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GROUP 1 - The Sweep of History: From Caves - Paleolithic cave paintings

Prehistoric to Middle Age demonstrate early humans' capacity to give
meaning to their surroundings and
DEFENITION OF ART communicate with others. The most
The expression or application of human common themes in cave paintings are large
wild animals, such as bison, horses, aurochs,
creative skill and imagination, typically in a
and deer.
visual form such as painting or sculpture,
produces works to be appreciated primarily for Mostly they make painting of different
their beauty or emotional power. animal and womens by using burnt boned on
the wall of the cave.
The Prehistoric
Sculpture - The Venus sculpture was one
The Prehistoric Era, also known as prehistory, of the most famous sculptures of the
refers to the period of human history before paleolithic period. Most of the sculpture of
written records were kept. This era encompasses women and animal the head are small in size
a vast amount of time, from the earliest known and most are missing hand and feets.
human ancestors millions of years ago up until
the advent of writing systems, which typically - The Neolithic Era
began around 3,300 BCE in regions such as
The Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) began
Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq). Here’s a
around 10,000 BCE and marked a dramatic
general overview of the Prehistoric Era, divided shift in human history. The development of
into key periods: agriculture, including the domestication of
plants and animals, led to settled
Prehistoric Foundations: The Paleolithic communities, a more stable food supply, and
and Neolithic Eras the rise of early civilizations. This period
saw the construction of permanent
- The Paleolithic Era (2.5 million
structures, the development of pottery, and
years ago- 10, 000 B.C)
the emergence of complex social
It derives from Greek words: palaios, "old"; and hierarchies.
lithos, "stone", meaning "old age of the stone" or
Paintings - in Neolithic the whole wall was
"Old Stone Age".
painted with the scenes of group of people
Old Stone age art is first known period of hunting, farming or dancing
prehistoric human culture, during which work
Sculptures - neolithic theme was primarily
was done with stone tools. The Paleolithic
on the female or mother goddess.
period was the longest phase of human history.
Pottery - as for pottery, it began replacing
The Paleolithic Era, also known as the Old
simple stone and wood pottery with more
Stone Age, lasted from approximately 2.6
highly decorated one neolithic theme was
million years ago to 10,000 BCE. It was a time
primarily on the female or mother goddess.
of hunter-gatherer societies, nomadic lifestyles,
and the development of basic tools made from
stone, bone, and wood. Early humans, like
Homo habilis and Homo erectus, relied on their
ingenuity to survive in harsh environments,
creating fire, crafting shelters, and developing
early forms of communication.
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GREEK ART HISTORY (800 B.C – earth. They believed these gods acted in very
50 B.C) human ways and had great respect and fear for
them as a result, many buildings and works of
- Ancient Greece: The Birthplace of art were created to please the different gods and
Western Civilization give the Greek people places to worship.
Philosophy and Democracy THE ACROPOLIS

Ancient Greece is renowned for its • A sacred hill in athens, greece that rises some
groundbreaking contributions to philosophy, 500 feet above the surrounding city. It is covered
mathematics, and the arts. Thinkers like with buildings, temples, and statues. it was
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle laid the intended to be a tribuytre to the gods and placed
foundations for Western philosophy, while the at high on the land so they can be closer it was
concept of democracy, born in Athens, also intended to symbolize the glory ad power of
profoundly influenced political thought and athens to those that approached.
practice throughout history.
THE PARTHENON
Mythology and Literature
• One of the greeks greatest contribution was in
Greek mythology, with its rich tapestry of gods, architecture.An example of this is the parthenon
goddesses, and heroic tales, has captivated that took 10 years to build and serve it purpose
imaginations for centuries. Homer's epic poems, as a temple.
"The Iliad" and "The Odyssey," are masterpieces
Ex. Poseidon of Melos Discobolus by Myren
of literature, exploring themes of love, war, and
the human condition. Venus de Milo by Alexander
Architecture and Sculpture THE (3) ORDERS OF THE GREEK
Ancient Greece is known for its magnificent DECORATIVE STYLE
architecture, characterized by the use of marble, • OVER TIME THE GREEKS DEVELOPED
columns, and intricate ornamentation. Structures THREE DIFFERENT STYLES O
like the Parthenon, the Temple of Zeus, and the ARCHITECTURE. fOR THE MOST PART
Acropolis stand as enduring testaments to the YOU CAN TELL THE DIFFERENCE IN THE
architectural genius of the ancient Greeks. DECORATIVE STYLE BY LOOKING AT TE
The Olympic Games TYPE OD THE COLUMN AND CAPITAL
THAT IS USED IN CONSTRUCTION. THESE
The Olympic Games, held in Olympia, Greece, THREE DECORATIVE SYSTEMS HAVE
were a celebration of athleticism and religious BEEN USED SINCE BEING DEVELOPED
devotion, bringing together athletes from across BY TE ANCIENT GREEKS AND ARE STILL
the Greek world. These games, with their focus VERY POPULAR TODAY.
on physical prowess and competition, have
become a symbol of international sporting THE DORIC STYLE
events and a legacy that continues to inspire • A simple column without a base, topped by a
people today. plain capital that has no ornamentation.
- Culture, Religion and Art Ex. Lincoln Memorial Washington D.C, U.S
The Greeks believed in living the perfect life.
they believed that various gods’ controlled
different aspects of every person's destiny on
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THE IONIC STYLE THE MIDDLE AGES (300 AD – 1400 AD

