe,
loading up with debt to “leverage” your balance-sheet. Companies that hoarded cash — even ones as good as
Toyota and Microsoft — were viewed with suspicion.
No longer. For many big American companies, the day of reckoning came when the deepening financial crisis
brought about the abrupt closure or the overnight commercial-paper market. This briefly sent even the most solid
companies into a desperate scramble to find money to meet such basic obligations as paying their staff. Since
then, the guiding principle for managers everywhere has been to gather up whatever cash they can find, and then
keep as much of it as possible for as long as possible.
But most of the panic is still hidden. In Britain, solid corporate giants are finding it harder to rollover routine
loans. Across Europe, nervous accountants say they will need to see more proof that firms are “going concerns”
before they sign off year-end accounts
The cash squeeze is a huge problem for the world economy, because as firms cut discretionary spending wherever
they can, the result is likely to be a corporate version of what John Maynard Keynes called the “paradox of
thrift”. Every firm does what is prudent for itself, but by cutting its spending, it slows down the economy still
further and thus hurts everybody, including itself. This will only reinforce the need for expansionary monetary
and fiscal policy to boost demand; and also for more direct support in credit markets.
For the few lucky hoarders, this is a time to feel both smug and predatory. Cash-rich drugs firms, have all said
that the financial turmoil presents an opportunity for them to buy biotechnology companies at knock-down
prices.
For the non-hoarders, there is a balance to be struck. In the short term, some of the old ways to perk up your
share price now seem suicidal. Huge dividends or share buybacks have to be regarded as reckless. What was
once seen as evidence of corporate fitness for the moment looks like anorexia. More padding — in the form of
cash in the bank — will be necessary to secure a clean bill of health. Likewise, ultra-lean supply chains no longer
look like such a brilliant idea when you have to find cash to keep afloat a supplier that cannot get even basic
trade credit. “Just in time is giving way to “just in case”.
And there will also come a time when the necessity to safeguard cash is not so all-consuming. But even if cash
does become more plentiful, it is doubtful whether today’s generation of managers will be quite so cavalier about
taking it for granted. That change in attitude, more than anything else, will be the legacy of this credit crunch for
the corporate world.
21. The passage is chiefly concerned with

(a) warning that the supplier system has to be trimmed down.
(b) demonstrating that cash transactions are preferable to transactions on credit.
(c) arguing for a critical review of corporate cash flow requirements.
(d) recommending a way out of recession by increasing spending.
22. It can be inferred from the passage that the ‘paradox of thrift in Keynesian economics is due to which of the
following?
(a) Increased savings represents a diminishing circular flow of money.
(b) Decreased savings represents an increasing circular flow of money.
(c) An expansionary fiscal policy stimulates the economy in anticipation of a business-cycle contraction.
(d) An expansionary monetary policy increases the supply of money to stimulate the economy in anticipation of
a business-cycle contraction.
23. The passage warns of which of the following as dangers to a corporate “going concern” status?
(a) A high degree to which a business utilizes borrowed money
(b) Reacquisition by a company of its own stock by distributing cash
(c) An ultra-lean supply chain management
(d) All of the above
24. The “not so cavalier” attitude mentioned in the concluding lines of the passage is best defined as one that
(a) treats cash as dispensable where credit is easily available.
(b) recognizes that cash is hard to come by.
(c) Just in time supplier system
(d) All of the above
25. The author cites the fact that the drug firms are buying companies at very cheap prices in order to do which of
the following?
(a) Point out that acquisitions are the way for growth.
(b) Illustrate how downturns tend to be good times for certain sectors.
(c) Warn that companies that are strapped for cash are quickly cannibalized.
(d) Imply that cash-hoarding firms now outperform indebted firms
Passage(Q.26-Q.30): All of us who have worked in any organisation would have had our fair share of bosses
good and bad. The good bosses are those who take you under their wings, teach you the ropes and guide you
through the organisational maze. They are those who inspire ordinary people to do extraordinary things. There
are also bosses who bark and snarl their instructions or orders, point a critical finger at every opportunity and
even tick you off at meetings and seminars. The human mind is geared to sift the good memories from the bad
and retain them to dwell on in tranquil moments. The bad memories are best given a decent burial.
However the published results of some recent research at the University of Manchester on workplace behaviour
brought to my mind a few bosses I would rather not have encountered. The research states that bosses who
display psychopathic, arrogant, brutal tendencies on their subordinates are likely to engage in counterproductive
behavior. Also, quite often you find narcissists in top management cadre who believe in the principle “vex and
boss”. All the aggressive, toxic rhetoric and constant bullying can whittle down your ego and reduce you to a
robot.
I remember, whenever a particular boss called us we stepped into his chamber as though towards a guillotine.
Full of himself, totally in love with his own voice, he would crush us with his demeaning comments. He was the
oracle, he was the final word. No wonder, when he retired and visited the office, he was given a wide berth and
a cold shoulder.
Next was another who was equally famed for his rudeness and did not hesitate to fling files from his table.
Though I did not myself have any files flung at me. I got my share of tongue- lashing. One consolation was
they were uniform in their behaviour with everyone.
Of course there were those who played favourities and humiliated those who were not. The third boss was a clear
misogynist who faulted me over everything while all my male colleagues were cheerfully forgiven. He took
immense delight in correcting and re-correcting my drafts and returned my papers with unsavoury comments.
So, it was a mailer of particular pleasure when in the years to come I got past him on the career ladder
What gives power to one individual over another? Is it rank, class or privilege that he thinks bestows on him the
divine right to humiliate and terrorise “lesser” mortals around?
Meryl Streep, the screen legend, while receiving the Golden Globe Award, made a reference to a person in a
powerful position who mocked a reporter with disability. She said she considered it inexcusable to attack
“someone he outranked in privilege, power and the capacity to fight back”. She added; “That instinct to humiliate
when it is modelled by someone on a public platform, it filters down into everyone’s life because it gives
permission for others to do the same.’
However in the end, one realises the futility of all power and ultimate impotence of all those who exercise such
power.
26. The author is of the view that
(a) Both (b) and (d)
(b) bosses who are disdainful of their subordinates are looked upon with awe.
(c) bosses who are roughshod over their underlings are likely engaging in counterproductive behaviour.
(d) bosses who are domineering are generally popular in the organisation.
27. The last sentence of para 3 states, “When he retired and visited the office, he was given a wide berth and a cold
shoulder” In the given context, what do you understand by the phrase, shown in italics?
(a) The former boss was accorded a cold, dispassionate welcome.
(b) The employees stayed well away from the former boss with deliberate unfriendliness.
(c) The employees had a lukewarm interaction with the former boss, and grumbled among themselves.
(d) The former boss’s visit was a damp squib.
28. Which among the following is / are TRUE according to the passage?
I. Good bosses educate their subordinates on the established way of doing things.
II. Bosses who have extreme love and admiration for themselves trouble people aggressively.
III. Studies reveal that celibate bosses are less vehement, less arrogant, and rarely domineering.
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) I and II (d) I and III
29. According to the passage, who are not good bosses?

(a) who take you under their wings
(b) teach you the ropes
(c) guide you through the organisational maze
(d) who bark and snarl their instructions
30. What does the phrase "I got my share of tongue- lashing" mentioned in the passage implies?
(a) The author was spared the wrath of the boss.
(b) The author was rude to the boss.
(c) The author was severely scolded by the boss on occasions.
(d) The author was complimented by the boss.
MOCK CLAT #24

