Copy of Study Guide Spanish 2 Semester 1 2021

LP 1.
1 Present tense of ser and estar pg 2

Ser soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son
Used for descriptions: DOCTOR: descriptions, origin, characteristics, time, occupation, relation
Estar estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, están
Used to describe feelings, conditions, and location
PLACE: Prepositions, location, actions, conditions, emotions
LP 1.2 Articles pg 2
Go before the nouns, they can be definite or indefinite.
Definite articles mean “the” in English:
They are el/la/los/las
Indefinite articles mean “a/an/some” in English:
They are un/una/unos/unas
They agree with the noun that follows in gender and number
LP 1.3 Adjectives and Agreement pg 23

Descriptive adjectives describe nouns: they can be colors, physical features, personality,
nationality
Adjectives must always agree in gender and number with the noun they describe
They always GO AFTER THE NOUN THEY DESCRIBE: LA CHICA BONITA!!!
Possessive adjectives Possessive adjectives describe possession

We care about what is being possessed, not who is possessing
They must agree in gender and number with the noun they describe
Possessive adjectives GO BEFORE THE NOUN THAT THEY DESCRIBE!!! NUESTRA CASA
ES GRANDE!!!
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES:
mi/mis, tu/tus, su/sus, nuestro/a/os/as, vuestro/a/os/as, su/sus
LP 2.1 Present tense of -ar verbs pg 4
Used to describe what we do in a normal day
Infinitives: verbs that end in -ar, -er, -ir...these are not conjugated, and have to do that.
Examples: hablar, cantar, dibujar, nadar etc
How to form verbs/conjugate in present tense -ar regular verbs:
1. Cut off -ar ending from the infinitive Hablar, becomes habl-
2. Add corresponding endings with the subject pronouns in this order:
a. -o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an
b. Hablo, hablas, habla, hablamos, habláis, hablan
Used to describe what we do in a typical day

It is the same concept as conjugating -ar verbs, but the endings are a little different
For -er verbs, like comer:

1. Cut off -er ending from the infinitive so comer becomes com-
2. Add the corresponding endings:
a. -o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, en
b. Comer becomes, como, comes, come, comemos, coméis, comen
For -ir verbs, like vivir:

1. Cut off -ir ending from the infinitive so comer becomes viv-
2. Add the corresponding endings:
a. -o, -es, -e, -imos, -ís, -en
b. Vivir becomes, vivo, vives, vive, vivimos, vivís, viven
LP 2.2 Present tense of tener, venir pg 4
Tener means to have, like “I have a big dog”
Tener is conjugated “irregularly” meaning it does not follow the same conjugation pattern for
regular verbs
Tener is both a yo go verb and a stem changing verb
It is conjugated: tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen
Tener is used in a variety of different ways: one way is to describe what you have to do “I have
to study for this final”
Structure: tener + que + infinitive:
“Tengo que estudiar para el examen final”
Tener is also used with several idiomatic expressions:
*Study idiomatic expressions on pg 4 tengo frio, tengo calor, tengo hambre, etc.
Venir is similarly conjugated like tener. Venir means to come and it is usually followed by “a” to
It is conjugated in the following way:
Vengo, vienes, viene, venimos, venís, vienen
LP 2.3 Present tense of the verb “ir”
Ir means “to go” It is conjugated the following way in the present tense:
Voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van
Usually it’s followed by “a” = to
We can also use ir in a different way to describe future plans by using
Ir + a + infinitive:
Voy a estudiar para el examen final= I am going to study for the final exam.
LP 2.4 Verbs with stem changes and irregular yo forms pg 5

Irregular forms of present tense verbs can be yo-go or stem changing verbs.
Yo-go: this only affects the yo form and they end in -go. The rest of the verb follows regular
present tense conjugations.
Examples are: hacer-hago, poner-pongo, salir-salgo, suponer-supongo, traer-traigo
Stem-changing verbs: these will either be: e:ie, o:ue, e:i, u:ue
All forms are stem changing except for nosotros and vosotros which will remain regular.
E:ie- empezar: empiezo, empiezas, empieza, empezamos, empezáis, empiezan

