HUMAN RESOURCES

AFSHAN KAFEEL XII COMMERCE

STUDENTS LEARNING OUTCOME
• 11.2.1 define the terms: emigration, immigration;
• 11.2.2 discuss the factors of migration (i.e. political, social and economic);
• 11.2.3 exemplify different types of migration (national: rural-urban, urban-rural, urban-urban,
rural-rural and seasonal) and (international: legal and illegal);
• 11.2.4 describe the term urbanisation
• 11.2.5 discuss the factors responsible for the increased rate of urbanisation in the last twenty
years
• 11.2.6 evaluate the problems that accompanies migration and urbanisation • 11.2.7 suggest ways
through which the problems (as mentioned in SLO 11.2.6) can be resolved;
EMIGRATION, IMMIGRATION
• 11.2.1 define the terms: emigration, immigration
• Emigration is the act of leaving a resident country or place of residence
with the intent to settle elsewhere.
• Immigration means the act of coming to your own
country. Emigration means the act of leaving your own country.
Immigration can be said as in-migration which means a person who
has moved to a separate country. Emigration is moving out of one's
own country and settling there permanently.
(I.E. POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC);

Migration is the movement of people from one location to another and

widely associated with change of permanent place of residence

(I)
ECONOMIC FACTORS

• Most of the studies indicate that migration is primarily motivated by economic

factors.
• In developing countries, low agricultural income, agricultural unemployment and
underemployment are considered basic factors pushing the migrants towards
developed area with greater job opportunities.
• Thus, almost all studies concur that most of migrants have moved in search of better
economic opportunities.
• The basic economic factors which motivate migration may be further classified as
‘Push Factors’ and ‘Pull Factors’. The push factors are factors that compel a
person, due to different reasons, to leave that place and go to some other place.
• The Pull Factors are factors which attract the migrants to an area.
Opportunities for better employment, higher wages, facilities,
better working conditions and attractive amenities are pull factors
of an area.
• The causes of migration generally are categorized as push and pull
factors.
• Push factors cause a person to leave a place, whereas pull factors draw
someone to a particular area. Push and pull factors usually have some
relation to one another and can be thought of as two sides of the
same coin. For example, if someone is leaving an area due to conflict
(push factor), they are presumably going to a peaceful area (pull
factor).
EXAMPLE
• Push Factor: Someone leaves a place due to a famine. There is not
enough food available, therefore, the famine pushes them out of
that location.
• Pull Factor: Someone is moving to a new country for better access
to education. The education they seek is in that particular place,
therefore it pulls them to that place.

•
Economic factors
• A lack of good work opportunities.
• Low salaries even for skilled labor.
• An industry that one excels in is not very developed, therefore, career
advancement will be limited.
• The cost of living relative to the salary they make is not very good;
therefore, building wealth and saving money is difficult.
• Corruption is worth mentioning as well. Perhaps entrepreneurs are unable
to get reliable capital loaned to them to start businesses because of a
corrupt banking system
• Countries with many push factors often experience a "brain drain" in which people with
advanced educations and skills emigrate to sell their labor in places that have better
standards of living and working. This often stunts the development and advancement of
their origin country.
• If someone wants to leave where they are to pursue better
economic opportunities, the push factor is the job market
where they are, and the pull factor is the one they are going
to. A push factor could be the job market being pretty dismal
and unemployment being high. A pull factor would be the
better job market in the country they have in mind.

(II)
SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS

• Social and cultural factors also an important role in migration.

Sometimes family conflicts, the quest for independence, also
cause migration especially, of those in the younger generation.
Improved communication facilities, such as, transportation, impact
of television, good network communication, the cinema, the urban
oriented education and resultant change in attitudes and values
also promote migration.
• Social push factors can be much harder for observers to understand.
They can be cultural or family-oriented. They may not be directly
economically related and are difficult to find solutions for.
• They include religious oppression as well as having limited economic
opportunities because you were born in a low social caste in a system
that limits social mobility, such as in India or Pakistan. This may mean
that if you are born poor, you will likely remain so your whole life: a
motivating push factor to leave a place for those who are able to.
• Social factors may pull people to migrate to places that do
not necessarily have a higher standard of living and are
not a more developed economy but perhaps align
culturally or socially more with their values. Such
subjective cultural aspects can be hard to measure. An
example might be someone moving to a country that
values their religion more than where they are.
POLITICAL FACTORS
• Political causes of migration can include conflict, war,
oppression, lack of liberty, and loss of human rights. Pull
factors, on the other hand, could be things such as more
human rights, social services provided by the government, a
desire for liberty and equality, and the presence of strong
institutions that protect rights and do not tolerate
corruption.

