12.

1 SOLUTIONS

973

CHAPTER TWELVE
Solutions for Section 12.1
Exercises
1. The distance of a point P = (x, y, z) from the yz-plane is |x|, from the xz-plane is |y|, and from the xy-plane is |z|. So A is closest to the yz-plane, since it has the smallest x-coordinate in absolute value. B lies on the xz-plane, since its y-coordinate is 0. C is farthest from the xy-plane, since it has the largest z-coordinate in absolute value. 2. The distance of a point P = (x, y, z) from the yz-plane is |x|, from the xz-plane is |y|, and from the xy-plane is |z|. So, B is closest to the yz-plane, since it has the smallest x-coordinate in absolute value. B lies on the xz-plane, since its y-coordinate is 0. B is farthest from the xy-plane, since it has the largest z-coordinate in absolute value. 3. The point P is 12 + 22 + 12 = 6 = 2.45 units from the origin, and Q is 22 + 02 + 02 = 2 units from the origin. Since 2 < 6, the point Q is closer. (x2 x1 )2 + (y2 y1 )2 + (z2 z1 )2 gives us the distance between any pair of points 4. The distance formula: d = (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and (x2 , y2 , z2 ). Thus, we nd Distance from P1 to P2 = 2 2 Distance from P2 to P3 = 6 Distance from P1 to P3 = 10 So P2 and P3 are closest to each other. 5. Your nal position is (1, 1, 1). This places you in front of the yz-plane, to the left of the xz-plane, and above the xy-plane. 6. Your nal position is (1, 1, 3). Therefore, you are in front of the yz-plane, to the left of the xz-plane, and below the xy-plane. 7. The graph is a plane parallel to the yz-plane, and passing through the point (3, 0, 0). See Figure 12.1.

z z x = 3 3 y y=1 1 x

31 Figure 12.1

Figure 12.2

8. The graph is a plane parallel to the xz-plane, and passing through the point (0, 1, 0). See Figure 12.2. 9. The graph is all points with y = 4 and z = 2, i.e., a line parallel to the x-axis and passing through the points (0, 4, 2); (2, 4, 2); (4, 4, 2) etc. See Figure 12.3.

974

Chapter Twelve /SOLUTIONS z (0, 4, 2) 2 4 (2, 4, 2) y (4, 4, 2)

Figure 12.3 10. The equation is x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 25 11. The equation is (x 1)2 + (y 2)2 + (z 3)2 = 25 12. The plane has equation y = 3. 13. (a) 80-90 F (b) 60-72 F (c) 60-100 F 14.
predicted high temperature

100 90 80 70

'

Topeka south north

distance from Topeka

Figure 12.4 15.

100 80 60
Boise

Boise

100 80 60

North

South

West

East

Figure 12.5

Figure 12.6

16. Beef consumption by households making $20,000/year is given by Row 1 of Table 12.1 on page 639 of the text. Table 12.1
p f (20, p) 3.00 2.65 3.50 2.59 4.00 2.51 4.50 2.43

For households making $20,000/year, beef consumption decreases as price goes up.

12.1 SOLUTIONS

975

Beef consumption by households making $100, 000/year is given by Row 5 of Table 12.1. Table 12.2
p f (100, p) 3.00 5.79 3.50 5.77 4.00 5.60 4.50 5.53

For households making $100,000/year, beef consumption also decreases as price goes up. Beef consumption by households when the price of beef is $3.00/lb is given by Column 1 of Table 12.1. Table 12.3
I f (I, 3.00) 20 2.65 40 4.14 60 5.11 80 5.35 100 5.79

When the price of beef is $3.00/lb, beef consumption increases as income increases. Beef consumption by households when the price of beef is $4.00/lb is given by Column 3 of Table 12.1. Table 12.4
I f (I, 4.00) 20 2.51 40 3.94 60 4.97 80 5.19 100 5.60

When the price of beef is $4.00/lb, beef consumption increases as income increases. 17. Table 12.5 gives the amount M spent on beef per household per week. Thus, the amount the household spent on beef in a year is 52M . Since the households annual income is I thousand dollars, the proportion of income spent on beef is P = 52M M = 0.052 . 1000I I

Thus, we need to take each entry in Table 12.5, divide it by the income at the left, and multiply by 0.052. Table 12.6 shows the results. Table 12.5 Money spent on beef ($/household/week)
Price of Beef ($) 3.00 20 Income ($1,000) 40 60 80 100 7.95 12.42 15.33 16.05 17.37 3.50 9.07 14.18 17.50 18.52 20.20 4.00 10.04 15.76 19.88 20.76 22.40 4.50 10.94 17.46 21.78 22.82 24.89 Income ($1,000) 20 40 60 80 100

Table 12.6

Proportion of annual income spent on beef

Price of Beef ($) 3.00 0.021 0.016 0.013 0.010 0.009 3.50 0.024 0.018 0.015 0.012 0.011 4.00 0.026 0.020 0.017 0.013 0.012 4.50 0.028 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.013

18. If the price of beef is held constant, beef consumption for households with various incomes can be read from a xed column in Table 12.1 on page 639 of the text. For example, the column corresponding to p = 3.00 gives the function h(I) = f (I, 3.00); it tells you how much beef a household with income I will buy at $3.00/lb. Looking at the column from the top down, you can see that it is an increasing function of I. This is true in every column. This says that at any xed price for beef, consumption goes up as household income goes upwhich makes sense. Thus, f is an increasing function of I for each value of p.

Problems
19. (a) According to Table 12.2 of the problem, it feels like 19 F.

976

Chapter Twelve /SOLUTIONS

(b) A wind of 20 mph, according to Table 12.2. (c) About 17.5 mph. Since at a temperature of 25 F, when the wind increases from 15 mph to 20 mph, the temperature adjusted for wind-chill decreases from 13 F to 11 F, we can say that a 5 mph increase in wind speed causes an 2 F decrease in the temperature adjusted for wind-chill. Thus, each 2.5 mph increase in wind speed brings about a 1 F drop in the temperature adjusted for wind-chill. If the wind speed at 25 F increases from 15 mph to 17.5 mph, then the temperature you feel will be 13 1 = 12 F. (d) Table 12.2 shows that with wind speed 20 mph the temperature will feel like 0 F when the air temperature is somewhere between 15 F and 20 F. When the air temperature drops 5 F from 20 F to 15 F, the temperature adjusted for wind-chill drops 6 F from 4 F to 2 F. We can say that for every 1 F decrease in air temperature there is about a 6/5 = 1.2 F drop in the temperature you feel. To drop the temperature you feel from 4 F to 0 F will take an air temperature drop of about 4/1.2 = 3.3 F from 20 F. With a wind of 20 mph, approximately 20 3.3 = 16.7 F would feel like 0 F. 20. Table 12.7 20 F Temperature adjusted for wind-chill at
5 13 10 9 15 6 20 4 25 3

Wind speed (mph) Adjusted temperature ( F)

Table 12.8

Temperature adjusted for wind-chill at 0 F

5 11 10 16 15 19 20 22 25 24 ( F)

Wind speed (mph) Adjusted temperature

21.

Table 12.9

Temperature adjusted for wind-chill at 5 mph

35 ( F) 31 30 25 25 19 20 13 15 7 10 1 5 5 0 11

Temperature ( F) Adjusted temperature

Table 12.10

Temperature adjusted for wind-chill at 20 mph

35 24 30 17 25 11 20 4 15 2 10 9 5 15 0 22

Temperature ( F) Adjusted temperature ( F)

22. (a) We expect B to be an increasing function of all three variables. (b) A deposit of $1250 at a 1% annual interest rate leads to a balance of $1276 after 25 months. 23. We expect P to be an increasing function of A and r. (If you borrow more, your payments go up; if the interest rates go up, your payments go up.) However, P is a decreasing function of t. (If you spread out your payments over more years, you pay less each month.) 24. (a) The total cost in dollars of renting a car is 40 times the number of days plus 0.15 times the number of miles driven, so C = f (d, m) = 40d + 0.15m. (b) We have f (5, 300) = 40(5) + 0.15(300) = $245. Renting a car for 5 days and driving it 300 miles costs $245. 25. The gravitational force on a 100 kg object which is 7, 000, 000 meters from the center of the earth (or about 600 km above the earths surface) is about 820 newtons. 26. (a) The acceleration due to gravity decreases as h increases, because the gravitational force gets weaker the farther away you are from the planet. (In fact, g is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the center of the planet.) (b) The acceleration due to gravity increases as m increases. The more massive the planet, the larger the gravitational force. (In fact, g is proportional to m.)

12.1 SOLUTIONS

977

27. By drawing the top four corners, we nd that the length of the edge of the cube is 5. See Figure 12.7. We also notice that the edges of the cube are parallel to the coordinate axis. So the x-coordinate of the the center equals 1 + The y-coordinate of the center equals 2 + The z-coordinate of the center equals 2 5 = 1.5. 2 5 = 0.5. 2

5 = 0.5. 2
(1.5, 0.5, 2)

(1, 2, 2) (4, 2, 2)

T
(4, 3, 2) 2.5

(1, 3, 2)

c'

(1.5, 0.5, 0.5)

Figure 12.7 28. The equation for the points whose distance from the x-axis is 2 is given by a cylinder of radius 2 along the x-axis. See Figure 12.8. y 2 + z 2 = 2, i.e. y 2 + z 2 = 4. It species

z z

x y x y

Figure 12.8

Figure 12.9

29. The distance of any point with coordinates (x, y, z) from the x-axis is y 2 + z 2 . The distance of the point from the xy-plane is |x|. Since the condition states that these distances are equal, the equation for the condition is y 2 + z 2 = |x| i.e. y 2 + z 2 = x2 .

This is the equation of a cone whose tip is at the origin and which opens along the x-axis with a slope of 1 as shown in Figure 12.9. 30. The coordinates of points on the y-axis are (0, y, 0). The distance from any such point (0, y, 0) to the point (a, b, c) is d = a2 + (b y)2 + c2 . Therefore, the closest point will have y = b in order to minimize d. The resulting distance is then: d = a2 + c2 .

978

Chapter Twelve /SOLUTIONS

31. (a) The sphere has center at (2, 3, 3) and radius 4. The planes parallel to the xy-plane just touching the sphere are 4 above and 4 below the center. Thus, the planes z = 7 and z = 1 are both parallel to the xy-plane and touch the sphere at the points (2, 3, 7) and (2, 3, 1). (b) The planes x = 6 and x = 2 just touch the sphere at (6, 3, 3) and at (2, 3, 3) respectively and are parallel to the yz-plane. (c) The planes y = 7 and y = 1 just touch the sphere at (2, 7, 3) and at (2, 1, 3) respectively and are parallel to the xz-plane. 32. The edges of the cube have length 4. Thus, the center of the sphere is the center of the cube which is the point (4, 7, 1) and the radius is r = 2. Thus an equation of this sphere is (x 4)2 + (y 7)2 + (z 1)2 = 4. 33. Using the distance formula, we nd that Distance from P1 to P = Distance from P2 to P = Distance from P3 to P = Distance from P4 to P = So P4 = (4, 2, 7) is closest to P = (6, 0, 4). 34. (a) To nd the intersection of the sphere with the yz-plane, substitute x = 0 into the equation of the sphere: (1)2 + (y + 3)2 + (z 2)2 = 4, therefore This equation represents a circle of radius On the xz-plane y = 0: therefore (y + 3)2 + (z 2)2 = 3 206 152 170 113

3.

(x 1)2 + 32 + (z 2)2 = 4, (x 1)2 + (z 2)2 = 5

The negative sign on the right side of this equation shows that the sphere does not intersect the xz-plane, since the left side of the equation is always non-negative. On the xy-plane, z = 0: (x 1)2 + (y + 3)2 + (2)2 = 4, therefore (x 1)2 + (y + 3)2 = 0.

This equation has the unique solution x = 1, y = 3, so the xy-plane intersects the sphere in the single point (1, 3, 0). (b) Since the sphere does not intersect the xz-plane, it cannot intersect the x or z axes. On the y-axis, we have x = z = 0. Substituting this into the equation for the sphere we get (1)2 + (y + 3)2 + (2)2 = 4, therefore (y + 3)2 = 1.

This equation has no solutions because the right hand side is negative, and the left-hand side is always non-negative. Thus the sphere does not intersect any of the coordinate axes. 13 = 5.5, 7.5. See 35. The length corresponds to the y-axis, therefore the y-coordinates of the corners must be 1 2 5 Figure 12.10. The height corresponds to the z-axis, therefore the z-coordinates of the corners must be 2 = 0.5, 4.5. 2 The width corresponds to the x-axis, therefore the x-coordinates of the corners must be 1 3 = 4, 2. The coordinates of those eight corners are therefore (4, 7.5, 4.5), (2, 7.5, 4.5), (2, 5.5, 4.5), (4, 5.5, 4.5). (4, 7.5, 0.5), (2, 7.5, 0.5), (2, 5.5, 0.5), (4, 5.5, 0.5),

12.2 SOLUTIONS (2, 5.5, 0.5) (4, 5.5, 0.5) x (4, 7.5, 0.5) z (2, 7.5, 0.5) y

979

(2, 5.5, 4.5) (4, 5.5, 4.5) (2, 7.5, 4.5) (4, 7.5, 4.5)

Figure 12.10

Solutions for Section 12.2

Exercises
1. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) is (IV), since z = 2 + x2 + y 2 is a paraboloid opening upward with a positive z-intercept. is (II), since z = 2 x2 y 2 is a paraboloid opening downward. is (I), since z = 2(x2 + y 2 ) is a paraboloid opening upward and going through the origin. is (V), since z = 2 + 2x y is a slanted plane. is (III), since z = 2 is a horizontal plane.

