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Work breakdown structure for road construction

If a guy's going to spend a considerable amount of time piloting upwards of 200 tons (181.4 metric tons) along lonely roads in desolate areas of the Outback, he's going to require some things in his truck. Manufacturers like Freightliner and Kenworth, among others, make the kinds of trucks that can haul these demonically heavy loads, and they make
them in a million different configurations. Along with power and safety, driver comfort is critical for these long drives. Sleeper boxes and lockers are must-haves for most road trains, and a quiet cabin that shuts out the nonstop roar of the engine and the rush of wind will save a man's sanity. Air conditioning is a necessity, too, as temperatures in
Western Australia can routinely reach 120 degrees Fahrenheit (49 degrees Celsius). So that's fun.Temperatures that hot mean the engine has to be vented and cooled within an inch of its mechanical life. Not only do cooler engines not, you know, explode in the middle of nowhere, but cooler engines also get better fuel economy. That's especially
important on a route where there isn't a 7-Eleven every mile and a half (2.4 kilometers). Even if there were, it's not like pulling your 170-foot (51.8-meter) rig in for a quick fill up, cool down, and a Slurpee for the driver is going to work all that well. Speaking of exploding in the middle of nowhere, drivers may be 10-12 hours from a mechanic who
knows how to fix his giant, expensive truck. Reliability becomes crucial in the Outback, where roadside assistance sometimes comes in a prop plane.As if engine trouble weren't enough of a worry, there are two other big dangers for drivers of truck trains: their own fatigue and idiots in passenger cars. Drivers average 21 hours at a stretch behind the
wheel, if you can even imagine, though the Australian Road Train Association (ARTA) frowns so heavily on this that drivers can probably feel the association's wrath, like the Eye of Sauron over the Outback, as they drive. ARTA recommends driving up to 14 hours per day, and stretching their shifts over a 14-day cycle rather than the more usual 7-day
cycle.A Record-setting Road TrainIn February 2006, a road train hitched up 112 trailers, each more than 33 feet (10-plus meters) long, for a grand total of 4,836.9 feet (1,474.3 meters). That's as long as more than 40 blue whales laid nose to tail. This lurching, mechanical dragon was only driven 330 feet (100 meters) in order to make it official. You
can use a work breakdown structure to help you gain an overview of your project and facilitate project accounting. With the systematic approach of the work breakdown structure, you can establish projected costs for individual activities and control actual costs as the project incurs them. As the project progresses, cumulative costs from the
completed activities let you determine whether you are on budget and let you make adjustments if needed. The work breakdown structure divides the work to be done for a project into individual, self-contained tasks. Starting with major project segments like design, deliveries and installation, you divide each segment further until you reach a level
where a task is the responsibility of one person, For example, a construction project could be divided into building design, site preparation, foundation, structure and finishing. Dividing design work further, it might include architectural, electrical and mechanical drawings. Breaking down the work of electrical drawings you would include the details of
the connection to the utility supply. By breaking the work down into activities such as preparation of the drawings for the utility connection you can identify small, individual tasks for which project accounting can assign costs. Project accounting involves matching incurred costs against cost projections to ensure that the project comes in on budget.