• Used an elaborate base and capitol in the form - The period known as the middle ages
of scrolls. it was the second of the three styles lasted from the fall of Roman Empire
developed. (300AD) to the rise of the Renaissance
(1400AD)
Ex. Nottingham Council House, Old Market
- The Catholic Church held a great deal of
Square, England
power during the Middle Ages, and as a
THE CORINTHIAN STYLE result financed most of the art projects
during this era.
• The most elaborate of the threee orders. It is - Artists were paid to decorate churches
elongated and decorated with leaves. It usually and create religious related pieces for
sits atop a plain column and has heavy detail. the public to enjoy.
Ex. St. Isaac’s Cathedral, Russia Ex. Italian Crucifix

THE RISE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN CONSTANTINE’S CHURCH

EMPIRE - In 350 AD the leader Constantine built a
- THE ROMAN REPUBLIC church for his daughter, and employed
an artist to cover the entire ceiling with
The Roman Republic (509-27 BCE) was a mosaic.
period of expansion and consolidation, - Mosaic is small pieces of glass or stone
establishing a vast territory encompassing put together to create an image.
much of the Mediterranean world. The
Romans developed a complex system of ELEVENTH CENTURY
government, laws, and military strategies, - At the start of the eleventh century
shaping the course of European history. Romanesque buildings were a sign of
- THE ROMAN EMPIRE wealth and power in the church.
- During this time many churches and
Roman Empire, the ancient empire, centerd monasteries were built with this
on the city of Rome, that was established in semicircular arches and thick stone
27 bce following the demise of the Roman walls.
Republic and continuing to the final eclipse
of the empire of the West in the 5th century GOTHIC STYLE
ce. A brief treatment of the Roman Empire - Around the twelfth century we see the
follows. For full treatment, see ancient emergence of the Gothic style, names
Rome. after the Goths who ruled France.
- THE FALL OF THE EMPIRE - Many of the churches built during this
time came decorated with gargoyles
The decline of the Roman Empire was a peering down over the roof, in
gradual process, marked by economic protection.
difficulties, political instability, and - Many thought the gargoyles to be
barbarian invasions. The empire eventually ridiculous, but that aside, Gothic
fragmented, leading to the rise of new churches became the most beautiful and
kingdoms and the beginning of the Middle accomplished art forms in all of the
Ages. Middle Ages.
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NOTRE DAME. PARIS - The Romanesque style was the first

- built between 1163 - 1240 AD
to spread across all of Catholic
- has been reconstructed for centuries, but Europe.
still with holds the Gothic Style Examples of Romanesque
FRESCO
Architecture- Pisa Cathedral
- The technique of painting on a moist,
Painting- Christ Pantocrator, c. 1123,
plaster surface with color from ground
up. fresco
- Giotto - A famous Italian fresco painter Sculpture-A typanum from Vezalay
GIOTTO Abber in France, 113’'s

- Born in Italy, the son of a farmer. GOTHIC

- Became a painter, who specialized in the
techniqe of fresco painting.
Gothic is a term that encompasses various
- Most well known for his work in St. aspects of art, architecture, literature, music,
Peter's Chapel. He was called by Pope and culture characterized by elements of:
Benedict the XI who commissioned this
1. Darkness: Exploring the mysterious,
mosaic.
eerie, and often frightening.
Ex. St. Peter’s Mosaic (1300-1304)
Church of Santa Croce Florence, 2. Romanticism: Emphasizing emotion,
Italy (FRESCO 1311) imagination, and individualism.
3. Medievalism: Drawing inspiration from
GROUP 2 the Middle Ages.

