A

Project Work

Submitted By

Name PRN. No
Ashwini Ashoksing Rajput 72256312E
Digambar Sahebrao Dhage 72212182C
Rupali Basu Mali 72256304D

in partial fulfilment for the award of the Degree

of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRICAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Universal College of Engineering

2024-25
 Smart Grid

SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY,

PUNE-7
PreranaPratishthan’s
Universal College of Engineering & Research
Sr.No.430, Sasewadi, Near Katraj New Tunnel,
Tal-BhorPune

Department of Electrical Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled ‘smart grid’ submitted by

Digambar Sahebrao Dhage (72212182C) to the Universal College of
Engineering Pune of the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical is
a Bonafide work carried out by him/her under my supervision.

Place : Pune

Date :

Internal Examiner External Examiner

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to show our sincere gratitude to the department of Electrical

Engineering for providing us a chance to develop a project under embedded c.
We owe our deepest gratitude to Prof. Sofiya Shaikh our head of department who
suggested us various technical ideas useful for our project. We further cannot withstand
without thanking our dear friends, all our department staff and seniors for their advice,
encouragement, support and help.
We would like to deeply thank the various people who provided us with the useful and
helpful assistance for the initiations of this project.
And finally, we would like to thank all the persons, who directly or indirectly helped us
in the project.

Thanking,

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 Smart Grid

ABSTRACT

The current electrical power grid is an out-of-date infrastructure, and

the Smart Grid is an upgrade that will add much new functionality to meet
customers' new power requirements. The existing Power Grids is antiquated,
congested and inefficient in many ways and it does not take full advantage of
new automation technologies .Updating a system as complex as the electrical
power grid has the potential of introducing new security vulnerabilities into
the system. The Smart Grid can be known as an electric system that uses
information, two-way, cyber-secure communication technologies, and
computational intelligence in an integrated fashion across electricity
generation, transmission, substations, distribution and consumption to
achieve a system that is clean, safe, secure, reliable, resilient, efficient, and
sustainable. The Smart Grid, regarded as the next generation power grid, uses
two-way flows of electricity and information to create a widely distributed
automated energy delivery network. Energy/power plays a critical role for
social, economic and industrial development

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INDEX

Sr. Topic Page

No. No.
1 Introduction 5-9
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Motivation
1.3 Problem Statement
1.4 Objectives
1.4.1 Project Objective
1.4.2 Academic Objective
1.5 Applying Software
Engineering Approach

2 Literature Survey 10-14

2.1 Related Work
2.2 Summary of Literature Survey

3 Software Requirement 12-21

Specification
3.1 Functional Requirements
3.2 Non Functional Requirements
3.3 Hardware Requirements
3.4 Software requirements

5 System Design 22-27

5.1 DFD
5.1.1 DFD Level-0
5.1.2 DFD Level-1
5.2 UML Diagram
5.2.1 Use Case Diagram
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5.2.2 Class Diagram

5.2.3 Sequence Diagram
5.2.4 Activity Diagram
5.2.5 Component Diagram
5.2.6 Deployment Diagram
5.2.7 Collaboration Diagram

6 Technical Specification 28-29

7 Software Implementation 30-32
7.1 System Architecture

8 Conclusion and Future Scope 33

10.1 Conclusion
10.2 Future scope

9 Bibliography 34
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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

To understand the name of project that is ‘Smart Grid’ we have to know about the power
grid. So, what is the power grid? The Power grid is a combination center of transmission
lines. This arrives from different states and power station.

Power grid provides electricity to whole country but it is one way communication that
means only power stations send you electricity and give a monthly bill on which
electricity was consumed. Electricity user cannot communicate directly with that system.

Smart grid refers to the next generation electric power network that makes use of it and
high technologies. Compared to the telecommunication network, the electric power
network has not developed. Smart grid will overcome the drawback of power grid. In
smart grid system consumer’s information is received by the electric power companies .A
smart grid delivers electricity from supplier to consumers using two- way digital
technology to control appliances at consumers‘ homes to save energy, reduce cost and
increase reliability and transparency.