SECTION-A : ENGLISH LANGUAGE it is an order of the day. Similarly, option C nowhere
1. (c) The 1st paragraph says that unlike in a staged drama mentions about multitasking. Option D shows an
people are free to choose the role they want to play. instance of multitasking in the gender role of women
It says that role has its own identity and purpose. and not why it is an order of the day.
This shows how roles are extempore in real life and 4. (b) The 7th paragraph says that ‘it also calls for more
making the option a correct. It also gives an example commitment and acumen as finally it is these roles
of staying single out of choice though in a drama that determine our inner happiness and well-being’-
you may have to marry, which shows that option b it being the role-play. The paragraph means that the
is also correct. And it also says that the roles we play roles we play should be properly judged and played
resonate with our personality and temperament. All with dedication as they are the basis of real
these points are covered in options A, B is making happiness. This is found in Option B which is the
C right answer. right answer. Option A is incorrect because passage
2. (c) The 2nd paragraph 1st line says that we have to mentions that it is up to the discretion of the
choose our roles with commitment and acumen as in individual to take up a single role or multiple roles
option A making it true. The 3rd paragraph says that on the basis of their ability to execute it. Hence, it
life is full of challenges and problems and we need has no relation with happiness. Option C talks about
to overcome them as in option b making it true. The the emotional bonding and has no relation with
4th paragraph says that there are several happiness. Similarly, Option D is incorrect because
opportunities available and individuals have to reworking our strategies helps in living easy going
choose the role that fits them as in option D making life but that does not mean there will be only
it true. The same paragraph also says that it needs a happiness and no difficulties.
lot of effort from every person to achieve excellence 5. (c) The last paragraph says that each of us has to
in their roles which is the opposite of what option C understand our role properly so that they can be
reflects making it untrue and the right answer. played in the best way to contribute in a small way
3. (b) The 5th paragraph says that, taking up a single role to the good in the society thereby making a world of
or multiple roles is at the discretion of individuals difference to the coming generations. This is
based on their ability to execute them. Option b reflected in option C which is the right answer.
reflects this and is therefore, the right answer. The Option A is incorrect because passage mentions that
other choices are also true but are fragments from it is more likely for people to remember contribution
the passage and can be ignored. Moreover, option A and not building an empire for itself. Option b is
talks about why people do multitasking and not why partially correct but not fully because it mentions
only one segment of the answer. Option D is not they will provide an unbiased view because they
correct because respecting co-stars helps in having have the most exploited class in the world. This
easy drama life and it is not the best way to leave makes option C incorrect. Option D is incorrect
our footprints on the sands of time. because beginning of feminism has no relevance to
6. (a) answer a is the correct answer as feminism is a noun. the question asked. Therefore, out of four options,
7. (a) Choice B is found in the 1st paragraph when the option B is the most relevant and correct answer.
author says that he/she really wishes that women 11. (c) Refer to the second paragraph which says it is
had equal rights meaning that gender bias still exists common to find three or even four generations of the
making option true. The 2nd paragraph says that the same family living under the one roof. Connect this
female -male ratio continues to dip in India making to the next sentence, and it is clear that option C is
option C true. Paragraph 3 says that women the correct answer. Option A goes against the
employment rate and GDP have been going in passage. Option B is irrelevant. ‘A Mediterranean
opposite directions making option D true. The approach to life’ is rather vague, so option D cannot
second paragraph says that many women have be accepted. Hence, option C is the correct answer.
proved themselves but the violence against them has 12. (a) The passage traces the historical background of
not lessened making option A untrue. Hence, option independence of the young. Their decision to leave
A is the correct answer. their homes was prompted by their education and
8. (b) The key word is ‘patriarchal’ meaning ‘a system of economic status in the past, but now they decide to
society or government controlled by men’. This is stay with their parents for the same reasons. So, it
reflected in option B and makes it the correct can be inferred that Britain’s approach to family is
answer. Option A is incorrect because still there are influenced by its education and economy. Hence,
women in the world, making the world both of men option A is the correct answer. In option B ‘positive’
and women and not only men because of their is disputable, making it the incorrect choice. Option
majority. Misogynistic information means women C concerns only one minor point and not connotes
hating views and information that does not connote the entire correct answer. Option D is a very general
that it’s a man world. Therefore, option C is also and vague observation and hence, an incorrect
incorrect. Similarly, option D is also incorrect answer.
because it connotes that still there are women in the 13. (d) Refer to the para three which mentions ‘baby
world because it talks about women employment boomers’. From the last sentence of the paragraph it
rate. Patriarchy is the term which shows that though can be understood that baby boomers are people
there are both men and women in the world, then too born in the years following the Second World War
men has always been kept on top and everything is 1939. (That was the period when there was a marked
followed according to them. increase in birth rate). Hence, option D is the correct
9. (c) 4th para says that there are all kinds of totally answer. Option A is irrelevant. Option B is also
ridiculous rumors about feminism, making option A invalid as per the facts of the passage. Similarly,
true. Option B is also found in the same paragraph it option C does not match the meaning of boomers as
says the media and advertisements are filed with mentioned in the passage.
misogynistic images and stories, making Option D 14. (b) The last paragraph mentions that austerity measures
true and incorrect answer. Option D is reflected in like cuts to social care being adopted by the
the fifth paragraph in HH the Dalai Lama’s government have shifted the balance of
statement making it true. Let us go back to the fourth responsibility for looking after ageing parents. This
paragraph. It says ‘most middle class men have implies that can have a bearing on family life.
heard about bra burning feminists, while they seem Hence, option B is the correct answer. Nothing in
to have missed hearing about the relentless struggles the passage points to creating tension in the family.
of feminists in South Asia against dowry deaths, So, option A is incorrect. The passage does not
female feticide or rape’ which makes option C suggest that the effect is negative for the elderly. So,
untrue. Therefore, it is the correct answer. option C is inapt. Option D is not supported by the
10. (b) Take a look at the 8th and 9th paragraphs. They passage.
explain that we will have a balanced view of the 15. (b) Between option B and option D, B is a better choice.
world through women’s eyes. The view through the The passage talks about the influence of economic
eyes of the oppressed half of the society will be realities on people’s attitude to the elderly, so it is
more authentic. These points are covered succinctly logical to infer that generational separation in
in option B. Hence, option B is the correct answer. England is determined by economic realities.
Option A is incorrect because the derivation of word Therefore, option B is the correct answer. Option A
feminism has nothing to do with the view of world is not suggested, the passage only mentions a change
from their eyes. Having enough texts from men’s in attitude of people. Option C shifts the focus from
view has no relation with view of the world through the main idea of the passage. Thus, making it the
women’s eye because the ultimate meaning of wrong answer. Option D is out of the scope.
feminism is equal rights for women and moreover,
16. (c) The north-east region of our country is not at par nor effect. Therefore, options C and D are both
with the other regions and they have been neglected incorrect.
for a long time. The development has been slow. 21. (c) The central issue in the passage is encapsulated in
These steps are being taken to make the area more the ‘cash squeeze” that has affected the “world
progressive and developed. Thus option C is the economy,” as represented in Option C. Therefore,
correct answer. Option A is partially correct but only Option C is the correct answer. Option A is incorrect
encouraging will not help in development. There are because supplier system is just an instance of
factors as well. Therefore, making it incorrect. explaining the passage. Option B is incorrect
Option b is logically incorrect as there are no coastal because demonstrating that cash transactions are
areas in north east India that are talked about in the preferable to transactions on credit has no relevance
passage, similarly. Option D is also not relevant to with which the passage is chiefly i.e. primarily
the question asked. Therefore, making option D concerned. Recommending a way out of recession
incorrect. by increasing spending is just a statement and not
17. (a) Refer to the following statements of the passage, the chief concern of the passage. Hence, option D is
'“We have to turn our youth into job givers not job incorrect as well.
seekers. Creating a start-up ecosystem is also 22. (a) The question specifically asks for the reason why
important,” he said. It is this perception that will reduced spending would hurt the world economy —
help drive the economy in all aspects. If 2 out of the missing link is given in option A, where reduced
every 5 job seekers become job givers, the day is not spending results in a “cash squeeze” that leads to
far when the dearth of jobs gets swept away.' recession. Therefore, option A is correct. Option B
Therefore, option A is the correct answer. Option b is not true in the context of the passage which makes
is incorrect because it is not relevant to the question. the option incorrect. Option C and D are just
It is true that youth gives a tough competition to the highlight remedial measures. Therefore, both
outside countries but it is not the aspect which options C and D are eliminated.
explains the impact of the perception that the youth 23. (d) A “going concern” is the idea that a company will
should be job givers and not seekers. Option D is continue to operate indefinitely and will not go out
incorrect because it is not relevant and does not of business, something that is hardly possible if a
connote the answer. firm runs out of cash to meet basic obligations.
18. (b) Refer to the following statement of the passage, Option A is true, it means loading up with debt.
'Noting that start-up policy is important for Option B is also true meaning “share buyback
economic growth, he said start-ups are the biggest reckless.” As well as Option C is true meaning ultra-
job creators.' Hence, option B is correct. Option A is lean supply chains (not) brilliant. Hence, the correct
not correct because dependence of people was not answer is option D.
the sole reason of establishing start-up policies. 24. (b) Referring to the last para; the “not cavalier” attitude
Option C is incorrect because it is not relevant to the refers to the lesson corporates learned — that “cash”
facts of the passage. Similar to option A, option D is must not be taken for granted, and they must “safe-
not the sole purpose of establishing start-ups. guard cash”. Option B is more in harmony with this
19. (b) Among the mentioned options the most significant view than Option C, not related with the question.
step is the establishment of the online lending Therefore, option B is correct. Option D is
platforms. It is mentioned in the passage, 'Make In irrelevant.
India initiative online. Mr. Abhishek said norms 25. (d) The author cites the drug firms to make the case that
were yet to be announced by the regulators the “hoarders” have been “lucky”, as compared to
concerned, including the RBI and the SEBI, the “non-hoarders.” Option D agrees with this view.
regarding regulations for online lending platforms. Therefore, option D is correct Option A is incorrect
“Those platforms are doing a good job' Thus, option because it is not relevant to the above question.
B is the correct answer. The regulations in the RBI Similarly, options B and C does not connote what
will be one of the result of the significant step taken the author is citing to the fact that the drug firms are
and not the step itself. Therefore, option A is buying companies at very cheap prices.
incorrect. Option C is incorrect because it will be an 26. (c) Research states that bosses who display
irrelevant answer. Option D is partially correct but psychopathic, arrogant, brutal (roughshod)
not fully correct. tendencies on their subordinates (underlings) are
20. (a) As stated in paragraph 1, it is clear that statement I likely to engage in counterproductive behaviour
is the cause and II is the effect. As the funds are (Para 2). Thus, option C is the correct answer.
inaccessible, the Government is taking actions to Options B is contradicting to the facts of the
