Paper 3 –Set A SOLUTION

Regn No: ____ _____________

Name: ___________________
(To be written by the candidates)

NATIONAL CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION 2007

FOR
ENERGY MANAGERS & ENERGY AUDITORS

PAPER – 3: Energy Efficiency in Electrical Utilities

Date: 22.04.2007 Timings: 0930-1230 HRS Duration: 3 HRS Max. Marks: 150

Section – I: OBJECTIVE TYPE Marks: 50 x 1 = 50

(i) Answer all 50 questions

(ii) Each question carries one mark
(iii) Please hatch the appropriate oval in the OMR answer sheet with HB Pencil, as per
instructions

1. Heat Rate of a thermal power plant is expressed in

a) kCal/kWh b) kWh/kCal c) kWh/kJ d) kCal/kVAh

2. A 5 kVAr, 415 V rated power factor capacitor was found to be having terminal supply
voltage of 430 V. The capacity of the power factor capacitor at the operating supply
voltage would be approximately

a) 4.65 kVAr b) 5.5 kVAr c) 5 kVAr d) none of the above

3. Identify the location of installing capacitor banks, which will result in less reduction in
the distribution losses in a factory

a) main sub-station bus bars b) motor terminals

c) motor control centres d) distribution panel boards
4. The nearest kVAr compensation required for changing the power factor of a 1000 kW
load from 0.9 lead to unity power factor is

a) 900 kVAr b) 485 kVAr c) 1000 kVAr d) none of the above

5. Improving power factor at motor terminals in a factory will

a) increase active power b) release distribution transformer capacity

c) reduce contract demand d) increase motor efficiency

6. What should be the maximum capacitor size to be installed at induction motor

terminals for power factor improvement?

a) 70% of No load kVAr of the motor b) 80% of No load kVAr of the motor
c) 90% of No load kVAr of the motor d)100% of No load kVAr of the motor

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7. The transformer capacity is rated in terms of

a) kW b) kVA c) kVAr d) HP

8. Which of the following is not likely to create harmonics in an electrical system

a) soft starters b) variable frequency drives c) UPS d) induction motors

9. For a four pole induction motor operating at 50 Hz, the slip at a shaft speed of 1450
RPM will be

a) 3.33 % b) 0 % c) 0.33 % d) none of the above

10. A three phase induction motor loaded at less than 50 %,if operated in star mode, will
result in
a) reduced operating voltage b) electrical downsizing of the motor
c) improved efficiency and power factor d) all of the above

11. The performance of rewinding of an induction motor can be assessed by which of the
following factors

a) no load current b) stator resistance

c) both no load current and stator resistance d) none of the above
12. An induction motor rated for 75 kW and 90 % efficiency, operating at full load, will

a) deliver 83.3 kW b) deliver 75 kW c) draw 75 kW d) draw 67.5 kW

13. With increase in design speed of induction motors the required capacitive kVAr for
reactive power compensation for the same capacity range will

a) increase b) decrease c) not change d) none of the above

14. The flow rate of a reciprocating air compressor can be decreased by

a) inlet throttling b) outlet throttling c) decreasing speed d) all of the above

15. Which of the following delivers a pulsating output

a) roots blower b) centrifugal compressor
c) screw compressor d) reciprocating compressor

16. Use of hard water for inter cooler of a two stage reciprocating air compressor will

a) reduce work done for compression b) increase pressure drop in water side
c) decrease compressor speed d) reduce air inlet temperature to second stage
17. A 500 cfm reciprocating compressor has a loading and unloading period of 5
seconds and 20 seconds respectively during a compressed air leakage test. The air
leakage in the compressed air system would be
a) 125 cfm b) 100 cfm c) 200 cfm d) none of the above

18. A 1000 cfm reciprocating compressor is operating to meet a constant demand of 500
cfm. The least cost energy efficient solution will be

a) load and unload b) multi step control

c) variable frequency drive d) pulley change

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19. An air dryer in a compressed air system

a) reduces dew point of air b) increases dew point of air

c) reduces work of compression d) none of the above

20. Which of the following can be used as refrigeration both in vapour compressor and
vapour absorption system

a) ammonia b) R – 11 c) water d) lithium bromide

21. A 2 ton air conditioner installed in a room and working continuously for two hours will
remove heat of

a) 3024 kCals b) 6048 kCals c) 12096 kCals d) 4000 kCals

22. Which of the following refrigeration systems uses vacuum for operation

a) vapour compression system using R-11

b) vapour compression system using HFC 134A
c) vapour absorption system using lithium bromide –water
d) vapour absorption system using ammonia –water