•
Syrians in Germany
• During the Syrian refugee crisis of the 2010s, many Syrians made
their way to Germany. Why Germany? Social policies within
Germany allowed the country to host many refugees, at the same
time that some other European countries were not as welcoming.
Also, many refugees wanted to go to Germany instead of other
European countries because of Germany's pull factors. Germany's
strong economy, many job opportunities, and good access to
education and social services are pull factors that made it
attractive to refugees.

•
exemplify different types of migration (national: rural-urban,
• urban-rural, urban-urban, rural-rural and seasonal) and
(international: legal and illegal);
• Rural-urban migration refers to the movement of people from
rural to urban areas to seek better job opportunities and meet
 better living requirements. For example, the movement of a
former farmer from a village to work as a guard in Mumbai is
considered rural-urban migration.
• Rural-to-urban migration occurs at both the national and
international level, but internal or national migration takes place
at a higher rate. This type of migration is voluntary, meaning that
migrants willingly choose to relocate.
• Developing countries characteristically have higher
 rates of rural-to-urban migration compared to
countries with more developed economies. This
difference is attributed to developing countries
having a larger proportion of the population living in
rural areas, where they participate in traditional rural
economies like agriculture and natural resource
management.
•
• While urban cities have been undergoing remarkable transformations through
population growth and economic expansion, rural areas have not experienced
this same level of development. The discrepancies between rural and urban
development are the principal causes of rural-to-urban migration, and they best
described through push and pull factors.
• Better healthcare and educational services in cities.
• More job opportunities.
• Better governance and amenities.
• Poverty, debt, famine and other difficult conditions in villages.
EXAMPLES
• Most developed countries have undergone rural-urban
migration that fueled industrialization, urbanization, and
economic growth. For example, the mass migration of
African Americans from the rural South to Northern cities in
the early 20th century was one of the key internal migration
streams in the United States.
TYPES OF MIGRATION FROM RURAL TO URBAN AREAS
• Rural-urban migration is categorised into two types. The two types
of migration from rural to urban areas are:
• Internal migration
• External migration
• Internal migration refers to people moving from one place to
another within a country or state. For example, migration from
a village in Punjab to lahore will be considered internal
migration. :
• External migration is when people shift from one place to
another outside a country. For example, migration from
Pakistan to Canada falls in the external migration category.
URBAN-RURAL MIGRATION
• There is considerable debate about the contribution of
counter-urbanization processes in the restructuring of
rural areas in Europe.
• The participation of urban-rural migrants in new tourism
developments is studied in three Spanish case studies
• This microanalysis examines three main areas of concern :
experiences of previous urban activity and the migration process;
 the main characteristics of the new businesses and their
relationship with the local community; and socio-economic
characteristics.
• The results demonstrate a stronger presence of urban-rural
migrants in rural tourism activities, compared to other activities
included in rural development programmes. The main reason for
the urban-rural migration is the desire to be self-employed
URBAN TO URBAN MIGRATION
• Urban to urban migration is when a person moves from
an urban locality to another urban locale. This kind of
migration is mostly related to securing better employment
opportunities, better facilities or a better standard of
living.
SEASONAL MIGRATION
• Seasonal human migration is the movement of people from
one place or another on a seasonal basis. It occurs most
commonly due to seasonal shifts in demand for labor. It
includes migrations such as moving sheep or cattle to higher
elevations during summer to escape the heat and find more
forage. Human labor often moves with fruit harvest or to
other crops that require manual picking.
SEASONAL AGRICULTURAL MIGRATION
• While the culture of many crops (especially "dry" crops) has
become entirely mechanized, others, such as fruits and
vegetables, still require manual labor, at least for harvest, and
some, such as tobacco, still need manual labor for its culture.
Much of the work was once provided by family members
• migrant workers provide much of the hand labor required in
agriculture in the US and other countries. Labor contractors
arrange with farmers to provide the necessary help at the
seasonal time,
SEASONAL NON-AGRICULTURAL MIGRATION
• Other activities besides agriculture depend on weather.
Thus circuses in the United States formerly spent the
winter in warm climates and worked their way north in
Spring and south in Autumn. Boomer linemen similarly
served the telephone industry, repairing winter storm
damage
URBAN-URBAN,
• Causes