Now a days India moves towards to become a digital that’s why smart grid helps in it. Our
smart grid will help us in access all the details of our electricity system in our personal
account and we can access it on our mobile also. We can pay the bill of our electricity
usage online because of that we save our time as well as paper also.

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1.2 Motivation

In existing system of electricity distribution there is one way communication

between distributor and consumers. The electricity generated by power plants are supplied
to antennas with high voltage here voltage is controlled and then supplied to homes or
small business. Here energy distribution is monitored manually. If any failures occurs the
technicians has to be physically go to location for making repairs. In existing system
energy control is difficult. A smart grid is network of electricity system which digitally
monitors an analyze activity of consumers. In smart grid sensors are deployed at power
generator, MSEB, antennas and homes or small business. Here smart meters are installed
at homes or small organization. Smart meters provide two way communication and
provides functionality such as automatic bill generation. Here large amount of data is
generated from front-end devices and smart meters to process this huge amount of data we
are going to use cloud computing technology.

1.3 Problem Statement

The main challenges of smart grid, is how to manage different types of front-end
intelligent devices such as smart meters efficiently. How to process a huge amount of data
received from these devices. Cloud computing, a technology that provides computational
resources on demands, is a good candidate to address these challenges. The main idea of
our framework is to build a hierarchical structure of cloud computing centers to provide
different types of computing services for information management and big data analysis.
In addition to this framework, a security solution based on identity-based encryption,
signature and proxy re-encryption added to address critical security issues of the proposed
framework.

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1.4 Objectives

1.4.1 Project Objectives:

 To overcome the drawback of power grid that is one way communication between
distributer and consumer.
 Avoid the use of paper.
 Increase the use of technology.
 Detect the fault during the improper electricity transmission.

1.4.2 Academic Objectives:

 To expose students to use engineering approach to solve domain specific real time
problem.
 To use appropriate and newer technologies while developing project.
 Learn skills of team building and team work.

1.5 Applying software Engineering Approach:

Applying software engineering approach simply means developing a software

development methodology which structure, plan and control the process of developing a
system. It predefinition of deliverables and artifacts that are created and completed by
project team. Some available approaches for this modelling are as follows.

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1] Requirement Analysis
2] Software Design
3] Implementation
4] Testing and validation

All these phases are cascaded to each other in which progress is seen as flowing
steadily downwards (like a waterfall) through the phases. The next phase is started only
after the defined set of goals are achieved for previous phase and it is signed off, so the
name ”Waterfall Model” In this model phases do not overlap.

1. Requirement Analysis:

All possible requirement of the system to be developed are capture in this phase and
documented in requirement specification doc. Here in this project there is requirement of
software sides includes Netbeans, running environment.

2. Software Design:

Software requirement like Netbeans, programming language java. In this phase,

and UML documentation is prepared by use case diagram, class diagram, and sequential
diagrams describing detailed information about various classes/modules that will
contribute to the implementation of proposed system.

System design includes designing of:

1. Planning and scheduling
2. System architecture
3. Unified modelling design
4. Algorithm Design

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3. Implementation

Implementation phase focus over system design objectives. Software

implementation is the process of designing, writing, testing, debugging/troubleshooting,
and maintaining the source code of computer programs. Implementation of NER system is
divided into 4 main modules.

4. Testing and Validation

Above all modules are tested for unit and integration testing methods. Unit testing
checks the results/outcomes of each module. After getting expected outcomes from unit
testing, all modules are combined or integrated by using integration testing. Validation is
performed on GUI for controlling user action and input.

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2.LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Related Work:

To understand the existing system we visit the nearby MSEB.MSEB officer told us that
whole process of Electricity supply. All that details are note down by group members.
Then all group member discussed all the problem related existing system and make reporton
that.

2.2 Summery of Literature Survey:

S Paper Title Author Description

r Name
.
N
o
1 Improved Giuseppe This paper describes
Proxy Re- Ateniese proxy re-encryption
Encryption and Kevin from both a theoretical
Schemes with Fu and practical
Applications perspective
to Secure
Distributed
Storage.