23. The refrigeration load in TR when 100 m3/hr of water is cooled from 12OC to 7oC is

a) 500 b) 165 c) 20 d) 50,000

24. Which of the following can also act as a heat pump

a) centrifugal pump b) centrifugal compressor

c) air conditioner d) none of the above

25. Integrated Part Load Value (IPLV) in a vapour compression refrigeration refers to
average of ____with partial loads

a) cooling effect b) TR/kW c) kW/TR d) kW

26. Partially closing the outlet damper in a fan system will

a) reduce flow b) increase power consumption

c) reduce fan static pressure d) all of the above

27. Which of the following flow controls in the fan system will change the system
resistance curve

a) inlet guide vane b) speed change with variable frequency drive

c)speed change with hydraulic coupling d) discharge damper

28. Parallel operation of two identical fans in a ducted system

a) will double the flow b) will double the fan static pressure
c) will not double the flow d) will increase flow by more than two times

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29. A fan handling air in a ducted system is an example of

a) pure friction head b) pure static head

c) combination of static and friction head d) none of the above

30. A Pitot tube measures------- of the fluid

a) velocity b) flow
c) the difference between total and static pressures d) static pressure

31. In a centrifugal pump the velocity energy is converted to pressure energy by

a) impeller b) suction duct c) discharge duct d) volute

32. The hydraulic power in a pumping system depends on

a) pump efficiency b) motor efficiency

c) both motor and pump efficiency d) none of the above

33. The friction loss in a pipe carrying a fluid is proportional to the

a) fluid flow b) square of the pipe diameter

c) fluid velocity d) fifth power of pipe diameter

34. The efficiency of a pump does not depend on

a) suction head b) discharge head c) density of fluid d) motor efficiency

35. When the flow rate increases

a) NPSH available increases b) NPSH required increases

c) NPSH required decreases d) both NPSH available and NPSH required increases

36. NPSH available depends on

a) pump type b) inlet pipe diameter c) discharge head d) power drawn

37. If the wet bulb temperature is 28 oC and cooling water of 28 oC is required, then the
most appropriate cooling tower would be

a) hyperbolic tower b) cross flow tower

c) induced draft counter flow tower with fills d) none of the above
38. Higher the COC in a cooling tower, the blow down quantity will

a) increase b) decrease c) no change d) it may increase or decrease

39. The most appropriate type of fan used for induced draft cooling tower, among the
following is

a) centrifugal fan with FRP blades b) axial fan with aluminium blades

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c) centrifugal fan with aluminum blades d) axial fan with mild steel blades

40. The blowdown loss in a cooling tower depends on

a) TDS in circulating water b) TDS in make up water

c) evaporation loss d) all of the above

41. FRP fans consume less energy than aluminium fans because

a) they are lighter b) they have better efficiencies

c) they have less system resistance d) they deliver less air flow

42. Sodium vapour lamps are not used in indoor applications because they

a) have poor colour rendering index b) have poor energy efficiency

c) have low lumens output d) occupy a plenty of space

43. Which of the following is not a gas discharge lamp

a) fluorescent tube lamp b) mercury vapour lamp

c) metal halide lamp d) incandescent lamp

44. Luminous efficacy of a lamp is given by

a) Lux/W b) lumens/W c) W/Lux d) W/lumens

45. A 1100 kVA DG set is delivering 800 kW output. If the flue gas generated is 8
kgs/kWh then the total flue gas flow rate in kg/hr is

a) 8800 b) 6400 c) 100 d) 137

46. When compared to standard motors, energy efficient motors have

a) lower slip b) higher shaft speed c) lower starting torque d) all of the above
47. Use of soft starters for induction motors results in?

a) lower mechanical stress b) lower power factor

c) higher maximum demand d) all of the above
48. Which of the following is a variable torque load?

a) crusher b) machine tool c) centrifugal pump d) vibrating conveyors

49. Maximum demand controller installed in a factory will be beneficial only if

a) it is synchronized with the utility meter

b) maximum demand is more than 5000 kVA
c) maximum demand is less than 5000 kVA
d) the MD charges are for 100 % of the contract demand

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50. A fluorescent tube light fitted with an electronic choke will

a) operate at 25 kHz b) do not need a starter

c) increase light output d) all of the above

……. End of Section – I …….

