Poster Anveshan Project

Gravitational Collapse of Star and Spacetime Singularity
Introduction
The stars are born in huge clouds of dust and intergalactic
material mainly contain hydrogen gaseous molecules and
nuclear fusion (H burning of atoms) process in the core of
the system and it provides thermal outward pressure in the
space and time. A star maintains a balance between
gravitational pull and the outward pressures from nuclear
fusion, keeping it stable in equilibrium. But once the
outward thermal pressure decreases, gravity causes the
star to contract and collapse inward. This contraction
phenomenon is known as Gravitational Collapse[1].
The gravitational collapse of a massive star under its own
gravity represents a very crucial and fascinating problem in
astrophysics and cosmology, leading to the formation of
stellar objects such as white dwarf, Neutron star, Black
holes(BH), Naked singularity(NS) etc. These end-states of
gravitational collapse, predicted within the frameworks of
general relativity (GR) and modified gravity theories, offer
profound insights into the nature of spacetime and
fundamental physics.
Recent progress in theoretical and observational
astrophysics has significantly advanced our understanding
of stellar collapse and its outcomes[2,3]. However, many
questions remain unanswered, particularly regarding the
physical viability of BH and NS, their observational
signatures, and their role in astrophysical processes. These
inquiries are essential for refining our understanding of
collapsing stars, their true end stage, testing the limits of
Objective of the the implications of modified gravity
GR, and exploring
work
theories[4].
“What happens to a massive star after it exhausts its nuclear fuel and undergoes catastrophic gravitational
collapse under its own gravity? How does this phenomenon affect our understanding of gravitational theory, and
what are its observational implications for high-energy astrophysical phenomena of stars ?”
The answer to this question has to come from the GR theory, and unfortunately this remains an unsolved
problem.
Investigating the formation of singularities in the collapsing phase of stellar systems under both homogeneous
and inhomogeneous gravitational conditions, and presenting a suitable model that integrates established
astrophysical stellar data.
The exploration of exact solutions and studies on singularity formation within the realm of GR and modified
gravity theories, and astrophysical implications.
To use the recent observations of the BH shadows by the EHT collaboration[5], and the detection of the
gravitational waves by the LIGO-VIRGO collaboration[6] in our model and discuss physical viability of solutions.
To discuss the simulation of model by employing the Markov-Chain-Monte-Carlo(MCMC) analysis
Methodology and Conclus

Approach
Mathematical Formulation: Start with the foundational ion
This research is anticipated to give insightful information
principles of Einstein Field Equations (EFEs) and on the evolutionary processes of collapsing stellar
Raychaudhuri equation, ensuring that the mathematical systems(stars), offering illumination on fundamental
framework is robust and aligns with the General Relativity or astrophysical phenomena.
modified theories of gravity. This study to contribute to the comprehension of a novel
Model Development: Use the parameterization method to category of stars characterized by consistent motion and
solve the EFEs. Apply the smooth matching conditions of the formation of space-time singularities.
interior and exterior solutions to maintain continuity in This work advances the understanding of gravitational
spacetime geometry, reflecting the physical reality of collapse by integrating General Relativity with modified
collapsing systems. gravity theories, providing a robust mathematical
Computational Implementation: Using computational framework to study spacetime singularities-BH and NS.
tools (e.g., Mathematica, Python) to solve the EFEs Combining theoretical modelling, numerical simulations,
numerically for models. Use astrophysical data, perform and observational data offers comprehensive
simulations to study collapse dynamics and associated methodology for exploring the dynamics and end-states
phenomena, such as the BH formation or NS. of collapsing systems.
Gravitational Wave Analysis: Model gravitational The role of gravitational wave signals as a tool for
waveforms arising from the collapse using perturbative distinguishing between black holes and exotic stellar
techniques or numerical relativity. Compare theoretical objects, linking theoretical predictions with data from
waveforms with observational data from detectors like LIGO observatories like LIGO and Virgo.
and Virgo to validate models.
Stability and Energy Conditions: Examine the stability of
the model using methods like Herrera’s cracking criterion.
Test the validity of energy conditions (NEC, WEC, SEC, DEC),
etc for physical viability of the model.
Observational Implications: Analyze observational
signatures such as accretion disk properties, gravitational
Referen
wave, and electromagnetic emissions to differentiate
ces
between BH and NS. Validate findings with high-energy
[1]. Penrose, R. In Symposium-International Astronomical Union (Vol. 64, pp. 82-91). Cambridge University Press
astrophysical datasets.
(1974).
[2]. Malafarina, D., & Joshi, P. S. (Eds.). New Frontiers in Gravitational Collapse and Spacetime Singularities.
Springer (2024).
[3]. Jaiswal, A., Kumar, R., Srivastava, S. K., & Pacif, S. K. J. The European Physical Journal C, 83(6), 490 (2023),.
[4]. Joshi, P. S. Spacetime singularities. Springer Handbook of Spacetime, 409-436 (2014).
[5]. K. Akiyama et al. [Event Horizon Telescope], Astrophys. J. Lett. 875, L1 (2019).
[6]. B.P.Abbott, et al. [LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration], Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 061102
(2016).

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Gravitational Collapse of Star and Spacetime Singularity

Methodology and Conclus

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