make them accessible. Thus, option A is the correct passage. Therefore, option B is incorrect. Similarly,
answer. Since, statement II is not the cause and option A is also contradicting to the factual
statement I not the effect, option B is incorrect. representation of the passage and is incorrect.
Similarly, neither both statements together are cause 27. (b) Give a wide berth means to stay well away from. A
cold shoulder is deliberate unfriendliness or
rejection. The person referred to in the paragraph 33. (d) For Hindus, The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 sets 18
was a self- proclaimed oracle who used to degrade years as the minimum age for the bride and 21 years
his employees with his words. He was disliked by as the minimum age for the groom.
all. So, it was but natural that once, when he visited In Islam, the marriage of a minor who has attained
the office after retirement, people stayed away from puberty is considered valid.
him with deliberate unfriendliness. Therefore, The Special Marriage Act, 1954 and the Prohibition
option B is the correct answer. Option A is partly of Child Marriage Act, 2006 also prescribe 18 and
correct but not exactly the meaning of the phrase. 21 years as the minimum age of consent for
Hence, it is an incorrect answer. Option C is marriage for women and men, respectively.
eliminated because lukewarm means welcoming For the new age of marriage to be implemented,
interaction which is just the opposite of what the these laws are expected to be amended.
above phrase means. Similarly, option D is 34. (d) Child marriage has declined very marginally: from
eliminated because it is irrelevant answer. 27% in 2015-16 to 23% in 2019-20, according to
28. (c) Option C is the correct answer. The second sentence National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 5.
in the first paragraph reads, “The good bosses are 35. (b) In June 2020, the Ministry for Women and Child
those who take you under their wings, teach you the Development set up a task force to look into the
ropes and guide you through the organisational correlation between the age of marriage with issues
maze.” This makes the statement I correct. The of women’s nutrition, prevalence of anemia, IMR,
ropes, informally, means the established way of MMR and other social indices.
doing something. A narcissist (para 2) is a person 36. (d) BJP MP from Ladakh Jamyang Tsering Namgyal on
who has extreme love and admiration for himself or Tuesday demanded that the region be included in the
herself. The passage says that narcissistic bosses vex Sixth Schedule of the Constitution to safeguard
(trouble aggressively) their subordinates. This land, employment, and cultural identity of the local
makes statement II correct. Hence, option A and B population.
are eliminated because they don’t include together 37. (d) The Sixth Schedule applies to the North-eastern
statement I and II. The passage does not tell of states of Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram (three
anything about celibate bosses which is mentioned Councils each), and Tripura (one Council).
in option C. Therefore, making option C as 38. (d) It is estimated that more than 90% of Ladakh’s
incorrect. Hence, option C is correct because it population is tribal. The primary Scheduled Tribes
includes both Statement I and II which are correct (STs) in Ladakh are Balti Beda, Bot (or Boto),
according to the passage. Brokpa (or Drokpa, Dard, Shin), Changpa, Garra,
29. (d) First para of the passage mentions about the good Mon and Purigpa.
and bad bosses. It is clearly mentioned in the first The Ladakh region has several distinct cultural
para that good bosses are those who who take you heritages by communities such as Drokpa, Balti and
under their wings, teach you the ropes and guide you Changpa, among others, which needs to be
through the organisational maze, making option A, preserved and promoted.
B and C incorrect answers. Therefore, option D is Prior to the creation of the Union Territory of
the correct answer as mentioned in para 1 of the Ladakh, people in Ladakh region had certain
passage. agrarian rights including right on land which
30. (c) Tongue-lashing means speaking angrily with restricted people from other parts of the country to
someone or severely scolding someone, is purchase or acquire land in Ladakh.
mentioned in option C. Hence, option C is the Inclusion in the sixth schedule will help in
correct answer. The phrase "I got my share of democratic devolution of powers in the region and
tongue-lashing meant that the author got her share will also enhance the transfer of funds for speedy
of scolding by the way the Boss spoke i.e., angrily. development of the region.
Options A, B and C are incorrect because they give 39. (d) As of now, 10 autonomous councils exist in Assam,
a contrary expression to the phrase. Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. This special
provision is provided under Article 244(2) and
SECTION - B : CURRENT AFFAIRS, INCLUDING Article 275(1) of the Constitution.
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 40. (c) The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019
was introduced to bifurcate the State into two
31. (a) The Cabinet’s decision to raise the legal age of separate union territories of Jammu and Kashmir
marriage for women is based on the (with legislature), and Ladakh (without legislature).
recommendation of a panel led by Jaya Jaitly. 41. (a) The draft resolution was framed by Ireland and
32. (c) The marriage age at 18 was set in 1978, but child Niger, who are members of the UN Security Council
marriage started to decline only in the 1990s, when responsible for leading negotiations and drafting
the government stressed primary education of the resolutions on climate change.
girl child and took measures to reduce poverty. 42. (d) The resolution was co-sponsored by Ireland and
Niger and it was first proposed by Germany in the
Passage (Q.1-Q.4): Thirteen Roman Catholic dioceses and some Catholic-related groups scattered
lawsuits across a dozen federal courts last week claiming that President Obama was violating their religious
freedom by including contraceptives in basic health care coverage for female employees. It was a dramatic
stunt, full of indignation but built on air.
Mr. Obama’s contraception-coverage mandate specifically exempts houses of worship. If he had ordered
all other organizations affiliated with a religion to pay for their employees’ contraception coverage, that
policy could probably be justified under Supreme Court precedent including a 1990 opinion by Justice
Antonin Scalia.But that argument does not have to be made in court, because Mr. Obama very publicly
backed down from his original position and gave those groups a way around the contraception-coverage
requirement.
Under the Constitution, churches and other religious organizations have total freedom to preach that
contraception is sinful and rail against Mr. Obama for making it more readily available. But the First
Amendment is not a license for religious entities to impose their dogma on society through the law. The
vast majority of Americans do not agree with the Roman Catholic Church’s anti-contraception stance,
including most American Catholic women.
The First Amendment also does not exempt religious entities or individuals claiming a sincere religious
objection from neutral laws of general applicability, a category the new contraception rule plainly fit. In
1990, Justice Scalia reminded us that making “the professed doctrines of religious belief superior to the
law of the land” would mean allowing “every citizen to become a law unto him.”
In 1993, Congress required government actions that “substantially burden a person’s exercise of religion”
to advance a compelling interest by the least restrictive means. The new contraceptive policy does that by
promoting women’s health and autonomy.
And there was no violation of religious exercise to begin with. After religious groups protested, the
administration put the burden on insurance companies to provide free contraceptive coverage to women
who work for religiously affiliated employers like hospitals or universities — with no employer involvement.
This is a clear partisan play. The real threat to religious liberty comes from the effort to impose one church’s
doctrine on everyone.
1. According to the given passage, what can be inferred from the last paragraph of the passage?
(a) The threat to society comes from religious liberty, when one opposes the church’s doctrine.
(b) It all about power politics and religion is a part of that where one loses its right to religious liberty as the
church starts imposing its doctrines on its people.
(c) Religious liberty is temporary where ultimately a society indulges itself with the dogmatic preaching of
the church.
(d) Churches’ forceful imposition of religion harms an individual and, thus, the societal existence is
hampered.
2. Why has the Roman Catholic Church failed to legally force their anti-contraceptive stance in America?
(a) Because the Church’s imposition of anticontraception methods is against the stance of the Constitution.
(b) Because the Church, although, has freedom to preach whatever it wants, it cannot go against the laws
that protect people.
(c) According to the First Amendment, the Church is allowed to preach anything, but it cannot impose
anything on anyone via law.
(d) Because Barack Obama’s stance on religious imposition is realistic and it opposes the Church’s
preaching about not using anti contraceptives.
3. According to the passage, which of the following statement is true?
(a) Church and Government are both at fault. One tries to impose religion; the latter tries to oppose the
liberty to practice religion.
(b) Barack Obama’s stance of making anti- contraceptives available for female workers is not revolutionary.
It’s the way it should be.
(c) One becomes a law unto himself if all the dogmas of a religion are made superior to the societal laws.
(d) The First Amendment makes religious institutions immune to any law suit or legal objection.
4. Which of the following is similar in meaning to the underlined expression ‘…but built on air.’?
(a) Realistic plan or hopes.
(b) Unrealistic; having no foundation.
(c) Exceeding plans or hopes.
(d) Unvalidated expression.
Passage (Q.5-Q.8): In 1966, the American Civil Rights Movement fragmented. Before this year, civil rights
activists were united, in public at least, in their support of a policy of peaceful integration of white and black
people. One of the first black activists to publicly declare the death of integration was Stokely Carmichael.
Carmichael was the leader of a prominent civil rights organisation that had been ‘integrationist’ in the early
1960s: the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). But in 1966, Carmichael called for black
activists in the SNCC to achieve freedom through separatism, and to withdraw from mixed-race institutions.
In doing so, he quoted from the famous French existentialist, Jean-Paul Sartre. Carmichael said that by
becoming a black separatist, one was becoming what Sartre had called ‘an anti-racist racist’. Sartre had
coined this term in 1948, and Carmichael believed that ‘antiracist racism’ – or exclusion of whites from
black organisations – would allow African-Americans to recover from the sense of inferiority created by
white cultural and social dominance.
For historians, Carmichael’s use of Sartre’s terminology is interesting. It indicates the impact that public
intellectuals, such as the French existentialists, can have on cultural and social change. In this case, Sartre
provided a new term and idea that changed a reference point in public debate. Sartre reinforced black
separatist aspiration by providing a language through which to express it. The examples demonstrate how
French existentialism was used by activists to make a public rupture with the social relations of the past.
Before WWII, social relations were often paternalistic. Paternalism was an ideology which aimed to reduce
social anxiety by keeping different social groups segregated, allotting them distinct and separate roles. A
range of groups were perceived to be free under paternalism because they were protected – women were
protected by men, students by academics, and blacks by whites. Paternalism had actually eroded in the
inter war period – for instance all adult women got the vote in Britain in 1928, thereby challenging ideas
they needed political ‘protection’ from men. Nevertheless, paternalist thought patterns persisted into the
post-war period, and were only pointedly attacked, with the help of French existentialism and the legacy of
Nazism, in the 1960s.
5. “For historians, Carmichael’s use of Sartre’s terminology is interesting.” Which of the following is the correct
explanation of this statement?
(a) It is interesting because he proposed a word that would segregate the black from the white and create
counter racism.
(b) Sartre’s used term ‘anti-racist racism’, which was used by Carmichael was indicative of the bearing the
public intellectuals made on the cultural and social changes by using distinctive terms and ideas that
became the testimonials in debates .
(c) Carmichael used Sartre’s terminology to form a separatist agenda for the blacks by which they can
become independent and need not depend on the whites.
(d) None of the above.
6. Which of the following sentence is true according to the passage?
(a) Carmichael adapted Sartre’s voice to oppose white supremacy by coining’ freedom through separation’.
(b) Paternalism is a process which existed during and after the world wars.
(c) Before 1966, civil right activists were supportive of a policy of peaceful integration of white and black
people, at least in public.
(d) Paternalism aimed to diminish social anxiety by keeping different social groups integrated, allotting
them uniform roles.
7. What can be inferred from the following passage on paternalism?