Cerrar, comenzar, entender, pensar, perder, preferir, querer
E:i- servir: sirvo, sirves, sirve, servimos, servís, sirven
Conseguir, decir, repetir, seguir
O:ue- dormir: duermo, duermes, duerme, dormimos, dormís, duermen
Almorzar, contar, dormir, encontrar, mostrar, poder, recordar
U:ue- jugar-juego, juegas, juega, jugamos, jugáis, juegan
Ver: veo, ves, ve, vemos, veis, ven
Oír: oigo, oyes, oye, oímos, oís, oyen
1.1 Reflexive verbs pgs 22-23
Reflexive verbs are used to describe daily routines. They usually pertain to hygiene, but not
always. They are actions that we do to ourselves, and they are recognized by “se” at the end of
the infinitive. For example: cepillarse
How to form the reflexive verbs: First eliminate se and add the reflexive pronouns which are:
me, te, se, nos, os, se These pronouns go BEFORE the conjugated verb.
Then conjugate the verb as you normally would (be careful because some verbs are stem
changing or yo go verbs)
Cepillarse would be: me cepillo, te cepillas, se cepilla, nos cepillamos, os cepilláis, se cepillan
Reflexive pronouns can be added to the end of the verbs ONLY if the verb is an infinitive or a
progressive: Necesito cepillarme el pelo or Estoy cepillándome el pelo
REALLY STUDY THE VERBS ON PG 23 AND MEMORIZE THEM TO BE ABLE TO USE
THEM IN SENTENCES.
1.2 Indefinite and negative words pgs 26-27
Study and memorize the words and their opposite meanings on page 26
Pero is but, sino is but rather where there are 2 options to choose from
1.3 Preterite of Ser and Ir pg 30

Both ser and ir are conjugated the same in the preterite tense. Remember that preterite means
past tense, so these translate as “was” and “went” respectively.
The conjugations for both ser and ir in the past tense are the following:
Fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron (A COMMON MISTAKE IS TO WRITE FUIERON;
DON’T DO THAT.)
Usually ir (fui) is followed by “a” meaning to. Yo fui a la escuela, I went to the school. If you went
to a masculine place: you combine a el to make al: yo fui al supermercado.
1.4 Verbs like gustar pgs 32-33
Verbs like gustar are not conjugated in a normal regular way. They are limited to gusta/gustan
and they use IOPs me, te, le, nos, os, les to describe who is being affected by the verb.
If you like plural nouns you make it gustan, and if it’s singular you make it gusta. The same goes
for the verbs like gustar: aburrir, molestar, frustrar, enojar, fascinar, quedar, encantar, importar
etc. If your friend matters to you: “me importa mi amiga” if your friends matter to you: “me
importan mis amigos”
Vocabulary Chapter 1 pg 46
2.1 Preterite of stem-changing verbs pg 60
Preterite means past tense. Usually we use the word “ayer” to mean yesterday to indicate past
tense. For regular verbs for ar: cut off the ending and add: -é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -asteis, -aron
for -er and -ir: cut off and add: -í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -isteis, -ieron.
For irregular 3rd person stem changing preterite verbs it ONLY AFFECTS THE ÉL/ELLOS
FORMS the rest of the verb follows the regular pattern.
In order for the 3rd person stem changing to happen, you need to ask 2 questions:
1. Does it end in -ir?
2. Is it stem-changing in the present tense?
If the answer to both of these questions is “yes” then it will be 3rd person stem-changing
in the preterite tense.
The stem changes are E-I AND O-U
Servir changes to serví, serviste, sirvió, servimos, servisteis, sirvieron

Some other stem changing verbs that are similar to servir are: preferir, repetir, seguir, conseguir,
sentirse, vestirse, pedir
Dormir changes to dormí, dormiste, durmió, dormimos, dormisteis, durmieron