3. The graph is a horizontal plane 3 units above the xy-plane. See Figure 12.11.

2. (a) The value of z only depends on the distance from the point (x, y) to the origin. Therefore the graph has a circular symmetry around the z-axis. There are two such graphs among those depicted in the gure in the text: I and V. The 1 one corresponding to z = x2 +y2 is I since the function blows up as (x, y) gets close to (0, 0). (b) For similar reasons as in part (a), the graph is circularly symmetric about the z-axis, hence the corresponding one must be V . (c) The graph has to be a plane, hence IV. (d) The function is independent of x, hence the corresponding graph can only be II. Notice that the cross-sections of this graph parallel to the yz-plane are parabolas, which is a conrmation of the result. (e) The graph of this function is depicted in III. The picture shows the cross-sections parallel to the zx-plane, which have the shape of the cubic curves z = x3 constant.

z z 1 3

x x y

Figure 12.11

Figure 12.12

4. The graph is a sphere of radius 3, centered at the origin. See Figure 12.12. 5. The graph is a bowl opening up, with vertex at the point (0, 0, 4). See Figure 12.13.

980

Chapter Twelve /SOLUTIONS z z 5

y x

Figure 12.13

Figure 12.14

6. Since z = 5(x2 +y 2 ), the graph is an upside-down bowl moved up 5 units and with vertex at (0, 0, 5). See Figure 12.14. 7. In the yz-plane, the graph is a parabola opening up. Since there are no restrictions on x, we extend this parabola along the x-axis. The graph is a parabolic cylinder opening up, extended along the x-axis. See Figure 12.15.
z 4 z

y x x 6

3 y

Figure 12.15

Figure 12.16

8. The graph is a plane with x-intercept 6, and y-intercept 3, and z-intercept 4. See Figure 12.16. 9. In the xy-plane, the graph is a circle of radius 2. Since there are no restrictions on z, we extend this circle along the z-axis. The graph is a circular cylinder extended in the z-direction. See Figure 12.17.
z z 2

2 x

Figure 12.17

Figure 12.18

10. In the xz-plane, the graph is a circle of radius 2. Since there are no restrictions on y, we extend this circle along the y-axis. The graph is a circular cylinder extended in the y-direction. See Figure 12.18.

Problems
11. We have f (3, 2) = 2e2(53) = 0.037. We see that 2 hours after the injection of 3 mg of this drug, the concentration of the drug in the blood is 0.037 mg per liter.

12.2 SOLUTIONS

981

12. (a) Holding x xed at 4 means that we are considering an injection of 4 mg of the drug; letting t vary means we are watching the effect of this dose as time passes. Thus the function f (4, t) describes the concentration of the drug in the blood resulting from a 4 mg injection as a function of time. Figure 12.19 shows the graph of f (4, t) = te t . Notice that the concentration in the blood from this dose is at a maximum at 1 hour after injection, and that the concentration in the blood eventually approaches zero.
C (mg per liter) 0.3 0.2 0.1 1 2 3 4 5 t (hours) C = f (4, t) C (mg per liter) 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 1 2 3 4

C = f (x, 1)

x (mg)

Figure 12.19: The function f (4, t) shows the concentration in the blood resulting from a 4 mg injection

Figure 12.20: The function f (x, 1) shows the concentration in the blood 1 hour after the injection

(b) Holding t xed at 1 means that we are focusing on the blood 1 hour after the injection; letting x vary means we are considering the effect of different doses at that instant. Thus, the function f (x, 1) gives the concentration of the drug in the blood 1 hour after injection as a function of the amount injected. Figure 12.20 shows the graph of f (x, 1) = e(5x) = ex5 . Notice that f (x, 1) is an increasing function of x. This makes sense: If we administer more of the drug, the concentration in the bloodstream is higher. 13. The one-variable function f (a, t) represents the effect of an injection of a mg at time t. Figure 12.21 shows the graphs of the four functions f (1, t) = te4t , f (2, t) = te3t , f (3, t) = te2t , and f (4, t) = tet corresponding to injections of 1, 2, 3, and 4 mg of the drug. The general shape of the graph is the same in every case: The concentration in the blood is zero at the time of injection t = 0, then increases to a maximum value, and then decreases toward zero again. We see that if a larger dose of the drug is administered, the peak of the graph is later and higher. This makes sense, since a larger dose will take longer to diffuse fully into the bloodstream and will produce a higher concentration when it does.

C (mg per liter)

0.3

a=4

0.2 a=3 0.1

' '
1 2

a=2 a=1 3 4 5 t (hours)

Figure 12.21: Concentration C = f (a, t) of the drug resulting from an a mg injection

14. (a) Cross-sections with x xed at x = b are in Figure 12.22.

982

Chapter Twelve /SOLUTIONS 10 x=1 x=0 5 1 2 5 10 1 2 x = 1 y 2 1 1 2 3 3 2 1 y=0

'

y=1

1 2

'

y = 1

Figure 12.22: Cross-section f (a, y) = y 3 + ay, with a = 1, 0, 1 (b) Cross-section with y xed at y = 6 are in Figure 12.23.

Figure 12.23: Cross-section f (x, b) = b3 + bx, with b = 1, 0, 1

15. (a) is (IV), (b) is (IX), (c) is (VII), (d) is (I), (e) is (VIII), (f) is (II), (g) is (VI), (h) is (III), (i) is (V). 16. Planes perpendicular to the positive y-axis should yield the graphs of upright parabolas f (x, y), which widen as y decreases (giving f (x, 2) and f (x, 1)). When y = 0, the parabola attens out, creating a horizontal line for f (x, 0). The graphs then turn downward, creating the parabolas f (x, 1) and f (x, 2) which become narrower as y decreases. So the graph (IV) bests ts this information. 17. (a) This is a bowl; z increases as the distance from the origin increases, from a minimum of 0 at x = y = 0. (b) Neither. This is an upside-down bowl. This function will decrease from 1, at x = y = 0, to arbitrarily large negative values as x and y increase due to the negative squared terms of x and y. It will look like the bowl in part (a) except ipped over and raised up slightly. (c) This is a plate. Solving the equation for z gives z = 1 x y which describes a plane whose x and y slopes are 1. It is perfectly at, but not horizontal. (d) Within its domain, this function is a bowl. It is undened at points at which x 2 + y 2 > 5, but within those limits it describes the bottom half of a sphere of radius 5 centered at the origin. (e) This function is a plate. It is perfectly at and horizontal. 18. (a)
(i)

z 25

(ii)

z 25

'x=1
16 16

'y=1

s
x=0 4 y 4 2 0 2 4 4 2 4

s
y=0 x 0 2 4

Figure 12.26: Cross-sections of z = x2 + y 2

Figure 12.27: Cross-sections of z = x2 + y 2

12.2 SOLUTIONS

983

(b)
(i)

z 1 4 2 4 5 x=0 y

(ii)

z 1 4 2 4 5 y=0 x

16 16

25


x=1

25


y=1

Figure 12.30: Cross-sections of z = 1 x2 y 2 (c)

(i)

Figure 12.31: Cross-sections of z = 1 x2 y 2

(ii)

x=0

y=0


x=1 4


y y=1 4 4

4 4

x 4 4 4

Figure 12.34: Cross-sections of x+y+z =1 (d)

(i)

Figure 12.35: Cross-sections of x + y + z = 1

(ii)

z 2

z 2 2.5 y 2.5 2 2.5 2 x

2.5


x=0

s
x=1


y=0

s
y=1

Figure 12.38: Cross-sections of z = 5 x2 y 2

Figure 12.39: Cross-sections of z = 5 x2 y 2

984

Chapter Twelve /SOLUTIONS

(e)
(i)

x=0

x=1

(ii)

y=0

y=1

y 4 3 4 4 3 4

Figure 12.42: Cross-section of z = 3 19. One possible equation: z = x2 + y 2 + 5. See Figure 12.44.

Figure 12.43: Cross-section of z = 3

x 5 x y y

Figure 12.44

Figure 12.45

20. One possible equation: x + y + z = 1. See Figure 12.45. 21. One possible equation: z = (x y)2 . See Figure 12.46.
z x y

x y

Figure 12.46

Figure 12.47

22. One possible equation: z =

x2 + y 2 . See Figure 12.47.

23. (a) The plane y = 0 intersects the graph in the curve z = 4x2 + 1, which is a parabola opening upward. (b) The plane x = 0 intersects the graph in z = y 2 + 1, which is a parabola opening downward because of the negative coefcient of y 2 . (c) The plane z = 1 intersects the graph in 4x2 y 2 = 0. Since this factors as (2x y)(2x + y) = 0, it is the equation for the two lines y = 2x and y = 2x.

12.2 SOLUTIONS

985

24. (a) The plane y = 1 intersects the graph in the parabola z = (x 2 + 1) sin(1) + x = x2 sin(1) + x + sin(1). Since sin(1) is a constant, z = x2 sin(1) + x + sin(1) is a quadratic function whose graph is a parabola. Any plane of the form y = a will do as long as a is not a multiple of . (b) The plane y = intersects the graph in the straight line z = 2 x. (Since sin = 0, the equation becomes linear, z = 2 x if y = .) (c) The plane x = 0 intersects the graph in the curve z = sin y. 25. (a) If we have iron stomachs and can consume cola and pizza endlessly without ill effects, then we expect our happiness to increase without bound as we get more cola and pizza. Graph (IV) shows this since it increases along both the pizza and cola axes throughout. (b) If we get sick upon eating too many pizzas or drinking too much cola, then we expect our happiness to decrease once either or both of those quantities grows past some optimum value. This is depicted in graph (I) which increases along both axes until a peak is reached, and then decreases along both axes. (c) If we do get sick after too much cola, but are always able to eat more pizza, then we expect our happiness to decrease after we drink some optimum amount of cola, but continue to increase as we get more pizza. This is shown by graph (III) which increases continuously along the pizza axis but, after reaching a maximum, begins to decrease along the cola axis. 26.
(a) happiness pizza fixed at 4 (b) happiness cola fixed at 4

0.5

T
pizza fixed at 1 (or pizza fixed at 7)

0.5

T
cola fixed at 1 (or cola fixed at 7)

cola

pizza

Figure 12.48: Cross-sections of graph I

(a) pizza fixed at 2 happiness

Figure 12.49: Cross-sections of graph I

(b) cola fixed at 2

c
pizza fixed at 4 (or pizza fixed at 0)

happiness

0.5

T
cola fixed at 1

cola

pizza

Figure 12.50: Cross-sections of graph II

(a) happiness pizza fixed at 2 (b)

Figure 12.51: Cross-sections of graph II

happiness

cola fixed at 2

T
pizza fixed at 1

s
cola fixed at 1 (or cola fixed at 3) cola

pizza

Figure 12.52: Cross-sections of graph III

Figure 12.53: Cross-sections of graph III

986

Chapter Twelve /SOLUTIONS

(a) happiness (b) pizza fixed at 2 happiness cola fixed at 2

s
pizza fixed at 1

s
cola fixed at 1

cola

pizza

Figure 12.54: Cross-sections of graph IV

Figure 12.55: Cross-sections of graph IV

27. (a) Figures 12.56-12.59 show the wave prole at time t = 1, 0, 1, 2.

z t = 1 x t=0 z

Figure 12.56
z t=1 x z

Figure 12.57

t=2

Figure 12.58

Figure 12.59

(b) Increasing x (c) The graph in Figure 12.60 represents a wave traveling in the opposite direction.

t x

Figure 12.60 28. (a) Cross-sections with t xed are in Figure 12.61. The equations are f (x, 0) = cos 0 sin x = sin x, 1 f (x, /4) = cos(/4) sin x = sin x. 2

12.2 SOLUTIONS

987

Cross-sections with t xed are in Figure 12.62. The equations are 1 f (/4, t) = cos t sin(/4) = cos t, 2 f (/2, t) = cos t sin(/2) = cos t.
t=0 1 t = /4 x = /2

x = /4

Figure 12.61: Cross-sections with t xed

Figure 12.62: Cross-sections with x xed

(b) If x = 0, , then f (0, t) = cos t sin 0 = 0 = f (, t). The ends of the string are at x = 0, , which do not move so the displacement is 0 there for all t. (c) The cross-sections with t xed are snapshots of the string at different instants in time. Graphs of these cross-sections are the curves obtained when the the graph of f in Figure 12.63 is sliced perpendicular to the t axis. Every plane perpendicular to the t-axis intersects the surface in one arch of a sine curve. The amplitude of the arch changes with t as a cosine curve. The cross-sections with x xed show how a single point on the string moves as time goes by. Graphs of these cross-sections are obtained by slicing the graph perpendicular to the x axis. Notice in Figure 12.63 that the crosssections with x = 0 and x = are at lines since the endpoints of the string dont move. The cross-section with x = /2 is a cosine curve with amplitude 1, because the midpoint of the string oscillates back and forth. Crosssections with x xed between 0 and /2 and between /2 and are cosine curves with amplitude between 0 and 1, representing the fact that these points on the string oscillate back and forth with the same period as x = /2, but a smaller amplitude.
f (x, t) 1 /2 3/2 2

Figure 12.63: Graph of vibrating string function f (x, t) = cos t sin x 29. The paraboloid is z = x2 + y 2 + 5, so it is represented by z = f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 + 5 and Other answers are possible. g(x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + 5 z = 0.