(a) Paternalism is a concept by which different groups could remain segregated in a society avoiding any
form of social anxiety.
(b) By paternalism, dictatorship becomes very easy since it follows divide and rule policy.
(c) Since many groups remain protected, paternalism promoted open and healthy relationships among
communities.
(d) Paternalism stayed for a while and then it disappeared from the social context when integration ideology
reclaimed its place.
8. Which of the following characterizes the writing style of the passage?

(a) Persuasive (b) Expository (c) Narrative (d) Analytical
Passage (Q.9-Q.14): In the Khyber valley of Northern Pakistan, three large boulders sit atop a hill
commanding a beautiful prospect of the city of Mansehra. A low brick wall surrounds these boulders; a
simple roof, mounted on four brick pillars, protects the rock faces from wind and rain. This structure
preserves for posterity the words inscribed there: 'Doing good is hard - Even beginning to do good is hard.'
The words are those of Ashoka Maurya, an Indian emperor who, from 268 to 234 BCE, ruled one of the
largest and most cosmopolitan empires in South Asia. These words come from the opening lines of the
fifth of 14 of Ashoka's so-called 'major rock edicts', a remarkable anthology of texts, circa 257 BCE, in
which Ashoka announced a visionary ethical project. Though the rock faces have eroded in Mansehra and
the inscriptions there are now almost illegible, Ashoka's message can be found on rock across the Indian
subcontinent - all along the frontiers of his empire, from Pakistan to South India.
The message was no more restricted to a particular language than it was to a single place. Anthologised
and inscribed across his vast empire onto freestanding boulders, dressed stone slabs and, beginning in
243 BCE, on monumental stone pillars, Ashoka's ethical message was refined and rendered in a number
of Indian vernaculars, as well as Greek and Aramaic. It was a vision intended to inspire people of different
religions, from different regions, and across generations.
'This Inscription on Ethics has been written in stone so that it might endure long and that my descendants
might act in conformity with it,' Ashoka says at the end of the fifth edict. In the fourth, he speaks of his
ethical project progressing 'until the end of the world', though one year later in the next edict he offers a
sobering qualification; the project can succeed only as long as it is taken up and continued - 'if my sons,
grandsons and, after those, my posterity follow my example, until the end of the world’.
As it turns out, Ashoka 's influence did outlast the short lived Mauryan empire. Along with Siddhartha
Gautama, the Buddha, whose religion Ashoka did much to establish as a global phenomenon, Ashoka was
one of the first pan-Asian influences. King Devanampiya Tissa of Sri Lanka (c247-207 BCE) wanted to
emulate him, as did Emperor Wu of China (502-549 CE); Empress Wu Zetian (623/625-705 CE) even
wanted to outdo him. And on 22 July 1947, days before India achieved formal independence from Great
Britain, Jawaharlal Nehru, soon to be the country's first Prime Minister, proposed to the Constituent
Assembly of India that the independent nation adopt an Ashokan emblem - the wheel of a chariot - for its
new flag.
9. Why do you think Ashoka changed his words in the fifth edict which were mentioned in the fourth edict?
(a) He realised his descendants might not be capable enough to continue his legacy.
(b) He realised that something can only sustain when it is fully adopted by first his immediate successors
and then the world.
(c) He realised that the stone pillars might not survive till the end of the world.
(d) He might have realised then that future generation will have different opinion from now.
10. Which of the following argument corresponds with the author's statement: "Ashoka's influence did outlast
the short lived Mauryan empire"?
(a) The four animals on the Lion capital of Ashoka i.e. elephant, horse, bull and lion symbolize power,
courage, confidence and pride respectively.
(b) The pillar of Ashoka appeared to have been deliberately destroyed at some point.
(c) Independent India adopted an Ashokan emblem - the wheel of a chariot - for its new flag.
(d) He is remembered for the Ashoka pillars and edicts and for sending Buddhist monks to Sri Lanka.
11. What was the method used to try to preserve the words mentioned on the Stone pillars for longer time?
(a) Pillars might be carved using a technique unique to that time.
(b) Pillars are made of a special brick which is strong and durable, protecting the writings on the pillars.
(c) Pillars are surrounded by stone walls on the sides.
(d) There is a roof mounted on four brick pillars which protects the rock faces from wind and rain.
12. Which of the following is true about Ashoka's message on the stone pillars?
(a) Those messages or teachings are not relevant in today's times.
(b) The message was written in one language and translated to other languages.
(c) The message was inscribed in more than one place across his kingdom.
(d) The message was written in many languages other than Greek and Aramaic.
13. According to the passage, what was Ashoka's intention behind erecting the inscribed stone pillars?
(a) He will be remembered by the world even after he is gone.
(b) He believed the inscription might endure long as it was written on stone.
(c) Both b) and d)
(d) He believed that his descendants might act according to the values mentioned on the inscription.
14. What could be possible reason(s) why king Ashoka inscribed following words on the stone pillars i.e. 'Doing
good is hard - Even beginning to do good is hard.'?
(a) He appears to be a supporter of good deeds but discourage people to follow him.
(b) He appears to believe in doing good but not always as it is hard to be good always.
(c) He appears to know how difficult it is to do what is right and good and he might have faced same
situation in his life.
(d) He is a calm man who believes that doing good is something that must be done.
Passage (Q.15-Q.19): The India-Nepal territorial dispute around the Kalpani-Limpaidhura-Lipulekh