Other verbs that are similar to dormir are morir
2.2 Double Object Pronouns pg 63-64
A direct object is a thing that is directly affected by a verb. If I read a book, the book is what is
being affected by the verb, it is being read, therefore it is a direct object.
We use DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS to replace a direct object in order to avoid redundancy
and repetition, so instead of saying “I read the book” over and over, you can say “I read it”
where it replaces the book.
For the sake of understanding: the direct object pronouns are: lo/la, los/las and they agree with
the noun that’s being replaced in gender and number. For book, it would be replaced with “lo”
because book is a masucline singular noun.
The formula for just a direct object is the following: Subject + verb (according to subject) +
Direct object: Yo(subject) leo(verb) el libro(direct object).
The formula for the direct object pronoun once the direct object has been replace is the
following: Subject + DOP + verb (according to subject) Here the the DOP goes BEFORE
The conjugated verb. Yo lo leo.
With INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS this is used to emphasize a person who receives the
direct object. It does not necessarily replace, but emphasizes.
With indirect object pronouns the verb needs to be transactional, meaning that someone needs
to be receiving something. Some verbs that use IOPs are: servir, cocinar, dar, pedir, preparar,
tirar, lanzar, leer, cantar
The IOPs are: me, te, le, nos, os, les (not to be confused with reflexive pronouns)
Formula for IOPs: Subject +IOP +Verb (according to subject) +Direct Object:
Yo te cocino el pollo. I cook the chicken for you.
Formula for IOPs with DOP: Subject + IOP + DOP + verb (according to the subject)
Yo te lo cocino (I cook it for you)
You can’t have le/lo, le/la, le/los, le/las or les/lo, les/la, les/los, or les/las so you have to
change the le or les to se.
You can attach iop and dop to the end of verbs if the verbs are infinitives, or progressive:
Necesito dartelo, or estoy dándotelo

2.3 Comparisons pg 67-69
There are comparisons of equality and inequality and we can compare adjectives, adverbs, and
nouns:
When there is INEQUALITY with adjectives and adverbs and nouns we use:
MÁS/MENOS...QUE
Yo soy mas alta que Lebron James
When comparing EQUALITY with adjectives and adverbs you say
TAN…COMO
Yo soy tan alta como Lebron James
When comparing EQUAL nouns:
TANTO/A/OS/AS...COMO (as much/as many...as)

Yo tengo tantos zapatos como Lebron James
Yo tengo tantas camisas como Kendall Jenner
*Study irregular comparisons, mejor, peor etc pg 69

2.4 Superlatives pg 72
Superlative means most or least or -est

She is the tallest girl in the class.
Structure: “Ella es la chica más alta de la clase”
Absolute superlatives: add -ísimo/a/os/as to the end of an adjective:
Ella es altísima (she is super tall)
Vocabulary chapter 2 pg 84

Copy of Study Guide Spanish 2 Semester 1 2021

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Copy of Study Guide Spanish 2 Semester 1 2021

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Copy of Study Guide Spanish 2 Semester 1 2021

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LP 1.

1 Present tense of ser and estar pg 2

LP 1.3 Adjectives and Agreement pg 23

Possessive adjectives Possessive adjectives describe possession

Used to describe what we do in a typical day

For -er verbs, like comer:

For -ir verbs, like vivir:

It is conjugated: tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen

We can also use ir in a different way to describe future plans by using

LP 2.4 Verbs with stem changes and irregular yo forms pg 5

E:ie- empezar: empiezo, empiezas, empieza, empezamos, empezáis, empiezan

1.1 Reflexive verbs pgs 22-23

1.3 Preterite of Ser and Ir pg 30

The stem changes are E-I AND O-U

Servir changes to serví, serviste, sirvió, servimos, servisteis, sirvieron

Dormir changes to dormí, dormiste, durmió, dormimos, dormisteis, durmieron

Yo te cocino el pollo. I cook the chicken for you.

Yo te lo cocino (I cook it for you)

Necesito dartelo, or estoy dándotelo

When comparing EQUALITY with adjectives and adverbs you say

Yo soy tan alta como Lebron James

When comparing EQUAL nouns:

TANTO/A/OS/AS...COMO (as much/as many...as)

*Study irregular comparisons, mejor, peor etc pg 69

Superlative means most or least or -est

Structure: “Ella es la chica más alta de la clase”

Absolute superlatives: add -ísimo/a/os/as to the end of an adjective:

Ella es altísima (she is super tall)

You might also like