ROMANESQUE (10th-13th century) - LIMBOURG BROTHER (1385-1416)

- Romanesque art emerged in Europe The Limbourg brothers (Dutch: Gebroeders van
after the fall of the Roman Empire. Limburg or Gebroeders Van Lymborch; fl. 1385
– 1416) were Dutch miniature painters (Herman,
- It combined elements of Roman and
Paul, and Jean) from the city of Nijmegen. They
Byzantine architecture, as well as
were active in the early 15th century in France
local traditions. and Burgundy, working in the International
KEY FEATURES INCLUDE: Gothic style.They created what is certainly the
Massive Construction best-known late medieval.
Thick Wall
Semi-circular Arches - PISANELLO (1395-1455)
Sturdy piers He was employed by the Doge of Venice, the
Groin Vaults Pope in the Vatican and the courts of Verona,
Large towers Ferrara, Mantua, Milan, Rimini, and by the King
Symmetrical plans of Naples. He stood in high esteem in the
- The Crusades and feudalism Gonzaga and Este families. Pisanello had many
influenced the spread of of his works wrongly ascribed to other artists
such as Piero della Francesca, Albrecht Dürer
Romanesque Style.
and Leonardo da Vinci, to name a few. While
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most of his paintings have perished, a good - GIOTTO DI BONDONE (1267-1337)

many of his drawings and medals have survived.
Giotto played a significant role in the shift from
Pisanello (c. 1380/1395 – c. 1450/1455), born Medieval to Early Renaissance art and is
Antonio di Puccio Pisano or Antonio di Puccio regarded as the founder of Western painting. He
da Cereto, also erroneously called Vittore Pisano was a part of Italy's transition from the Gothic
by Giorgio Vasari, was one of the most era to the start of the Renaissance because he
distinguished painters of the early Italian lived between the late 13th and early 14th
Renaissance and Quattrocento. He was centuries. Gothic art is renowned for its intricate
acclaimed by poets such as Guarino da Verona religious imagery and emphasis on building, yet
and praised by humanists of his time, who Giotto's creations mark a dramatic break from
compared him to such illustrious names as the norms of his day. He had a significant impact
Cimabue, Phidias and Praxiteles. Pisanello is on the evolution of Renaissance art and is
known for his resplendent frescoes in large recognized for having introduced naturalism into
murals, elegant portraits, small easel pictures, painting.
and many brilliant drawings such as those in the
SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS:
Codex Vallardi (Louvre). He is the most
important commemorative portrait medallist in - NATURALISM
the first half of the 15th century, and he can - FRESCO CYCLES
claim to have originated this important genre. - HUMAN EMOTION
- GIOVANNI BELLINI Giotto introduces realistic depictions of
human emotion, depth, and space while avoiding
Giovanni Bellini lived in the later part of the
the symbolic images of humans found in earlier
renaissance period that lasted from the 14th
medieval art.
century to the 16th century in Italy. Bellini was a
major figure in the Venetian Renaissance, known His most well-known works are the paintings
for his mastery of oil painting and the use of a that portray events from Christ's life in Padua's
later stage of artistic development. Even though Scrovegni Chapel (also known as the Arena
Giovanni Bellini wasn't a Gothic painter, Gothic Chapel). These frescoes, which are regarded as
traditions may still be seen in his early works. some of the most significant pieces of Gothic
His employment of oil paint, his discovery of art, exhibit Giotto's inventive and vibrant use of
naturalism, and his emotive portrayal of perspective, depth, and narrative.
religious figures helped define the Venetian
Renaissance and alter the direction of Western In contrast to earlier Gothic works, Giotto
art, which was his most significant contribution was among the first to depict characters with
during the Gothic to Renaissance transition. As a weight, volume, and emotion, which made his
result, although Bellini's early works were still characters seem more realistic and sympathetic.
influenced by the Gothic heritage, he was a key
EARLY RENAISSANCE
figure in the development of the later
Renaissance and assisted in the art's departure Italy underwent a cultural renaissance at the start
from the Gothic's stylistic bounds. toward a style of the 15th century that had a profound impact
that is more human-centered and realistic. on every sphere of society. Florentine artists
revived the splendors of classical art in
Ex. The Agony in the Garden
accordance with a more humanistic and
St. Francis in the Dessert individualistic rising current era, departing from
the iconography of the earlier Gothic and
Romanesque periods.
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HIGH RENAISSANCE
Early Renaissance Key Characteristics - The High Renaissance refers to a thirty-
year period exemplified by the
- Humanism
groundbreaking, iconic works of art
- Naturalism
being made in Italy during what was
- Classicism
considered a thriving societal prime.
- Individualism
- A rejuvenation of classical art married
with a deep investigation into the
humanities spurred artists of
- MASSACIO unparalleled mastery whose creations
TOMMASO DI GIOVANNI DI SIMONE were informed by a keen knowledge of
GUIDI science, anatomy, and architecture.
- The High Renaissance artists' key
- born December 21, 1401, Castel San concerns were to present pieces of
Giovanni visual, symmetrical, and compositional
- through his grandfather’s connection perfection.
with artists that he became one.
- was an important Florentine painter of
the early Renaissance MICHAELANGELO
Mossacio’s Most Seminal Pieces: - Italian Painter, Sculptor, Poet, and
The Brancacci Chapel Frescoes Architect
- He was central to the revival in classical
The Pisa Alterpiece Greek and Roman art, but his
contribution to Renaissance art and
The Holy Trinity
culture went far beyond the mere
- BOTTICELLI imitation of antiquity
- Michelangelo is one of the greatest
SANDRO BOTTICELLI artists in history and was the first to
- born 1445, Florence, Italy have had his biography published while
- was one of the greatest painters of the still working.
Florentine Renaissance. Michaelangelo’s Most Seminal Pieces:
- Botticelli's personal artistic development
was greatly influenced by Filippo Lippi - The Massive Paintings of the
Biblical Narratives on the Sistine
Botticelli’s Most Seminal Pieces: Chapel Ceiling
The Madona and Child with Saints - The 17-foot-tall and Anatomically
Flawless David
Primavera - The Heartbreakingly Genuine Pieta
The Birth of Venus RAPHAEL SANTI
Raffaello Sanzio, commonly known as
Raphael, was an Italian painter and architect
of the High Renaissance. He is regarded as
one of the most influential artists in Western
art history, famous for his graceful and
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harmonious compositions, as well as his religious works. Making the life and manners of
mastery of perspective and use of color. His peasants the main focus of a work was rare in
works include altarpieces, portraits, and painting in Bruegel's time, and he was a pioneer
frescoes, and he had a significant impact on of the genre painting. Due to the continuity of
the development of art during the the family trade and the industry that developed
Renaissance. in prints after his works, Bruegel's impact was
widespread and long lasting. Pieter Brueghel the
Raphael’s Most Seminal Pieces:
Younger lived into his seventies and produced a
The School of Athens (1509-1511) total of almost 1,000 known paintings.