30. Plane is (x/2) + (y/3) + (z/4) = 1, so it is represented by z = f (x, y) = 4 2x and g(x, y, z) = Other answers are possible. 4 y 3

x y z + + = 1. 2 3 4

988

Chapter Twelve /SOLUTIONS

31. The upper half of the sphere is represented by z = f (x, y) = and Other answers are possible. 32. The sphere is (x 3)2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4, so the lower half is represented by and Other answers are possible. z = f (x, y) = 4 (x 3)2 y 2 1 x2 y 2

g(x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.

g(x, y, z) = (x 3)2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4.

Solutions for Section 12.3

Exercises
1. Well set z = 4 at the peak. See Figure 12.64.
y

y x
3
1 6 1

4
2

x
1

Figure 12.64 2. See Figure 12.65. 3. We will take z = 4 to be the at area. See Figure 12.66.
y

Figure 12.65

3 2 1 z=3 z=2 z=1 3 2 1 1 2 3 x x 1 2 3

Figure 12.66 4. See Figure 12.67.

Figure 12.67

12.3 SOLUTIONS

989

5. The contour where f (x, y) = x + y = c, or y = x + c, is the graph of the straight line with slope 1 as shown in Figure 12.68. Note that we have plotted the contours for c = 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3. The contours are evenly spaced.
y
2

2
c =

1
c =

= c = 2 c = 1 3

c = 6 3

x
1 2

x 1 2

2
c

1
c c =

c = 2 c
1

1
c =

6. The contour where f (x, y) = 3x + 3y = c or y = x + c/3 is the graph of the straight line of slope 1 as shown in Figure 12.69. Note that we have plotted the contours for c = 9, 6, 3, 0, 3, 6, 9. The contours are evenly spaced. 7. The contour where f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 = c, where c 0, is the graph of the circle centered at (0, 0), with radius c as shown in Figure 12.70. Note that we have plotted the contours for c = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. The contours become more closely packed as we move further from the origin.
y 2 y 2
3 2 = c = 1 c = c =0 c 4 c = c =

8. The contour where f (x, y) = x2 y 2 + 1 = c, where c 1, is the graph of the circle centered at (0, 0), with radius 1 c as shown in Figure 12.71. Note that we have plotted the contours for c = 3, 2, 1, 0, 1. The contours become more closely packed as we move further from the origin. 9. The contour where f (x, y) = xy = c, is the graph of the hyperbola y = c/x if c = 0 and the coordinate axes if c = 0, as shown in Figure 12.72. Note that we have plotted contours for c = 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. The contours become more closely packed as we move further from the origin.
y
= 4 3

1 2 1

3 4

Figure 12.72

Figure 12.73

c = c = c = 4

0 c

3
2

Figure 12.68

= 1 c 3 =
c=0

Figure 12.69

1
c

= 1

1 x 1 2 2 1 1 2

1 1 2

c=1 1 2

Figure 12.70

Figure 12.71

y 2
c = c = 3 2 c = 1 0 c = 4

2 x

c =

c = 1 2 3 c =

990

Chapter Twelve /SOLUTIONS

10. The contour where f (x, y) = y x2 = c is the graph of the parabola y = x2 + c, with vertex (0, c) and symmetric about the y-axis, shown in Figure 12.73. Note that we have plotted the contours for c = 2, 1, 0, 1. The contours become more closely packed as we move farther from the y-axis.
c c 11. The contour where f (x, y) = x2 + 2y 2 = c, where c 0, is the graph of the ellipse with focuses ( 2 , 0), ( 2 , 0) and axes lying on x- and y-axes as shown in Figure 12.74. Note that we have plotted the contours for c = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. The contours become more closely packed as we move further from the origin.

y 2 1
c= c=

y 4

= 4

c = c

c=0 2 1 1 2

3
x 4

x 1 2 4 2 2 4

2
2

Figure 12.74

Figure 12.75

12. The contour where f (x, y) = x2 + 2y 2 = c, where c 0, is the graph of the ellipse with focuses ( c 2 2 , 0), ( c 2 2 , 0) and axes lying on x- and y-axes as shown in Figure 12.75. Note that we have plotted the contours for c = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. See Figure 12.75. 13. The contour where f (x, y) = cos( x2 + y 2 ) = c, where 1 c 1, is a set of circles centered at (0, 0), with radius cos1 c + 2k with k = 0, 1, 2, .. and cos1 c + 2k, with k = 1, 2, 3, ... as shown in Figure 12.76. Note that we have plotted contours for c = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.
5 2

y c=1

'
0
x 5 2
5 2

5 2

Figure 12.76

14. Since f (5, 10) = 3 52 10 + 7 5 + 20 = 805, an equation for the contour is 3x2 y + 7x + 20 = 805. 15. (a) Level curves are in Figure 12.77.

'

c =

12.3 SOLUTIONS y

991

z = 2 z = 1 z=1 z=2

z=2 z=1 x z = 1 z = 2

z z = 2y (x = 2) z = y (x = 1) y z = y (x = 1)

z = 2y (x = 2)

Figure 12.77 (b) Cross-sections with x constant are in Figure 12.78 (c) Setting y = x gives the curve z = x2 in Figure 12.79
z
Curve z = x2

Figure 12.78

Line x = y

Figure 12.79 16. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (III) (I) (V) (II) (IV)

17. The values in Table 12.5 are not constant along rows or columns and therefore cannot be the lines shown in (I) or (IV). Also observe that as you move away from the origin, whose contour value is 0, the z-values on the contours increase. Thus, this table corresponds to diagram (II). The values in Table 12.6 are also not constant along rows or columns. Since the contour values are decreasing as you move away from the origin, this table corresponds to diagram (III). Table 12.7 shows that for each xed value of x, we have constant contour value, suggesting a straight vertical line at each x-value, as in diagram (IV). Table 12.8 also shows lines, however these are horizontal since for each xed value of y we have constant contour values. Thus, this table matches diagram (I). 18. We expect total sales to decrease as the price increases and to increase as advertising expenditures increase. Moving parallel to the x-axis, the Q-values on the contours decrease, whereas moving parallel to the y-axis, the Q-values increase. Thus, x is the price and y is advertising expenditures

Problems
19. To nd a value, evaluate f (x, y) = 100ex 50y 2 at any point (x, y) on the contour. Check by evaluating the function at a couple of points on each contour. Starting from the left and estimating points on the contour, we have First contour: f (0, 0) = 100, f (0.2, 0.65) = 101 Second contour: f (0.4, 0) = 149, f (0.6, 0.8) = 150

992

Chapter Twelve /SOLUTIONS

Third contour: f (0.7, 0) = 201, f (0.8, 0.65) = 201 Fourth contour: f (0.92, 0) = 251, f (1, 0.65) = 251. Since the true values of f are equally spaced multiples of 10, it seems that they must be 100, 150, 200, and 250. See Figure 12.80.
y 1 0.8 100 0.6 0.4 0.2 200 250 x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 150

Figure 12.80 20. Many different answers are possible. Answers are in degrees Celsius. (a) Minnesota in winter. See Figure 12.81.
10 0 10 15 10 5

Figure 12.81 (b) San Francisco in winter. See Figure 12.82. (c) Houston in summer. See Figure 12.83.
30 40 55

Figure 12.82

22 24 26

Figure 12.83 (d) Oregon in summer. See Figure 12.84.

Figure 12.84

21. (a) The contour lines are much closer together on path A, so path A is steeper. (b) If you are on path A and turn around to look at the countryside, you nd hills to your left and right, obscuring the view. But the ground falls away on either side of path B, so you are likely to get a much better view of the countryside from path B. (c) There is more likely to be a stream alongside path A, because water follows the direction of steepest descent. 22. (a) The point representing 13% and $6000 on the graph lies between the 120 and 140 contours. We estimate the monthly payment to be about $137. (b) Since the interest rate has dropped, we will be able to borrow more money and still make a monthly payment of $137. To nd out how much we can afford to borrow, we nd where the interest rate of 11% intersects the $137 contour and read off the loan amount to which these values correspond. Since the $137 contour is not shown, we estimate its position from the $120 and $140 contours. We nd that we can borrow an amount of money that is more than $6000 but less than $6500. So we can borrow about $250 more without increasing the monthly payment.

12.3 SOLUTIONS

993

(c) The entries in the table will be the amount of loan at which each interest rate intersects the 137 contour. Using the $137 contour from (b) we make table 12.11. Table 12.11 Amount borrowed at a monthly payment of $137.
0 8200 8 6650 1 8000 9 6500 2 7800 10 6350 3 7600 11 6250 4 7400 12 6100 5 7200 13 6000 6 7000 14 5900 7 6800 15 5800

Interest Rate (%) Loan Amount ($) Interest rate (%) Loan Amount ($)

23. The level surfaces have equation cos(x + y + z) = c. For each value of c between 1 and 1, the level surface is an innite family of planes parallel to x + y + z = arccos(c). For example, the level surface cos(x + y + z) = 0 is the family of planes x + y + z = 2n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . . . 2 24. (a) (b) (c) (d) I IV II III See Figure 12.85.
(a)

(b)

x x

(c)

(d)

Figure 12.85

25. Figure 12.86 shows an east-west cross-section along the line N = 50 kilometers. Figure 12.87 shows an east-west cross-section along the line N = 100 kilometers.

994

Chapter Twelve /SOLUTIONS

Density of the fox population P

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 60 120 180

East Density of the fox population P

1.5 1 0.5 30 60 90 120 150 180

East

Figure 12.86

Figure 12.87

Figure 12.88 shows a north-south cross-section along the line E = 60 kilometers. Figure 12.89 shows a north-south cross-section along the line E = 120 kilometers.
Density of the fox population P Density of the fox population P

2.5 2

1 0.5
North

1.5 1 0.5 35 70 50 100 150

North

Figure 12.88 26. (a) The prot is given by the following:

Figure 12.89

= Revenue from q1 + Revenue from q2 Cost. Measuring in thousands, we obtain: (b) A contour diagram of follows. Note that the units of are in thousands.
q2

= 3q1 + 12q2 4.

3 2 1
= 0 = 20 = 30

= 10
2

q1

27. For any Cobb-Douglass function F (K, L) = bL K , if we increase the inputs by a factor of m, from (K, L) to (mK, mL) we get: F (mK, mL) = b(mL) (mK) = m+ bL K = m+ F (K, L)

12.3 SOLUTIONS

995

Thus we see that increasing inputs by a factor of m increases outputs by a factor of m + . If + < 1, then increasing each input by a factor of m will result in an increase in output of less than a factor of m. This applies to statements (a) and (E). In statement (a), + = 0.25 + 0.25 = 0.5, so increasing inputs by a factor of m = 4, as in statement (E), increases output by a factor of 40.5 = 2. We can match statements (a) and (E) to graph (II) by noting that when (K, L) = (1, 1), we have F = 1 and when we double the inputs (m = 2) to (K, L) = (2, 2), F increases by less than a factor of 2. This is called decreasing returns to scale. If + = 1, then increasing K and L by a factor of m will result in an increase in F by the same factor m. This applies to statements (b) and (D). In statement (b), + = 0.5 + 0.5 = 1, and in statement (D), an increase in inputs by a factor of 3 results in an increase in F by the same factor. We match these statements to graph (I) where we see that increasing (K, L) from (1, 1) to (3, 3) results in an increase in F from F = 1 to F = 3. This is called constant returns to scale. If + > 1, then we have increasing returns to scale, i.e. an increase in K and L by a factor of m results in an increase in F by more than a factor of m. This is the case for equation (c), where + = 0.75 + 0.75 = 1.5. Statement (G) also applies an increase in inputs by a factor of m = 2 results in an increase in output by more than 2, in this case by a factor of almost 3. We can match statements (c) and (G) to graph (III), where we see that increasing (K, L) from (1, 1) to (2, 2) results in a change in F by more than a factor of 2 (but less than a factor of 3). This is called increasing returns to scale. This information is summarized in Table 12.12. Table 12.12
Function F (L, K) = L0.25 K 0.25 F (L, K) = L0.5 K 0.5 F (L, K) = L0.75 K 0.75 Graph (II) (I) (III) Statement (E) (D) (G)

28. Suppose P0 is the production given by L0 and K0 , so that

P0 = f (L0 , K0 ) = cL K0 . 0

We want to know what happens to production if L0 is increased to 2L0 and K0 is increased to 2K0 : P = f (2L0 , 2K0 ) = c(2L0 ) (2K0 )
= c2 L 2 K0 0 = 2+ cL K0 0

= 2+ P0 . Thus, doubling L and K has the effect of multiplying P by 2+ . Notice that if + > 1, then 2+ > 2, if + = 1, then 2+ = 2, and if + < 1, then 2+ < 2. Thus, + > 1 gives increasing returns to scale, + = 1 gives constant returns to scale, and + < 1 gives decreasing returns to scale. 29. (a) Multiply the values on each contour of the original contour diagram by 3. See Figure 12.90.
y y

6 3 0 3 6

9 10 11 12

Figure 12.90: 3f (x, y)

Figure 12.91: f (x, y) 10

996

Chapter Twelve /SOLUTIONS

(b) Subtract 10 from the values on each contour. See Figure 12.91. (c) Shift the diagram 2 units to the right and 2 units up. See Figure 12.92.
y y

0 1 2 3 4

2 1

0 1 2

Figure 12.92: f (x 2, y 2) (d) Reect the diagram about the y-axis. See Figure 12.93. 30. (a) See Figure 12.94.
y
0 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

Figure 12.93: f (x, y)

y
0 2 3 4 5 1 1 2 3 4 5

Figure 12.94 (b) See Figure 12.95.

