Chapter 2 Real and Complex Number Systems (7)(1)

Real and Complex Number systems
Chapter 2: Real and Complex Number

systems
January 15, 2024

Out lines
1 Real and Complex Number systems

Real number System
The set of natural numbers
The set of integers
The set of rational numbers
The real number system and arithmetic operations
The set of complex numbers
Real number System
Definition
The set of natural numbers is denoted by N and is described as
N = {1, 2, 3, · · · }.
Operations on the set of natural numbers

(i) Addition (+) :
(ii) Multiplication (×) :
Real number System
Properties of addition and multiplication on the set of natural

numbers
The commutative Properties:

1. For addition: a + b = b + a
2. For multiplication: a × b = b × a
The associative properties:
3. For addition: a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
4. For multiplication: a × (b × c) = (a × b) × c
The distributive properties:
5. a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c or
(b + c) × a = b × a + c × a
Closure properties:
6. For addition: The sum of two natural numbers
is a natural number.
7. For Multiplication: The product of two natural
numbers is a natural number.
Real number System
The order relations
The order relation on the set of natural numbers: We compare two

natural numbers using < or > or ≤ or ≥.
The order property

1 Trichotomy: If x and y are natural numbers, exactly one of
the following holds: x < y or y < x or x = y
2 Transitivity: x < y , y < z =⇒ x < z
3 Addition:x < y ⇔ x + z < y + z
4 Multiplication:For natural numbers x, y , z, x < y ⇔ x.z < y .z
Real number System
Definition
A number a is said to be
i. Even if it is divisible by 2.
ii. Odd if it is not divisible by 2.
iii. Prime if it has only two factors (1 and itself).
iv. Composite: if it has three or more factors.
Example
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Remark: 1 is neither prime nor composite.
Prime Factorization
Definition
Prime factorization of a composite number is the product of all its
prime factors.
Real number System
Theorem (Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic:)

Every composite number can be expressed as a product of its prime
factors. This factorization is unique except the order of the factors.
Definition (Greatest Common Factor (GCF))

The greatest common factor (GCF) of two numbers a & b is
denoted by GCF (a, b) and is the greatest number which is a factor
of each of the given number.
Example
Find GCF of 24 and 60.
Note: If the GCF of two numbers is 1, then the numbers are
called relatively prime.
Real number System
Prime factorization method:

Step 1. Find the prime factorization of each of the natural
numbers
Step 2. Form the GCF of the given numbers as the product
of every factor that appears in each of the prime
factorization but take the least number of times it
appears.
Example
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Real number System
Definition (Least Common Multiple (LCM))

The least common multiple (LCM) of two numbers a & b is
denoted by LCM(a, b) and is the least number which is a multiple
of each of the given number.
Example
Find LCM of 18 and 24.
Real number System
Prime factorization method:

Step 1. Find the prime factorization of each of the natural
numbers
Step 2. Form the LCM of the given numbers as the product
of every factor that appears in any of the prime
factorization but take the highest number of times it
appears.
Example
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Definition (Well ordering principle on N)

Every non-empty subset of the set of natural numbers has smallest
(least) element.
Real number System
Principle of Mathematical Induction
For a given assertion involving a natural number n, if

i. the assertion is true for n = 1 (usually).
ii. it is true for n = k + 1, whenever it is true for n = k,
then the assertion is true for every natural number n.
The method is used to prove different propositions involving
positive integers using three steps:
Step 1. Prove that P1 holds true.
Step 2. Assume that Pk for k = n is true.
Step 3. Show that Pk is true for k = n + 1.
Example
Show that
(a) 1 + 3 + · · · + (2n − 1) = n2
n(n + 1)
(b) 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + n− =
2
Real number System
Exercise
Using Mathematical Induction, prove the following:

(i) 6n − 1 is divisible by 5 , for n ≥ 0.
n(n+1)(2n+1)
(ii) 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + ... + n2 = 6
n2 (n+1)2
(iii) 13 + 23 + 33 + 43 + ... + n3 = 4
Real number System
Definition
The set of integers is denoted by Z and is described as
Z = {· · · , −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, · · · }.
Operations on the set integers

(i) Addition (+) :
(iii) Subtraction(−)
Note: a − b = a + −b
Real number System
Properties of addition and multiplication on the set of integers

5. a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c or
(b + c) × a = b × a + c × a
Closure properties:
6. For addition: The sum of two integers is an
integer.
7. For Multiplication: The product of two integers
is an integer.
Real number System
The order relations
The order relation on the set of integers: We compare two integers

using the symbols < or > or ≤ or ≥.
The order property

1 Trichotomy: If x and y are integers, exactly one of the
following holds: x < y or y < x or x = y
4 Multiplication:For any two integers x, y ,
x < y ⇒ x.z < y .z if z > 0