2 Identity-based H. Lim This paper describes

cryptography and Proposed identity based
Kenneth cryptography
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 Smart Grid

for grid G. (IBC) has some

security Paterson attractive properties
that seem to align well
with the demands of
grid computing.
3 A survey on H. Lim This paper describes
the and Standardization of data
communicatio Kenneth structures used
n G. in smart grid
architectures Paterson applications has
in smart grid recently been proposed
to address this issue
of data inter-
operability.
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3. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

3.1 Functional Requirement:

1. The email-id user used should be valid.

2. The system should work as per formulas.
3. System should connect to internet.

3.2 Non-Functional Requirement:

1. Performance Requirements:

1. System should send key to only registered user.

2. The system should must able to load dataset within record.
3. The system should generate the result within few seconds.
4. The system should give quick response.

2.Legal Requirements:

There are no such legal requirements for the system as all the tools and software as all
the tools and software’s are being used for the development of this system are open
source and no licensing is required.

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3.3 Hardware Requirements:

 Arduino module:
Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project and user
community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and
microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense
and control both physically and digitally. Its products are licensed under the GNU
Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL),[1]
permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone.
Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled form or as do-it-yourself
(DIY) kits.
Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The
boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be
interfaced to various expansion boards or breadboards (shields) and other circuits. The
boards feature serial communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB)
on some models, which are also used for loading programs from personal computers.
The microcontrollers are typically programmed using a dialect of features from the
programming languages C and C++. In addition to using traditional compiler
toolchains, the Arduino project provides an integrated development environment (IDE)
based on the Processing language project.
 Zigbee:
Zigbee is an IEEE 802.15.4-based specification for a suite of high-level
communication protocols used to create personal area networks with small, low-
power digital radios, such as for home automation, medical device data collection,
and other low-power low-bandwidth needs, designed for small scale projects
which need wireless connection. Hence, Zigbee is a low-power, low data rate, and
close proximity (i.e., personal area) wireless ad hoc network.
The technology defined by the Zigbee specification is intended to be simpler and
less expensive than other wireless personal area networks (WPANs), such as
Bluetooth or more general wireless networking such as Wi-Fi. Applications
include wireless light switches, home energy monitors, traffic management
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systems, and other consumer and industrial equipment that requires short-range
low-rate wireless data transfer.
Its low power consumption limits transmission distances to 10–100 meters line-of-
sight, depending on power output and environmental characteristics.[1] Zigbee
devices can transmit data over long distances by passing data through a mesh
network of intermediate devices to reach more distant ones. Zigbee is typically
used in low data rate applications that require long battery life and secure
networking (Zigbee networks are secured by 128 bit symmetric encryption keys.)
Zigbee has a defined rate of 250 kbit/s, best suited for intermittent data
transmissions from a sensor or input device.

 IOT WI-FI module (ESP8266EX):

ESP8266EX has been designed for mobile, wearable electronics and
Internet of Things applications with the aim of achieving the lowest power
consumption with a combination of several proprietay techniques. The power
saving architecture operates..
 Power supply :
Arduino controller requires +5V supply for its working. This is obtained by
battery connected as power source which has output of 12V so to convert it to
+5V. This series of fixed-voltage integrated-circuit voltage regulators is
designed for a wide range of applications. These applications include on -card
regulation for elimination of noise and distribution problems associated with
single-point regulation. Each of these regulators can deliver up to 1.5 A of
output current. The internal current-limiting and thermal-shutdown features of
these regulators essentially make them immune to overload. In addition to use
as fixed-voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external
components to obtain adjustable output voltages and currents, and also can be
used as the power-pass element in precision regulators.
 Transformer-

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it works on the principle of mutual induction of two coils or Faraday Law’s Of

Electromagnetic induction. When current in the primary coil is changed the flux
linked to the secondary coil also changes.hence an EMF is induced in the
secondary coil due to Faraday law’s of electromagnetic induction.
The transformer is based on two principles: first, that an electric current can
produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism), and, second that a changing

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3.4 Software Requirements:

1.DIP TRACE-

PICKING PLACING AND WIRED UP COMPONENTS:

The circuit we are going to draw is shown below. It may look quite a lot to do, but some
parts of it are similar (the four op-amp filters to be precise) which will provide opportunity to
use the block copying facilities.