Figure 12.95

31. (a) You can see the sequence of values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, . . . as you follow diagonal paths in the table upward to the right, changing to the next lower diagonal after reaching the top x = 1 row. The pattern continues in the same way, giving Table 12.13 Table 12.13
y 1 1 2 x 3 4 5 6 1 2 4 7 11 16 2 3 5 8 12 17 23 3 6 9 13 18 24 31 4 10 14 19 25 32 40 5 15 20 26 33 41 50 6 21 27 34 42 51 61

(b) It appears that the value of f increases by 1 whenever x is decreased by 1 and y is increased by 1. To check this, compute f (x 1, y + 1) = (1/2)((x 1) + (y + 1) 2)((x 1) + (y + 1) 1) + (y + 1) = f (x, y) + 1 = (1/2)(x + y 2)(x + y 1) + y + 1

12.3 SOLUTIONS

997

It appears that the value of f increases by 1 when moving from a point (1, y) to the point (y + 1, 1). To check this, compute f (y + 1, 1) = (1/2)((y + 1) + 1 2)((y + 1) + 1 1) + 1 1 1 = y2 + y + 1 2 2 = (1/2)(1 + y 2)(1 + y 1) + y + 1 = f (1, y) + 1

32. (a) To nd the level curves, we let T be a constant. x2 + y 2 = 100 T, T = 100 x2 y 2

which is an equation for a circle of radius 100 T centered at the origin. At T = 100 , we have a circle of radius 0 (a point). At T = 75 have a circle of radius 5. At T = 50 , we have a circle of radius 5 2. At T = 25 , we , we have a circle of radius 5 3. At T = 0 , we have a circle of radius 10.
y 10 T = 100

' ' '

T =0 T = 50 T = 75 x 10

j 
Motion of bug 

 

'

T = 25

Figure 12.96 (b) No matter where we put the bug, it should go straight toward the originthe hottest point on the xy-plane. Its direction of motion is perpendicular to the tangent lines of the level curves, as can be seen in Figure 12.96. 33. Since f (x, y) = x2 y 2 = (x y)(x + y) = 0 gives x y = 0 or x + y = 0, the contours f (x, y) = 0 are the lines y = x or y = x. In the regions between them, f (x, y) > 0 or f (x, y) < 0 as shown in Figure 12.97. The surface z = f (x, y) is above the xy-plane where f > 0 (that is on the shaded regions containing the x-axis) and is below the xy-plane where f < 0. This means that a person could sit on the surface facing along the positive or negative x-axis, and with his/her legs hanging down the sides below the y-axis. Thus, the graph of the function is saddle-shaped at the origin.
y y

f =0

f =0

y = x

y=x

f <0 g>0 f >0 f >0 x g=0 g<0 f <0 y=x y = x g=0

g<0 g>0 x g<0 g>0 g=0

Figure 12.97

Figure 12.98

998

Chapter Twelve /SOLUTIONS

34. We need three lines with g(x, y) = 0, so that the xy-plane is divided into six regions. For example g(x, y) = y(x y)(x + y) has the contour map in Figure 12.98. (Many other answers to this question are possible.) 35. To read off the cross-sections of f with t xed, we choose a t value and move horizontally across the diagram looking at the values on the contours. For t = 0, as we move from the left at x = 0 to the right at x = , we cross contours of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and reach a maximum at x = /2, and then decrease back to 0. That is because if time is xed at t = 0, then f (x, 0) is the displacement of the string at that time: no displacement at x = 0 and x = and greatest displacement at x = /2. For cross-sections with t xed at larger values, as we move along a horizontal line, we cross fewer contours and reach a smaller maximum value: the string is becoming less curved. At time t = /2, the string is straight so we see a value of 0 all the way across the diagram, namely a contour with value 0. For t = , the string has vibrated to the other side and the displacements are negative as we read across the diagram reaching a minimum at x = /2. The cross-sections of f with x xed are read vertically. At x = 0 and x = , we see vertical contours of value 0 because the end points of the string have 0 displacement no matter what time it is. The cross-section for x = /2 is found by moving vertically up the diagram at x = /2. As we expect, the contour values are largest at t = 0, zero at t = /2, and a minimum at t = . Notice that the spacing of the contours is also important. For example, for the t = 0 cross-section, contours are most closely spaced at the end points at x = 0 and x = and most spread out at x = /2. That is because the shape of the string at time t = 0 is a sine curve, which is steepest at the end points and relatively at in the middle. Thus, the contour diagram shows the steepest terrain at the end points and attest terrain in the middle.

Solutions for Section 12.4

Exercises
1. Table 12.14
x\y 0.0 2.0 0.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 5.0

2.

Table 12.15
x\y 2.0 3.0 1.0 4.0 1.0 0.0 6.0 3.0 1.0 8.0 5.0

3. A table of values is linear if the rows are all linear and have the same slope and the columns are all linear and have the same slope. The table does not represent a linear function since none of the rows or columns is linear. 4. A table of values is linear if the rows are all linear and have the same slope and the columns are all linear and have the same slope. We see that the table might represent a linear function since the slope in each row is 3 and the slope in each column is 4.

5. A table of values is linear if the rows are all linear and have the same slope and the columns are all linear and have the same slope. The table might represent a linear function since the slope in each row is 5 and the slope in each column is 2. 6. A table of values is linear if the rows are all linear and have the same slope and the columns are all linear and have the same slope. The table does not represent a linear function since different rows have different slopes. 7. A contour diagram is linear if the contours are parallel straight lines, equally spaced for equally spaced values of z. This contour diagram could represent a linear function. 8. A contour diagram is linear if the contours are parallel straight lines, equally spaced for equally spaced values of z. We see that the contour diagram in the problem does not represent a linear function.

12.4 SOLUTIONS

999

9. Since 0 1 = c + m 0 + n 2 we get: 4 1 x y. 3 2 10. Let the equation of the plane be Thus, z = z = c + mx + ny Since we know the points: (4, 0, 0), (0, 3, 0), and (0, 0, 2) are all on the plane, we know that they satisfy the same equation. We can use these values of (x, y, z) to nd c, m, and n. Putting these points into the equation we get: 0 = c + m 4 + n 0 so c = 4m 0 = c + m 0 + n 3 so c = 3n Because we have a value for c, we can solve for m and n to get 2 = c + m 0 + n 0 so c = 2 2 1 c = 2, m = , n = . 2 3 So the linear function is z =2 1 2 x y. 2 3 = c+m0+n0 c=0 c + 2n = 1

4 = c + m (3) + n 0 c 3m = 4 c = 0, m = 1 4 ,n = . 3 2

11. Figure 12.99 shows the two lines the plane must contain. Both lines are parallel to the x-axis; thus our plane must have x-slope zero. On the other hand, the line in the xy-plane is 2 units down and one unit to the right of the line in the xz-plane; hence the y-slope of our plane must be 2. Thus the equation is z = 0x 2y + c = 2y + c, for some constant c. Since the plane contains the point (0, 0, 2), the value of c must be 2. So the equation is z = 2y + 2.
z

y x

Figure 12.99

1000

Chapter Twelve /SOLUTIONS

12. When y = 0, c + mx = 3x + 4, so c = 4, m = 3. Thus, when x = 0, we have 4 + ny = y + 4, so n = 1. Thus, z = 4 + 3x + y. 13. (a) Since z is a linear function of x and y with slope 2 in the x-direction, and slope 3 in the y-direction, we have: z = 2x + 3y + c We can write an equation for changes in z in terms of changes in x and y: z = (2(x + x) + 3(y + y) + c) (2x + 3y + c) = 2x + 3y

Since x = 0.5 and y = 0.2, we have z = 2(0.5) + 3(0.2) = 0.4 So a 0.5 change in x and a 0.2 change in y produces a 0.4 change in z. (b) As we know that z = 2 when x = 5 and y = 7, the value of z when x = 4.9 and y = 7.2 will be z = 2 + z = 2 + 2x + 3y where z is the change in z when x changes from 4.9 to 5 and y changes from 7.2 to 7. We have x = 4.9 5 = 0.1 and y = 7.2 7 = 0.2. Therefore, when x = 4.9 and y = 7.2, we have z = 2 + 2 (0.1) + 5 0.2 = 2.4 14. (a) Substituting in the values for the slopes, we see that the formula for the plane is z = c + 5x 3y for some value of c. Substituting the point (4, 3, 2) gives c = 13. The formula for the plane is z = 13 + 5x 3y. (b) When z = 0, we have 0 = 13 + 5x 3y

3y = 5x 13 5 13 y = x . 3 3

The contour for z = 0 is a line with slope 5/3 and y-intercept 13/3. Similarly we nd other contours. See Figure 12.100.
y 5
48 36 24

12 0 12

x 5

24

Figure 12.100

12.4 SOLUTIONS

1001

Problems
15. The revenue function, R, is linear and so we may write it as: R = (p1 )c + (p2 )d where p1 is the price of CDs and p2 is the price of DVDs, in dollars. From the diagram, we can pick two points, such as c = 100, d = 100 on the contour R = 2000, and c = 50, d = 300 on the contour R = 4000. These points give the following system of linear equations: 2000 = 100p1 + 100p2 4000 = 50p1 + 300p2 . Solving gives p1 = 8 dollars and p2 = 12 dollars. 16. (a) A student with SATs of 1050 and a GPA of 3.0 has a z-value given by z = 0.003 1050 + 0.8 3.0 4 = 1.55 Since 1.55 < 2.3, this student will not be admitted. (b) A student with SATs of 1600 and GPA of y has a z-value given by z = 0.003 1600 + 0.8y 4 = 0.8 + 0.8y = 0.8(y + 1) Since 0.8(y +1) may be greater than or less than 2.3, not all of the students with SAT scores of 1600 will be admitted. (c) A student with GPA of 4.3 and SATs of x has a z-value given by z = 0.003x + 0.8 4.3 4 = 0.003x 0.56 Since 0.003x 0.56 may be greater than or less than 2.3, not all of the students with a high school GPA of 4.3 will be admitted. (d) See Figure 12.101.
y 4.3 4 3 3 1 2 1 2 0 x 400 1000 1600 0 2 4

'

Admission area

Figure 12.101 (e) If x = 100, then z = 0.003x = 0.003 100 = 0.3. If y = 0.5, then z = 0.8 0.5 = 0.4. An extra 0.5 of high school GPA increases a students z-value by more than an extra 100 points on the SAT. Thus, the increase in GPA is more important. 17. (a) Expenditure, E, is given by the equation: E = (price of raw material 1)m1 + (price of raw material 2)m2 + C where C denotes all the other expenses (assumed to be constant). Since the prices of the raw materials are constant, but m1 and m2 are variables, we have a linear function.

1002

Chapter Twelve /SOLUTIONS

(b) Revenue, R, is given by the equation: R = (p1 )q1 + (p2 )q2 . Since p1 and p2 are constant, while q1 and q2 are variables, we again have a linear function. (c) Revenue is again given by the equation, R = (p1 )q1 + (p2 )q2 . Since p2 and q2 are now constant, the term (p2 )q2 is also constant. However, since p1 and q1 are variables, the (p1 )q1 term means that the function is not linear. 18. The data in Table 12.11 is apparently linear with a slope in the w direction of about 0.9 calories burned for every extra 20 lbs of weight, and a slope in the s direction of about 1.6 calories burned for every extra mile per hour of speed. Since B = 4.2 when w = 120 and s = 8, a formula for B is B = 4.2 + 0.9(w 120) + 1.6(s 8). The formula does not make sense for low weights or speeds. For example, it says that a person weighing 120 pounds going 5 mph burns a negative number of calories per minute, as would a person (child) weighing 60 lbs and going 7 mph. 19. The time in minutes to go 10 miles at a speed of s mph is (10/s)(60) = 600/s. Thus the 120 lb person going 10 mph uses (7.4)(600/10) = 444 calories, and the 180 lb person going 8 mph uses (7.0)(600/8) = 525 calories. The 120 lb person burns 444/120 = 3.7 calories per pound for the trip, while the 180 lb person burns 525/180 = 2.9 calories per pound for the trip. 20. A trip of 10 miles at s mph takes 10/s hours = 600/s minutes. Since the number of calories burned per minute is B, the total number of calories burned on the trip is B 600/s. Thus P = B(600/s) 600(4.2 + 0.9(w 120) + 1.6(s 8)) = w sw

21. The function, g, has a slope of 3 in the x direction and a slope of 1 in the y direction, so g(x, y) = c + 3x + y. Since g(0, 0) = 0, the formula is g(x, y) = 3x + y. 22. The function h decreases as y increases: each increase of y by 2 takes you down one contour and hence changes the function by 2, so the slope in the y direction is 1. The slope in the x direction is 2, so the formula is h(x, y) = c+2xy. From the diagram we see that h(0, 0) = 4, so c = 4. Therefore, the formula for this linear function is h(x, y) = 4+2xy. 23. For each column in the table, we nd that as x increases by 1, f (x, y) increases by 2, so the x slope is 2. For each row in the table, we nd that as y increases by 1, f (x, y) decreases by 0.5, so the y slope is 0.5. So the function has the form f (x, y) = 2x 0.5y + c. Also note that f (0, 0) = 1, so c = 1. Therefore, the function is f (x, y) = 2x 0.5y + 1.