Transfiguration (1560-1520) Examples:

The Sistine Madonna (1512)  The Hunters in the Snow (1565)

This masterpiece that not only illustrates the
harsh realities of winter but also elevates the
ANTONIO CORREGGIO human spirit.
Antonio Allegri da Correggio (1489–1534) was  The Harvesters (156
an Italian painter of the High Renaissance,
known for his mastery of chiaroscuro (the use of This painting is said to represent the months of
light and shadow) and the dramatic illusion of July and August, revels in the drowsy heat of
space in his works. Born in Correggio, Emilia- harvesttime.
Romagna, he is often associated with the
 The Peasant Wedding (1567)
Emilian school of painting, alongside artists like
Parmigianino. Peasant Wedding mocks the behavior of peasant
during a marriage feast.
Correggio’s Most Seminal Pieces:
 The Peasant Dance (1567)
The Vision on St. John on Patmos
The peasant dance painting symbolize gluttony,
Madonna and Child with Angles
lust and anger.
The Assumption of the Virgin
 The Magpie in the Gallows (1568)
This art shows the idea that harmful gossip can
GROUP 3 lead to people being executed.

- MANNERISM CARAVAGGIO

The term mannerism describes the style of the Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (1571-
paintings and bronze sculpture on this tour. 1610) commonly known as Caravaggio, was a
Derived from the Italian maniera, meaning pioneering Italian Baroque painter celebrated for
simply “style,” mannerism is sometimes defined his dramatic use of light and shadow
as the “stylish style” for its emphasis on self- (chiaroscuro) and realistic depictions of human
conscious artifice over realistic depiction. figures. His works marked a significant shift in
art, moving away from the idealized forms of
PIETER BRUEGEL the Renaissance to raw, emotional realism.
Pieter Bruegel is a Dutch artist who's genre of
his paintings are populated by peasants, often
with alandscape element, though he also painted
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Caravaggio’s Artistic Style "The Supper at Emmaus" (1601)