Section – II: SHORT DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS Marks: 10 x 5 = 50

(i) Answer all Ten questions

(ii) Each question carries Five marks

S-1 An engineering industry which was operating with a maximum demand of 1000 kVA at
0.9 power factor brought down its demand to 900 kVA by power factor improvement.
Find out the percentage reduction in distribution losses within the plant

Answer
kW drawn 1000 kVA x 0.9
900 kW

New power factor 900/900

=1.0

Distribution loss reduction 1 – {PF1/PF2}2 x 100

1 - {0.9/1}2 x 100
19 %

S-2 A cast iron foundry has a load of 450 kVA. It has installed two transformers of 500
kVA each. The no load loss and full load copper loss are 760 W and 5400 W
respectively. From the energy efficiency point of view the foundry management wants
to take a decision on whether to operate a single transformer on full load or two
transformers equally sharing the load. What is your recommendation? Why?

Answer
1 x 500 kVA

Transformer loss at 450 kVA No load loss + [kVA load/Rated kVA]2

x full load loss
760 + 4374
5134 W

2 x 500 kVA 2 x {760 + [225/500]2} x 5400

3707 W

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Two transformers are better because the losses are the least.

S-3 A no load test conducted on a three phase delta connected induction motor gave the
following values:

No load power = 993 W

o
Stator resistance per phase at 30 C = 0.246 Ohms
No load current = 14.7 A

Calculate the fixed losses for the motor.

Answer
No load power 993 W
Stator resistance at 30oC 0.246 Ohms
No load current 14.7 A
Stator Copper loss at no load 3 x (14.7/√3)2 x 0.246 Ohms
= 53 W

Fixed losses 993 – 53

= 940 W

S-4 A 22 kW rated motor driving a lube oil pump is drawing a constant power of 19 kW at
90% efficiency. If the motor is replaced with an energy efficient motor which operates
at 93 % efficiency, find out the annual energy savings at 8000 hours of operation/year.
If the investment is Rs. 30,000/- find out the payback period at Rs.4/kWh energy
charges.
Answer
kW output 19 x 0.9
Energy savings kW output x [1/New - 1/Old]

17.1 [1/0.9 – 1/0.93] x 8000 kWh

4903 kWh/year

30,000 /(4903 x Rs.4)

1.53 years
18 months

S-5 Air at 25,200 m3/hr and at 1.2 kg/m3 density is flowing into an air handling unit of an
inspection room. The enthalpy difference between the inlet and outlet air is 10 kJ/kg.
If the motor draw a power of 25 kW at an efficiency of 90%, find out the kW/TR of
the refrigeration system. (1 J = 4.18 Cal.)
Answer
Refrigeration tonnes Q x  x (h2-h1)

25200 x 1.2 x (10 / 4.2) kcal/kg

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72,000 kcal/hr
TR 72,000 /3024
23.8 TR

Power input to the compressor 25 x 0.9= 22.5 kW

kW/TR 22.5/23.8 = 0.945

S-6 Air flow measurements using the pitot tube, in the primary air fan of a coal fired boiler
gave the following data

Air temperature = 30oC

Velocity pressure = 44 mmWC
Pitot tube constant, Cp = 0.9
Air density at 0oC (standard data) = 1.293 kg /m3

Find out the velocity of air in m/sec

Answer
Corrected air density 273 x 1.293 /(273+30)
1.165 kg/m3

Velocity m/s
Cp x √2 x 9.81 x ∆p x γ / γ

0.9 x √2 x 9.81 x 44 x 1.165 / 1.165

24.5 m/s

S-7 In a cooling tower, the cooling water circulation rate is 1200 m 3/hr. The operating
range is 8oC. If the blowdown rate of the cooling tower is 1 % of the circulation rate,
calculate the evaporation loss and COC.

Answer
Evaporation Loss (m3/hr) = 0.00085 x 1.8 x circulation rate (m3/hr) x (T1 –T2)

= 0.00085 x 1.8 x 1200 x 8

= 14.69 m3/hr

Blowdown = 12 m3/hr

Blowdown = Evaporation loss / (COC – 1)

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12 = 14.69 / (COC – 1)

COC = 2.224

S-8 A system has a static head of 45 meters and friction head of 10 meters. The pump is
operating at 1440 RPM. For reducing the flow, the pump speed is reduced to 1100
RPM. What is likely to happen as a result of this ?

Answer

Total Head= 45+10=55 metre

Head developed at 1100 RPM - H2/55 =(1100/1440)2

New head H2 - 42 m

This head will be insufficient to overcome even the static head and hence no
flow will occur in the system

S-9 The hot water temperature entering the cooling tower is 38 oC. If the wet bulb
temperature is 26 oC and the range is twice the approach, find out the cold water
temperature and effectiveness of the cooling tower.

