Chapter 4 : Buoyancy and Floatation 161

Volume of water displaced

Weight of water displaced
=
Weight density of water
18
= = 1.835 m3 (Ans) ( Weight density of water = 9.81 kN/m3)
4 9.81
(ii) Position of centre of buoyancy:
We know that,
Volume of wooden block in water = Volume of water displaced.
or, 1.25 × h × 3.0 = 1.835
(where, h = depth of wooden block in water)
1.835
h = = 0.489 m
1.25 3.0
0.489
Hence centre of buoyancy = = 0.244 from the base (Ans.)
Whenever a body is immersed wholly or partially 2
in a fluid it is subjected to an upward force which tends Example 4.2. A wooden block of specific gravity 0.7 and having a size of 2 m × 0.5m ×
0.25 m is floating in water. Determine the volume of concrete of specific weight 25 kN/m3, that may
to lift (or buoy) it up. This tendency for an immersed be placed which will immerse (i) the block completely in water, and (ii) the block and concrete
body to be lifted up in the fluid, due to an upward force completely in water.
opposite to action of gravity is known as buoyancy. The Solution. Size of the block = 2 m × 0.5 m × 0.25 m
force tending to lift up the body under such conditions is Volume of the block = 0.25 m3
known as buoyant force or force of buoyancy or upthrust. Specific gravity of the block = 0.7
The magnitude of the buoyant force can be determined Specific weight of the block = 0.7 × 9.81 = 6.867 kN/m3
by Archimedes’ principle which states as follows: Weight of the block = 6.867 × 0.25 = 1.716 kN
( Specific weight of water = 9.81 kN/m3)
Let, Wc = Weight of concrete required to be placed on the block, and
Vc = Volume of concrete required to be placed on the block.
Total weight of the block = Wc + 1.716 kN ...(i)
(i) Immersion of the block only:
When the block is completely immersed, the volume of water displaced = 0.25 m3
The point of application of the force of buoyancy on the body is known as the centre of buoyancy. Upward thrust at the time of complete immersion
It is always the centre of gravity of the volume of fluid displaced. = 0.25 × 9.81 = 2.45 kN ...(ii)
Example 4.1. A wooden block of width 1.25 m, depth 0.75 m and length 3.0 m is floating in Now equating (i) and (ii), we get:
water. Specific weight of the wood is 6.4 kN/m3. Find: Wc + 1.716 = 2.45
(i) Volume of water displaced, and or Wc = 0.734 kN
(ii) Position of centre of buoyancy. Weight 0.734
Volume of concrete, Vc = = 0.0294 m4 (Ans.)
Solution. Width of the wooden block = 1.25 m Sp. weight 25
Depth of the wooden block = 0.75 m (ii) Immersion of block and concrete:
Total weight of the block = 25 Vc + 1.716 ...(i)
Length of the wooden block = 3.0 m
Volume of the block = 1.25 × 0.75 × 3 = 2.812 m3 Upward thrust = (Vc + 0.25) × 9.81 ...(ii)
Equating (i) and (ii), we get:
Specific weight of wood, w = 6.4 kN/m3
25Vc + 1.716 = (Vc + 0.25) × 9.81
Weight of the block = 6.4 × 2.812 = 18 kN
or, 25 Vc + 1.716 = 9.81Vc + 2.45 or 15.19 Vc = 0.734
(i) Volume of water displaced: or, Vc = 0.0483 m3 (Ans.)
For equilibrium the weight of water displaced
Example 4.3. Find the density of a metallic body which floats at the interface of mercury of
= Weight of wooden block = 18 N specific gravity 13.6 and water such that 35 percent of its volume is submerged in mercury and 65
percent in water.
160
 162 Fluid Mechanics Chapter 4 : Buoyancy and Floatation 163

Solution. Let, V = Volume of the body, m3. Solution. Refer to Fig. 4.4.
Then, volume of body submerged in mercury Let, h1 = Depth to which the bottom of the cube falls below original liquid surface
35 (cm),
= × V = 0.35 V m3
100 h2 = Height of rise of liquid above the original liquid surface (cm) , and
Volume of body submerged in water
(h1 + h2) = Depth and submergence of the cube (cm).
65
= × V = 0.65 V m3 Now,Volume L = Volume M
100
The body will be in equilibrium when,
Total buoyant (upward) force = weight of
the body
But, Total buoyant force = Force of buoyancy due to water + force of buoyancy due to mercury
= weight of water displaced by the body + weight of mercury displaced by the body
= (weight density of water × volume of water displaced) + (weight density of
mercury × volume of mercury displaced)
= 9.81 × 0.65 V (kN) + 13.6 × 9.81 × 0.35 V (kN)
and, Weight of the body = weight density × volume of the body
= wbody × V
( where, wbody = weight density of the metallic body)
For equilibrium, we have:
9.81 × 0.65 V + 13.6 × 9.81× 0.35 V = wbody × V
wbody = 53.07 kN/m3 (Ans.)
Example 4.4. A metallic cube 30 cm side and
weighing 450 N is lowered into a tank containing 8 × 8 × h1 = (122 – 82) × h2
a two-fluid layer of water and mercury. Determine or, h1 = 1.25 h2
the position of block at mercury-water interface
Weight of the cube, W = 4N ...(Given)
when it has reached equilibrium. (8 8) (h1 + h2) 0.8 9810
(Anna University) W = Buoyant force =
10 6
Solution. Refer to Fig. 4.3. The metallic cube or, 4 = 0.5023 (h1 + h2)
sinks beneath the water surface and comes to rest
at the water-mercury interface. or, 4 = 0.5023 (1.25 h2 + h2) = 1.13 h2
As per principle of floatation, we have weight h2 = 3.54 cm
of cubical block = buoyant force and, h1 = 1.25 × 3.54 = 4.425 cm
= weight of water and mercury displaced by Level of bottom of cube above plane AB = 6.4 – h1 = 6.4 – 4.425 = 1.975 cm (Ans.)
the block.
Level of the liquid surface above plane AB = 6.4 + h2 = 6.4 + 3.54 = 9.94 cm (Ans.)
Thus, 450 = 9810 (h1 × 0.3 × 0.3) + 9810 × 13.6 (h2 × 0.3 × 0.3)
= ( h1 + 13.6 h2) × (9810 × 0.3 × 0.3) Example 4.6. A cube 50 cm side is inserted in a two-layer fluid with specific gravity 1.2 and
450 0.9 respectively. The upper and lower halves of the cube are composed of materials with specific
or, (h1 + 13.6 h2) = = 0.509 m ...(i)
9810 0.3 0.3 gravity 0.6 and 1.4 respectively. What is the distance of the top of cube above interface? (UPSC)
Also, h1 + h2 = 0.3 m ...(ii) Solution. Refer to Fig. 4.5.
From (i) and (ii), we have the depth of cube below the water-mercury interface,
Weight of cube = [S1 (= 0.6) × 9.81× 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.25)] + [S2 (= 1.4) × 9.81× 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.25]
(0.509 – 0.3)
h2 = = 0.01658 m or 16.58 mm (Ans.) = 1.226 kN
12.6
Example 4.5. A 8 cm side cube weighing 4 N is immersed in a liquid of relative density 0.8 Let, h = Height of top of the cube above the interface.
contained in a rectangular tank of cross-sectional area 12 cm × 12 cm. If the tank contained liquid Then, Buoyant force = Weight of lighter and heavier liquids displaced by the block
to a height of 6.4 cm before the immersion, determine the levels of the bottom of the cube and the
liquid surface.
 164 Fluid Mechanics Chapter 4 : Buoyancy and Floatation 165
Mass of liquid A displaced, mA = 0.01 × 800 = 8 kg
Volume of liquid B displaced = 0.1 × 0.125 = 0.0125 m3
Mass of liquid B displaced, mB = 0.0125 × 1000 = 12.5 kg
Total mass of liquid displaced = mA + mB = 8 + 12.5 = 20.5 kg
Upward thrust = 20.5 × 9.81 = 201.1 N
Weight of cylinder = mg = 10 × 9.81 = 98.1 N
Net upward thrust = 201.1 – 98.1 = 103 N
Tension in the string, T = 103 N (Ans.)
Pressure (gauge) on the cylinder bottom, p:
Net upward thrust 103
p= = 1030 N/m2 (Ans.)
Area of cross-section 0.1