With a completed work breakdown structure, you can calculate how much the completion of each activity or task will cost. This exercise breaks the budget down into small dollar amounts that you can assign to individual work breakdown structure tasks. If, for example, the amount budgeted for electrical drawings is $200 but your work breakdown
structure shows preparing the drawings will take 30 hours, the budget is unrealistic. In that case, you have to change how you plan to carry out the work to use fewer hours or change the budget. Once the project work has started, the project accumulates costs. The key purpose of project accounting is to assign the costs to the activity whose budget
covers it, so you can see if the actual costs match the budgeted costs and to make sure the actual costs doesn't exceed the budget. For example, the costs for the technicians preparing the electrical drawings are paid out of the electrical drawings budget. You can immediately see when a task such as electrical drawings has used up its budget and
threatens to exceed its assigned cost. The critical value for project accounting is how well the project as a whole is adhering to the overall budget. The work breakdown structure allows you to calculate overall budgetary performance through the work you have completed. If you add the budgets of all the tasks that you have finished, divide by the total
budget and multiply by 100, you get a percent of budget that you should have spent. If you add the actual costs of the completed tasks, divide by the budget and multiply by 100 you get the percent of budget you have actually spent. If the percent of budget actually spent is more than the percent you should have spent, you immediately know you are
over budget. You then have to spend less on the remaining tasks or revise the budget. This house uses standard vinyl siding. The siding is made from thin, flexible sheets of plastic about 2 millimeters thick, pre-colored and bent into shape during manufacturing. The sheets are 12 feet long and about a foot high. You start at the bottom and the sheets
interlock into each other as you go up.Because vinyl expands and contracts due to temperature and sunlight, it fits into deep channels at the corners and around windows and doors. The channels are deep enough that as the siding contracts it remains within the channel. The following shot shows a channel nailed to a corner of the house and a piece
of siding fitting into it. It is nailed in place and ready for the next sheet to be interlocked and installed above it:This is the back wall of the house, showing the scaffolding used to install the siding:This shot shows roofline detail. The area extending out from the house under the roof is known as the soffit (parallel to the roof). The fascia boards are
perpendicular to the roof. The soffit is perforated so that air can flow into the attic and up through the ridge vents to ventilate the attic. In this shot, part of the soffit is in place, while part is awaiting installation. Note that all exposed fascia wood is capped with a sheet of painted aluminum that was bent into shape on the site:At this point, the house is
"dried in," meaning that it is completely protected from rain. Now interior work can begin. Slabs, basements and crawl spaces are the three main foundation systems used on houses. In wet and coastal areas, it is sometimes common to put houses up on posts as well.SlabThe slab is probably the easiest foundation to build. It is a flat concrete pad
poured directly on the ground. It takes very little site preparation, very little formwork for the concrete and very little labor to create. It works well on level sites in warmer climates -- it has problems up north because the ground freezes in the winter and this freezing can shift the slab at worst and at least lead to cold floors in the winter. A cross-
section of a typical slab looks like this.Around the edge of the slab, the concrete forms a beam that is perhaps 2 feet deep. The rest of the slab is 4 or 6 inches thick. A 4- or 6-inch layer of gravel lies beneath the slab. A 4-millimeter sheet of plastic lies between the concrete and the gravel to keep moisture out. Embedded in the concrete is 6-inch by 6-
inch wire mesh (shown by the dotted line in the slab) and steel reinforcing bars (shown by the white circles at the bottom of the beams). You will often hear this sort of foundation referred to as a "floating slab" -- it "floats" on the soil, with the deeper concrete around the edge holding it in place. In northern climates, the concrete around the edge has
to extend deep enough to remain below the frost line in winter.One thing about a slab is that the sewer pipe, and sometimes much of the electrical conduit, has to be put in place before the concrete is poured. The sewer pipes are actually embedded in the slab. Image: Thatree Thitivongvaroon/ Moment/Getty Images Are you familiar with road
construction equipment? Can you differentiate the kinds of large-scale and small-scale types of construction equipment you see on the roads? If you said yes to these questions, then it's high time you tested your knowledge. Take this quiz and see for yourself as to where you'll end up!You might think at first that this kind of quiz is strangely hard. But
actually, you just need to recall the many times that you may have passed some kind of road construction going on. Whether they are fixing up a damaged road, cleaning up one, or maybe widening a very narrow one, chances are you may have seen the many kinds of road construction equipment that's displayed out there, in full view of the public.