Begin by pointing at the P button at the top left of the Object Selector and clicking left.
This causes the Device Library Selector dialogue form to appear and you can now select
devices from the various device libraries. There are a number of selectors labelledObjects,
Libraries, Extensions and a Browser, not all of which may be shown:

The Library selector chooses which of the various device libraries (e.g. DEVICE, TTL,
CMOS) you have installed is current.The Objects selector displays all the parts in the currently
selected library according to the settings in the Extensions selector, if it is shown (see below).
Click left once on a part to browse it or double-click a part to „pick‟ it in to the design

The Browser displays the last selected part in the Parts selector as a means of browsing
the contents of the library.

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Figure : PCB Designing

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2 ARDUINO SOFTWARE:

The program code written for Arduino is known as a sketch. The software used for
developing such sketches for an Arduino is commonly known as the Arduino IDE. This
IDE contains the following parts in it:
Text editor: This is where the simplified code can be written using a simplified
version of C++ programming language.
Message area: It displays error and also gives a feedback on saving and exporting the
code.
Text: The console displays text output by the Arduino environment including
complete error messages and other information.
Console Toolbar: This toolbar contains various buttons like Verify, Upload, New,
Open, Save and Serial Monitor. On the bottom right hand corner of the window there
displays the Development Board and the Serial Port in use.Converter: creates Intel HEX
files from absolute object modules.
Features of Arduino IDE:The project file or the sketches for a project are saved with
the file extension .ino
Features such as cut / copy / paste are supported in this IDE.There also is a facility for
finding a particular word and replacing it with another by pressing the Ctrl + F buttons
on the keyboard. The most basic part or the skeleton of all Arduino code will have two
functions.

Start the Arduino sketch Program:

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Figure : Start the Arduino sketch Program

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PROJECT PLANNING

4.1. Task Network :

Individual task and subtasks have interdependencies based on their sequence. When more
than one person involved in software engineering project it is likely that development, activities and
task are performed in parallel. A task network is also called as activity network, is graphic
representation of task flow of project. Macroscopic task network is shown in Figure 4.1.

Fig 1: Task Network

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4.2 Project Estimation :-

4.2.1. COCOMO Model :-

The Constructive Cost Model (COMOCO) is an algorithmic software and estimation model
developed by Barry W. Boolean. The model uses a basic regression formula with parameters that are
derived from historical project data and current as well as future project characteristics.

Cocomo formula:-There are two main equations that are used to calculated effort and schedule time
(measured in months).

They are:

Equation PM = a (KDSI) b * EAF

Where,

 PM is effort in person-months.
 EAF is the effort adjustment factor.
 KDSI is the number of lines of code (in thousands).
 a and b are all constants based on the mode.

Software Project A B
Organic 3.2 1.05
Semi-detached 3.0 1.12
Embedded 2.8 1.20

Since a=3.2, b=1.05, KDSI=2000, EAF=1.0

PM = (3.2(2000^1.05))*(1.0)

=9359.04368

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4.3 Staffing :-

We have done this project with a group of four students. We have initially decided to
distribute the modules of proposal within four of us. So we have completed the modules with the all

Work Jangam Todarmal Umbarkar Rathod

Description Prajakta Sapana Priya Pushpa
Planning of    
our Project
Collecting    
Information
Designing   
of Modules
Coding of   
modules
Testing    
Report   
Generation

Table1 :Staffing

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4.4 Schedule :-

4.4.1. Project Plan :

Month Target Description

August Selection of topics, planning, In this month, we have searched

collection of contents different topics for developing a
new software also we have
collected information about that
topics. After presentation has
given to our project guide,
searched topics has cancelled.