Caravaggio’s painting style was characterized The painting captures the moment Christ reveals
by: himself to his disciples after his resurrection,
using expressive gestures, a detailed table
 Chiaroscuro Technique: He employed
setting, and sharp contrasts of light and dark to
strong contrasts between light and dark
evoke spiritual awakening.
to create a sense of depth and volume,
dramatically highlighting the main Impact and Legacy:
subjects.
Caravaggio’s influence extended far beyond his
 Realism: He depicted human emotions
lifetime, shaping the development of Baroque
and physical flaws with unflinching
art and inspiring generations of artists, including
accuracy, portraying his subjects as they
the Caravaggisti—a group of followers who
were, often using common people and
adapted his dramatic style. His focus on realism
street models as references. Naturalism
and emotional intensity can still be seen in
and Human Emotion: His work focused
contemporary art forms, highlighting his
on capturing the raw humanity of
enduring impact on art history. Despite his
religious and mythological scenes,
tumultuous life marked by brawls and legal
bringing a sense of immediacy and
troubles, Caravaggio remains a towering figure
authenticity.
whose works are celebrated worldwide for their
KEY WORKS: revolutionary approach to storytelling and visual
impact.
The Calling of Saint Matthew (1599-1600)
This painting illustrates the moment Jesus calls
Matthew to follow him, depicted in a tavern-like BAROQUE
setting with striking light beaming onto
The Baroque Era spanned from approximately
Matthew. The work showcases Caravaggio’s
1600 to 1750, characterized by dramatic and
mastery of light and human drama.
opulent artistic, architectural, and cultural
Judith Beheading Holofernes (c. 1598-1599) expressions. The Baroque period was a time of
great creative expression, marked by dramatic
This piece portrays the biblical story of Judith
and elaborate styles that continue to inspire
beheading the Assyrian general Holofernes with
artists, architects, and audiences today.
intense emotion, realistic detail, and an almost
theatrical use of lighting to heighten the scene’s - EL GRECO
tension.
Doménikus Theotokópoulos or known as El
"Bacchus" (c. 1596) Greco was a Greek artist born on the year of
1541 in Candia , Crete wherein he died on April
In this portrayal of the Roman god of wine,
7, 1614 in Toledo, Spain. He was a master of
Caravaggio used a young, flesh-and-blood
Spanish painting, whose highly individual
model, capturing him with a mix of sensuality
dramatic and expressionistic style met with the
and vulnerability. The detailed rendering of fruit
puzzlement of his contemporaries but gained
and fabric showcases his talent for still-life
newfound appreciation in the 20th century. He
painting as well.
also worked as a sculptor and as an architect.
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El Greco never forgot that he was of Greek EL GRECO’S ARTWORK:

descent and usually signed his paintings in
View of Toledo
Greek letters with his full name, Doménikos
Theotokópoulos. He is, nevertheless, generally Annunciation
known as El Greco (“the Greek”), a name he
acquired when he lived in Italy, where the Christ Carrying the Cross
custom of identifying a man by designating - REMBRANDT
country or city of origin was a common practice.
The curious form of the article (El), however, Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (born July
may be the Venetian dialect or more likely from 15, 1606, Leiden, Netherlands—died October 4,
the Spanish. 1669, Amsterdam) he was a Dutch Golden Age
painter, printmaker, and draughtsman. He is
Because Crete, his homeland, was then in the generally considered one of the greatest visual
Venetian possession and he was a Venetian artists in the history of art. It is estimated
citizen, he decided to go to Venice to study. The Rembrandt produced a total of about three
exact year in which this took place is not known; hundred paintings, three hundred etchings, and
but speculation has placed the date anywhere two thousand drawings.
from 1560, when he was 19, to 1566. In Venice
he entered the studio of Titian, who was the  Rembrandt is also known as a
greatest painter of the day. Knowledge of El "painter of light and shade" and as
Greco’s years in Italy is limited. A letter of an artist who favoured an
November 16, 1570, written by Giulio Clovio, uncompromising realism that would
an illuminator in the service of Cardinal lead some critics to claim that he
Alessandro Farnese, requested lodging in the preferred ugliness to beauty.
Palazzo Farnese for “a young man from Candia,  Early in his career and for some
a pupil of Titian.” On July 8, 1572, “the Greek time, Rembrandt painted mainly
painter” is mentioned in a letter sent from Rome portraits. Best known for his
by a Farnese official to the same cardinal. mastery of light, shadow, and
Shortly thereafter, on September 18, 1572, human expression, which brought
“Dominico Greco” paid his dues to the guild of remarkable depth and realism to his
St. Luke in Rome. How long the young artist work.
remained in Rome is unknown, because he may  Rembrandt created some 300
have returned to Venice, about 1575–76, before etchings and drypoints from about
he left for Spain. 1626 to 1665. His career as a
printmaker ran parallel to his career
The certain works painted by El Greco in Italy as a painter—he rarely treated the
are completely in the Venetian Renaissance style same themes in both media and only
of the 16th century. They show no effect of his occasionally did he reproduce his
Byzantine heritage except possibly in the faces paintings in prints.
of old men—for example, in the Christ Healing
the Blind. The placing of figures in deep space The Night Watch- One of the most famous
and the emphasis on an architectural setting in Dutch Golden Age paintings. The medium that
High Renaissance style are particularly been used here was oil in canvas in the year
significant in his early pictures, such as Christ 1642.
Cleansing the Temple. The first evidence of El
Belshazzar’s Feast- A major painting by
Greco’s extraordinary gifts as a portraitist
Rembrandt now in the National Gallery,
appears in Italy in a portrait of Giulio Clovio
London.
and Vincentio Anastagi.
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The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp- A - Canaletto was a sophisticated and
1632 oil painting on canvas by Rembrandt prolific Italian painter known
housed in the Mauritshuis museum in The primarily for his vivid topographies
Hague, the Netherlands. The painting is of Venice, Rome, and London.
regarded as one of Rembrandt’s early - Canaletto often made meticulous
masterpieces. preparatory drawings. He may have
used a camera obscura for
Susanna (1636)- Rembrandt did not paint the
topographical accuracy in creating
ideal of beauty but real women of flesh and
some of his designs, but he always
blood. He showed them just as they were.
remained concerned with satisfying
The Raising of Lazarus (1630)- Dramatically compositional design, not simply
captures the moment in which Lazarus rises slavishly recording views.
from the grave. - With an eye for compositional
balance, and a feel for dramatic
- ROCOCO effects, Canaletto typically
Rococo, style in interior design, the decorative composed images of recognizable
arts, painting, architecture, and sculpture that landmarks which he would
originated in Paris in the early 18th century but rearranged in subtle new
was soon adopted throughout France relationships (capriccio). His images
could also be composed, in part, of
The word Rococo is derived from the French imaginary architectural and scenic
word rocaille, which denoted the shell-covered elements (veduta ideata).
rock work that was used to decorate artificial
grottoes. KEY WORKS:

In the Rococo style, walls, ceilings, and “ The Entrance to the Grand Canal ” (1730)
moldings were decorated with delicate inter This noted landscape depicts the entrance to the
lacings of curves and counter curves based on Grand Canal in Venice, with a number of
the fundamental shapes of the “C” and the “S,” gondoliers and their passengers maneuvering
as well as with shell forms and other natural horizontally across the canvas.
shapes. Asymmetrical design was the rule. Light
pastels, ivory white, and gold were the “ Venice: Entrance to the Cannaregio “ (1734
predominant colors. characterized by soft colors - 1742)
and curvy lines, and depicts scenes of love,
Gondolas glide across the water, passing fishing
nature, amorous encounters, light-hearted
boats which direct our gaze towards the mouth
entertainment, and youth.
of the Cannaregio Canal, Venice’s largest
CANALETO waterway after the Grand Canal.

- Giovanni Antonio Canal, known as “London: Interior of the Rotunda at

Canaletto (1697 - 1768), was born Ranelagh” (1754)
in Venice, the son of a theatrical
This painting shows the inside of the famous
scene painter Bernardo Canal .
rotunda (demolished in 1805) at Ranelagh
- He was very influential, famed for
Gardens in Chelsea. Ranelegh opened in 1742 as
his precisely depicted and evocative
one of London’s most prestigious pleasure
views of the city (vedute).
gardens, and its main attraction was this vast
circular building in which fashionable society
could attend balls and listen to music.
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NEO CLASSICISM - ROMANTICISM