The equilibrium of floating bodies is of the following types:

= [S (= 0.91) × 9.81× 0.5 × 0.5 × h] + [ S (= 1.2) × 9.81 × 0.5 × 0.5 (0.5 – h)] 1. Stable equilibrium, 2. Unstable equilibrium, and 3. Neutral equilibrium.
= 2.207 h + 1.471 – 2.943 h = – 0.736 h = 1.471
As per principle of floatation, we have: Weight of block = Buoyant force
When a body is given a small angular displacement (i.e. tilted slightly), by some external
i.e. 1.226 = – 0.736 h + 1.471
force, and then it returns back to its original position due to the internal forces (the weight and the
(1.471 – 1.226) upthrust), such an equilibrium is called stable equilibrium.
h = = 0.333 m or 33.3 cm (Ans.)
0.736
Example 4.7. A spherical object of 1.45 m diameter is If the body does not return to its original position from the slightly displaced angular position
completely immersed in a water reservoir and chained to the and heels farther away, when given a small angular displacement, such an equilibrium is called an
bottom. If the chain has a tension of 5.20 kN, find the weight unstable equilibrium.
of the object when it is taken out of the reservoir into the air.
Solution. Given: d = 1.45 m; T = 5.20 kN.
Weight of the object, W: If a body, when given a small angular displacement, occupies a new position and remains at
Buoyant force, PB = W (weight of the object) + T rest in this new position, it is said to possess a neutral equilibrium.
(tension in the chain)
W = PB – T
3 Metacentre :
4 1.45
= × 9.81 – 5.20 Fig. 4.8 (a) shows body floating in a liquid in a state of equilibrium. When it is given a small
3 2
angular displacement [see Fig. 4.8 (b)] it starts oscillating about some point (M). This point, about
= 10.46 kN (Ans.) which the body starts oscillating, is called metacentre.
Example 4.8. A cylinder of mass 10 kg and area of
cross-section 0.1 m2 is tied down with string in a vessel
containing two liquids as shown in figure 4.7. Calculate
gauge pressure on the the cylinder bottom and the tension in
the string. Density of water = 1000 kg/m3. Specific gravity of
A = 0.8. Specific gravity of B (water) = 1.0 (GATE)
Solution. Given: Mass of cylinder, m = 10 kg
2
Area of cross-section = 0.1m
Density of water (liquid B) = 1000 kg/m3
Density of liquid A = 0.8 × 1000 = 800 kg/m3
Tension in string, T:
Volume of liquid A displaced = 0.1 × 0.1
= 0.01 m3
 166 Fluid Mechanics Chapter 4 : Buoyancy and Floatation 167
The metacentre may also be defined as a point of intersection of the axis of body passing Now metacentric height, GM = BM ± BG
through c.g.(G) and, original centre of buoyancy (B) and a vertical line passing through the centre + ve sign : when G is lower than B
of buoyancy (B1) of the tilted position of the body. – ve sign : when G is higher than B
The position of metacentre, M remains practically constant for the small angle of tilt .
Metacentric height:
The distance between the centre of gravity of a floating body and the metacentre (i.e. distance Refer to Fig. 4.9.
GM as shown in Fig.4.8 (b) is called metacentric height. In this method, a known weight W1 is shifted by a distance z across the axis of tilt. The change
For stable equilibrium, the position of metacentre M remains higher than c.g. of the body, G. in moment due to this shift is W1 z. Let the angle of tilt be . This angle of tilt may be measured
experimentally by using a plumb bob. The change in moment due to this tilt is equal to W.GG1 or
For unstable equilibrium, the position of metacentre M remains lower than G.
W.GM tan .
For neutral equilibrium, the position of metacentre M coincides with G.

The metacentric height may be determined by the following two methods:

1. Analytical method.
2. Experimental method.

Refer to Fig. 4.8 (b). It shows the tilted position of the floating body, the line L ON represents
the water surface. The portion N ON of the body is submerged and the portion L OL is lifted because
of tilting. As a result of this, the centre of buoyancy changes it position from B to B1. The intersection
of axis of the body and the vertical line through B1 locates the metacentre, M of the body.
To find the metacentric height GM consider an elementary cylindrical prism QQ of portion
N ON at a distance ‘x’ from O. Let the area of this elementary prism be A. The height of this
elementary prism is given by x. . The volume of this elementary prism is given by: W1 . z
W1.z = W.Gm.tan or GM = ...(4.2)
V = x. . A. ...(i) W .tan
The upward force or buoyancy force acting at this prism ( PB) is given by: If, l = Length of plumb bob, and
PB = w. V = w. x. A ...(ii) d = Displacement of the plumb bob,
(where, w = unit weight of liquid) d
Then, tan =
The moment of this buoyancy force about O l
x. P = w. .x2. A ...(iii) and, metacentric height is given by:
For the total portion N ON, this moment is given by: W . z .l
GM = 1 ...(4.3)
W .d
x . dPB = w . . x 2. dA w x 2 dA ...(iv)
Example 4.9. A wooden block of specific gravity
0.75 floats in water. If the size of the block is 1 m ×
or, x . dPB = w .I
0.5 m × 0.4 m, find its metacentric height.
(where, I = moment of inertia of the sectional area at the water line about the axis through O) Solution. Size (or dimensions) of the block = 1m
× 0.5 m × 0.4 m
x . dPB gives the change in moment due to buoyancy.
Specifice gravity of wood = 0.75
Now, x . dPB ( w. . I ) = PB × BB1 Specific weight w = 0.75 × 9.81 = 7.36 kN/m3
Weight of wooden block = specific weight × volume
(where, PB = total force of buoyancy) = 7.36 × 1× 0.5 × 0.4 = 1.472 kN
But, BB1 = BM × and PB = W = w × V Let depth of immersion = h metres.
1 Weight of water displaced
w. .I = w.V.BM. or BM = ...(4.1)
V
= Specific weight of water × volume of the
wood submerged in water
 168 Fluid Mechanics Chapter 4 : Buoyancy and Floatation 169
= 9.81 × 1 × 0.5 × h = 4.9 h kN
= d2 × depth of cylinder in water
Now, for equilibrium: 4
Weight of wooden block = Weight of water displaced i.e., 1.472 = 4.9 h = × 22 × 1.3 = 4.084 m3
1.472 4
or, h = = 0.3 m
4.9 I 0.785
BM = = 0.192 m
Distance of centre of buoyancy from bottom i.e., V 4.084
h 0.3 We know that the metacentric height,
OB = = 0.15 m
2 2 GM = BM – BG = 0.192 – 0.35
0.4 = – 0.158 m (Ans.)
and, OG = = 0.2 m
2 –ve sign means that the metacentric (M) is below the centre of gravity (G). Thus the cylinder is
BG = OG – OB = 0.2 – 0.15 = 0.05 m in unstable equilibrium. (Ans.)
I Example 4.11. A weight of 100 kN is moved through a distance of 8 metres across the deck of a
Also, BM =
V pontoon of 7500 kN displacement floating in water. This makes a pendulum 2.5 metres long to move
Where, I = Moment of inertia of a rectangular section through 120 mm horizontally. Calculate the metacentric height of the pontoon.
1 0.53 Solution. Weight of the movable load, W1 = 100 kN
= = 0.014 m4
12 Distance through which load is moved, z = 8 m
and, V = Volume of water displaced (or volume of wood in water) Weight of pontoon, W = 7500 kN
= 1 × 0.5 × h = 1× 0.5 × 0.3 = 0.15 m3 Length of the plumb bob, l = 2.5 m
1 0.0104 Displacement of the plumb bob, d = 120 mm = 0.12 m
BM = = 0.069 m
V 0.15 Let, GM = metacentric height of the pontoon.
We know that the metacentric height, Using the relation:
GM = BM – BG ( G is above B) W .z .l 100 8 2.5
GM = 1 = 2.22 m (Ans.)
= 0.069 – 0.05 = 0.019 m (Ans.) W .d 7500 0.12
Example 4.10. A solid cylinder 2 m in diameter and 2m high is floating in water with its axis Example 4.12. A body has the cylindrical upper portion of 4m diameter and 2.4 m deep. The
vertical. If the specific gravity of the material of cylinder is 0.65 find its metacentric height. State lower portion, which is curved, displaces a volume of 800 litres of water and its centre of buoyancy
also whether the equilibrium is stable or unstable. is situated 2.6 m below the top of the cylinder. The centre of gravity of the whole body is 1.6 m below
Solution. Given: Diameter of cylinder, d = 2 m; Height of cylinder, h = 2m; Specific gravity = the top of the cylinder and the total displacement of water is 52 kN. Find the metacentric height of
0.65 the body.
Depth of cylinder in water = Sp. gravity × h Solution. Given: Diameter of body, d = 4 m
= 0.65 × 2.0 = 1.3 m Depth of cylindrical portion = 2.4 m
Distance of centre of buoyancy (B) from O, Volume of curved portion = 800 litres = 0.8 m3
1.3 Distance between centre of buoyancy of curved portion
OB = = 0.65 m and top of body,
2
Distance of centre of gravity (G) from O, OB1 = 2.6 m
2.0 Distance between centre of gravity of the whole body and
OG = = 1.0 m top of the cylinder, OG = 1.6 m
2
BG = OG – OB = 1.0 – 0.65 = 0.35 m 52
Total volume of water displaced, V = = 5.3 m3
9.81
I
Also, BM = Volume of water displaced by the cylindrical portion
V
Where, I = Moment of inertia of the plan of the body = 5.3 – 0.8 = 4.5 m 3
about Y–Y If y is the distance between the water surface and the top
of the body, then:
= d4 × 24 = 0.785 m4
64 64
and, V = Volume of cylinder of water 4.5 = × 42 × (2.4 – y)
4
 170 Fluid Mechanics Chapter 4 : Buoyancy and Floatation 171