trijunction area stems only in part from the ambiguity around the original boundary settlement. The present
flare up is a result of a combination of factors: India's strategic concerns; deterioration in India-Nepal
relations; China's steady inroads into Nepal; and deteriorating India-China relations.
The India-Nepal border was originally delineated by the 1816 Sugauli Treaty, which established the river
Kali (Sharda, Mahakali) as the boundary, with territory east of the river going to Nepal. The Kalapani-
Limpaidhura-Lipulekh trijunction territorial dispute centres on the source of the River Kali. Nepal's stance
is that that the river originates from a stream north-west of Lipulekh, bringing Kalapani, Limpiyadhura, and
Lipulekh within its territory. India's stand is that the river originates in springs below the Lipulekh, and
therefore the area falls within Pithoragarh District in India's Uttarakhand state. Both sides have British-era
maps to assert their positions. India recently inaugurated the Darchula-Lipulekh pass link road, cutting
across the disputed Kalapani area, which is used by Indian pilgrims travelling to Kailash Mansarovar. The
Nepalese government protested this move, pointing out that the construction of the road amounted to
territorial encroachment. Kathmandu subsequently released a map displaying the tri-junction area as
Nepalese territory India responded by releasing maps that supported its position and called for talks for a
resolution of the impasse.
However, Nepal granted constitutional validity to its stance through the introduction of a constitutional
amendment and began tightening border security measures. Two days after the inauguration of the link
road, Nepal's foreign minister said that the country plans to increase border security posts along the India-
Nepal border, which according to him were inadequate in comparison to India's. This is a departure from
the status quo, and points towards a hardening of this international boundary.
The tension over this territorial dispute stems from the fact that it is a strategic trijunction between India,
China, and Nepal. The Kalapani area is under India's control with lndo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
observation posts. Increased connectivity in border areas is critical for border patrolling and quick
mobilisation, and New Delhi views it as being crucial for dealing with "difficult neighbours."
15. Which of the following can be said about Indo-Nepal relations?

(a) The disputed area between India and Nepal is strategically important for only India and not Nepal.
(b) Nepal is one of the all-time difficult neighbours of India.
(c) Nepal was dependent on India in trade and defence both.
(d) China's interference in Nepal is one of the reasons for stressful India-Nepal relations.
16. Which of the following steps indicates towards Nepal's efforts to define the international boundary more
clearly with India?
(a) Nepal's plan to reduce the border security posts and have a bilateral meeting.
(b) Nepal's plan to increase the border security posts along the India-Nepal border.
(c) Nepal's protest against the encroachment in the area which it believes to be its territory.
(d) Nepal's foreign minister indicating that they have inadequate security posts along the India-Nepal
border.
17. What is primary purpose behind writing the second paragraph of the passage?
(a) It talks about Nepal taking the border infiltration issue very seriously and action taken by it to strengthen
security in the border area.
(b) It introduces the river which acts as a boundary between the two countries.
(c) It talks about the reason behind the origin of dispute and the actions taken by both the countries after
the dispute began.
(d) It talks about the multiple reasons which are responsible for the confrontational attitude of both
countries.
18. What will happen if it is proved that river Kali originates in springs below the Lipulekh?
(a) The issue will be resolved in the favour of Nepal.
(b) It will alleviate Nepal's concern on India's encroachment in the Nepalese territory which is actually a
strategic trijunction.
(c) Kalpani, Limpiyadhura and Lipulekh will fall under the territory of India.
(d) It might lead to a new dispute which will be the result of the discontentment caused due to the unfair
settlement of the presence issue.
19. Which of the following is true about the Sugauli Treaty, as per the given passage?
(a) Sugauli treaty is the one which demarcated the India-Nepal border in 1816.
(b) The treaty which created a threshold between India- Nepal was registered in 1816.
(c) The India-Nepal Borders had a treaty in 1816 which is known as Sugauli Treaty.
(d) Suguali Treaty is between India, Nepal and China explicitly mentioning the territorial demarcation.
Passage (Q.20-Q.24): Poor women in India’s villages are more likely to take up jobs if their wages can be
deposited into their bank accounts and they can be trained in digital banking, a September 2019 study by
the US-based National Bureau of Economic Research has concluded. This eases patriarchal social norms
and increases empowerment among the one section of Indian society with the least labour market
experience, it added.
If poor, rural women can control their access to wages through bank accounts and receive adequate
training for handling it, they are more likely to join or continue in the labour workforce in India, the study
found. It also helped in accommodating changes in gender norms on women going to work: The study
found that women who received digital deposits and training were more likely to hold female work in high
regard. Although their husbands did not change their personal beliefs, they became less likely to report
that husbands suffer social costs when their wives work.
Researchers used randomised control trials to study the effects of channelling women’s wages under the
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, into their individually-controlled bank
accounts, and not the account of the head of their family, typically a man. Women who received digital
wage deposits as well as the training to use their bank accounts, were found to be working more, as we
said earlier, in both jobs generated by MGNREGS and the private sector. This increase occurred even
though the market wage remained static.
The study was conducted in collaboration with the Madhya Pradesh state government and the rural
development ministry in “socially conservative” areas in the northern pockets of the state – Gwalior,
Morena, Sheopur and Shivpur.
“Despite robust economic growth, the female labour force participation rate has declined from 37% in 1990
to 28% in 2015, making Indian women some of the least employed in the world,” the study noted. India’s
growth trajectory and the well-being of its population, will depend on how well it uses public policy to lower
barriers to female employment, it said. Policy, when appropriately designed, can empower women in
homes and even dilute common patriarchal norms, said Charity Troyer Moore, co-author of the study and
director for South Asia Economics Research at The Whitney and Betty MacMillan Centre for International
and Area Studies at Yale University.
“By working with women to open accounts, training them on how to use the accounts, and linking those
accounts to NREGS so they could receive their wages as mandated, we see important improvements in
women’s financial activity, paid work, especially in the private sector, and views on women and work,” she
said.
20. Which section does the author refer to when he/she says, “This eases patriarchal social norms and
increases empowerment among the one section of Indian society with the least labour market experience,
it added.”?
(a) Urban women (b) Rural women
(c) Daily wage labourers (d) Unemployed women
21. Which of these presents a contrast to the following sentences as mentioned in paragraph 2: The study
found that women who received digital deposits and training were more likely to hold female work in high
regard.
(a) Women are unaware of the importance of skilled work.
(b) Financial stability is an incentive that drives more women towards employment.
(c) Women prefer hard cash instead of digital deposits.
(d) Digital deposits and training make women respect their male counterpart more as they realise the
importance of earning.
22. What is tone of the fifth paragraph?
(a) Mocking. (b) Cynical. (c) Laudatory. (d) Objective.
23. Given below is a possible inference that can be drawn from the facts stated in the third paragraph. You
have to examine the inference in the context of the passage and decide upon its degree of truth or falsity.
"The head of the family, usually a man, can control women of the family by controlling their money."
(a) Definitely true (b) Probably true
(c) The data are inadequate (d) Probably false
24. Which of the following is true about "social costs" with reference to the passage?
(a) Patriarchy doesn’t believe in men living off their wives' wages.
(b) Men might suffer humiliation if they have a working wife at home.
(c) Husbands see an earning wife as a personal failure.
(d) None of the above.
Passage (Q.25-Q.30): Galo Rodriguez uses his machete to dig a hole near the small stream on his farm
in the north-east of Ecuador, on the cusp of the Amazon rainforest. As he digs there is nothing unusual to
be seen - but when he hits 32cm below the surface, the soil releases a distinct and pungent smell of
gasoline. More than half of his 35 hectares of land is primary forest, while the rest is sugar cane or small
trees. But where he digs is devoid of trees or crops. It is covered only by grass. This area used to be
smothered in oil after a nearby pipeline leaked. The oil filled his stream, killed of all of his fish and
contaminated the only fresh water source he used for his cattle. The oil sat here for 10 years before the
company responsible for the pipeline came to clean it up, in 2016. Rodrigo says he watched as they
collected some 12-15,000 cubic metres of oil off his property, but they didn't remediate the soil. Today, in
the stream just beside him, blue and green streaks of oil residue can still be seen in the water.
"For 10 or 11 years, this area didn't produce anything, so we abandoned it," says the farmer. "Now we plan
to plant guavas and Chaya." Rodriguez is one of dozens of farmers in the north of Ecuador learning how
to use plants to try to eliminate the oil contamination from his land. This process, known as bioremediation,
uses living organisms like plants, fungi and microbes to break down pollutants, including crude oil. There
are several ways this could happen, but most of the hard work to break down crude oil happens below
ground, where microorganisms are concentrated around the roots of plants and mineralise, or decompose,
the crude components, making it easier for plants to take up. Some contaminants can be taken in by the
plant directly and stored in its shoots and roots, or can be evaporated through the leaves. The course
Rodriguez attends is called "Guardians of the Soil", which is an introduction to permaculture-based
bioremediation for low-income communities, founded by local resident and independent researcher, Lexie
Gropper.
Ecuador's northern Amazon rainforest has seen heavy oil contamination since rich oil fields were
discovered here in the 1960s. One source of contamination was by the oil company Texaco - later acquired
by Chevron – which dumped billions of gallons of oil waste in the Amazon rainforest, most of which went
into unlined, open-air pits in the ground. In 1993, thousands of community members filed a lawsuit against
the company, saying it did not perform any adequate clean up and its drilling installations continued to
contaminate the area, and demanded they pay for remediation. The oil company admitted to releasing the
waste, but said it cleaned up its share of the contamination and was legally cleared of all future liabilities.
Most recently, a court in the Hague found in favour of Chevron. This has turned into one of the most
complex and longest-running environmental legal battles in history.
25. According to the passage, what is bioremediation?
(a) The process of revitalising the water bodies by using chemicals and machines.
(b) The process of cleaning the ocean in order to get rid of plastics contaminating The river.
(c) The process of contaminating the soil using living organisms like plants, fungi and microbes.
(d) The process of using living organisms like plants, fungi and microbes in order to break down pollutants,
including crude oil, in the soil.
26. Who founded 'Guardians of the Soil'?
(a) Lexie Gropper, a local resident and an independent researcher.
(b) Galo Rodriguez, a farmer.
(c) Dian Fossey, a research student at Brown University
(d) Milton Friedman, a local resident and an independent researcher
27. Where are micro-organisms present in order to facilitate the breaking down of crude oil?
(a) Around the roots of the plants.
(b) In the leaves of the plants.
(c) In the stem of the plants.
(d) In the fruit of the plants.
28. What did the community members claim while filing a lawsuit against Chevron in 1993?
(a) The company did not perform any effective clean up activity and continued to contaminate the area by
its drilling installations.
(b) The company displaced thousands of community members from their ancestral lands in order to carry
out its operations.
(c) The company was depleting the water table of the area, rapidly.
(d) The company was releasing untreated industrial waste into the local water bodies.
29. Which of the following is/are TRUE according to the passage?