Neoclassicism was an 18th-century cultural Romanticism, as an art movement, used the
movement in Europe that emerged as a response central themes of Neoclassicists have
to the ornate Rococo style, emphasizing a return highlighted heroic elements into their work.
to the artistic and intellectual values of classical During the Age of Revolutions, there has been a
antiquity, particularly those of ancient Greece tremendous focus on patriotic and nationalistic
and Rome. This movement spanned multiple movements. One of the major revolutions in
artistic disciplines, including painting, sculpture, history would be the French Revolution. Such
architecture, literature, theatre, music, and revolutionary movements became the focal point
decorative arts. of most Romantic works.
WILLIAM BLAKE The major and central themes of this movement
include the emphasis on the goodness of
 William Blake was a visionary
mankind. Most works also promoted justice,
English artist, poet, and printmaker
equality, and social order. Artist also emphasized
who lived from 1757 to 1827. His
emotions and feelings of man, which was a
work is characterized by its unique
deviation from the humanist principles of
blend of poetry and visual art, often
rationalism.
exploring themes of innocence,
experience, spirituality, and social - FRANCISCO DE GOYA
justice.
According to many, the most significant
 Blake was a master of a technique
Spanish artist of the late eighteenth and
he called "illuminated printing,"
early nineteenth century was Francisco
where he combined text and image
José de Goya y Lucientes (1746–1828).
on a single copper plate. This
Throughout his lengthy career, Goya's
allowed him to create intricately
paintings, sketches, etchings, and
detailed and visually stunning
frescoes evolved from cheerful and
books, such as "Songs of Innocence
whimsical to profoundly gloomy and
and Experience.
inquisitive.
"Songs of Innocence and of Experience" is a
Ex. THE THIRD OF MAY, 1808
collection of illustrated poems by William
Blake, published in two phases: "Songs of - REALISM
Innocence" in 1789 and "Songs of Experience"
in 1794. The two sets of poems explore Realism as a style of work focuses on the
contrasting views of human existence, with accurancy of details that depict and somehow
"Innocence" representing a childlike, idealized mirror reality. There is little room for
world and "Experience" reflecting the harsh imagination in this movement since emphasis is
realities and complexities of adult life. Blake's placed in observable traits that can concretize
artistic style was distinct from the prevailing through artworks. Realism was heavily
Neoclassical style of his time. He rejected the influenced by Hellenistic Greek culture since
emphasis on idealized forms and instead most works during that period placed emphasis
embraced a more personal and expressive on the human body.
approach. His lines are often bold and dynamic,
his colors vibrant and symbolic.

Ex. THE WOMAN IN THE WAVES

GROUP 4
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by Gustave Courbet Analytical cubism ran from 1908–12. Its

artworks look more severe and are made up of
YAWNING APPRENTICE
an interweaving of planes and lines in muted
by Mihály Munkácsy tones of blacks, greys and ochres.

THE GLEANERS Ex.

by Jean-François Millet GEORGES BRAQUE MANDORA (1909–10)

- IMPRESSIONISM - SYNTHETIC CUBISM

Impressionism is a style of painting that Synthetic cubism is the later phase of cubism,
emerged in the mid to late 1800s. The distinctive generally considered to date from about 1912 to
characteristic of this style is that allows the artist 1914, and characterized by simpler shapes and
to emphasize the immediate impression he has brighter colors. Synthetic cubist works also
of a particular event or scene. The said often include collaged real elements such as
impression is communicated by the artist newspapers. The inclusion of real objects
through his work and can be seen through the directly in art was the start of one of the most
brushstrokes, distinction of colors, and the lights important ideas in modern art.
shadows used by the artist.
Ex. PABLO PICASSO BOTTLE OF VIEUX
Ex. STARRY NIGHT by Vincent Van Gogh MARC, GLASS, GUITAR AND NEWSPAPER
(1913)
ARGENTUIL by Edouard Manet
- FAUVISM
- CUBISM
Fauvism, style of painting that flourished in
Cubism was a revolutionary new approach to France around the turn of the 20th century. Fauve
representing reality invented in around 1907–08 artists used pure, brilliant color aggressively
by artists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. applied straight from the paint tubes to create a
They brought different views of subjects sense of an explosion on the canvas.
(usually objects or figures) together in the same
picture, resulting in paintings that appear The Fauves painted directly from nature, as the
fragmented and abstracted. Impressionists had before them, but Fauvist
works were invested with a strong expressive
Ex. PABLO PICASSO BOWL OF FRUIT, reaction to the subjects portrayed. First formally
VIOLIN AND BOTTLE (1914) Lent by the exhibited in Paris in 1905, Fauvist paintings
National Gallery 1997 shocked visitors to the annual Salon d’Automne;
TYPES OF CUBISM one of these visitors was the critic Louis
Vauxcelles, who, because of the violence of their
- Analytical vs. synthetic works, dubbed the painters fauves (“wild
beasts”).
Cubism can be seen to have developed in two
distinct phases: the initial and more austere Ex. THE GREEN STRIPE (1905) by Henri
analytical cubism, and a later phase of cubism Matisse
known as synthetic cubism.