• Better soil fertility

• Better climate for cultivation
• Better irrigation resources •
Better facilities
• Better agricultural activities
• Natural calamaties
• Improved health and education facilities
• Better infrastructure
• Clean and better environment
• Better job opportunities
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
• International migration is the movement of people across
international borders for the purpose of settlement.
International migrants change their usual place of
residence from one country to another.
ILLEGAL
• Illegal immigration is the migration of people into a
country in violation of the immigration laws of that
country or the continued residence without the legal right
to live in that country. Illegal immigration tends to be
financially upward, from poorer to richer countries. Illegal
residence in another country creates the risk
of detention, deportation, and/or other sanctions.
URBANISATION
• Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people
living in towns and cities. Urbanisation occurs because
people move from rural areas (countryside) to urban areas
(towns and cities). This usually occurs when a country is
still developing
RATE OF URBANISATION IN THE LAST TWENTY
YEARS;

• 1. The natural increase in population

•
The rate of death and births characterizes the natural expansion of an
area. In areas where births are more than the deaths, the population is
bound to increase. People who migrate to town and cities tend to be
young people who are in search of housing, jobs, or better education.
• Young men and women have a high fertility rate; therefore, they
increase in numbers quickly and will eventually look for new spaces
within the urban area to settle and fend for their kind.
 2.

MIGRATION
• Immigration is a major contributor to the increase in the
population of a place. Many people are forced to move to urban
areas in search of jobs, education, and housing. Inadequate
funding and social infrastructure have also driven people to urban
areas.
• In other cases, political, racial, economic, or religious conflicts have
forced people to move to neighbor urban areas.

3.
INDUSTRIALIZATION

• The industrial revolution brought about new production

techniques. By this, manufacturing has created more job
opportunities by providing people with the opportunity to be
employed in new sectors.
• With modern farm machinery, employment in the rural areas
reduced, forcing workers to move in search of new jobs in tertiary
and manufacturing industries.
• Many people move to urban centers to look for well-paying
industrial jobs as urban centers have uncountable
opportunities.
 4.

COMMERCIALIZATION
• Whereas industrialization has played an essential role in the growth of urban
areas, commerce and trade have profoundly influenced the growth of cities.

• In modern life today, the commercial activities in city and industrial areas
continue to attract more and more people as traders and workers, thereby
contributing to the growth of cities and town areas.
• Businesspeople prefer going to the cities to sell their commodities and in
search of higher profits. The kind of economic pull urban centers have is one
that attracts more and more people to move to urban areas.

5.
ADVANCEMENT OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

• When factories were introduced, the local transportation

was weak, forcing the factory laborers to reside near their
place of work. The cities were partitioned into dwelling
areas, market area, factory area, slums, and so on.
• Increased population led to congestion of housing and
added to the already existing community by extension of
boundaries.

6.
TOPOGRAPHICAL FACTORS

• The topography of an area can have huge impacts

on the growth of a city. An area with a suitable
topography is usually easy to develop and expand.
Urban areas in or around an excellent topographical
area are easily extended and refined, thus drawing
more people to such areas
• Occasionally, urban centers (cities) are more developed
than rural areas because of the available facilities and
opportunities offered in urban areas. On this account, the
population and size of the metropolitan area will
automatically increase within a given period.
7. TRANSFORMATION AND MODERNIZATION IN THE WAY
OF LIVING

• Transformation and modernization play a very significant role in

attracting people to the cities. As technology improves, together
with highly sophisticated infrastructure, liberation,
communication, dressing code, medical facilities, and other social
services offered; people tend to believe they can live a more
comfortable life in the cities.

•
In growing urban areas, people easily embrace changes in the
styles of living, for instance, mode of dressing, attitude,
habits, and views. As a result, more people are attracted to
the cities, and the cities continue to grow day after day.