⇒ x.z > y .z if z < 0
Real number System
Definition
Thenset of rational numbers
o is denoted by Q and is described as
a
Q= : a, b ∈ Z, b ̸= 0 .
b
a
(i) From the expression , a is called the numerator,
b
and b is called the denominator.
a
(ii) A rational number is said to be in lowest form if
b
GCF (a, b) = 1.
Operations on the set rational number
(i) Addition (+) :
(iii) Subtraction(−)
(iv) Division (÷)
Note: For rational numbers a, b, a − b = a + −b and
a 1
=a× .
b b
Real number System
Properties of addition and multiplication on the set of rational

numbers

5. a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c or
(b + c) × a = b × a + c × a
Closure properties:
6. For addition: The sum of two rational numbers
is rational.
7. For Multiplication: The product of two rational
numbers is rational.
Real number System
The order relations
Properties of the order relation

1 Trichotomy: If x and y are rational numbers, exactly one of
the following holds: x < y or y < x or x = y
4 Multiplication:For any two rational numbers x, y ,
x < y ⇒ x.z < y .z if z > 0

⇒ x.z > y .z if z < 0
Real number System
Decimal representation of rational numbers
a
A rational number can be written in decimal form using long
b
division. In doing so, we obtain either terminating decimals or non
terminating decimals.
(i) Terminating (non repeating) decimals
Example
25
Express the fraction number in decimal form.
4
(ii) Non terminating (repeating) decimals
Example
25
Express the fraction number in decimal form.
3
Real number System
Fraction form of decimal numbers
a
Decimal form can be converted to a fraction forms , where a and
b
b are relatively prime.
(i) Terminating (non repeating) decimals:
Consider any terminating decimal number d. Suppose d terminates
n digits after the decimal point. d can be converted to its fraction
form as below:
10n
d =d ×1=d ×
10n
Example
Convert the terminating decimal 3.47 to fraction form.
Real number System
(ii) Non terminating (repeating) decimals

Consider any non-terminating periodic decimal number d. Suppose
d has k terminating digits and p non terminating digits after the
decimal point. d can be converted to its fraction form as below:
k+p
− 10k

10
d =d ×1=d ×
10k+p − 10k
Example
¯ to fraction
Convert the non-terminating periodic decimal 42.538
form.
Real number System
Non-terminating and non-periodic decimals

Some decimal numbers are neither terminating nor non-terminating
periodic. Such types of numbers are called irrational numbers.
Irrational numbers can not be written as the quotient of two
integers.
Example
62.757757775 · · ·
Example
√
Show that 2 is irrational number.
The real number system
Definition
The set of real numbers denoted by R can be described as the
union of the set of rational and irrational numbers. That is,
R = {x : x is a rational number or an irrational number}
Each point on the number line corresponds a unique real number

and vice-versa.
The four arithmetic operations

Addition, subtraction, multiplication and Division.
Properties
2. For multiplication: ab = ba
4. For multiplication: a(bc) = (ab)c
5. a(b + c) = ab + ac or (b + c)a = ba + ca
Identities:
6. For addition: There is a unique number called
the additive identity, represented by 0, which has
the property that a + 0 = 0 + a for all real
numbers a.
7. For Multiplication: There is a unique number called

the multiplicative identity, represented by 1, which
has the property that a.1 = 1.a for all real numbers a.
Inverses:
8. For addition: Each real number a has a unique
additive inverse, represented by −a which has
the property that a + −a = −a + a = 0
9. For Multiplication: Each real number a, except
0 has a unique additive inverse, represented by
1
which has the property that
a
1 1
a× = ×a=1
a a
Closure properties:
10. For addition: The sum of two real numbers is a
real number.
11. For Multiplication: The product of two real
numbers is a real number.
Subtraction and division are definedby:
1
a − b = a + (−b) and a ÷ b = a × , where b ̸= 0.
b
The order relations
The order relation on the set of real numbers: We compare two

real numbers using < or > or ≤ or ≥.
The order property

1 Trichotomy: If x and y are numbers, exactly one of the
following holds: x < y or y < x or x = y
4 Multiplication:
When z is positive, x < y ⇔ x.z < y .z,
When z is negative, x < y ⇔ x.z > y .z.
Let a and b be two real numbers such that a < b, then the
intervals which are subsets of R with end points a and b are
denoted and defined as below:
(i) (a, b) = {x : a < x < b} open interval from a to b,
(ii) [a, b] = {x : a ≤ x ≤ b} closed interval from a to b,
(iii) (a, b] = {x : a < x ≤ b} open-closed interval from a
to b,
(iv) [a, b) = {x : a ≤ x < b} closed-open from interval
from a to b,
Upper bounds and lower bounds

Definition
Let A be a non empty subset of R.
(i) A point a ∈ R is said to be an upper bound of A iff
x ≤ a for all x ∈ A.
(ii) An upper bound of A is said to be least upper bound
(lub) iff it is the least of all upper bounds.
(iii) A point a ∈ R is said to be an lower bound of A iff
x ≥ a for all x ∈ A.
(iv) A lower bound of A is said to be greatest lower
bound (glb) iff it is the greatest of all lower bounds.
Example
Determine the upper bounds, lower bounds, glb and lub of
(a) the set A = [2, 5).