- EXPRESSIONISM
- ANALYTICAL CUBISM
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Expressionism was a modernist movement, variety of types, including:

originating in Germany at the beginning of the
Cubo-Futurism - A Russian movement that
20th century. Its conventional trait was to show
combined elements of Italian Futurism and
the world solely from a subjective perspective,
French Analytical Cubism
distorting it radically for emotional effect to
evoke moods or ideas. Rayonism - A Russian movement that focused
on light rather than the object being lit, often
Expressionist artists tried to express the meaning
leading to abstract works
of emotional experience rather than physical
reality. Expressionism was an artistic style in Suprematism - A Russian movement that was
which the artist tried to describe not the the first to use pure geometrical abstraction in
objective reality but the subjective emotions, painting
objects, and events that aroused him.
DYNAMISM OF A DOG ON A LEASH
He achieved his goal by distortion, exaggeration,
primitivism, and fantasy -and through the vivid, A classic example of Futurist art that depicts a
violent, or dynamic application of formal dog running down the street with its leash
elements, The most-renowned expressionists trailing behind it.
were Max Beckmann, Otto Dix, Lionel STONE AGE- It is a term used to describe a
Feininger, George Grosz, Ernst Ludwig period of history when stones were used to make
Kirchner, August Macke, Emil Nolde, and Max tools for survival.
Pechstein; the Austrian Oskar Kokoschka, the
Czech Alfred Kubin, and the Norvegian Edvard PALEOLITHIC ART- It is a product of climate
Munch were also telated to this movement. change.

Ex. SORROW (1882) VINCENT VAN GOGH PREHISTORIC ART- Stone Carvings (horses or
tamaraw/carabao)
WASSILY KANDINSKY COMPOSITION X
(1939) NEOLITHIC- Yung stone formation tulad sa
Frozen
- FUTURISM
Egyptian Art should be something religious and
Early 20th-century artistic movement centered in spiritual.
Italy. An artistic movement that celebrated the
energy, speed, and power of modern machines One of the greatest discoveries from the
and the dynamism of modern life. Futurists used Egyptian civilization was the tomb of King
new techniques to express motion, such as Tutunkhamen.
blurring, repetition, and lines of force. They also
GEOMETRIC PERIOD- It was a period when
published many manifestos to communicate
geometric shapes and patterns had the spotlight
their ideas.
in most of the artworks.
Guernica is a large 1937 oil painting by Spanish
CLASSICAL PERIOD- It was the peak of
artist Pablo Picasso.
Greek sculpture and architecture.
FUTURISM’S MAIN ELEMENT
Blurry and Repetition

HELLENISTIC PERIOD- The time of

Futurism is an art movement that includes a Alexander the Great. Art was primarily focused
on showcasing emotions and depicting poses
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and a number of emotions and depicting poses

and a number of emotions evoked by the
subjects.
ROMANS- They were known to be master
builders, which earned their reputation for grand
monuments and architectural infrastructure.
RENAISSANCE ART- During this period,
artists valued the “individual” as a subject of art.
It emphasized naturalism.
MANNERISM- Most artworks during this
period displayed distorted figures, two-
dimwnsional and spaces, discordant hues and
colors, and lack of defined focal point.
BAROQUE ART- yung parang shape ng
window, I think it’s a tomb sa may baba kasama
ng mga oat then may eabab sa taas na
pinapalibutan ng angels and baby angels.
ROMANTICISM- Most works of this period
promote justice, equality, and social order. The
artist also emphasized the emotions and feelings
of man.
REALISM- Astyle in whick work focuses on the
accuracy of details that depict and somhow
mirror reality.
IMPRESSIONISM- The distinctive impression
of this style is that it allows the artist to
emphasize the immediate impression he has of a
particular event or scene.
CUBISM- New visual arts style introduced by
French artists Pablo Picasso and George Braque.
FUTURISM- Common themes for works in this
movement are restlessness and the fast pace of
modern life.
SURREALISM- It is a form of art when artists
create dream-like paintings, especially
nightmares, and are filled with mysterious
objects that have been oddly changed in ways
you couldn’t see in reality.
IMPRESSIONISM- painting ni Van Gogh ata
‘to, street s’ya na may tables sa gilid then yellow
and blue mostly yung color.