25. See Figure 12.102.

24. For each column in the table, we nd that as x increases by 100, f (x, y) decreases by 1, so the x slope is 0.01. For each row in the table, we nd that as y increases by 10, f (x, y) increases by 3, so the y slope is 0.3. So the function has the form f (x, y) = 0.01x + 0.3y + c. Also note that f (100, 10) = 3, so c = 1. Therefore, the function is f (x, y) = 0.01x + 0.3y + 1
z 2 z 2 2 y x 1 1 x 2 y

Figure 12.102 26. See Figure 12.103.

Figure 12.103

12.4 SOLUTIONS

1003

27. See Figure 12.104.

z 6

z 4

2 4 x 2 y 3 x

Figure 12.104

Figure 12.105

28. See Figure 12.105. 29. (a) The contours of f have equation k = c + mx + ny, Solving for y gives: where k is a constant.

kc m x+ n n Since c, m, n and k are constants, this is the equation of a line. The coefcient of x is the slope and is equal to m/n. (b) Substituting x + n for x and y m for y into f (x, y) gives y= f (x + n, y m) = c + m(x + n) + n(y m) Multiplying out and simplifying gives f (x + n, y m) = c + mx + mn + ny nm (c) Part (b) tells us that if we move n units in the x direction and m units in the y direction, the value of the function f (x, y) remains constant. Since contours are lines where the function has a constant value, this implies that we remain on the same contour. This agrees with part (a) which tells us that the slope of any contour line will be m/n. Since the slope is y/x, it follows that changing y by m and x by n will keep us on the same contour. f (x + n, y m) = c + mx + ny = f (x, y)

30. (a) We see always the same change in z, namely z = 7, for each step through the table in this diagonal direction. For example, in the third step of the diagonal starting at 3 we get 24 17 = 7, and in the second step of the diagonal starting at 6 we get 20 13 = 7. (b) We see always the same change in z, namely z = 5, for each step in this direction. For example, in the second step starting from 19 we get 9 14 = 5, and in the rst step starting at 22 we get 17 22 = 5. (c) For a linear function, z = mx + ny + c, we have: z1 z2 = (mx1 + ny1 + c) (mx2 + ny2 + c) = m(x1 x2 ) + n(y1 y2 ). Writing z = z1 z2 , and x = x1 x2 , and y = y1 y2 , we have z = mx + ny.

1004

Chapter Twelve /SOLUTIONS

For the particular linear function in this problem, we have z = 3 4 x + y. 5 2

In part (a), as we move down the diagonal, we are taking steps with the same x = 5 and same y = 2. Therefore we will get the same change in z for each step, z = 4 3 (5) + (2) = 7. 5 2

In part (b), for each step we have x = 10 and y = 2, so for each step z = 31. (a) We have z = 7. Thus Slope = (b) We have z = 5. Thus Slope = 4 3 (10) + (2) = 5. 5 2 7 7 = . 52 + 2 2 29 5 5 = . 104

(10)2

22

Solutions for Section 12.5

Exercises
1. (a) Observe that setting f (x, y, z) = c gives a cylinder about the x-axis, with radius c. These surfaces are in graph (I). (b) By the same reasoning the level curves for h(x, y, z) are cylinders about the y-axis, so they are represented in graph (II). 2. Points on one of the nested spheres in II have constant distance from the origin, so these spheres are level surfaces f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 = c. Points on one of the nested cylinders in I have constant distance from the y-axis, so these cylinders are level surfaces g(x, y, z) = x2 + z 2 = k.
1 3. If we solve for z, we get z = 1 (5 x 2y), so the level surface is the graph of f (x, y) = 3 (5 x 2y). 3

4. We are looking for all points (x, y, z) whose distance from the origin is 2, that is, (x 0) 2 + (y 0)2 + (z 0)2 = 4, or x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4, which is a level surface of f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 .

5. If we solve for z, we get z = (1 x2 y)2 , so the level surface is the graph of f (x, y) = (1 x2 y)2 .

7. Only the elliptical paraboloid, the hyperbolic paraboloid and the plane. These are the only surfaces in the catalog that satisfy the vertical line test, that is, they have at most one z-value for each x and y. 8. An elliptic paraboloid. 9. A hyperboloid of two sheets. 10. A plane. 11. An ellipsoid. 12. Yes, 13. Yes, z = f (x, y) = z = f (x, y) = x2 + 3y 2 . 3 2 x + y 2. 5 5

6. We are looking for all points (x, y, z) whose distance from (a, b, c) is a constant k, that is, (xa) 2 +(y b)2 +(z c)2 = k 2 , which is a level surface of f (x, y, z) = (x a)2 + (y b)2 + (z c)2 .

14. No, because some z values correspond to two points on the surface. 15. No, because z = x2 + 3y 2 and z = x2 + 3y 2 , so some z-values correspond to two points on the surface.

12.5 SOLUTIONS

1005

Problems
16. The plane is represented by and Other answers are possible 17. The top half of the sphere is represented by z = f (x, y) = and Other answers are possible. 18. The bottom half of the ellipsoid is represented by z = f (x, y) = 2(1 x2 y 2 ) z2 = 1, 2 z 0. 10 x2 y 2 z 0. z = f (x, y) = 2x y 3 2

g(x, y, z) = 4x y 2z = 6.

g(x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 10,

g(x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + Other answers are possible

20. If we solve x2 +y 2 /4+z 2 /9 = 1 for z we get z = 3 and g(x, y) = 3 1 x2 y 2 /4.

19. The graph of g(x, y) = x + 2y is the set of all points (x, y, z) satisfying z = x + 2y, or x + 2y z = 0. This is a level surface, but we want the surface equal to the constant value 1, not 0, so we can add 1 to both sides to get x+2yz+1 = 1. Thus, f (x, y, z) = x + 2y z + 1 has level surface f = 1 identical to the graph of g(x, y) = x + 2y. 1 x2 y 2 /4. Thus we can take f (x, y) = 3

1 x2 y 2 /4

21. The equation of any plane parallel to the plane z = 2x+3y5 has x-slope 2 and y-slope 3, so has equation z = 2x+3yc for any constant c, or 2x + 3y z = c. Thus we could take g(x, y, z) = 2x + 3y z. Other answers are possible.

25. In the xz-plane, the equation x2 /4 + z 2 = 1 is an ellipse, with widest points at x = 2 on the x-axis and crossing the z-axis at z = 1. Since the equation has no y term, the level surface is a cylinder of elliptical cross-section, centered along the y-axis.

24. Starting with the equation z = x2 + y 2 , we ip the cone and shift it up one, yielding z = 1 x2 + y 2 . This is a cone with vertex at (0, 0, 1) that intersects the xy-plane in a circle of radius 1. Interchanging the variables, we see that y = 1 x2 + z 2 is an equation whose graph includes the desired cone C. Finally, we express this equation as a level surface g(x, y, z) = 1 x2 + z 2 y = 0.

23. (a) The graph of f (x, y) is obtained by plotting points (x, y, z), where z = f (x, y). Since the square root function is never negative, we have z 0. Setting z = 1 y 2 and squaring both sides leads to y 2 + z 2 = 1, which is the equation for a circular cylinder of radius 1 lying along the x-axis (since x is missing from the equation). The graph of the function includes only those points where z 0, that is, the upper half of the cylinder. (b) If we take g(x, y, z) = f (x, y) z = 1 y 2 z, then the level surface g(x, y, z) = 0 is the surface S.

22. (a) The graph of f (x, y) is obtained by plotting points (x, y, z), where z = f (x, y). Since the square root function is 1 x2 y 2 and squaring both sides leads to x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1, never negative, we have z 0. Setting z = which is the equation for a sphere of radius 1. The graph of the function includes only those points where z 0, that is, the upper hemisphere of radius 1, centered at the origin. (b) If we take g(x, y, z) = f (x, y) z = 1 x2 y 2 z, then the level surface g(x, y, z) = 0 is the surface S.

26. Setting y to a constant c yields the equation x2 + z 2 = 1 c2 /4, which, for 2 c 2 gives circular cross-sections. Fixing x = c yields the equation y 2 /4 + z 2 = 1 c2 , which for 1 c 1 yields elliptical cross-sections. A similar result is true for cross-sections with constant z. Thus the level surface appears to be a unit sphere, centered at the origin, that has been stretched by a factor of two in the y-direction (this shape is called an ellipsoid). 27. The level surfaces are graphs of the equations x + y + z = c for different values of the constant c. These are all parallel planes. 28. The level surfaces are the graphs of sin(x + y + z) = k for constant k (with 1 k 1). This means x + y + z = sin1 (k) + 2n, or sin1 (k) + 2n for all integers n. Therefore for each value of k, with 1 k 1, we get an innite family of parallel planes. So the level surfaces are families of parallel planes.

1006

Chapter Twelve /SOLUTIONS

29. Lets consider the function y = 2 + sin z drawn in the yz-plane in Figure 12.106.
z

2 x

y y = 2 + sin z

Figure 12.106 Now rotate this graph around the z-axis. Then, a point (x, y, z) is on the surface if and only if x 2 +y 2 = (2+sin z)2 . Thus, the surface generated is a surface of rotation with the prole shown in Figure 12.106. Similarly, the surface with equation x2 + y 2 = (f (z))2 is the surface obtained rotating the graph of y = f (z) around the z-axis. 30. f (x, y, z) = x2 y 2 + z 2 has 3 types of level surfaces depending on the values of c in the equation x 2 y 2 + z 2 = c. We write this as x2 + z 2 = y 2 + c and think of what happens as we take a cross-section of the surface, perpendicular to the y-axis by holding y xed. (i) For c > 0, the level surface is a hyperboloid of 1 sheet. (ii) For c < 0, the level surface is a hyperboloid of 2 sheets. (iii) For c = 0, the level surface is a cone. 31. The level surfaces are the graphs of g(x, y, z) = e(x +y +z ) = k for constant values of k such that 0 < k 1. So x2 + y 2 + z 2 = ln k, which is the graph of a sphere since ln k 0.
2 2 2

32. The level surfaces are all planes described as follows: When h(x, y, z) = 1, the plane is given by ezy = 1, When h(x, y, z) = e, the plane is given by ezy = e, When h(x, y, z) = e , the plane is given by ezy = e2 , See Figure 12.107.
z
2

so

z y = ln 1 = 0. z y = ln e = 1. z y = ln e2 = 2.

so

so

' '
y

h = e2 h=e

'
x

h=1

Figure 12.107

12.6 SOLUTIONS

1007

33. For values of f < 4, the level surfaces are spheres, with larger f giving smaller radii. See Figure 12.108.
z z f =0 g=0


g = 2

g = 1

E 
y f =2

f =1 x

Figure 12.108

Figure 12.109

34. For values of g < 1, the level surfaces are cylinders centered on the z-axis, with larger g values giving smaller radii. See Figure 12.109.

Solutions for Section 12.6

Exercises
1. No, 1/(x2 + y 2 ) is not dened at the origin, so is not continuous at all points in the square 1 x 1, 1 y 1. 2. The function 1/(x2 + y 2 ) is continuous on the square 1 x 2, 1 y 2. The functions x 2 and y 2 are continuous everywhere, and so is their sum. The constant function 1 is continuous, and thus so is the ratio 1/(x 2 + y 2 ), as long as x2 + y 2 = 0. Since the only place x2 + y 2 = 0 is at the origin, and the origin is not included in the square, the function is continuous in the square. 3. The function y/(x2 + 2) is continuous on the disk x2 + y 2 1. The functions x2 + 2 and y are continuous everywhere, and so is their ratio, as long as the denominator is not 0. But x2 + 2 is always at least 2, so the function is continuous on the disk (actually at all points in the plane). 4. The function esin x /cos y is continuous on the rectangle x , 0 y . The functions sin x and ex 2 2 4 are continuous everywhere, and so is their composition esin x . Then the ratio esin x /cos y is continuous as long as the denominator is not 0. But cos y is not 0 in the interval 0 y , so the function is continuous on the given rectangle. 4

7. Since the composition of continuous functions is continuous, the function f is continuous at (0, 0) and we have
(x,y)(0,0)

5. The function tan() is undened when = /2 1.57. Since there are points in the square 2 x 2, 2 y 2 with x y = /2 (e.g. x = 1, y = /2) the function tan(xy) is not dened inside the square, hence not continuous. 6. The function 2x y is undened when 2x y < 0. Since there are points in the disk x 2 + y 2 4 with 2x y < 0 (e.g. x = 0, y = 1) the function 2x y is not dened at all points inside the disk and hence is not continuous. lim f (x, y) = lim exy = e00 = 1

(x,y)(0,0)

8. Since the composition of continuous functions is continuous, the function f is continuous at (0, 0). We have:
(x,y)(0,0)

lim

f (x, y) =

(x,y)(0,0)

lim

(x2 + y 2 ) = 0 + 0 = 0.