4.5 4 = 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.263 = 0.06575 m3

y = 2.4 – = 2.04 m I 0.005208
42 BM = = 0.0792 m
V 0.06575
Distance of the centre of buoyancy of the cylindrical portion from the top of the body,
Metacentric height, GM = BM – BG = 0.0792 – 0.1185 = – 0.0393 m
2.4 – y 2.4 – 2.04
OB2 = y + 2.04 2.22 m –ve sign means that the metacentre (M) is below the centre of gravity (G). Thus the cube will
2 2
be unstable.
If B be the centre of buoyancy of the whole body, then: Example 4.14. A hollow cylinder
(0.8 2.6) (4.5 2.22) closed at both ends has an outside
OB = = 2.227 m
0.8 4.5 diameter of 1.25 m, length 3.5 m and
specific weight 75 kN/m3. If cylinder is
Now, BG = OB – OG = 2.277 – 1.6 = 0.677 m
to float just in stable equilibrium in sea
I water (specific weight 10 kN/m3), find its
Now, BM =
V minimum permissible thickness.
where, I = Moment of inertia of the cylindrical portion (top portion) about its c.g. Solution. Given: d = 1.25 m, l = 3.5
m, wc = 75 kN/m3; ww = 10 kN/m3
= × 44 m4 = 12.566 m4
64
Minimum permissible thickness, t:
and, V = 5.3 m3 (already calculated earlier) Let, h = Depth of immersion, m.
12.566
BM = = 2.37 Weight of sea water displaced
5.3
Metacentric height, GM = BM – BG = 2.37 – 0.677 = 1.693 m (Ans.) = d 2 h × ww
4
Example 4.13. A solid cube of sides 0.5 m each is made of a material of relative density 0.5. The
cube floats in a liquid of relative density 0.95 with two of its faces horizontal. Examine its stability. = ×1.252 × h × 10 = 12.27 h kN
4
(MDU, Haryana) Weight of cylinder = Volume of cylinder × Specific weight.
Solution. Given: Side of the cube = 0.5 m; Specific gravity of cube material = 0.5, Relative = (Volume of two end sections + volume of circular portion) × specific weight
density of liquid = 0.95.
Depth of cube in liquid, = 2 d2 t d 2 – (d – 2t ) 2 l wc
4 4
0.5 0.5
h = 0.263 m
0.95 = 2 d 2t dtl wc (assuming t << l )
4
Distance of centre of buoyancy (B) from O, (Ignoring term involving t2)
0.263
OB = = 0.1315 m 2 1.25 2 t 1.25 t 3.5 75
2
4
Distance of centre of gravity (G) from O,
= 1215 t kN
0.5
OG = = 0.25 m Under equilibrium conditions:
2
Weight of cylinder = Weight of sea water displaced.
BG = OG – OB = 0.25 – 0.1315
i.e., 12.27 h = 1215 t or h = 99 t
= 0.1185 m
Volume of cylinder under water or volume of sea water displaced,
B lies below G.
1215 t
I V = = 121.5t
BM = 10
V
If M is the metacentre, then:
where, I = Moment of inertia of the plane of the 1.25 4
I 64 0.00099
body about YY BM =
V 121.5 t t
1
= (0.5) (0.5)3 = 0.005208 m4 h 99t
12 OB = = 49.5t
V = Volume of liquid displaced 2 2
3.5
OG = = 1.75 m
2
 172 Fluid Mechanics Chapter 4 : Buoyancy and Floatation 173
BG = OG – OB = 1.75 – 49.5 t
2.5 10 –5
For the cylinder to float just in stable equilibrium: BM =
0.00588
0.00099
BG = BM i.e., 1.75 – 49.5 t = = 0.00425 m or 4.25 mm
t
2 Now metacentric height,
or, 49.5 t – 1.75 t + 0.00099 = 0
GM = BM – BG = 4.25 – 34.4 mm = – 30.15 mm
1.75 (1.75) 2 – 4 49.5 0.00099 1.75 1.69 Negative sign means that the metacentre (M) is below the centre of gravity (G). Thus the
or, t =
2 49.5 99 cylinder is in unstable equilibrium and it cannot float vertically in water. (Ans.)
= 0.0347 m or 6.06 × 10–4 m Example 4.16. An 80 mm diameter composite solid cylinder consists of an 80 mm diameter,
Hence, minimum permissible thickness = 6.06 × 10–4 m or 0.606 mm (Ans.) 20 mm thick metallic plate having specific gravity 4.0 attached at the lower end of an 80 mm
Example 4.15. A solid of 200 mm diameter and 800 mm length has its base 20 mm thick and of diameter wooden cylinder of specific gravity 0.8. Find the limits of the length of the wooden portion
specific gravity 6. The remaining part of the cylinder is of specific gravity 0.6. State, if it can float so that the composite cylinder can float in stable equilibrium in water (specific gravity 1.0) with its
vertically in water. axis vertical. (MGU Kerala)
Solution. Given: Dia. of cylinder = 200 mm = 0.2 m Solution. Refer to Fig. 4.16. Given: d = 80 mm; a = 20 mm; S1 = 4; S2 = 0.8
Limits of the length of the wooden portion:
Area of cylinder, A = × 0.22 = 0.0314 m2 The cylinder will float vertically in water if its metacentric height GM is +ve. To find the
4
Length of cylinder = 800 mm = 0.8 m metacentric height, the locations of centre of gravity G and centre of buoyancy B of the combined
cylinder is to be found.
Thickness of base = 20 mm = 0.02 m
The distance of the centre of gravity of the solid cylinder from O is given by:
Sp. gr. of base = 6, Sp. gr. of remaining portion = 0.6
a b
Distance between combined centre of gravity (G) and the bottom of the cylinder (O), d 2 a S1 d 2 b S2 a
4 2 4 2
0.78 0.02 OG =
A 0.78 0.6 0.02 A 0.02 6 d 2 a S1 d 2 b S2
OG = 2 2 4 4
( A 0.78 0.6) ( A 0.02 6)
a b
(where, A = area of cylinder) a S1 b S2 a
2 2
0.1919 0.0012 =
= = 0.3284 m (or 328.4 mm) a S1 b S2
0.468 0.12
20 b
Combined sp. gr. of the cylinder 20 4 b 0.8 20
2 2
=
(0.78 0.6) (0.02 6) 20 4 b 0.8
= = 0.735
0.78 0.02
b b2
Depth of immersion of the cylinder 800 0.8b 20 1000 20b
2 2
= ...(i)
= 0.8 × 0.735 = 0.588 m 80 0.8 b 100 b
Distance of centre of buoyancy from the bottom of the cylinder, (Dividing numerator and denominator by 0.8 and simplifying)
0.588 Let, height of immersion of cylinder = (h + a)
OB = = 0.294 (or 29.4 mm)
2
Also, Weight of cylinder = Weight of water displaced
BG = OG – OB = 0.3284 – 0.294
= 0.0344 m (or 34.4 mm) or, d 2 × a × S1 + d 2 × b × S2
4 4
I
Now, BM = = d 2 ( h + a) × Swater
V 4
where, I = Moment of inertia of circular section a × S1 + b × S2 = (h + a) ( Swater = 1)
= × 0.24 = 2.5 × 10–5 m4 or, 20 × 4 + b × 0.8 = (h + a)
64
i.e. h+a = 80 + 0.8 b ...(ii)
and, V = volume of water displaced
h a 80 0.8b
Now, OB = 40 0.4 b ...(iii)
= × 0.22 × 0.588 = 0.00588 2 2
4
 174 Fluid Mechanics Chapter 4 : Buoyancy and Floatation 175
Inner diameter of cylinder, d = 300 mm = 0.3 m
b2
1000 20 b Specific weight = 0.6 × 9.81 = 5.886 kN/m3
BG = OG – OB = 2
100 b Weight of cylinder = volume of cylinder × specific weight
– (40 + 0.4b) [From (i) and (iii)]
= /4 (D2 – d2) × l × 5.886 = (0.62 – 0.32) × l × 5.886
1 b2 4
= 1000 20b – (4000 80b 0.4b 2 )
(100 b) 2 = 1.248 l kN
1 (where, l = length/height of the cylinder)
= [0.1b2 – 60b – 3000] ...(iv) This also represents the weight of oil displaced.
(100 b)
1.248 l
d4 Volume of oil displaced, V = = 0.1413 l
I = Second moment of area of the section about Y–Y = 0.9 9.81
64
i.e.Volume of cylinder immersed in oil, V = 0.1413l
V = Volume of water displaced = d2 (h + a)
4 volumeof cylinder under oil
Depth of immersion, h =
cross-section area of cylinder
I d 4 / 64 d4 4 d2
BM =
V d 2 (h a) 64 d 2 (h a) 16(h a) 0.1413l
= = 0.666 l
4
(0.6 2 – 0.32 )
2 4
(80)
= using (ii) for (h + a) Height of centre of buoyancy (B) from O,
16(80 0.8b)
400 500 h 0.666 l
i.e. OB = = 0.333 l
= ...(v) 2 2
80 0.8 b 100 b
If M is the metacentre, then
500 1
GM = BM – BG = –
(100 b) (100 b) I (0.6 4 – 0.3 4) 0.0422
BM = 64
[0.1b2 – 60b – 3000] [using (iv)] and (v)] V 0.1413 l l
2
3500 60 b – 0.1b 0.0422
or, GM = ...(vi) OM = OB + BM = 0.333 l +
(100 b) l
It should be +ve and in the limit = 0 Distance of centre of gravity (G) from the point O,
i.e. 0.1b2 – 60b – 3500 = 0 l
OG = = 0.5 l
2
or, b2 – 600b – 35000 = 0
For stable equilibrium, M should be at a level
600 (600) 2 4 35000 greater than G, i.e. OM > OG
or, b = (taking +ve value of b)
2 0.0422
or, b = 653.55 mm. This is the upper limit for b. (Ans.) or, 0.333 l 0.5 l
l
The lower limit for b will be b = h, and from eqn. (ii), we have: 0.0422
h + a = 80 + 0.8 b or, 0.167 l or 0.0422 > 0.167 l2
l
b + 20 = 80 + 0.8 b 1/ 2
0.0422
b = 300 mm (Ans.) or, 0.167 l2 < 0.0422 or l 0.503 m
0.167
It may be checked from eqn. (ii) that it gives a + ve value of GM.
lmax = 0.503 m (Ans.)
Example 4.17. A hollow wooden cylinder of specific gravity 0.6 has an outer diameter of 600 and, h = 0.666 l = 0.666 × 0.503 = 0.335 m (Ans.)
mm and an inner diameter of 300 mm. It is required to float in oil of specific gravity 0.9. Calculate:
Example 4.18. A rectangular pontoon 12 m long,9 m wide and 3 m deep weighs 1380 kN and
(i) The maximum length (height) of the cylinder so that it shall be stable when floating with it floats in sea water. The pontoon carries on its upper deck a boiler 6 m diameter and weighing 864 kN.
axis vertical; The centre of gravity of each unit coincides with geometrical centre of the arrangement and lies in
(ii) The depth to which it will sink. the same vertical line.
Solution. Outer diameter of cylinder, D = 600 mm = 0.6 m (i) What is the metacentric height?
 176 Fluid Mechanics Chapter 4 : Buoyancy and Floatation 177
(ii) Is the arrangement stable? Since OM > OG, M is at a higher level than G.
Take specific weight of sea water = 10 kN/m3 Hence the arrangement is stable (Ans.)
Solution. Total weight of the arrangement, W = 1380 + 864 = 2244 kN Example 4.19. A buoy having a diameter of 2.4 m and length 1.95 m is floating with its axis
This also represent the weight of water displaced. vertical in sea water (specific weight = 10 kN/m3). Its weight is 16.5 kN and a load of 1.65 kN
is placed centrally at its top. If the buoy is to remain in stable equilibrium, find the maximum
Volume of sea water displaced,
permissible height of the centre of gravity of the load above the top of the buoy.
Weight of water displaced 2244
V = = 224.4 m3 Solution. Given: Diameter of the buoy, d = 2.4 m; Length of the buoy, l = 1.95 m
Specific weight of water 10
Weight of the buoy, Wbuoy = 16.5 kN
i.e. Volume of the arrangement under water, V = 224.4 m3
Weight placed at the top of the buoy, W = 1.65 kN
Depth of immersion,
Specific weight of sea water = 10 kN/m3
Volume of the arrangement under water
h = Total weight of the arrangement Wt = Wbuoy + W
Cross-sectional area of the pontoon
= 16.5 + 1.65 = 18.15 kN
224.4
= 2.077 m This is also the weight of water displaced by the arrangement.
9 12
Volume of water displaced,
2.077
Distance of centre of buoyancy (B) from the base point O, OB = = 1.0385 m Wt
2 V =
Sp.weight of water
Let, M be the metacentre.
18.15
1 = = 1.815 m3
12 93 10
I 12
Then, BM = – 3.248 m
V 224.4
OM = OB + BM = 1.0385 + 3.248 = 4.286 m