Answer
Range (T1 –T2) = 2 x Approach (T2 – Twb)

(38 – T2) 2 x (T2 – 26)

Cold water temperature T2 30oC

Effectiveness = Range/(Range + 8/(8+ 4)

approach)
66.7 %

S-10 A jockey pump of a fire hydrant system is analysed for efficiency and following data is
collected:

Flow - 50 m3/hr , Total head – 105 meters, Power drawn by motor– 23.7 kW, Motor
efficiency – 90%

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Determine the pump efficiency

Answer

Hydraulic power Q (m3/s) x total head (m) x 1000 x 9.81

/1000

(50/3600) x 105 x 1000 x 9.81/1000

Hydraulic power 14.3 kW

Power input to pump 23.7 x 0.9

21.33 kW

Pump efficiency 14.3/21.33

67 %

……. End of Section - II …….

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Section – III: LONG DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS Marks: 5 x 10 = 50

(i) Answer all Five questions

(ii) Each question carries Ten marks

L-1. A chemical plant has a contract demand of 2500 kVA with the power supply company.
The average maximum demand of the plant is 2000 kVA at a power factor of 0.95.
The maximum demand is billed at the rate of Rs.300/kVA. The minimum billable
maximum demand is 75 % of the contract demand. An incentive of 0.5 % reduction in
energy charges component of electricity bill are provided for every 0.01 increase in
power factor over and above 0.95. The average energy charge component of the
electricity bill per month for the company is Rs.10 lakhs.

The plant decides to improve the power factor to unity. Determine the power factor
capacitor kVAr required, annual reduction in maximum demand charges and energy
charge component. What will be the simple payback period if the cost of power factor
capacitors is Rs.800/kVAr.

Answer

kW drawn 2000 x 0.95 = 1900 kW

Kvar required to improve power factor from kW ( tan 1 – tan 2)

0.95 to 1
kW ( tan (cos-1) – tan (cos-2)
1900 ( tan (cos- 0.95) – tan (cos-
)
1900 (0.329 - 0)
625 kVAr

Cost of capacitors @Rs.800/kVAr Rs.5,00,000

Maximum demand at unity power factor 1900/1 = 1900 kVA

75 % of contract demand 1875 kVA

Reduction in Demand charges 100 kVA x Rs.300
Rs.30000 x 12
Rs.3,60,000

Percentage reduction in energy charge from 2.5 %

0.95 to 1 @ 0.5 % for every 0.01 increase
Monthly energy cost component of the bill Rs.10,00,000
Reduction in energy cost component 10,00,000 x (2.5/100)
Rs.25,000/month
Annual reduction Rs.25,000 x 12
Rs.3,00,000

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Savings in electricty bill Rs.6,60,000

Investment Rs.5,00,000
Payback period 5,00,000/6,60,000
0.78 years or 9 months

L-2. A cooling tower is operating at a capacity of 32,40,000 kcal/hr and a range of 6 oC. The
cooling tower pump has a positive suction of 1 m and the discharge pressure shows
3.8 kg/cm2. The measured motor power is 71 kW and the operating efficiency of the
motor is 92%. Find out the efficiency of the pump.

Answer
Pump flow rate 32,40,000/6
540 m3/hr

Total head 38 – 1 = 37 m

Hydraulic power (540/3600) x 37 x 9.81

54.4 kW

Pump input power 71 x 0.92

65.3 kW

Pump efficiency 54.4/65.3

83.3 %

L-3. List down 10 energy conservation opportunities in a Compressed air system:

▪ Ensure air intake to compressor is not warm and humid by locating

compressors in well-ventilated area or by drawing cold air from outside.
Every 40C rise in air inlet temperature will increase power consumption by 1
percent.

▪ Clean air-inlet filters regularly. Compressor efficiency will be reduced by 2

percent for every 250 mm WC pressure drop across the filter.

▪ Keep compressor valves in good condition by removing and inspecting

once every six months. Worn-out valves can reduce compressor efficiency
by as much as 50 percent.

▪ Install manometers across the filter and monitor the pressure drop as a
guide to replacement of element.

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▪ Minimize low-load compressor operation; if air demand is less than 50

percent of compressor capacity, consider change over to a smaller
compressor or reduce compressor speed appropriately (by reducing motor
pulley size) in case of belt driven compressors.

▪ Consider the use of regenerative air dryers, which uses the heat of
compressed air to remove moisture.

