PMT

1 A diver in the sea uses breathing apparatus, which releases gas bubbles.

Fig. 1.1 shows bubbles rising to the surface.

Fig. 1.1

The bubbles start from rest and, at first, they move upwards with a constant acceleration.

Fig. 1.2 is an incomplete speed-time graph for one of the bubbles from time t = 0 s until t = 10 s.

2.5

2.0
speed
m/s
1.5

1.0

0.5

0
0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10
t/s

Fig. 1.2

(a) Using Fig. 1.2, determine the acceleration of the bubble during the first 2.0 s.

acceleration = .......................................................... [3]

(b) (i) After t = 2.0 s, the acceleration of this bubble decreases gradually until at t = 10 s its
acceleration is zero.

Complete Fig. 1.2, by sketching a possible continuation of the speed-time graph. [2]

(ii) State the name given to a negative acceleration.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]
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2 Two mechanics, A and B, are trying to use a two-person spanner (wrench) to loosen a nut on a
large wheel.

Fig. 2.1 shows the forces exerted by the two mechanics.

wheel

nuts
two-person
spanner (wrench)

500 N force 400 N force

exerted by exerted by
mechanic A mechanic B

1.2 m 1.2 m

Fig. 2.1

Mechanic A exerts a force of 500 N at a distance of 1.2 m from nut P. Mechanic B exerts a force of
400 N at a distance of 1.2 m on the other side of nut P.

(a) Calculate the magnitude and the direction of the resultant moment exerted by the mechanics
on nut P.

magnitude of resultant moment = ...............................................................

direction ...............................................................
[4]

(b) Mechanic B reverses the direction of the 400 N force that he exerts on the spanner.
Mechanic A continues to exert the same force of 500 N downwards.

(i) Calculate the magnitude of the new resultant moment exerted by the mechanics.

magnitude of resultant moment = .......................................................... [1]

(ii) Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force now exerted by the mechanics on the spanner.

force = .......................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]
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3 (a) (i) State how a vector quantity differs from a scalar quantity.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State and explain whether momentum is a vector quantity or a scalar quantity.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) A spacecraft of mass 35 kg is travelling in a straight line at a velocity of 1200 m / s. Assume no

external forces act on the spacecraft.

Calculate

(i) the momentum of the spacecraft,

momentum = .......................................................... [2]

(ii) the kinetic energy of the spacecraft.

kinetic energy = .......................................................... [2]

(c) The rocket fuel stored in the moving spacecraft in (b) explodes and the spacecraft splits into
two sections. One section speeds up and the other section slows down.

(i) State what happens to the total momentum.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Predict and explain what happens to the total kinetic energy.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]

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4 A manometer containing a liquid X, is used to measure the pressure of a gas supply. Fig. 4.1
shows the manometer.

gas
supply

liquid X

Fig. 4.1

Atmospheric pressure is 9.9 × 104 Pa.

(a) The height h is 0.36 m. The density of liquid X is 840 kg / m3.

Calculate

(i) the pressure due to a column of liquid X of height 0.36 m,

pressure = .......................................................... [2]

(ii) the pressure of the gas supply.

pressure = .......................................................... [1]

(b) The pressure of the gas supply stays constant.

Describe what happens to the liquid levels when

(i) the liquid X is replaced by the same volume of a liquid of greater density,

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) a manometer tube with a slightly smaller area of cross-section, containing an identical
volume of liquid X, is used.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 7]
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5 (a) (i) The temperature of a quantity of air is increased.

Describe the effect of this increase in temperature on the air molecules.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The temperature of a block of aluminium is decreased.

Describe the effect of this decrease in temperature on the density of the aluminium.
Explain your answer in terms of the separation of the atoms.

effect ..................................................................................................................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) A road is covered with a layer of snow. The temperature of the snow is 0 °C. The specific
latent heat of fusion of snow is 3.3 × 105 J / kg.

The snow forms a layer of uniform thickness on the road surface.

(i) Calculate the power needed to melt 0.12 kg of the snow in 220 s.

power = .......................................................... [4]

(ii) The snow is melted by solar radiation. In 220 s, exactly 0.12 kg of the snow melts to
produce water at 0 °C.

The power of the solar radiation incident on each 0.12 kg of snow is greater than the
power calculated in (b)(i).

Suggest one reason why this is so.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 8]

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6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows the crests of a wave in the sea as it reaches the entrance to a harbour.

sea harbour

direction of travel of wave

harbour wall
gap

Fig. 6.1

(i) The wave reaches the gap in the harbour wall and passes into the harbour.
On Fig. 6.1, draw the first three crests to the right of the harbour wall. [3]

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(ii) A wave with a larger wavelength approaches the harbour. Fig. 6.2 shows this wave.

sea harbour

direction of
travel of
wave

harbour wall
gap

Fig. 6.2

This second wave reaches the gap in the harbour wall and passes into the harbour.
On Fig. 6.2, draw the first three crests to the right of the harbour wall. [1]

(b) An earthquake produces two types of wave, P-waves and S-waves.

The vibrations in P-waves are parallel to the direction of travel of the wave.
The vibrations in S-waves are perpendicular to the direction of travel of the wave.

Place one tick for each type of wave, to indicate whether it is longitudinal or transverse.

type of wave longitudinal wave transverse wave

electromagnetic wave

P-wave

S-wave

sound wave

ultrasound wave

[3]

[Total: 7]

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10

7 Some of the components of the electromagnetic spectrum, in order of decreasing wavelength, are
shown.

radio waves microwaves visible light ultraviolet radiation gamma rays

(a) (i) State the speed at which all electromagnetic waves travel in a vacuum.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State which of the components of the electromagnetic spectrum shown has the lowest
frequency.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Two components of the electromagnetic spectrum are not listed above.

State the names of these components.

1. ......................................................................................................................................

2. ......................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) One application of microwaves is in microwave ovens, which cook food very quickly.

Fig. 7.1 shows the inside of the glass door of a microwave oven, covered with a metal mesh.

metal mesh

Fig. 7.1

The metal mesh prevents the microwaves from escaping by reflecting them back into the
oven.

(i) Suggest one reason why it is sensible to prevent microwaves from escaping.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State one further application of microwaves, other than in microwave ovens.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]

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11

8 For blue light, the refractive index of a particular type of transparent plastic is 1.5.

(a) Calculate the critical angle for blue light in this type of plastic.

critical angle = .......................................................... [2]

(b) A block is made of this type of plastic. Blue light travelling in a vacuum is incident on the side
of the block at point P.

Fig. 8.1 shows that the angle of incidence is 45°.

45°

Fig. 8.1

At P, some of the light is refracted into the block and some of the light is reflected.

(i) The blue light used in this experiment is monochromatic.

State, in terms of a measurable quantity, what is meant by monochromatic.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Calculate the angle of refraction of the light in the block.

angle of refraction = .......................................................... [2]

(iii) On Fig. 8.1, draw the path taken by the light that passes into the block and the path of
the light that is reflected at P. [1]

[Total: 6]

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