9. Since f does not depend on y we have:

(x,y)(0,0)

lim

f (x, y) = lim

x0

x 0 = = 0. x2 + 1 0+1

1008

Chapter Twelve /SOLUTIONS

10. Since the composition of continuous functions is continuous, the function f is continuous at (0, 0). We have:
(x,y)(0,0)

lim

f (x, y) =

(x,y)(0,0)

lim

x+y 0+0 = = 0. sin y + 2 0+2 sin(x2 + y 2 ) . x2 + y 2

11. We want to compute

(x,y)(0,0)

lim

f (x, y) =

(x,y)(0,0)

lim

As r = x2 + y 2 is the distance from (x, y) to (0, 0) we have that (x, y) (0, 0) is equivalent to r 0. Hence the limit becomes: sin r2 = 1. lim f (x, y) = lim r0 r2 (x,y)(0,0)

Problems
12. We want to show that f does not have a limit as (x, y) approaches (0, 0). So let us suppose that (x, y) tends to (0, 0) along the line y = mx, where the slope m = 1. Then f (x, y) = f (x, mx) = Therefore
x0

(1 + m)x x + mx 1+m = = . x mx (1 m)x 1m 1+m 1m

lim f (x, mx) =

and so for m = 2 we get

(x,y)(0,0) y=2x

lim

f (x, y) =

3 1+2 = = 3 12 1 1+3 4 = = 2. 13 2

and for m = 3
(x,y)(0,0) y=3x

lim

f (x, y) =

Thus no matter how close they are to the origin, there will be points (x, y) where the value f (x, y) is close to 3 and points (x, y) where f (x, y) is close to 2. So the limit:
(x,y)(0,0)

lim

f (x, y) does not exist.

13. We want to show that f does not have a limit as (x, y) approaches (0, 0). Let us suppose that (x, y) tends to (0, 0) along the line y = mx. Then x2 m 2 x2 1 m2 f (x, y) = f (x, mx) = 2 = . x + m 2 x2 1 + m2 Therefore 1 m2 lim f (x, mx) = x0 1 + m2 and so for m = 1 we get 11 0 lim f (x, y) = = =0 (x,y)(0,0) 1+1 2 y=x and for m = 0
(x,y)(0,0) y=0

lim

f (x, y) =

10 = 1. 1+0

Thus no matter how close they are to the origin, there will be points (x, y) such that f (x, y) is close to 0 and points (x, y) where f (x, y) is close to 1. So the limit:
(x,y)(0,0)

lim

f (x, y) does not exist.

12.6 SOLUTIONS

1009

14. We want to show that f does not have a limit as (x, y) approaches (0, 0). For this let us consider x > 0, y > 0, which gives xy lim = 1. f (x, y) = lim (x,y)(0,0) (x,y)(0,0) |xy|
x>0,y>0 x>0,y>0

On the other hand, if x > 0, y < 0, we get

(x,y)(0,0) x>0,y<0

lim

f (x, y) =

(x,y)(0,0) x>0,y<0

lim

xy xy = lim = 1. (x,y)(0,0) xy |xy|

x>0,y<0

Thus no matter how close to the origin they are, there will be points (x, y) such that f (x, y) is close to 1 and points (x, y) such that f (x, y) is close to 1. So the limit
(x,y)(0,0)

lim

f (x, y) does not exist.

15. Let us suppose that (x, y) approaches (0, 0) along the line y = x. Then f (x, y) = f (x, x) = Therefore
(x,y)(0,0) y=x

x3 x = 2 . x4 + x 2 x +1 x = 0. x2 + 1

lim

f (x, y) = lim

x0

On the other hand, if (x, y) approaches (0, 0) along the parabola y = x 2 we have f (x, y) = f (x, x2 ) = and
(x,y)(0,0) y=x2

1 x4 = 2x4 2 1 . 2

lim

f (x, y) = lim f (x, x2 ) =

x0

Thus no matter how close they are to the origin, there will be points (x, y) such that f (x, y) is close to 0 and points (x, y) 1 such that f (x, y) is close to 2 . So the limit lim f (x, y)
(x,y)(0,0)

does not exist. 16. Let us suppose that (x, y) tends to (0, 0) along the curve y = kx 2 , where k = 1. We get f (x, y) = f (x, kx2 ) = Therefore:
x0

x2

x2 1 = . + kx2 1+k 1 1+k

lim f (x, kx2 ) = lim

and so for k = 0 we get

(x,y)(0,0) y=0

f (x, y) = 1

and for k = 1
(x,y)(0,0) y=x2

lim

f (x, y) =

1 . 2

Thus no matter how close they are to the origin, there will be points (x, y) where the value f (x, y) is close to 1 and points (x, y) where f (x, y) is close to 1 . So the limit: 2
(x,y)(0,0)

lim

f (x, y)

does not exist.

1010

Chapter Twelve /SOLUTIONS

17. We will study the continuity of f at (a, 0). Now f (a, 0) = 1 a. In addition:
(x,y)(a,0) y>0

lim

f (x, y) = lim (1 x) = 1 a
xa

(x,y)(a,0) y<0

lim

f (x, y) = lim 2 = 2.
xa

If a = 3, then
(x,y)(3,0) y>0

lim

f (x, y) = 1 3 = 2 =

(x,y)(3,0) y<0

lim

f (x, y)

and so lim(x,y)(3,0) f (x, y) = 2 = f (3, 0). Therefore f is continuous at (3, 0). On the other hand, if a = 3, then
(x,y)(a,0) y>0

lim

f (x, y) = 1 a = 2 =

(x,y)(a,0) y<0

lim

f (x, y)

so lim(x,y)(a,0) f (x, y) does not exist. Thus f is not continuous at (a, 0) if a = 3. Thus, f is not continuous along the line y = 0. (In fact the only point on this line where f is continuous is the point (3, 0).) 18. The function, f is continuous at all points (x, y) with x = 3. We analyze the continuity of f at the point (3, a). We have:
(x,y)(3,a),x<3 (x,y)(3,a),x>3

lim

f (x, y) = lim (c + y) = c + a
ya

lim

f (x, y) =

x>3,x3

lim

(5 x) = 2.

We want to see if we can nd one value of c such that c + a = 2 for all a. This would mean that c = 2 a, but then c would be dependent on a. Therefore, we cannot make the function continuous everywhere. 19. The function f is continuous at all points (x, y) with x = 3. So lets analyze the continuity of f at the point (3, a). We have
(x,y)(3,a) x<3

lim

f (x, y) = lim (c + y) = c + a
ya

(x,y)(3,a) x>3

lim

f (x, y) = lim (5 y) = 5 a.
ya

So we need to see if we can nd one value for c such that c + a = 5 a for all a. This would require that c = 5 2a, but then c would depend on a, which is exactly what we dont want. Therefore, we cannot make the function continuous everywhere. 20. It is not continuous at (0, 0). The function f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 gets closer and closer to 0 as (x, y) gets closer to the origin; but the value of f (0, 0) is not 0, it is 2. Since the value of the function is not equal to the limit, the function is not continuous at the origin. 21. The function f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 + 1 gets closer and closer to 1 as (x, y) gets closer to the origin. To make f continuous at the origin, we need to have f (0, 0) = 1. Thus c = 1 will make the function continuous at the origin. 22. (a) The graphs are shown in Figure 12.110.
y z

x x y

Figure 12.110 (b) Yes, it seems that if x and y are both close to 0, the values of the function are both close to 0 = f (0, 0).

SOLUTIONS to Review Problems for Chapter Twelve

1011

23. (a) We have f (x, 0) = 0 for all x and f (0, y) = 0 for all y, so these are both continuous (constant) functions of one variable. (b) The contour diagram suggests that the contours of f are lines through the origin. Providing it is not vertical, the equation of such a line is y = mx. To conrm that such lines are contours of f , we must show that f is constant along these lines. Substituting into the function, we get x(mx) mx2 m = 2 = = constant. 2 + (mx) x + m 2 x2 1 + m2 Since f (x, y) is constant along the line y = mx, such lines are contained in contours of f . (c) We consider the limit of f (x, y) as (x, y) (0, 0) along the line y = mx. We can see that m lim f (x, mx) = . x0 1 + m2 Therefore, if m = 1 we have 1 lim f (x, y) = (x,y)(0,0) 2 y=x f (x, y) = f (x, mx) = x2 whereas if m = 0 we have
(x,y)(0,0) y=0

lim

f (x, y) = 0.

Thus, no matter how close we are to the origin, we can nd points (x, y) where the value f (x, y) is 1/2 and points (x, y) where the value f (x, y) is 0. So the limit lim(x,y)(0,0) f (x, y) does not exist. Thus, f is not continuous at (0, 0), even though the one-variable functions f (x, 0) and f (0, y) are continuous at (0, 0). See Figures 23 and 23

Solutions for Chapter 12 Review

Exercises
1. An example is the line z = x in the xz-plane. See Figure 12.111.
z z

y x x

Figure 12.111 2. An example is the line y = z in the yz-plane. See Figure 12.112.

Figure 12.112

3. Given (x, y) we can solve uniquely for z, namely z = 5 3x + 2y. Thus, z is a function of x and y: z = f (x, y) = 5 3x + 2y.

4. The equation x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 100 does not determine z uniquely from x and y. For example, the points (0, 0, 10) and (0, 0, 10) both satisfy the equation. Therefore z is not a function of (x, y). 5. Given (x, y) we can solve uniquely for z, namely z = 2 + x y 3x2 + + y 2 . Thus, z is a function of x and y: 5 5 5 x y 3x2 z = f (x, y) = 2 + + + y2 . 5 5 5

1012

Chapter Twelve /SOLUTIONS

6. The z-coordinate of a point satisfying x2 + y 2 = 100 is not uniquely determined by its x and y coordinates. For example, (10, 0, 0) and (10, 0, 100) both satisfy the equation. Therefore z is not a function of x and y. 7. (a) is (I), because there is a minimum at the origin and the surface slopes steadily upward. (b) is (IV), because there is a maximum at the origin and the surface slopes increasingly steeply downward as we move away from the origin. (c) is (II), because there is a maximum at the origin and the surface slopes steadily downward. (d) is (III), because there is a minimum at the origin and the surface slopes increasingly fast upward as we move away from the origin. 8. (a) is (IV). The level curves of f and g are lines, with slope of f = 1 and slope of g = 1. See Figure 12.113. (b) is (II). The level curves of f and g are lines, with slope of f = 2/3 and slope of g = 2/3. See Figure 12.114. (c) is (I). The level curves of f are parabolas opening upward; the level curves of g are the shape of ln x, but upside down and for both positive and negative x-values. See Figure 12.115. (d) is (III). The level curves of f are hyperbolas centered on the x- or y-axes; the level curves of g are rectangular hyperbolas in quadrants (I) and (III) or quadrants (II) and (IV). See Figure 12.116.
y g = c2 y g = c2

f = c1 x

f = c1 x

Figure 12.113
y

Figure 12.114

' '
x

y f = c1 g = c2

'
x

g = c2

'
Figure 12.115 Figure 12.116

f = c1

9. Contours are lines of the form 3x 5y + 1 = c as shown in Figure 12.117. Note that for the regions of x and y given, the c values range from 12 < c < 12 and are evenly spaced.
y y 2 1
2 1

0.95 0.95

1
0.2
0 4

0.8 0.4 0.6

x
8 12

1 2 2 1

0.8 0.95

0.6

0.4

0.2

2 0.95 2 1

Figure 12.117

Figure 12.118

SOLUTIONS to Review Problems for Chapter Twelve

1013

10. Since setting z = c, with 1 c 1 gives y = sin1 c + 2n or y = sin1 c + 2n =constant, where n is any integer, contours are horizontal lines as shown in Figure 12.118. 11. Contours are ellipses of the form 2x2 + y 2 = c as shown in Figure 12.119. Note that for the ranges of x and y given, the range of c value is 1 c < 9 and are closer together farther from the origin.
y 2 1 x 1 2 2 1
7

y 2 1 x
0 0. .8 0. 0.2 5 07

1 5 3

2 2

0. 01

Figure 12.119

Figure 12.120

12. The contours are ellipses of the form 2x2 + y 2 = ln c as shown in Figure 12.120. For the ranges of x and y given, the c values range from just above 0 to 1. 13. These conditions describe a line parallel to the z-axis which passes through the xy-plane at (2, 1, 0). 15. The equation will be of the form mx + ny + ez = d, but you can divide through by d to get an equation of the form ax + by + cz = 1 (d can not be zero, as the origin is not in the plane). Now plug in the points: From (0, 0, 2), we get a(0) + b(0) + c(2) = 1. From this we get c = 1 . Similarly we get a = 1 , and b = 1 . So the equation that ts these 2 5 3 points is y z x + + = 1. 5 3 2 The equation of this plane can also be obtained by calculating the normal as the cross product of two vectors lying in the plane. 16. We complete the square x2 + 4x + 4 + y 2 6y + 9 + z 2 + 12z + 36 = 4 + 9 + 36 (x + 2)2 + (y 3)2 + (z + 6)2 = 49 The center is (2, 3, 6) and the radius is 7. x2 + 4x + y 2 6y + z 2 + 12z = 0 14. The sphere has equation (x 1)2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4.

17. A contour diagram is linear if the contours are parallel straight lines, equally spaced for equally spaced values of z. This contour diagram does not represent a linear function. 18. A contour diagram is linear if the contours are parallel straight lines, equally spaced for equally spaced values of z. This contour diagram could represent a linear function. 19. (a) Since the function is linear, the increment between successive entries in the same column is constant. From the third column we see that the increment is 2 8 = 6. Subtract 6 to go from any entry in the table to the entry below it, and add 6 to get the entry above it. See Table 12.16. Table 12.16
y 2.5 x 1 6 0 6 1 3 3.0 7 1 5 3.50 8 2 4

1014

Chapter Twelve /SOLUTIONS

(b) From the third column of the table we calculate Slope in x-direction = m = From the rst row of the table we calculate Slope in y-direction = n = The equation of the linear function is f (x, y) = z0 + m(x x0 ) + n(y y0 ) 86 = 2. 3.5 2.5 28 = 3. 1 (1)

= f (1, 2.5) 3(x (1)) + 2(y 2.5) = 2 3x + 2y.