And many of these pieces of equipment have also been exposed or featured in various kinds of pop culture media, surely. Constant repetition of such things tends to stick with us for a longer time.So, do you think you can finally distinguish these handy-dandy or heavy-duty road construction equipment? Drive away with the quiz! Good luck! TRIVIA
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Minute Quiz 6 Min TRIVIA Can You Name More Than Half of the Items on This Construction Equipment Quiz? 6 Minute Quiz 6 Min How much do you know about dinosaurs? What is an octane rating? And how do you use a proper noun? Lucky for you, HowStuffWorks Play is here to help. Our award-winning website offers reliable, easy-to-understand
explanations about how the world works. From fun quizzes that bring joy to your day, to compelling photography and fascinating lists, HowStuffWorks Play offers something for everyone. Sometimes we explain how stuff works, other times, we ask you, but we’re always exploring in the name of fun! Because learning is fun, so stick with us! Playing
quizzes is free! We send trivia questions and personality tests every week to your inbox. By clicking "Sign Up" you are agreeing to our privacy policy and confirming that you are 13 years old or over. Copyright © 2021 InfoSpace Holdings, LLC, a System1 Company Summer is the main season for road construction, which means there's a good chance
you'll hit a bump, or come across loose stones and other hazards associated with construction zones. These road conditions can be tough on a vehicle's steering and suspension systems and can throw out the alignment, while loose stones have the potential to damage the vehicle's exterior or windshield, according to a news release from the Car Care
Council. The symptoms of steering and suspension or wheel alignment problems are uneven tire wear, pulling to one side, noise and vibration while cornering or loss of control. The main parts of the systems are shocks and/or struts, the steering knuckle, ball joints, the steering rack/box, bearings, seals or hub units, and tie rod ends. The council
recommends that motorists have their vehicles checked out immediately if any of these symptoms exist, as steering and suspension systems are key safety-related components and largely determine the car's ride and handling. Regardless of road conditions, these systems should be checked annually and a wheel alignment should be performed at the
same time. Motorists also should do frequent visual checks of their vehicle's exterior and windshield to identify any chips, dings or cracks. These are small problems that can become costly repairs and safety hazards if they aren't taken care of immediately. "Even the most careful driver, who is traveling slowly and carefully through a work zone, can
hit an unexpected bump or other road hazards," said Rich White, executive director, Car Care Council. "The key is to pay attention to your car and if you think there's a problem, have it taken care of as soon as possible." SOURCE: Car Care Council This content is created and maintained by a third party, and imported onto this page to help users
provide their email addresses. You may be able to find more information about this and similar content at piano.io A construction loan finances building or remodeling a home. Construction loans are typically short-term loans and have higher interest rates than conventional mortgages. Costs eligible for construction loan coverage include land
purchase, contractor labor, building materials and permits.When it comes to financing a new build or major remodel, you have a few loan options at your disposal.The type of loan that’s best for your construction or renovation project will depend on a few factors, including the scope of your project, how you want to pay off the loan and if you wish to
take out a mortgage on the home after it’s constructed.Construction-to-permanent loanA construction-to-permanent loan serves two purposes: It finances construction and then converts to a mortgage on the home when it’s ready for move-in. Lenders sometimes refer to these loans as “single-close” construction loans. Borrowers pay only one set of
closing costs and can choose a variable or fixed rate home loan upon completion of construction or choose to lock in the rate before construction begins.The mortgage comes from the same lender that finances the construction, which could limit the borrower’s ability to shop around for the best deal. During construction, the borrower makes payments
on the interest while receiving funds in phases as construction progresses.When the house is finished and the loan converts to a permanent mortgage, the monthly payments increase to cover both principal and interest. To qualify for a construction-to-permanent loan, the home must be the buyer’s planned primary residence or second
home.Construction-only loanAs its name suggests, a construction-only loan finances only the construction of a home and does not include mortgage financing for that home once it’s finished. During construction, the borrower makes interest-only payments while the funds are dispersed in phases as building progresses. A construction-only loan is due
in full upon completion of the house, or the borrower must shop for additional financing at that time.Though this loan lets borrowers shop around for the best mortgage deal for their situation, it also means they must go through two sets of applications and two rounds of closing costs, hence the name lenders sometimes use, “two-close” loans.
Construction-only loans also tend to have higher interest rates than conventional mortgages.Renovation loan (home remodel loans)Renovation loans cover the costs of remodeling a fixer-upper home that you purchase or repairs on the home you currently own. An FHA 203(k) loan, also called a rehab mortgage, finances both the purchase of the home
and the rehabilitation. It will also cover just the renovation if you already own the home.Different from a conventional mortgage, a renovation loan might charge fees to borrowers for the preparation of architectural documents and review of the rehabilitation plan. FHA renovation loans provide a streamlined solution for buyers who want to buy a fixer-
upper house and finance repairs to improve the home for living. A renovation loan is based on the projected value of the home once repairs are complete.Owner-builder construction loanAn owner-builder construction loan lets the borrower serve as the general contractor on the homebuilding project. For borrowers who are experienced homebuilders