i. Due to the pipeline leak, oil filled up the near-by stream, thereby killing all of Rodriguez's fishes.
ii. Ecuador's northern Amazon rainforest has seen heavy oil contamination since rich oil fields were
discovered here in the 1960s..
iii. Rodriguez' farm did not produce anything for 25-26 years after the pipeline leakage.
(a) Only i) (b) Only ii) (c) Both i) and ii) (d) Both ii) and iii)
30. Which is similar in meaning to the word ‘pungent’, as mentioned in the passage?
(a) Putrid (b) Strong (c) Mild (d) Stimulating
MOCK CLAT #19

SECTION-A : ENGLISH LANGUAGE him”. Option (D) is contradicted by the passage. It
only says that the preaching of the Church has the
1. (b) Option (A) is incorrect as it contradicts the theme of freedom to object to some acts as sinful, but will not
the passage itself. It is not the religious liberty, but get a legal stamp.
the religious imposition that is a threat. Option (C) is 4. (b) The meaning of the expression ‘built on air’ means
also incorrect and is not mentioned anywhere in the any unrealistic that is weak as it had no grounds or
passage. Option (D) although seems correct, goes solid backing. It is very close to the idiom, ‘building
awry in the latter half of the sentence. The mention castles in the air’. Option (A) is contrary to the
of ‘hampering of societal existence’ is not the meaning of the idiom. Options (C) and (D) are
author’s contention Option (B) is the only correct incorrect meanings of the expression, ’built on air’.
answer as it is clearly stated in those lines that 5. (b) Historians found Carmichael’s use of Sartre’s
religion gains power when it mingles with politics and terminology interesting because public intellectuals
thus affects the freedom of performing religion such as Carmichael and their language of
according to one’s choice. expression of their ideas through distinctive
2. (c) Option (A) is incomplete and cannot be deduced. terminology impacted social and cultural changes,
What stance? Option (B) although seems correct, its especially as reference points in debates. Option (B)
vague. The expression that the church cannot go sums up the reason. Option (A) is vague. Counter
against the laws is incorrect. The preaching of the racism is not mentioned anywhere in the passage.
Church to through the law is forbidden. Option (D) Option (C) is partially correct but only as a fact. It
is incorrect since it’s out of context and is not relevant explains the terminology and not why the
to the question stem. Option (C) is the only correct terminology interested the historians. Since option
option. Option (C) is closer to the text and the (B) is correct, option (D) is ruled out.
religious preaching should not be forced, it may or 6. (c) Option (A) is incorrect because of the word adapted.
may not be followed. It should not come in the way Adapted means adjusted, which is wrong. Option (B)
of the law of the land, “But the First Amendment is is vague and incorrect since we do not know the time
not a license for religious entities to impose their frame. Option (D) contradicts the passage itself;
dogma on society through the law.” hence, wrong. Option (C) is the only correct answer
3. (c) Option (A) is incorrect and doesn’t exist in the which can be found in the given passage. “In 1966,
passage. Option (B) is more an opinion in the latter the American Civil Rights Movement fragmented.
half (It’s the way it should be.), which is open to Before this year, civil rights activists were united, in
debate. Option (C) is true. The passage talks about public at least, in their support of a policy of peaceful
Justice Scalia‘s comments on enforcement of integration of white and black people.”
religious preaching. “the professed doctrines of 7. (a) Option (B) is far-fetched. It does not talk about any
religious belief superior to the law of the land” would particular form of divide and rule. Option (C) is
mean allowing “every citizen to become a law unto incorrect, since it’s out of the context. Option (D) is
also incorrect because its vague an answer and 12. (c) Option c) is correct as per the first and second
beyond the scope of the given context. Option (A) is sentence of the third paragraph of the given passage
directly related to the passage; hence, is the correct which says that the message was inscribed across
answer. “Paternalism was an ideology which aimed the empire onto freestanding boulders etc. Hence,
to reduce social anxiety by keeping different social the answer is option c). Option (a) is a false notion
groups segregated, allotting them distinct and and does not address the question stem. Option (b)
separate roles.” is incorrect as the message was inscripted in many
8. (b) Expository writing style is the description and languages, but not as a translation. Option (d) is
explanation of a particular idea. The passage ruled out as it is contrary to what has been
describes the fragmentation of the civil rights mentioned in the passage. Refer to the line,
movement based on the change, with a special ‘Ashoka's ethical message was refined and rendered
mention of Carmichael. Then the passage from in a number of Indian vernaculars, as well as Greek
thereon describes the reason behind the adoption of and Aramaic.’
a different ideology by Carmichael and the reason for 13. (c) Both b) and d) are correct as per the first sentence
the shift. Option (B) is the correct option. Option (A) of the fourth paragraph in the passage. Hence, the
is ruled out as Persuasive style of writing is a non- answer is option c). Refer to the lines, ‘'This
fiction writing that develops an argument, usually in Inscription on Ethics has been written in stone so that
the favour of the author views. It is used to convince it might endure long and that my descendants might
to a particular logic or philosophy. Option (C) is ruled act in conformity with it,' Ashoka says at the end of
out as Narrative style is defined by a main character the fifth edict.’. Option (a) does not find a mention in
in a setting who engages with an issue. It also the passage and was not the intention of the
introduces side characters and the tone, voice, emperor, as well.
sentence structure moves towards anecdotes and so 14. (c) This is an inferential question that also tests one’s
forth. Option (D) is ruled out as Analytical style is the interpretation of the statement. Such statements
ability to identify and then dissecting the subject invite varied interpretation, but the one that is the
based on parameters and after which the author closest to the essence can be taken the answer.
offers an argument based on his interpretation. Usually, adages on ethics come from personal or
9. (b) Option b) is correct as per the fourth paragraph of the relative experiences. Option C) is correct as the
given passage as the whole paragraph talks about inscription talks about how hard it is to do good and
the fact that it important that the message inscribed even beginning to do good is hard. This message
on the pillars must be first adopted by his sons, might be an experience from his own life. Option (a)
grandsons and, after those, my posterity, otherwise is ruled out as it a wrong interpretation of the
it might be forgotten and cannot become a way of statement. Option (b) is far-fetched as ‘not always’
life. So, he changed his words of the fourth edict (in cannot be the possible interpretation. Option (d) is
the fifth edict) where he speaks of his ethical project illogical. How do we figure out his personality through
progressing 'until the end of the world'. Hence, the the statement: That he was a calm man? It is absurd.
answer is option b).Option (a) is contrary as he knew 15. (d) Option d} is correct as per the last sentence of the
that unless his immediate successors do not first paragraph of the given passage which talks
continue the legacy, his words will fade. Option (c) is about China's increasing presence in Nepal is one of
ruled out as it finds no support in the passage. Option the reasons for present flare up(means 'a sudden
(d) is beyond the scope and nowhere near the outburst of something, especially violence or
interpretation that the author gives. hostility'} as mentioned in the passage i.e. "The
10. (c) Option (c) strengthens the argument mentioned in present flare up is a result of a combination of
the question. The sentence says that Ashoka's factors: India's strategic concerns; China's steady
influence is still there though the Mauryan empire inroads into Nepal; and deteriorating India-China
sustained for lesser period of time. Statement in relations". Also, the first sentence of the last
option (c) which says that Ashoka's influence can be paragraph also reiterates the role of China in the
seen in India itself as India adopted the Ashoka issue. Hence, the answer is option d}. Option (a) is
wheel on the National flag of India. This strengthens ruled out as one cannot assume that the disputed
the idea of his influence mentioned in the question. area between India and Nepal is strategically
Hence, the answer is option c). Option (a) is merely important for only India and not Nepal, especially
a description of what the animals symbolise and when Nepal too has increased border patrolling.
does not answer the question stem. Option (b) is Option (b)is too far-fetched to be true. Option (c)
irrelevant, as it again does not answer the question does not find a mention in the passage.
stem. Option (d) is partially true; only the former part 16. (b) Option b) is correct as per the second and third
of the sentence. The latter part of the sentence is sentence of the last paragraph of the given passage
beyond the scope. which talks about hardening the international
11. (d) Option d) is correct as per the second and third boundary with India by increasing the security posts
sentence of the first paragraph of the given passage. along the border and increasing the security along
This sentence in the passage says that the roof the border sends a message that Nepal is serious
protects the pillars form wind and rain so it might be about the demarcated international boundary
thought as a way for durability of the inscriptions on between the two countries. Hence, the answer is
the pillars. Hence, the answer is option d). Options option b). Option (a) is contrary to what has been
(a), (b) and (c) do not find a mention in the passage mentioned in the passage. Option (c) is ruled out as
and, therefore, are incorrect. the action is more a strategy than a protest,
especially when Nepal wants to give a clear contradiction as the female do not hold female work
message to India. Option (d) is not a step but a in high regard, but the male work force.
justification on the part of Nepal’s foreign minister. Hence, the correct answer is D.
17. (c) Option c) is correct as per the third paragraph of the 22. (d) The fifth paragraph provides us with the current
given passage which explicitly mention the reason scenario of female labour force participation and how
behind the dispute and how both the countries took it can be improved. This is information being
action to justify their sides. Hence, the answer is provided to us, which is not subject to emotions or
option c). Option (a) is part of the last paragraph. personal opinions. Hence, the correct answer is D.
Option (b) is the primary purpose of the passage, but Mocking is to ridicule or deride others on some