Depth of immersion,
Volumeof water displaced
h =
Cross-sectional area of the buoy
1.815
= = 0.4 m
( / 4) 2.4 2
To find the position of combined centre of gravity above the base point O, taking moments Height of centre of buoyancy (B) above base point O,
about O, we get: h 0.4
1380 × 1.5 + 864 × 6 = 2244 × OG OB = = 0.2 m
2 2
1380 1.5 864 6 If M is the metacentre, then:
OG = = 3.232 m
2244
I ( / 64) 2.4 4
(i) Metacentric height, GM: GM = OM – OG = 4.286 – 3.232 = 1.054 m (Ans.) BM =
V 1.815
(ii) Stability of the arrangement:
OM = OB + BM = 0.2 + 0.897 = 1.097 m
 178 Fluid Mechanics Chapter 4 : Buoyancy and Floatation 179
Let, y = Height of centre of gravity of the load above the base O.
1 3d 2
To find the position of combined centre of gravity above the base point O, taking moments OM = OB + BM = l
3 32 l
about O, we get:
1.95 1 3d 2 l
16.5 × + 1.65 × y = 18.15 × OG For stable equilibrium: OM > OG or l
2 3 32 l 2
or, 16.087 + 1.65 y = 18.15 × OG l l 3d 2 l
3d 2 – or
16.087 1.65 y or, >
or, OG = = 0.886 + 0.091y 32 l 2 3 32 l 6
18.15
The equilibrium will be stable when OM > OG i.e. 1.097 > (0.886 + 0.091y) 3d 2 1 18 l2
or, > or
or, 0.211 > 0.091y or 0.091y < 0.211 or y < 2.318 m 32 l 2 6 32 d2
But the height of buoy = 1.95 m 1/ 2
l2 18 l 18
The height of centre of gravity of the load above the buoy should not be greater than (2.318 or, < or or (9/16)1/2 or 3/4
d2 32 d 32
– 1.95) or 0.368 m (Ans.)
l
Example 4.20. A wooden cylinder (sp. gravity = 0.54) of diameter d and length l is required to < 3/4 (Ans.)
d
float in oil (sp. gravity = 0.81). Find the l/d ratio for the cylinder to float with its longitudinal axis
vertical in oil. Example 4.21. A log of wood 0.9 m in diameter and 7.5 long is floating in river water. If the
specific gravity of log is 0.7, what is the depth of the wooden log in water?
Solution. Given: Diameter of the cylinder = d; Length of the cylinder = l;
Solution. Given: Diameter of the wooden log, d = 0.9 m;
Sp. gravity, S1 = 0.54; sp. gravity of oil, S2 = 0.81.
Length of the log, l = 7.5 m
1 Specific gravity, S = 0.7
ratio:
d
Weight of the log = (0.7 × 9.81) × d 2l
Let, h = Depth of cylinder immersed in oil.
Now, Weight of cylinder = Weight of oil displaced ...(principle of buoyancy) = 0.7 × 9.81 × × 0.92 × 7.5 = 32.76 kN
or, d 2l × S 1 = d 2 h × S2
4 4