▪ Fouled inter-coolers reduce compressor efficiency and cause more water

condensation in air receivers and distribution lines resulting in increased
corrosion. Periodic cleaning of inter-coolers must be ensured.

▪ Compressor free air delivery test (FAD) must be done periodically to check
the present operating capacity against its design capacity and corrective
steps must be taken if required.

▪ If more than one compressor is feeding to a common header, compressors

must be operated in such a way that only one small compressor should
handle the load variations whereas other compressors will operate at full
load.

▪ The possibility of heat recovery from hot compressed air to generate hot air
or water for process application must be economically analyzed in case of
large compressors.

▪ Consideration should be given to two-stage or multistage compressor as it

consumes less power for the same air output than a single stage
compressor.

▪ If pressure requirements for processes are widely different (e.g. 3 bar to 7

bar), it is advisable to have two separate compressed air systems.

▪ Reduce compressor delivery pressure, wherever possible, to save energy.

▪ Provide extra air receivers at points of high cyclic-air demand which permits
operation without extra compressor capacity.

▪ Retrofit with variable speed drives in big compressors, say over 100 kW, to
eliminate the `unloaded’ running condition altogether.

▪ Keep the minimum possible range between load and unload pressure
settings.

▪ Automatic timer controlled drain traps wastes compressed air every time the
valve opens. So frequency of drainage should be optimized.

▪ Check air compressor logs regularly for abnormal readings, especially

motor current cooling water flow and temperature, inter-stage and discharge
pressures and temperatures and compressor load-cycle.

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▪ Compressed air leakage of 40- 50 percent is not uncommon. Carry out

periodic leak tests to estimate the quantity of leakage.

▪ Install equipment interlocked solenoid cut-off valves in the air system so

that air supply to a machine can be switched off when not in use.

▪ Present energy prices justify liberal designs of pipeline sizes to reduce

pressure drops.

▪ Compressed air piping layout should be made preferably as a ring main to

provide desired pressures for all users.

▪ A smaller dedicated compressor can be installed at load point, located far

off from the central compressor house, instead of supplying air through
lengthy pipelines.

▪ All pneumatic equipment should be properly lubricated, which will reduce

friction, prevent wear of seals and other rubber parts thus preventing energy
wastage due to excessive air consumption or leakage.

▪ Misuse of compressed air such as for body cleaning, agitation, general floor
cleaning, and other similar applications must be discouraged in order to
save compressed air and energy.

▪ Pneumatic equipment should not be operated above the recommended

operating pressure as this not only wastes energy bus can also lead to
excessive wear of equipment’s components which leads to further energy
wastage.

▪ Pneumatic transport can be replaced by mechanical system as the former

consumed about 8 times more energy. Highest possibility of energy savings
is by reducing compressed air use.

▪ Pneumatic tools such as drill and grinders consume about 20 times more
energy than motor driven tools. Hence they have to be used efficiently.
Wherever possible, they should be replaced with electrically operated tools.

▪ Where possible welding is a good practice and should be preferred over

threaded connections.

▪ On account of high pressure drop, ball or plug or gate valves are preferable
over globe valves in compressed air lines.

L-4. A fan is driven by a motor through a belt pulley system. The input power to the
fan is 36 kW for a 2500 Nm3/hr fluid flow. The motor speed is 2990 RPM and
its pulley diameter is 200 mm. The fan pulley diameter is 300 mm. If the flow is
to be reduced by 20% by changing the fan pulley size, what should be the
diameter of the fan pulley and what will be the power input to the fan ?

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Answer

Ratio of fan pulley to motor pulley = 300/200 = 1.5

Motor speed = 2990 RPM

Existing fan speed = 2990/1.5

= 1993 RPM

Flow delivered at 1993 RPM = 2500 Nm3/hr

Flow at 20 % reduction = 2500 – 500 = 2000 Nm3/hr

Corresponding fan speed required = (2000/2500) x 1993

= 1594 RPM

New fan pulley size = (2990/1594) x 200 mm

= 375 mm

Power drawn = (P1/P2) = (Q1/Q2)3

= (36/P2) = (2500/2000)3

P2 = 18.5 kW

L -5 Draw a sketch of centrifugal pump (head vs flow) characteristic curve

incorporating the following. (Draw separate sketches for each of the
conditions)

a) System resistance curve (with static and dynamic head) and show the
operating point
b) Effect of throttling the pump on head and flow
c) Effect of pump speed reduction on head and flow
d) Effect of impeller diameter reduction on head and flow
Answer

System resistance Effect of throttling

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Pump curve with lower speed Pump curve with lower impeller diameter

……. End of Section – III ……

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