20. (a) Yes. (b) The coefcient of m is 15 dollars per month. It represents the monthly charge to use this service. The coefcient of t is 0.05 dollars per minute. Each minute the customer is on-line costs 5 cents. (c) The intercept represents the base charge. It costs $35 just to get hooked up to this service. (d) We have f (3, 800) = 120. A customer who uses this service for three months and is on-line for a total of 800 minutes is charged $120. 21. The level surfaces appear to be circular cylinders centered on the z-axis. Since they dont change with z, there is no z in the formula, and we can use the formula for a circle in the xy-plane, x 2 + y 2 = r2 . Thus the level surfaces are of the form f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 = c for c > 0. 22. A cylindrical surface. 23. A cone. 24. (a) The contours of g are parallel straight lines, and equally spaced function values correspond to equally spaced contours. These are the characteristics of the contour diagram of a linear function. (b) The zero contour goes through the origin, so g(0, 0) = 0 is one value of the function. The slope m in the x-direction, obtained from the function values at (0, 0) and (50, 0), is m= g(50, 0) g(0, 0) 10000 0 = = 200. 50 0 50 0 g(0, 50) g(0, 0) 5000 0 = = 100. 50 0 50 0

The slope n in the y-direction, obtained from the function values at (0, 0) and (0, 50), is n= We have the formula

g(x, y) = z0 + m(x x0 ) + n(y y0 ) 25. (a) The value of z decreases as x increases. See Figure 12.121. (b) The value of z increases as y increases. See Figure 12.122.
z

= g(0, 0) + m(x 0) + n(y 0) = 200x + 100y.

Figure 12.121

Figure 12.122

SOLUTIONS to Review Problems for Chapter Twelve

1015

Problems
26. The cross-sections perpendicular to the t-axis are sine curves of the form g(x, b) = (cos b) sin 2x; these have period . The cross-sections perpendicular to the x-axis are cosine curves of the form g(a, t) = (sin 2a) cos t; these have period 2.
g(x, t) 1
2 2

2 t

Figure 12.123: Graph g(x, t) = cos t sin 2x

1 0.5 0 0.5 1

' '
4 2

t = 0, 2 t=
5 , 3 3

1 0.5 x 0 0.5 1

' '
2

x= x=

4 5 , 12 12

3 4

3 2

Figure 12.124: Cross-section g(x, b) = (cos b) sin 2x, with b = 0, /3, 5/3, 2

Figure 12.125: Cross-section g(a, t) = (sin 2a) cos t with a = /12, /4, 5/12

27. If

0.75 0.25 P0 = f (L0 , K0 ) = 1.01L0 K0

then replacing L0 and K0 by 2L0 and 2K0 gives f (2L0 , 2K0 ) = 1.01(2L0 )0.75 (2K0 )0.25 = 2f (L0 , K0 ) = 2P0 .
0.75 0.25 = 20.75 20.25 1.01L0 K0

So, doubling labor and capital doubles production. 28. (a) The level curve f = 1 is given by x2 + y 2 + x = 1 x2 + y 2 = 1 x. Since x2 + y 2 0, we must have x 1. Squaring gives x2 + y 2 = (1 x)2 = 1 2x + x2 So the level curve is given by 1 1 x = y2 + 2 2

1016

Chapter Twelve /SOLUTIONS

with x 1. Looking at the equation for the level curve, x always satises x 1 since x 1 level curve f = 1 is the parabola x = 2 y 2 + 1 . See Figure 12.126. 2 Similarly, the level curve f = 2 has equation, valid for x 2, x2 + y 2 = 2 x x2 + y 2 = 4 4x + x2 1 x = y2 + 1 4

1 . 2

This means the

The level curve f = 3 has equation, valid for x 3, x2 + y 2 = 3 x x2 + y 2 = 9 6x + x2 3 1 x = y2 + . 6 2

Both f = 2 and f = 3 are valid for all x and y satisfying the respective equations, so the level curves are parabolas. See Figure 12.126. (b) The level curve f = c has equation, valid for x c, x2 + y 2 = c x x2 + y 2 = c2 2cx + x2 c 1 x = y2 + . 2c 2

c If c > 0, then any x satisfying this equation satises x 2 , so we have x < c. Thus, the level curve exists for c > 0. c If c < 0, then any x satisfying the level curve equation also satises x 2 , so x > c (since c is negative). Thus, the level curves do not exist for c < 0. If c = 0, we get the level curve y = 0 with x 0. Summarizing, we have that level curves exist only for c 0.

y f =c

Figure 12.126 29. Points along the positive x-axis are of the form (x, 0); at these points the function looks like 2x/2x = 1 everywhere (except at the origin, where it is undened). On the other hand, along the y-axis, the function looks like y 2 /y 2 = 1. Since approaching the origin along two different paths yields numbers that are not the same, the limit does not exist. 30. Points along the positive x-axis are of the form (x, 0); at these points the function looks like x/2x = 1/2 everywhere (except at the origin, where it is undened). On the other hand, along the y-axis, the function looks like y 2 /y = y, which approaches 0 as we get closer to the origin. Since approaching the origin along two different paths yields numbers that are not the same, the limit does not exist. 31. The point x = 10, t = 5 is between the contours H = 70 and H = 75, a little closer to the former. Therefore, we estimate H(10, 5) 72, i.e., it is about 72 F. Five minutes later we are at the point x = 10, t = 10, which is just above the contour H = 75, so we estimate that it has warmed up to 76 F by then. 32. The line t = 5 crosses the contour H = 80 at about x = 4; this means that H(4, 5) 80, and so the point (4, 80) is on the graph of the one-variable function y = H(x, 5). Each time the line crosses a contour, we can plot another point on the graph of H(x, 5), and thus get a sketch of the graph. See Figure 12.127. Each data point obtained from the contour map has been indicated by a dot on the graph. The graph of H(x, 20) was obtained in a similar way.

SOLUTIONS to Review Problems for Chapter Twelve H 85 80 75 70 65 0 x 5 10 15 20 25 30 t=5 t = 20

1017

Figure 12.127: Graph of H(x, 5) and H(x, 20): heat as a function of distance from the heater at t = 5 and t = 20 minutes These two graphs describe the temperature at different positions as a function of x for t = 5 and t = 20. Notice that the graph of H(x, 5) descends more steeply than the graph of H(x, 20); this is because the contours are quite close together along the line t = 5, whereas they are more spread out along the line t = 20. In practical terms the shape of the graph of H(x, 5) tells us that the temperature drops quickly as you move away from the heater, which makes sense, since the heater was turned on just ve minutes ago. On the other hand, the graph of H(x, 20) descends more slowly, which makes sense, because the heater has been on for 20 minutes and the heat has had time to diffuse throughout the room. 33. When h is xed, say h = 1, then Similarly, When r is xed, say r = 1, then Similarly, f (2, h) = 4
Volume

V = f (r, 1) = r 2 1 = r 2 4 2 f (r, ) = r2 3 9 and 1 f (r, ) = r2 3 9

f (1, h) = (1)2 h = h and f (3, h) = 9h.

Volume
2 ) 3

h=

2 3

r=3 f (3, h) r=2 f (2, h)

25 h=1 20 15 10 5 0 f (r, 1)

f (r,

50
1 3 1 f (r, 3 )

h=

40 30 20 10

f (1, h) r=1

r 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5

Figure 12.128

Figure 12.129

34. Let the equation of the plane be z = ax + by + c. When z = 0, the line on the xy-plane is ax + by + c = 0. Since we know that the plane intersects the xy-plane along the line y = 2x + 2 we have b = 0 and a =2 b c =2 b

Since (1, 2, 2) lies on the plane, we can use the equation z = ax + by + c to get 2 = a + 2b + c

1018

Chapter Twelve /SOLUTIONS

Solving the equations gives a = 2, b = 1, c = 2. Hence z = 2x y + 2 and the linear function is f (x, y) = 2x y + 2.

35. (a) Since z = c, where 1 c 1 is a constant, gives x2 + y 2 = cos1 (c) + 2k, where k is any integer such that cos1 (c) + 2k is non-negative, or x2 + y 2 = r2 , where r = cos1 (c) + 2k, which represents a family of circles of radius r centered at (0, 0), the level curves of the function are families of circles, as shown in Figure 12.130.
y
. .5 5 0

.5

.5

.5

1 0

.5

Figure 12.130 (b) The plane containing the x- and z-axes is the plane y = 0. Thus the cross-section is z = cos x2 + 02 = cos(|x|) = cos x, as shown in Figure 12.131. (c) Denote the line y = x in the xy-plane as r-axis and put units on it such that the units on the r-axis coincide with the units on the x-axis and y-axis, namely, r 2 = x2 + y 2 . Thus, the cross-section is z = cos r2 = cos(|r|) = cos r, as shown in Figure 12.132.
z 1 x 1 r z

Figure 12.131

Figure 12.132

36. The function y = f (x, 0) = cos 0 sin x = sin x gives the displacement of each point of the string when time is held xed at t = 0. The function f (x, 1) = cos 1 sin x = 0.54 sin x gives the displacement of each point of the string at time t = 1. Graphing f (x, 0) and f (x, 1) gives in each case an arch of the sine curve, the rst with amplitude 1 and the second with amplitude 0.54. For each different xed value of t, we get a different snapshot of the string, each one a sine curve with amplitude given by the value of cos t. The result looks like the sequence of snapshots shown in Figure 12.133.
y 1 0.54 0.54 f (x, 0) = sin x f (x, 1) = 0.54 sin x

Figure 12.133

SOLUTIONS to Review Problems for Chapter Twelve

1019

37. The function f (0, t) = cos t sin 0 = 0 gives the displacement of the left end of the string as time varies. Since that point remains stationary, the displacement is zero. The function f (1, t) = cos t sin 1 = 0.84 cos t gives the displacement of the point at x = 1 as time varies. Since cos t oscillates back and forth between 1 and 1, this point moves back and forth with maximum displacement of 0.84 in either direction. Notice the maximum displacements are greatest at x = /2 where sin x = 1. 38. (a) For t = 0, we have y = f (x, 0) = sin x,
y 1

0 x , as in Figure 12.134.

2 2

/2

x /2

Figure 12.134
2 2

Figure 12.135

For t = /4, we have y = f (x, /4) = sin x, 0 x , as in Figure 12.135. For t = /2, we have y = f (x, /2) = 0, as in Figure 12.136.
y y /2

2 2

Figure 12.136

Figure 12.137

For t = 3/4, we have y = f (x, 3/4) = 2 2 sin x, 0 x , as in Figure 12.137. For t = , we have y = f (x, ) = sin x, 0 x , as in Figure 12.138.
y /2 x

Figure 12.138 (b) The graphs show an arch of a sine wave which is above the x-axis, concave down at t = 0, is straight along the x-axis at t = /2, and below the x-axis, concave up at t = , like a guitar string vibrating up and down. 39. (a) For g(x, t) = cos 2t sin x, our snapshots for xed values of t are still one arch of the sine curve. The amplitudes, which are governed by the cos 2t factor, now change twice as fast as before. That is, the string is vibrating twice as fast. (b) For y = h(x, t) = cos t sin 2x, the vibration of the string is more complicated. If we hold t xed at any value, the snapshot now shows one full period, i.e. one crest and one trough, of the sine curve. The magnitude of the sine curve is time dependent, given by cos t. Now the center of the string, x = /2, remains stationary just like the end points. This is a vibrating string with the center held xed, as shown in Figure 12.139.
y

t= t=

3 4

s s t= 2 s
t= t=0
4

Figure 12.139: Another vibrating string: y = h(x, t) = cos t sin 2x

1020

Chapter Twelve /SOLUTIONS

CAS Challenge Problems

40. (a) Let C = (x, y, 0). Since distance AC = 2 we have x2 + y 2 = 22 , and since distance BC = 2 we have (x 2)2 + y 2 = 22 . Solving these two equations, we have C = (1, 3, 0) or C = (1, 3, 0). We will pick the rst choice (the second choice gives different answers in the next part). (b) Let D = (x, y, z). Distance DA = 2 implies that x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4. Distance DB = 2 implies that (x 2)2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 . Distance DC = 2 that (x 1)2 + (y 3)2 + z 2 = Solving these three equations, we implies 4. have: x = 1, y = 1/ 3, z = 2 2/ 3 or x = 1, y = 1/ 3, z = 2 2/ 3. Picking the rst choice we have D = (1, 1/ 3, 2 2/ 3). (c) The gure is a tetrahedron, that is, a polyhedron with four faces, each of which is an equilateral triangle: ABC, ABD, ACD, BCD. 41. (a) f (x, f (x, y)) = 3 + x + 2(3 + x + 2y) = (3 + 2 3) + (1 + 2)x + 22 y = 9 + 3x + 4y = (3 + 2 3 + 22 3) + (1 + 2 + 22 )x + 23 y = 21 + 7x + 8y (b) From part (a) we guess that the general pattern for k nested f s is (3 + 2 3 + 22 3 + + 2k1 3) + (1 + 2 + 22 + + 2k1 )x + 2k y Thus f (x, f (x, f (x, f (x, f (x, f (x, y)))))) = (3 + 2 3 + 22 3 + + 25 3) + (1 + 2 + 22 + + 25 )x + 26 y = 189 + 63x + 64y. 42. (a) Since f (1, 1, 1) = 16, f (1, 1, 2) = 21, an increase of 1 in z increases the value of f by 5. Thus we estimate f (1, 1, 3) 21 + 5 = 26. Similarly, since f (1, 0, 1) = 20, f (1, 1, 1) = 16, an increase of 1 in y decreases the value of f by 4. So we estimate f (1, 2, 1) 16 4 = 12. (b) When x and y are xed at 1, f is a linear function of z, thus the linear approximation will give a precise answer for f (1, 1, 3). However, when x and z are xed at 1, f is the sum of an exponential function of y and a linear function, thus the linear approximation will not be accurate for f (1, 2, 1). (c) Since f (x, y, z) = ax2 +byz +czx3 +d2xy and f (1, 0, 1) = 20, f (1, 1, 1) = 16, f (1, 1, 2) = 21, f (0, 0, 1) = 6, we have a + c + 2d = 20 a + b + c + d = 16 a + 2b + 2c + d = 21 d=6 Solving for a, b, c, d, we get f (x, y, z) = 5x2 + 2yz + 3zx3 + 6 2xy . (d) f (1, 1, 3) = 26, which matches the estimate in part (a). f (1, 2, 1) = 15, which does not agree with the estimate in part (a).