with proper licenses to oversee the project and ensure code compliance, an owner-builder loan can save money on costs to hire contractors.End loanThe end loan is the mortgage the borrower takes out to finance the home once it’s built. An end loan can be attained at the same time as a construction-to-permanent loan, or the borrower can shop
around for mortgages while the home is under construction.Since construction loans provide financing for a home that is not yet built, there is no physical house to use as collateral. Because of this, they pose more risk to lenders, which means rates tend to be higher and lenders might require borrowers to meet more strict requirements.Criteria vary
by lender and financial situation. In general, to obtain a construction loan, borrowers should have the following:680 credit score or betterDebt-to-income ratio no greater than 45%Proof of stable incomeA licensed builderConstruction planAppraisal or projected home valueFor an FHA renovation loan, the home must be at least 1 year old and repair
costs must exceed $5,000. The property must also fall within the FHA mortgage limit for the area.Construction loan down payment requirementsIn most cases, lenders require a down payment on a construction loan to ensure the borrower is committed to the project. The down payment also protects the lender in case the building does not get
completed as planned. A down payment for a construction loan is typically 20% to 30%, higher than a down payment for a conventional or government-backed mortgage.If you’re ready to apply for a construction loan, follow these steps.Gather your financial information. This includes income, debts, assets and credit history.Talk with a lender. Find out
how much you qualify to borrow and which type of construction loan would work best for your situation. Get prequalified if possible.Determine your home building budget. Get estimates from builders with experience in your area and the type of home you want to build. Make sure you have enough cash on hand to cover the down payment and living
expenses while your new home is being built. Be prepared for unexpected expenses or construction delays.Hire a licensed contractor to build your new home. Develop a detailed building plan and complete a signed purchase contract that includes the amount the builder will charge, the cost of land (if applicable) and the construction start and
completion dates. This is called the “blue book” for your home building project. Be prepared to pay a deposit to the builder.Choose a lender. Look for a lender that is experienced with handling construction loans. Have your land contract and lot deed ready, if applicable.Apply for the construction loan and complete an appraisal. Before the loan closes,
you will need to obtain a property appraisal.LabelAuthorized PartnerCompany nameLogoContactSummaryAUTHORIZED PARTNER View Rates LabelAuthorized PartnerCompany nameLogoContactSummaryAUTHORIZED PARTNER View Rates Not all lenders offer construction loans. When shopping for a construction loan, look for lenders that have
experience with this type of loan since the process differs from a traditional mortgage.Local or regional banks might be more willing and able to provide construction loans than national banks because they have an incentive to invest in their own communities and might not have to answer to national investors when taking risks. A construction loan
also requires more personal attention, and this is more easily accomplished at a local bank with a branch in your area.However, some large national banks offer construction loans, and there are also online providers that offer construction financing. A select number of credit unions offer construction loans, commonly construction-to-permanent. The
FHA maintains a list of FHA-approved lenders for rehabilitation loans. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac also have renovation loan programs that are offered through various lenders.Construction loan rates vary by lenderConstruction loans involve more risk for the lender and therefore tend to have higher interest rates than conventional mortgages. Like
a traditional mortgage, the interest rate you get on a construction loan varies based on current market rates and borrower qualifications, including credit score, income and the loan amount.Fees also tend to be higher for construction loans because lenders must review building plans and prepare architectural documents. FHA rehab loans have a
3.5% down payment requirement for qualified borrowers.Can you get a construction loan with the FHA?The FHA provides renovation loans, known as 203(k) rehab loans. These loans let homebuyers finance the purchase and renovation of a house with a single mortgage. Homeowners can also use 203(k) loans to finance the rehabilitation of their
current homes.Is a construction loan a mortgage?A construction loan is not the same as a mortgage. While a mortgage finances the purchase of an existing home, a construction loan specifically provides funds for the building or renovation of a home. A construction-to-permanent loan converts to a mortgage when the home is built.What do
construction loans cover?Construction loans cover the costs of land purchase, building materials, licensed contractor labor, inspections and permits. The funds can also be used for building plans and closing costs. A construction loan can include funding for permanent fixtures, such as appliances, and it covers finishing materials such as countertops
or flooring.What is the average construction loan interest rate?Construction loan rates typically hover around 1% more than current mortgage loan rates. Individual rates vary by lender, loan type and borrower qualifications.Can you roll a construction loan into a mortgage?Yes, you can roll a construction loan into a mortgage with a construction-to-
permanent loan. This type of loan lets you finance the cost of building a home and the home itself. During construction, the borrower makes interest-only payments on the disbursement of funds for construction costs. The construction loan balance is then rolled into the mortgage, or end loan, when building is complete.If you’re looking to build a new
home or renovate an existing property, construction loans are a good option. For buyers who want to purchase land and build a home, it could be profitable in a competitive housing market if you know the house will sell for a higher price than it will cost to build. Construction loans also make sense when a buyer has cash on hand to buy land but
needs to finance home construction. For landowners whose property is paid off, a construction loan can finance a dream home or an investment property.Did you find this article helpful? | Looking for a mortgage lender?READ OUR GUIDE

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