Commandos Prac 2

Mushoro Ruzani
1.Linux system
Commands Used
1. pwd – Displays the current working directory.
2. cd – Changes the current directory.
3. ls – Lists the contents of a directory.
4. man – Opens the manual for a command or directory, offering detailed explanations.
5. cat, more, or less – To view text files (especially configuration files in /etc).
Important Directories and their Functions:
1./etc – Configuration Files
The /etc directory contains system-wide configuration files and shell scripts that are used to boot,
start, stop, and configure system settings. Examples include network configurations, user
accounts, and various services.
Common files:
i)passwd: Contains user account information.

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ii)fstab: Contains information on disk drives and partitions.
2. /bin – Essential User Binaries
/bin holds essential user command binaries (executable files) that are required for system
operation in single-user mode. These commands are used for system recovery, maintenance, or
during boot-up. Examples of binaries stored here include basic commands like ls, cp, mv, bash.
Example: ls /bin to list commands like ls, echo, mkdir, cat, etc.
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3./usr – User Binaries and Programs
/usr contains user-installed software and libraries, and it's generally where larger packages reside,
along with their dependencies.
It has several subdirectories:
/usr/bin: Non-essential user command binaries.
/usr/lib: Libraries needed by software in /usr/bin.
/usr/share: Shared files and documentation.
Example: ls /usr/bin to see more command binaries like python, gcc, etc.
4. /var – Variable Data Files
Description: The /var directory holds

variable data files like logs, databases, caches, and email spools. Files in /var often change in size
and content over time. Some important subdirectories include:
i) /var/log: System log files.
ii) /var/mail: Incoming mail.
iii) /var/lib: State information for programs.
Example: ls /var/log to see system logs like syslog, dmesg, auth.log.

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5./home – User Home Directories
The /home directory is where all user personal directories are stored. Each user has a
subdirectory under /home where their personal files, configuration settings, and documents are
saved. For example, the home directory for user john would be /home/john.
Example: cd /home/username && ls to list files in a specific user's home directory.
2.Key Directories in Windows File System

1.C:\Windows
Purpose: This is the main directory where the Windows operating system is installed. It contains
critical files for system operations, configuration, and libraries.
Key Subfolders:
System32: Contains essential system files and libraries (DLLs) necessary for Windows to
function.
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WinSxS: Stores multiple versions of system files (side-by-side assemblies) to support different
applications.
Temp: Temporary files created by the system or applications during operation.
2. C:\Program Files
Purpose: This directory is where most applications installed on the system store their files. It is
the default location for 64-bit programs.
Key Subfolders:
Each installed program typically has its own folder where its executable files, libraries, and other
necessary data are stored.
Common Files: Shared libraries and resources used by multiple programs are stored here.
3. C:\Program Files (x86)

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Purpose: This directory is for 32-bit applications on a 64-bit version of Windows. It separates
32-bit apps from 64-bit apps to prevent compatibility issues.
4. C:\Users
Purpose: This folder contains user-specific data and files. Each user has their own directory
here, where personal settings, documents, and application data are stored.
Key Subfolders:
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Documents: The default location for personal documents.
Desktop: Stores files and shortcuts that appear on the user's desktop.
AppData: Contains user-specific application data and settings, further divided into Local,
LocalLow, and Roaming subfolders.
5. C:\ProgramData
Purpose: This is a hidden directory that contains data shared between all users on the system.
Applications store data here that isn’t user-specific, such as configuration files.
6. C:\Temp
Purpose: This is where temporary files are stored. The system and applications use this directory
for temporary data that is no longer needed once the task is completed.

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Mushoro Ruzani

1. pwd – Displays the current working directory.

2. cd – Changes the current directory.

3. ls – Lists the contents of a directory.

Important Directories and their Functions:

1./etc – Configuration Files

i)passwd: Contains user account information.

ii)fstab: Contains information on disk drives and partitions.

2. /bin – Essential User Binaries

3./usr – User Binaries and Programs

It has several subdirectories:

/usr/bin: Non-essential user command binaries.

/usr/lib: Libraries needed by software in /usr/bin.

/usr/share: Shared files and documentation.

4. /var – Variable Data Files

Description: The /var directory holds

i) /var/log: System log files.

ii) /var/mail: Incoming mail.

iii) /var/lib: State information for programs.

Example: ls /var/log to see system logs like syslog, dmesg, auth.log.

5./home – User Home Directories

Example: cd /home/username && ls to list files in a specific user's home directory.

2.Key Directories in Windows File System

Temp: Temporary files created by the system or applications during operation.

3. C:\Program Files (x86)

Documents: The default location for personal documents.

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