a reference point. Option (d) is wrong as there is one weakness or the other, makes option (a) incorrect.
reason which is that India inaugurated the Darchula- Cynical is distrusting or disparaging the motives of
Lipulekh pass link road, cutting across the disputed others and showing contempt for accepted
Kalapani area, which is used by Indian pilgrims standards of honesty or morality by one’s words or
travelling to Kailash Mansarovar. actions, makes option (b) incorrect. Option (c) is
18. (c) Option c) is correct as per the second and fourth incorrect as ‘Laudatory’ is tone when one praises or
sentence of the second paragraph of the given compliments someone or something or some
passage which says that if the source of the river is accomplishment.
confirmed then the dispute can be settled in the 23. (a) The passage states that "women who received
favour of the country which is correct about the origin digital wage deposits as well as the training to use
of the river. Hence, the answer is option c). Option their bank accounts…" instead of "…the account of
(a) is contrary to the passage. Option (b) is ruled out the head of their family, typically a man…", they were
as it will not lessen (alleviate), but increase the "…found to be working more…". This shows that one
concern. Option (d) is a probability that is not change in the mode of payment, changes the
substantiated by any information in the passage. complete attitude of the women towards working. So,
19. (a) Only option a) is correct as per the first sentence of we can say with absolute certainty that the head of
the second paragraph of the given passage. Refer to the family, usually a man, can control women of the
the lines, ‘The India-Nepal border was originally family by controlling their money. Hence, the correct
delineated by the 1816 Sugauli Treaty, which answer is A. The rest of the option are incorrect.
established the river Kali (Sharda, Mahakali) as the Since ‘Definitely true is the answer’, Option (b), (c)
boundary, with territory east of the river going to and (d) cannot exist simultaneously.
Nepal.’ Option b) and c) tries to present the same 24. (d) When attempting a question which specifies ‘with
idea but do not actually convey it. In option b) the reference to the passage’ means that one must
word 'borders' (which is the actual word for an area restrict oneself to the information provided in the
separating two countries) is replaced by 'threshold' passage. Our understanding of ‘social costs’ would
which is incorrect. Option d) the sentence is framed make option (a) and (b) true, but not option (c) as
incorrectly as the treaty is not between India, Nepal personal failure is an individual perception. The
and China. Hence, the answer is option a). passage simply mentions that "…husbands suffer
20. (b) The passage starts by talking about "Poor women in social costs when their wives work…". It doesn’t
India’s villages…" So, we can correctly assume that provide any further elaboration on that. Hence, the
"the one section" refers to women of villages of rural correct answer is d.
women. Hence, the correct answer is B. The main 25. (d) The fourth sentence of the second paragraph says,
argument is with reference to rural women; therefore ‘This process, known as bioremediation, uses living
option (a) is ruled out. Option (c) is out of scope as organisms like plants, fungi and microbes to break
‘daily wage labourers’ can be both male and female; down pollutants, including crude oil.’ Hence, d) is the
whereas, the passage is restricted to women correct answer. Option (a) is incorrect as
employment, especially rural women. Option (d) is Bioremediation has nothing to do with revitalizing the
incorrect as unemployed women can be from any water bodies. Option (b) is incorrect as the mention
sector; whereas, the passage discusses poor and is of eliminating oil pollutants and not plastic
rural woman employment. pollution. Option (c) is ruled out as Bioremediation is
21. (d) The sentence states that women "hold female work not the process of contaminating the soil, rather
in high regard", when they receive digital deposits. decontaminating the soil.
This doesn’t specify whether they are aware of the 26. (a) The last sentence of the second paragraph says,
importance of skilled work. So, there is not enough "The course Rodriguez attends is called "Guardians
data to say whether option A will contrast or not. of the Soil", which is an introduction to permaculture-
The sentence clearly states that digital deposits drive based bioremediation for low-income communities,
women towards work. So, option B supports the founded by local resident and independent
statement. researcher, Lexie Gropper." Hence, a) is the correct
"Hard cash" refers to money in the form of coins or answer. Option (b) is incorrect as Galo Rodriguez
notes, but not a cheque or a credit card, but how it was the farmer who found oil on his farm. Options (c)
helps them to hold female work in high regard, is not and (d) find no mention in the passage.
clear. It is not the money in harsh cash or digital 27. (a) The fifth sentence of the second paragraph says,
deposits that is the reason, but the fact that it "There are several ways this could happen, but most
empowers them to make choices regarding money of the hard work to break down crude oil happens
that makes them respect female work. Option D is a below ground, where microorganisms are
concentrated around the roots of plants and
mineralise, or decompose, the crude components, 34. (b) AUKUS, also styled as Aukus, is a trilateral security
making it easier for plants to take up." Hence, a) is pact between Australia, the United Kingdom and the
the correct answer. The rest of the options do not find United States, announced on 15 September 2021 for
a mention in the passage. the Indo-Pacific region. Under the pact, the US and
28. (a) The third sentence of the last paragraph says, "In the UK will help Australia to acquire nuclear-powered
1993, thousands of community members filed a submarines.
lawsuit against the company, saying it did not 35. (d) Australia is now set to join an elite group of only six
perform any adequate clean up and its drilling countries – India, the US, the UK, France, Russia
installations continued to contaminate the area, and and China – that operate nuclear-powered
demanded they pay for remediation." Hence, a) is submarines. It will also be the only country to have
the correct answer. Option (b) is incorrect as it is not such submarines without having a civilian nuclear
mentioned in the passage. Options (c) and (d) do not power industry.
find support in the passage. 36. (c) Overall Position: India held 71st position with an
29. (c) Statement i) is true; the sixth sentence of the first overall score of 57.2 points on the GFS Index 2021
paragraph says, "The oil filled his stream, killed of all of 113 countries.
of his fish and contaminated the only fresh water 37. (c) The GFS Index was designed and constructed by
source he used for his cattle." London-based Economist Impact and is sponsored
Statement ii) is true; It is the extraction of the original by Corteva Agriscience.
sentence of the passage. Refer to the line,’ 38. (d) This is the tenth edition since the inception of the
Ecuador's northern Amazon rainforest has seen Index. The GFS Index was designed and
heavy oil contamination since rich oil fields were constructed by London-based Economist Impact.
discovered here in the 1960s.’ Over the past 10 years, India's incremental gains in
Statement iii) is incorrect; the first sentence of the overall food security score were lagging behind that
second paragraph says, " "For 10 or 11 years, this of Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh.
area didn't produce anything, so we abandoned it," 39. (b) The findings of GFS Index 2021 also showed that
says the farmer." global food security has decreased for the second
Hence, c) is the correct answer. Option (a) does not year in a row after seven years of progress towards
consider statement ii, which is also true; therefore, is the Sustainable Development Goal of achieving zero
incorrect. Option (b) does not take into consideration hunger by 2030.
statement I, which is a true statement; therefore, is 40. (d) It measures the underlying drivers of food security
incorrect. Option (d) takes statement iii, which is based on the following factors:
untrue; therefore, is incorrect. Affordability
30. (b) Both options (b) and (d) are similar in meaning to the Availability
word ‘pungent’, except option (b) is a better choice Quality and Safety
as the passage uses pungent with respect to Natural Resources and Resilience
gasoline that has a distinct smell. A distinct smell 41. (b) It meets at the UN Office at Geneva. The Council is
means one can identify the oil; therefore, it has to be made up of 47 United Nations Member States which
strong enough. ‘Stimulating’ is a positive meaning of are elected by the UN General Assembly.
the word ‘pungent’, which does not go with the 42. (a) The Council was created by the United Nations
theme. Putrid in option (a) is incorrect as it is a smell General Assembly in 2006.
of decomposing or a decaying flesh; rotten. If the 43. (a) The right to a clean environment was rooted in the
farmer was able to identify the oil as Gasoline, it 1972 Stockholm Declaration, Anderson noted. It was
means that the oil was in its more or less same state. greatly encouraging to see it formally recognised at
Option (c) is contrary to the meaning. the global level five decades later, she added.
44. (b) the Constitutional (forty-second Amendment) Act,
SECTION - B : GENERAL KNOWLEDGE/CURRENT AFFAIRS 1976 incorporated two significant articles viz. Article
48-A and 51A (g) thereby making the Indian
31. (c) Rafael Mariano Grossi is an Argentine diplomat. He Constitution the first in the world conferring
is serving as Director General of the International constitutional status to the environment protection.
Atomic Energy Agency since December 3 2019. He Article 48-A: The State shall endeavour to protect
was formerly the Argentine Ambassador to Austria, and improve the environment and to safeguard the
Slovenia, Slovakia and International Organisations forests and wildlife of the country. Article 51A(g): It is
based in Vienna. a duty of every citizen to protect and preserve the
32. (a) Non-signatories. Four states—India, Israel, environment.
Pakistan, and South Sudan—have never signed the 45. (b) In 2020, India’s National Human Rights Commission
treaty. India and Pakistan have publicly disclosed submitted its mid-term report to the Council as a part
their nuclear weapon programs, and Israel has a of the third round of the Universal Periodic Review
long-standing policy of deliberate ambiguity with (UPR) process.
regards to its nuclear program. India was elected to the Council for a period of three
33. (c) The Five Eyes is an intelligence alliance comprising years beginning 1st January 2019.
Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United 46. (d) Recently, the government has accorded the
Kingdom, and the United States. These countries are 'Maharatna' status to state-owned Power Finance
parties to the multilateral UKUSA Agreement, a Corporation (PFC). An order to this effect was issued
treaty for joint cooperation in signals intelligence. by the Department of Public Enterprises, under the
Ministry of Finance.