f (x, f (x, f (x, y))) = 3 + x + 2(3 + x + 2(3 + x + 2y))

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

1. Could not be true. If the origin is on the level curve z = 1, then z = f (0, 0) = 1 = 1. So (0, 0) cannot be on both z = 1 and z = 1. z = f (x, y) = (x2 + y 2 2)(x2 + y 2 3) + 1 3. Might be true. The function z = x2 y 2 + 1 has this property. The level curve z = 1 is the lines y = x and y = x. 5. True. For every point (x, y), compute the value z = e(x to that value goes through the point (x, y).
2

2. Might be true. One may consider the function

4. Not true. There are no level curves for z > 1 or z 0.

+y 2 )

at that point. The level curve obtained by getting z equal

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

1021

6. False. The rst row is linear with slope 1/0.1 = 10. The second row is linear with slope 1.07/0.1 = 10.7. Since the slope of the rst row is not the same as the slope of the second row, the function is not linear. 7. True. Since each choice of x and y determines a unique value for f (x, y), choosing x = 10 yields a unique value of f (10, y) for any choice of y. 8. True. Since each choice of h > 0 and s > 0 determines a unique value for the volume V , we can say V is a function of h and s. In fact, this function has a formula: V (h, s) = h s2 . 10. False. A function may have different inputs that yield equal outputs. 11. False. Fixing w = k gives the one-variable function g(v) = e v /k, which is an increasing exponential function if k > 0, but is decreasing if k < 0. 12. True. Since each of f (x) and g(y) has at most one output for each input, so does their product. 13. True. If there were such an intersection point, that point would have two different temperatures simultaneously. 14. True. Different regions that are isolated from each other can have the same temperature. 15. True. For example, consider the weekly beef consumption C of a household as a function of total income I and the cost of beef per pound p. It is possible that consumption increases as income increases (for xed p) and consumption decreases as the price of beef increases (for xed I). 16. True. For example, consider f (x, y) = ex (6 y). Then g(x) = f (x, 5) = ex , which is an increasing function of x. On the other hand, h(x) = f (x, 10) = 4ex , which is a decreasing function of x.

9. False. If, for example, d = 2 meters and H = 57 C, there could be many times t at which the water temperature is 57 C at 2 meters depth.

17. False. The point (0, 0, 0) does not satisfy the equation. 19. False. The plane z = 2 is parallel to the xy-plane. 20. True. Both are distance 2 from the origin. 21. True. The x-axis is where y = z = 0.

18. True. All points in the z = 2 plane have z-coordinate 2, hence are below any point of the form (a, b, 3).

23. True. The origin is the closest point in the yz-plane to the point (3, 0, 0), and its distance to (3, 0, 0) is 3. 24. False. There is an entire circle (of radius 4) of points in the yz-plane that are distance 5 from (3, 0, 0).

22. False. The point (2, 1, 3) does not satisfy the equation. It is at the center of the sphere, and does not lie on the graph.

25. False. If x = 10, substituting gives 102 + y 2 + z 2 = 10, so y 2 + z 2 = 90. Since y 2 + z 2 cannot be negative, a point with x = 10 cannot satisfy the equation. 27. True. The cross-section with y = 1 is the line z = x + 1. 28. True. The cross-sections with x = c are all of the form z = 1 y 2 . 29. True. The cross-sections with y = c are of the form z = 1 c2 , which are horizontal lines. 26. False. The value of b can be 4.

30. True. For any a and b, we have f (a, b) = g(a, b). The graph of g is same as the graph of f , except it is shifted 2 units vertically.

31. True. The intersection, where f (x, y) = g(x, y), is given by x 2 + y 2 = 1 x2 y 2 , or x2 + y 2 = 1/2. This is a circle of radius 1/ 2 parallel to the xy-plane at height z = 1/2. 32. False. For example, f (x, y) = x2 (or any cylinder along the y-axis) is not a plane but has lines for x = c cross-sections. 33. False. Wherever f (x, y) = 0 the graphs of f (x, y) and f (x, y) will intersect.

34. True. Otherwise f would have more than one value for a given pair (x, y), which cannot happen if f is a function. 36. True. The graph is the bowl-shaped g(x, y) = x2 + y 2 turned upside-down and shifted upward by 10 units. 37. True. If f = c then the contours are of the form c = y 2 + (x 2)2 , which are circles centered at (2, 0) if c > 0. But if c = 0 the contour is the single point (2, 0). 38. True. If (a, b) is a point on two contours of f , then f (a, b) must have a single value, since f is a function. 39. False. The graph could be a hemisphere, a bowl-shape, or any surface formed by rotating a curve about a vertical line. 40. False. Contours get closer together in a direction if the function is increasing or decreasing at an increasing rate in that 35. False. For example, the y-axis intersects the graph of f (x, y) = 1 x 2 y 2 twice, at y = 1.

1022

Chapter Twelve /SOLUTIONS

direction. 41. False. As a counterexample, consider any function with one variable missing, e.g. f (x, y) = x 2 . The graph of this is not a plane (it is a parabolic cylinder) but has contours which are lines of the form x = c. 42. True. The graph of y = 1/x is a hyperbola with the x and y-axes as asymptotes. 43. False. The fact that the f = 10 and g = 10 contours are identical only says that one horizontal slice through each graph is the same, but does not imply that the entire graphs are the same. A counterexample is given by f (x, y) = x 2 + y 2 and g(x, y) = 20 x2 y 2 .

44. False. For example, the function f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 has no points in its f = 1 contour. 46. False. The contours are of the form c = 3x + 2y which are lines with slope 3/2.

45. True. The graph of g is the same as the graph of f translated down by 5 units, so the horizontal slice of f at height 5 is the same as the horizontal slice of g at height 0.

47. False. Any two-variable function that is missing one variable (e.g. f (x, y) = x 2 ) will have parallel lines for contours. Linear functions have the additional property of evenly-spaced parallel lines for contours. 48. True. The contours of a linear function f (x, y) = c + mx + ny look like k = c + mx + ny which are parallel lines with slope m/n.

49. True. f (0, 0) = 0, f (0, 1) = 4 give a y slope of 4, but f (0, 0) = 0, f (0, 3) = 5 give a y slope of 5/3. Since linearity means the y slope must be the same between any two points, this function cannot be linear. 50. True. A linear function has constant slopes in the x and y directions, so its graph is a plane. 51. True. Since the graph of a linear function is a plane, any vertical slice parallel to the yz-plane will yield a line.

52. False. Any function of the form f (x, y) = c is linear (with zero slope in both the x and y directions) and has a graph which is parallel to the xy-plane. 53. True. Functions can have only one value for a given input, so their graphs can intersect a vertical line at most once. A vertical plane would not satisfy this property, so cannot be the graph of a function. 54. False. There is at least one point where f (a, b) = 0, for example (a, b) = (1, 1). There are an innite number of other points lying on the straight-line contour f (a, b) = 0. 55. False. All of the columns have to have the same slope, as do the rows, but the row slopes can differ from the column slopes. 56. False. Simply knowing where the plane intersects the xy-plane does not determine the plane uniquely. There are an innite number of linear functions whose graph intersects the xy-plane in this line. Two examples: f (x, y) = 1 2x + y and g(x, y) = 2 4x + 2y.

57. True. Both are the set of all points (x, y, z) in 3-space satisfying z = x 2 + y 2 .

58. False. The graph of f (x, y) = 1 x2 y 2 is the upper unit hemisphere, while the graph of g = 1 is x2 +y 2 +z 2 = 1, which is the entire unit sphere (both spheres with center at the origin). 59. True. The graph of f (x, y) is the set of all points (x, y, z) satisfying z = f (x, y). If we dene the three-variable function g by g(x, y, z) = f (x, y) z, then the level surface g = 0 is exactly the same as the graph of f (x, y).

60. False. For example, the function g(x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 has level surface g = 1 which is a sphere of radius 1, centered at the origin. This surface cannot be the graph of any function f (x, y), since a vertical line intersects it in more than one place. 61. True. The level surfaces are of the form x + 2y + z = k, or z = k x 2y. These are the graphs of the linear functions f (x, y) = k x 2y, each of which has x-slope of 1 and y-slope equal to 2. Thus they form parallel planes. 63. False. The level surface g = 0 of the function g(x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 consists of only the origin. 64. True. The level surfaces g = k are of the form ax + by + cz + d = k, or 1 z = (ax by + (k d)). c Thus z is a linear function of x and y, whose graph is a plane.

62. False. The level surfaces are of the form x2 + y + z 2 = k, or y = k x2 z 2 . These are paraboloids centered on the y-axis, not cylinders.

65. False. For example, the function g(x, y, z) = sin(x + y + z) has level surfaces of the form x + y + z = k, where k = arcsin(c) + n, for n = 0, 1, 2, . . .. These surfaces are planes (for 1 c 1). 66. True. If there is a point (a, b, c) lying on both g(x, y, z) = k1 and g(x, y, z) = k2 , then we must have g(a, b, c) = k1 and g(a, b, c) = k2 . Since g is a function, it can only have a single value at a point, so k 1 = k2 .

PROJECTS FOR CHAPTER TWELVE

1023

PROJECTS FOR CHAPTER TWELVE

1. (a) About 15 feet along the wall, because thats where there are regions of cold air (55 F and 65 F). (b) Roughly between 10 am and 12 noon, and between 4 pm and 6 pm. (c) Roughly between midnight and 2 am, between 10 am and 1 pm, and between 4 pm and 9 pm, since that is when the temperature near the heater is greater than 80 F. (d)

85 75 65 55

6 am

85 75 65 55

11 am

10

20

30

ft

10
F

20

30

ft

F 3 pm (15 hours) 85 75 65 55 10 20 30
ft

85 75 65 55

5 pm (17 hours)

10 Figure 12.140

20

30

ft

(e)

85 75 65 55 8 16 24
hr

85 75 65 55 8 16 24
hr

85 75 65 55 8 16 24
hr

Figure 12.141: Temp. vs. Time at heater

Figure 12.142: Temp. vs. Time at window

Figure 12.143: Temp. vs. Time midway between heater and window

(f) The temperature at the window is colder at 5 pm than at 11 am because the outside temperature is colder at 5 pm than at 11 am. (g) The thermostat is set to roughly 70 F. We know this because the temperature in the room stays close to 70 F until we get close (a couple of feet) to the window. (h) We are told that the thermostat is about 2 feet from the window. Thus, the thermostat is either about 13 feet or about 17 feet from the wall. If the thermostat is set to 70 F, every time the temperature at the thermostat goes over or under 70 F, the heater turns off or on. Look at the point at which the vertical lines at 13 feet or about 17 feet cross the 70 F contours. We need to decide which of these crossings correspond best with the times that the heater turns on and off. (These times can be seen along the wall.) Notice that the 17 foot line does not cross the 70 F contour after 16 hours (4 pm). Thus, if the thermostat were 17 feet from the wall, the heater would not turn off after 4 pm. However, the heater does turn off at about 21 hours (9 pm). Since this is the time that the 13 foot line crosses the 70 F contour, we estimate that the thermostat is about 13 feet away from the wall.

1024

Chapter Twelve /SOLUTIONS

2. (a) Let x = distance (microns) from center of waveguide, t = time (nanoseconds) as shown in the problem, and I = intensity of light as marked on the given level curves.
I 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 10 5 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 10 5 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 10 5 0 0 I 0 I
Time

I 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 10 5 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 10 5 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 10 5 0 0 I 0 I

t=0 x 10

Time

t=2 x 10

5
Time

5
Time

t=4 x 10

t=6 x 10

5
Time

5
Time

t=8 x 10 Figure 12.144

t = 10 x 10

(b) Two waves would start out at opposite ends of the screen. The wave on the left would be slightly taller and narrower than the wave on the right. The waves would move toward one another, the wave on the right moving a little faster. They would meet to the left of the center and appear to merge, becoming taller. They would then proceed in the directions they were initially going, ultimately leaving the screen on the side opposite to where they began. (c) Let x = distance (microns), t = time (nanoseconds), and I = intensity.
I 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 2 4 6 8 10 12 t
Location

I 1.2 x = 5 0.9 0.6 0.3 2 4 6 8 10 12 t

Location

I 1.2 x=0 0.9 0.6 0.3 2 4 6 8 10 12 t

Location

x=5

Figure 12.145

(d) Two pulses of light are traveling down a wave-guide toward one another. They meet in the center and, as they pass through one another, appear brighter. They then continue along in the wave-guide in the directions they were going.