September Selection of real time based topics, In this month, we have selected a
planning, collection of information topic for real time use based
or components, synopsis software named by “E-Trolley
System” and also collected
information required for that
project.

October Selection of domain, and In this month, we have selected

installation of Android studio domain as “IOT” and we have
installed Android studio for that.

October Designing front end against back In this month, we have designed
end i.e. information, building our first two modules as admin
profile of project and drawing and user and designed front end
necessary diagrams and given validation to that.

These modules had been checked

by our project guide and made

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corrections in that.

January Started to design hardware In this month, we have started to

design hardware part and collected
requirements for that.

February Designing back end, In this month, we have started to

implementation design back end behind hardware.

March Testing, developing required In this month, we have designed

output whole project and prepared report
of project.

Table 2: Project Plan

4.4.2 Gantt Chart:-

Durati Co
ID Task Name Start Finish
on mpl

100
1 Project Initial Aug.31,18 Sep.5,18 4.0 d.
%

Requirement 100
2 Sep.6,18 Sep.14,1 7.0 d.
Gathering %

100
3 Analysis Sep.14,18 Sep.24,1 7.0 d.
%

75.3
4 Design Sep.25,18 Oct.10,18 12.0
%

Implemention of 100
5 Dec.14,18 Jan.10,19 20.0
code %

100
6 Testing Jan.11,19 Mar.28,19 55.0
%

100
7 Training Mar.29,19 Apr.4,19 5.0 d.
%

Fig 2 : Gantt Chart

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SYSTEM DESIGN

5.1. DFD levels :

5.1.1 DFD Levels

DFD is one of the most commonly used graphical tools to represent high level
functionality of a system. . A DFD is often used as a preliminary step to create an overview of the
system, which can later be elaborated. DFDs can also be used for the visualization of data processing
(structured design).

Figure 5.1: Data Flow Diagram Level 0

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5.1.2 Data Flow Diagram Level 1

Figure 5.1.2: Data Flow Diagram Level

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5.2. UML Diagrams:

5.2.1. Use case diagram:

Use case diagram at it simplest is a representation of a user interaction with the system
that relationship between the user and the different use cases in which the user is involved.

Fig : Use Case Diagram

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5.2.2Sequence Diagram

Figure : Sequence Diagram

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5.2.3. Activity diagram:

Activity diagram are graphical representation of work flows of stepwise activities
and actions with support for choice, iteration and concurrency.

Fig:Activity diagram

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5.2.4 Collaboration Diagram

Fig: Collaboration Diagram

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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

1. Arduino:
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and
software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter
message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something
online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on
the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring, and the Arduino
Software (IDE), based on Processing.
Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday objects to
complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students, hobbyists, artists,
programmers, and professionals - has gathered around this open-source platform, their contributions
have added up to an incredible amount of accessible knowledge that can be of great help to novices
and experts alike.

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Thingspeak:

According to its developers, "ThingSpeak is an open-source Internet of Things (IoT) application and API
to store and retrieve data from things using the HTTP protocol over the Internet or via a Local Area Network.
ThingSpeak enables the creation of sensor logging applications, location tracking applications, and a social
network of things with status updates".[2]

ThingSpeak was originally launched by ioBridge in 2010 as a service in support of IoT applications.[3]

ThingSpeak has integrated support from the numerical computing software MATLAB from
MathWorks,[4] allowing ThingSpeak users to analyze and visualize uploaded data using Matlab without
requiring the purchase of a Matlab license from Mathworks.

ThingSpeak has a close relationship with Math works, Inc. In fact, all of the ThingSpeak documentation is
incorporated into the Mathworks' Matlab documentation site and even enabling registered Mathworks user
accounts as valid login credentials on the ThingSpeak website. [5] The terms of service[6] and privacy policy[7] of
ThingSpeak.com are between the agreeing user and Mathworks, Inc.