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Sectional Test English

English Sectionals for CLAT Preparation

Average time: 27mins/test

Time limit: 20-30mins/test

Join t.me/cl_mock for more CLAT/AILET/OLET-related material

More sectionals will be posted every week

8. Why should we protect coral reefs?

9. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the passage?

15. Which of the following is incorrect as per the given passage?

25. Why did Britain want to colonize Ireland?

MOCK COMMON LAW ADMISSION TEST 2022

MOCK CLAT #17

ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

4. Where would you most probably find such a piece of work?

7. Which of the following is/are true according to the passage?

9. Which of the following is accredited to Charles Dickens?

10. Which of the following became a recurring theme in Dickens' novels?

12. Which of the following is/are true according to the passage?

14. According to the passage, what are 'seamounts'?

17. As understood from the passage,

21. Compared to helicopters, drones are apparently better by virtue of

In the words of Epictetus:

And this shouldn’t really be that surprising…

27. Which of the following can be inferred from ‘Stoicism’?

28. According to the passage, which one of the following is true?

29. Stoicism is a philosophy which can be defined as

MOCK COMMON LAW ADMISSION TEST 2022

MOCK CLAT #20

ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

2. Which of the following describes the organisation of the passage?

Passage(Q.6-Q.10): Archimedes of Syracuse is hailed by some as the greatest mathematician of antiquity.

6. Archimedes is hailed as the greatest mathematician because

13. The tone of the passage is

15. The word opposite in meaning to dubious is,

23. A suitable title for the passage would be

25. It can be inferred from the passage that

MOCK COMMON LAW ADMISSION TEST 2022

MOCK CLAT #23

ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

1. What is the stark difference between drama and life?

2. Which of the following is untrue?

6. Which part of speech is feminism?

7. Which of the following is untrue?

9. Which of the following is UNTRUE?

13. ‘Baby boomers’ are

18. Why are start-up policies encouraged in the mentioned states?

21. The passage is chiefly concerned with

29. According to the passage, who are not good bosses?

MOCK COMMON LAW ADMISSION TEST 2022

MOCK CLAT #24

ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

7. What can be inferred from the following passage on paternalism?

8. Which of the following characterizes the writing style of the passage?

Passage (Q.15-Q.19): The India-Nepal territorial dispute around the Kalpani-Limpaidhura-Lipulekh

15. Which of the following can be said about Indo-Nepal relations?

29. Which of the following is/are TRUE according to the passage?

MOCK COMMON LAW ADMISSION TEST 2022

MOCK CLAT #19

ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

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