0.54 l 2 This also represents the weight of water displaced.

l × 0.54 = h × 0.81 i.e., h= l
0.81 3 32.76
Volume of water displaced = = 3.34 m3
h 1 9.81
The distance of centre of buoyancy B from O, OB = l
2 3 Let, h = Depth of immersion.
The distance of centre of gravity G from base point O, OG = l/2 Volume of log inside water = Volume of water displaced = 3.34 m3
If M is the metacentre, then: 3.34 = Area LQNL × 7.5
d4 3.34
I 64 d2 d2 3d 2 Area, LQNL = = 0.4453 m2
BM = 7.5
V 2 16 h 2 32 l
d h 16 l Also, Area, LQNL = Area LQNOL + area LON
4 3
 180 Fluid Mechanics Chapter 4 : Buoyancy and Floatation 181

2 360 – 2 1 OM OL LM 0.35 h
= r 2r sin r cos In OBM: sin 45° =
360 2 OB OB 0.5
0.5 sin 45° = 0.35 + h or h = 0.00355 m
= r2 1 – r 2 sin cos
180
2
Volume of oil displaced = r3 + r3 × h
0.4453 = × 0.452 1 – + 0.452 sin cos 3
180 3 2
2 0.15 0.15
or, 0.4453 = 0.6362 – 0.003534 sin cos = 0.00355 0.000946 m3
3 2 2
or, 0.003534 – 0.2025 sin cos = 0.6362 – 0.4453 = 0.1909
0.2025 0.1909 Buoyant force = Weight of oil displaced
or, – sin cos = = Volume of oil displaced × sp. gravity of oil
0.003534 0.003534
or, – 57.3 sin cos = 54.02 = 0.000946 × (0.8 × 9.81) = 0.007424 kN or 7.42 N
or, – 57.3 sin cos – 54.02 = 0 Since the buoyant force and the weight of the float passes through the same vertical line,
By hit and trial, we get, 71.5° therefore,
Depth of wooden log in water, h r + r cos Net force on float = Buoyant force – Weight of float = 7.42 – W
Taking moments about the hinge O, we get:
0.45 + 0.45 cos 71.5° or h = 0.593 m (Ans.)
P × 0.2 = (7.42 – W) × BM
Example 4.22. A float valve regulates the flow of oil of specific gravity 0.8 in a cistern. The
spherical float is 150 mm in diameter. AOB is a weightless link carrying the float at one end, and or, 10 × 0.2 = (7.42 – W) × 0.5 cos 45°
a valve at the other end which closes the pipe through which oil flows into the cistern. The link is 10 0.2
W = 7.42 – = 1.76 N i.e. W= 1.76 N (Ans.)
mounted in a frictionless hinge at 0 and angle AOB is 135°. The length of OA is 200 mm, and the 0.5 cos 45
distance between the centre of the float and hinge is 500 mm. When the flow is stopped AO will be
Example 4.23. A cylindrical buoy is 2 m in diameter and 2.5m long and weighs 22 kN. The
vertical. The valve is to be pressed on to the seat with a force of 10 N to completely stop the flow of specific weight of sea water is 10.25 kN/m3. Show that the buoy does not float with its axis vertical?
oil into the cistern. It was observed that the flow of oil is stopped when the free surface of oil in the
What minimum pull should be applied to a chain attached to the centre of the base to keep the buoy
cistern is 350 mm below the hinge. Determine the weight of the float. [UPSC Engg. Services ]
vertical? [UPSC]
Solution. Refer to Fig. 4.22.
Solution. Given: Diameter of the buoy, d = 2 m;
Specific gravity of oil = 0.8
Length of the buoy, l = 2.5 m;
Diameter of the float, d = 150 mm = 0.15 m
Weight of the buoy, W = 22 kN;
AOB = 135°
Specific weight of sea water = 10.25 kN/m3.
Weight of the float, W:
Part I: To show that the buoy does not float
with its axis vertical:
Weight of water displaced
V =
Specific weight of water
(Weight of the buoy = Weight of water displaced)
22
= = 2.146 m2
10.25
i.e., Volume of buoy immersed in water
= 2.146 m3
Let, h = Depth of immersion.
Volume of buoy immersed in water
Then, h =
Cross - sectional area of the buoy
2.146
= = 0.683 m
( / 4) 2 2
When the oil flow is stopped, the level of oil is as shown in Fig. 4.22; the centre of float is below Distance of centre of buoyance (B) from the base point O,
the level of oil by a depth h.
 182 Fluid Mechanics Chapter 4 : Buoyancy and Floatation 183