Zigbee:

XBee S2C is a RF module designed for wireless communication or data exchange and it works on
ZigBee mesh communication protocols that sit on top of IEEE 802.15.4 PHY. The module provides wireless
connectivity to end-point devices in any ZigBee mesh networks including devices from other vendors. Please
note that XBee is a module designed by ‘DiGi’ and ZigBee is the name of the protocol followed by XBee
modules for establishing wireless communication. With a few of these modules the user can setup their own
ZigBee network up-and-running in a matter of minutes. The XBee RF Module is compatible with other units
that use ZigBee technology. These include other XBee modules, Connect Ports gateways, XBee and XBee-PRO
Adapters, XBee Sensors and other products that are designated with “ZB” product name.

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SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
System Architecture:

A smart grid is network of electricity system which digitally monitors an analyze activity of consumers. In
smart grid sensors are deployed at power generator, MSEB, antennas and homes or small buisness. Here smart
meters are installed at homes or small organization. Smart meters provides two way communication and provides
functionality such as automatic bill generation. Here large amount of data is generated from front-end devices
and smart meters to process this huge amount of data we are going to use cloud computing technology.

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SOFTWARE TESTING

8.1 Test cases :

Testing is a process, which reveals errors in the program. It is the major quality measure
employed during software development. During software development, during testing, the program
is executed with a set of test cases and the output of the program for the test cases is evaluated to
determine if the program is performing as it is expected to perform.

A test case has components that describes an input, action or event and an expected response,
to determine if a feature of an application is working correctly.

8.1.1 Unit testing:

Unit testing is done on individual modules as they are completed and become executable. It is
confined only to the designers requirement. Each module can be tested using the following two
strategies:

Black Box Testing:

In this strategy some test cases are generated as input conditions that fully execute all functional
requirement for the program. This testing has been uses to find errors in the following categories:

 Incorrect or missing functions.

 Interface errors.

 Errors in data structure or external database access.

 Performance errors.

 Initialization and termination errors.

In this testing only the output is checked for correctness. The logical flow of the data is not
checked.

White Box Testing:

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In this the test cases are generated on the logic of each module by drawing flow graph of that
module and logical decisions are tested on all the cases. It has been uses to generate the test cases in
the following cases:

 Guarantee that all independent paths have been executed.

 Execute all logical decisions on their true and false sites.

 Execute all loops at their boundaries and within their operational bounds.

 Execute internal data structures to ensure their validity.

8.1.2 Integration testing:

Integration testing ensures that software and subsystems work together as a whole. It test the
interface of all the modules to make sure that the modules behave properly when integrated together.

8.1.3 System testing:

Involves in-house testing of the entire system before delivery to the user. Its aim is to satisfy
the user the system needs all requirement of the client’s specifications

8.1.4 Acceptance testing :

It is a pre-delivery testing in which entire system is tested at client’s side on real world data to
find error.

8.1.5 Validation:

The system has been tested and implemented successfully and thus ensured that all the
requirements as listed in the software requirements specifications are completely fulfilled. in

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CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

10.1 Conclusion:

In this project we are develop a android application for managing the electricity system like user or
electricity consumer can communicate with MSEB directly. User login that application with own
secured Id password. User can also pay the electricity bill from mobile phones from anywhere there
is no need to stand in long queue.

One more core benefit of that project is MSEB officer easily detect the line fault. And there is no
more load shading because there is two line provided for power supply..if one goes down spply can
switch to second line.

10.2 Future scope:

1. The Future should have zero load-shedding.

2. In long-run there will be wide spread usage of smart grid from every business to every home
just like internet
3. The future should have save time of user as well as MSEB officer.
4.The future should avoid the efforts of finding line fault.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] M. Mambo and E. Okamoto. Proxy cryptosystems: Delegation of the power to decrypt ciphertexts.
IEICE Trans. Fund. Electronics Communications and Computer Science,E-80(1):5463, 1997.

[2] G. Ateniese, K. Fu, M. Green, and S. Hohenberger. Improved proxy reencryption schemes with
applications to secure distributed storage.ACM Transactions on Information and Systems Security, 9(1):130,
2006.

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