h 0.683 Example 4.24. A solid cone floats in a liquid with its apex downwards. The specific gravity of
OB = 0.342 m the material of the cone and the liquid are 0.7 and 0.95 respectively. Determine the least apex angle
2 2
Let, M be the metacentre. of cone for stable equilibrium.
Solution. Specific weight of cone = 0.7 × 9.81 = 6.87 kN/m2
I ( / 64) 2 4
Then: BM = = 0.366 m Specific weight of liquid = 0.95 × 9.81 = 9.32 kN/m2
V 2.146
OM = OB + BM = 0.342 + 0.366 = 0.708 m Let, H = Height of the cone,
2.5 h = Height of cone immersed in liquid, and
Distance of centre of gravity (G) from the base point O, OG = = 1.25 m 2 = Apex angle of the cone.
2
Since OM < OG, therefore, the buoy is unstable when floating with axis vertical. (Ans.) Weight of the cone = Volume × sp. weight
Part II: Minimum pull required to keep the buoy vertical: 1 2 1
= R H 6.87 H 3 tan 2 6.87 kN
Let, T = Minimum pull (kN) which should be applied to chain attached to the centre of the base 3 3
to keep the buoy vertical. R
tan i.e. R H tan and r h tan
Total downward force = W + T = (22 + T) H
22 T 1 2 1 3 2
Displaced volume of water = m3 Weight of liquid displaced = r h × 9.32 = h tan × 9.32 kN
10.25 3 3
22 T 22 T Now, Weight of cone = Weight of liquid displaced (since the cone is floating)
New depth of immersion, h m
10.25 ( / 4) 22 32.2 1 3 2 1 3 2
i.e., H tan a × 6.87 = h tan × 9.32 kN
3 3
h 22 T 22 T 1/3
OB = m 6.87
2 2 32.2 64.4 h = H = 0.9 H
9.32
4
I( / 64) 2 8.05
BM = 3 3
V 22 T 22 T Distance of centre of buoyancy from the apex, OB = h 0.9 H 0.675 H
4 4
10.25
3
To find new centre of gravity G due to self weight acting at G and tension T in the chain, taking Distance of centre of gravity G from the apex, OG = H = 0.75 H
4
moments about point O, we get:
For stable equilibrium, the metacentre (M)
22 × 1.25 = (22 + T) × OG should be above G or may coincide with G.
22 1.25 i.e. BG BM or OG – OB BM ...(i)
OG =
22 T
I
Now, BM =
22 1.25 22 T V
B G = OG – OB = –
22 T 64.4 where, I = Moment of inertia of the circular
For stable equilibrium, M must lie above G , i.e. section about the liquid level
BM > BG r4 h 4 tan 4
=
8.05 22 1.25 22 T 4 4
> – and, V = Volume of liquid displaced
22 T 22 T 64.4
1
8.05 22 T 22 1.25 = h3 tan2
or, > 3
22 T 64.4 22 T
Substituting various values in (i), we get:
8.05 64.4 (22 T ) 2 22 1.25 h4 tan 4
or, >
(22 T ) 64.4 22 T
4 h 4 tan 4 3
2 0.75 H – 0.675 H or 0.75 H
or, 518.42 + (22 + T) > 22 × 1.25 × 64.4 1 3 4 h 3 tan 2
h tan 2
or, (22 + T)2 > [22 × 1.25 × 64.4 – 518.42] or > 1252.58 3
or, 22 + T > 35.39 or T > 13.39 kN or, 0.075 H 0.75 h tan2
Hence, minimum pull in the chain required to keep the buoy vertical = 13.39 kN (Ans.) or, 0.075 H 0.75 × (0.9 H) tan2 ( h = 0.9 H)
 184 Fluid Mechanics Chapter 4 : Buoyancy and Floatation 185

2 0.75 2 1/ 3 1/ 2
or tan 0.111 R S
0.75 0.9 (ii) H < :
1 – S 1/ 3
or tan 0.333 or 18° 24
As per principle of floatation:
Least apex angle, 2 = 36° 48 (Ans.)
Weight of cone = weight of water displaced
Example 4.25. A cone of specific gravity S, is floating in water with its apex downwards. It has
a radius R and vertical height H. Show that for stable equilibrium of cone, 1 1 2
or, R 2 H wc = r h w
1/2 3 3
H R 2S 1/3 (where wc and w are the specific weights of cone material and water respectively).
(i) Sec2 (ii) H <
h 1 – S 1/3 Substituting, R = H tan and r = h tan , we get:
where, h is the depth of immersion and is the half apex angle. 1 1
H2 tan2 × H × wc = h2 tan2 × h × w
Solution. Radius of the cone = R; Height of the cone = H; 3 3
wc
Sp. gravity of the cone = S H3 tan2 × S = h3 tan2 S
w
Let, h = Depth of immersion, 2 = apex angle, 3 3 1/3
or, h = H S or h = H.S
r = Radius of cone at the water surface, O = apex of the cone,
(where, S is the sp. gravity of cone material).
G = Centre of gravity of the cone,
H 1
B = Centre of buoyancy, and From the relations Sec2 > and h = H.S1/3 (derived above), we have Sec2 >
h S 1/3
M = Position of metacentre.
Then, OG = 3/4 H; OB = 3/4 h 1 1 1 – S 1/3
or, (1 + tan2 ) > or tan2 > –1 or tan2 >
S 1/3 S 1/3 S 1/3
H
(i) Sec2 :
h R R2 1 – S 1/3
Substituting, tan = , we get 2
I H H S 1/3
Now, BM =
V
H2 S 1/3 R 2S 1/3
where, I = Moment of inertia or, < or H2 <
R2 1 – S 1/3 1 – S 1/3
r4 1/2
= , and
4 R 2 S 1/3
or, H < ...Proved (Ans.)
V = Volume of water displaced 1 – S 1/3
1 2
= r h Example 4.26. A solid cone (S = 0.8)
3
diameter 36 cm and height 30 cm floats with its
r4 / 4 3 r2 vertex downwards in water as shown is fig. 4.27.
BM =
1 2 4 h Is this cone in stable equilibrium?
r h
3
Solution. Given: D = 36 cm, H = 30 cm;
Substituting r = h tan , we get: S = 0.8
3 h 2 tan 2 Let, = Semivertex angle,
BM =
4 h 18
Then, tan = 0.6
3 r 30
= h tan2 tan –1
4 h or, = tan (0.6) = 30.96°
3 3 Diameter of the cone at water surface,
OM = OB + BM = h h tan 2
4 4
d /2
3 2 3 d = 2y tan tan
= h (1 tan ) h sec 2 h
4 4
For stable equilibrium: Weight of cone = Weight of water displaced
2 2
BM > BG or OM > OG 1 D 1 d
H (w S ) h w
3 3 H 3 2 3 2
= h sec 2 H or Sec 2 ...Proved (Ans.)
4 4 h D2HS = d 2y
 186 Fluid Mechanics Chapter 4 : Buoyancy and Floatation 187
= (2h tan )2 × h = 4h3 tan2 (ii) The position of centre of gravity of the ship:
2
D D/2 I
= 4h3 tan Distance between the metacentre M and the centre of buoyancy is given by: BM =
2H H V
or, h3 = H3S where, I = Second moment of area of the water line section
or, h = HS1/3 63 9 3
= 30 × (0.8)1/3 = 27.85 cm = 0.75 2870 m 4
12
If B is the centre of buoyancy, and, V = Volume of water displaced by the vessel
3 3
OB = h 27.85 = 20.89 cm Weight of the vessel 16000
4 4 = 1561 m 3
Specific weight of vessel 10.25
3 3
OG = H 30 22.5 cm
4 4 2870
BM = = 1.838 m
Now, d = 2h tan = 2× 27.85 × 0.6 = 33.42 cm 1561
Now, OG = OM + MG = (OB – MB) + MG
I ( d 4 ) / 64 3 d2
BM = 2 = ( 2.1 – 1.838) + 0.77 = 1.032 m
V 1 d 16 h
h i.e. OG = 1.032 m (below the water line) (Ans.)
3 2
2
3 (33.42)
= = 7.52 cm
16 27.85
It has been observed that whenever a body floating in a liquid is given a small angular
OM = OB + BM displacement, it starts oscillating about its metacentre M (see Fig. 4.30) in the same manner as a
= 20.89 + 7.52 = 28.41 cm pendulum oscillates about its point of suspension.
OG = 22.5 cm Let, W = Weight of floating body,
MG = OM – OG = 28.41 – 22.5 = 5.91 cm = Angle (in radians) through which the body is depressed,
i.e., M is above G by 5.91 cm = Angular acceleration of the body in rad/s2,
Hence the cone is under stable equilibrium. (Ans.) T = Time of rolling (i.e. one complete oscillation) in seconds,
Example 4.27. A ship 63 m long and 9 m broad has a displacement of 16000 kN. When a k = Radius of gyration about G, and
weight of 200 kN is moved across the deck through a distance of 5.4 m, the ship is tilted through I = Moment of inertia of the body about its centre of gravity G
5°. The second moment of area of the water line section about its fore–and–oft axis is 75 per cent of
W 2
that of circumscribing rectangle, and centre of buoyancy is 2.1m below the water line. Determine. = k
g
(i) The metacentric height, and (ii) The position of centre of gravity of ship. GM = Metacentric height of the body.
Take specific weight of sea water = 10.25 kN/m3
Solution. Length of the ship, l = 63 m
Breadth of the ship, b = 9 m
Displacement, W =
Angle of tilt, = 5°
Movable weight, W1 = 200 kN
Distance moved by W1, z = 5.4 m
(i) Metacentric height, GM:
We know,
W1.z
GM = (Eqn. 4.2)
W tan When the force which has caused angular displacement is removed the only force acting on the
200 5.4 body is due to the restoring couple due to the weight W of the body and the force of buoyancy PB.
= 0.77 m
16000 tan 5 Restoring couple = W × GA
i.e. GM = 0.77 m (Ans.) = W × GM tan ...(i)
= W . GM .
 188 Fluid Mechanics Chapter 4 : Buoyancy and Floatation 189
[assuming to be small (tan = ] I 8320
d2 Using the relation, BM = 2.626 m
Angular acceleration of the body, = – V 3168.3
dt 2 Also, the metacentric height, GM = BM – BG = 2.626 – 1.6 = 1.026 m
– ve sign indicates that the force is acting in such a way that it tends to decrease the angle .
Also, Inertia torque = Moment of inertia × Angular acceleration k2 3.2 2
Now using the relation, T = 2 2 = 6.33 s (Ans.)
W d2 GM .g 1.028 9.81
= I. – k2 ...(ii)
g dt 2
Equating (i) and (ii), we get:
W 2 d2 W 2 d2
W. GM. = – k or k W . GM . 0
g dt 2 g dt 2 1. The tendency for an immersed body to be lifted up in the fluid due to an upward force op-
Dividing both sides by W, we get: posite to action of gravity is known as buoyancy.
2 2
k d 2. The floating bodies may have the following types of equilibrium:
GM . = 0
g dt 2 (i) Stable equilibrium,
k2
Again, dividing both sides by , we get: (ii) Unstable equilibrium, and
g
(iii) Neutral equilibrium.
d2 GM .g
= 0 3. The metacentre is defined as a point of intersection of the axis of body passing through c.g.
dt 2 k2
(G) and original centre of buoyancy (B), and a vertical line passing through the centre of
The above equation is a differential equation of second degree, whose solution is:
buoyancy (B1) of the titled position of the body.
GM .g GM .g 4. The distance between the centre of gravity (G) of a floating body and the metacentre (M) is
Q = C1 sin t C 2 cos t ...(iii)
k2 k2 called metacentric height.
where, C1 and C2 are constants of integration. 5. The metacentric height (GM) by experimental method is given by:
The values of C1 and C2 are obtained from the following boundary conditions:
1. At t = 0, = 0 GM =
W1.z.l W1 .z
C2 = 0 [By substitution of t = 0, = 0 in (iii)] W .d W tan
T where, W1 = Known weight,
2. At t = , = 0
2 z = Distance through which W1 is shifted across the axis of the tilt,
GM .g T l = Displacement of the plumb bob, and
0 = C1 sin
k2 2
d
Since C1 cannot be equal to zero, therefore: = Angle of tilt tan .
l
GM . g T GM . g T
sin = 0 or ( sin = 0)
k2 2 k2 2
2
k2
k 6. Time of rolling, T=2
or, T = 2 ...(4.4) GM . g
GM .g
where, k = Radius of gyration about c.g. (G), and
Example 4.28. A ship of weight 32000 kN is floating in sea water. The centre of buoyancy is
GM = Metacentric height of the body.
1.6 meters below its centre of gravity. The moment of inertia of the ship area at the water level is
8320 m4. If the radius of gyration of the ship is 3.2 m, find its period of rolling.
Take sp. weight of sea water = 10.1 kN/m3
Solution. Given: Weight of the ship, W = 32000 kN Choose the Correct Answer. 2. The magnitude of the buoyant force can be
Distance between centre of buoyancy and centre of gravity, BG = 1.6 m 1. The tendency for an immersed body to be lifted determined by
Moment of inertia, I = 8320 m4 (a) Newton’s second law of motion
Radius of gyration, k = 3.2 m to the action of gravity is known as (b) Archimedes’ principle
(a) buoyancy (c) Principle of moments
Period of rolling of the ship, T:
(b) centre of buoyancy (d) none of the above.
Volume of sea water displaced,
Weight 32000 (c) buoyant force 3.
V = 3168.3m 3 (d) none of the above. completely, the force of buoyancy is equal to
Specific weight of sea water 10.1