1
(b) the set A = for n ∈ N.
n
Completeness property of real number (R):

Every non-empty subset of R that has lower bounds has glb and
every non-empty subset of R that has upper bounds has a lub.
Real Number system

Definition
The set of complex numbers is denoted by C, and is described by
C = {z : z = x + iy , x, y ∈ R, i 2 = −1}
In the complex number z = x + iy ,

x is called real part, denoted by Re(z) = x,
y is called imaginary part, denoted by Im(z) = y .
Example
Find the real part and Imaginary part of
(a) z = 3 + 7i
(b) z = 2 − i
Plotting complex numbers

Any complex number z = x + iy can be represented in a plane
(complex or argand plane).
Two complex numbers z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id are equal if and

only if a = c and b = d.
Operations on Complex numbers
Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id be two complex numbers:
(i) Addition/subtraction: z1 ± z2 = (a ± c) + i(b ± d)
(ii) Multiplication: z1 .z2 = (ac − bd) + i(ad + bc)
z1 a + bi
(iii) Division: = , z2 ̸= 0.
z2 c + id
Example
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Conjugate of a complex number
Definition
The conjugate of a complex number z = x + iy is denoted by z̄
and is defined as z̄ = x − iy .
It can be represented by the point (x, −y ) which is the

reflection of the point (x, y ) about the x-axis.
Example
Find the conjugate of the complex number z = 2 + 9i.
Properties of Conjugate:
1. Let z = x + iy be a complex number.
(a) z̄ = z (b) z + z̄ = 2x = 2Re(z) (c) z − z̄ = 2iy = 2iIm(z)
2. Let z1 and z2 be two complex numbers.

z1 z¯1
(a) z1 ± z2 = z¯1 ± z¯2 (b) z1 z2 = z¯1 z¯2 (c) =
z2 z¯2
Modulus (Norm) of a complex number
Definition
The modulus of a complex number z = x + iy is a p non-negative
real number denoted by |z| and is defined as |z| = x 2 + y 2 .
Geometrically, the number |z| represents the distance between

the point (x, y ) and the origin.
Example
Find the modulus of the complex number z = 3 − 4i.
Properties of modulus:
1. Let z be a complex number.
(a) |z̄| = |z| (b) |z|2 = z z̄
2. Let z1 and z2 be two complex numbers.

(a) |z1 z2 | = |z1 ||z2 |
z1 |z1 |
(b) =
z2 |z2 |
(c) |z1 + z2 | ≤ |z1 | + |z2 | (Triangular inequality)
(d) |z1 − z2 | ≥ |z1 | − |z2 |
For a complex number z,
−z is its additive inverse,
1
is its multiplicative inverse
z
Example
Find Re(z) and Im(z) for the following complex numbers
1 1 1−i
(a) z = (b) z = (c) z =
3 − 4i i 3 − 4i
Argument (Amplitude) of a complex number
Argument of a complex number z = x + iy is the angle formed by

the complex number z with the positive x-axis.
The argument of a complex number z = x + iy is deonted by

argz and is given by
y
arg (z) = θ = tan−1
x
The particular argument of z that lies in the range

−π < θ ≤ π is called the principal argument of z and is
dented by Argz.
Note (i) Argz ∈ (−π, π)

(ii) If 0 ≤ Argz ≤ π, z move counterclock wise
direction, otherwise z move clockwise.
Example
Find the principal argument of the following complex numbers:
√ √
(a) z = 1 + i (b) z = −2 + 2 3i (c) z = 3 − i
Properties of Arguments
(a) Arg (z
1 z2
) = Arg (z1 ) + Arg (z2 )
z1
(b) Arg = Arg (z1 ) − Arg (z2 )
z2
Example
Find the principal argument of
−2 + 2i
(a) z = (1 + i)(−1 − i) (b) z =
1−i
Polar form of a complex number
Let r and θ be polar coordinates of the point (x, y ) of the complex

number z = x + iy . Then the complex number can be written as
z = r (cos θ + i sin θ), where r is modulus of z and θ is principal
argument of z.
Example
Express the following complex numbers in polar form:
(a) z = 1 + i (b) z = 3 − 3i
Note: If z1 = r1 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 ) and

z2 = r2 (cos θ2 + i sin θ2 )
(i) z1 z2 = r1 r2 (cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 ))
z1 r1
(ii) = (cos(θ1 − θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 − θ2 ))
z2 r2
Example
π π π π
If z1 = 6(cos + sin ) and z2 = 2(cos + sin ), then find
2 2 3 3
z1
(a) z1 z2 (b)
z2
(a) The argument of the product of two complex

numbers is the sum of their arguments.
(b) The argument of the quotient of two complex
numbers is the difference of their arguments.
De Moivre’s Formula
For a natural number n, the nth power of a complex number

z = r (cos θ + i sin θ) is given by
z n = r n (cos nθ + i sin nθ), which is called De Moivre’s Formula.
Example
Express the following complex numbers in polar form.
100
√
(a) w = (2 + 2i)
√ 120 (b) w = ( 3 + i)60
(c) z = (−1 − 3i) (d) z = (2 − 2i)200
Euler’s formula
The complex number z = r (cos θ + i sin θ) can be written in

exponential form as: z = re iθ , which is called Euler’s formula.
Example
Express the following complex numbers using Euler’s formula.
√
(a) z = 1 + i (b) z = ( 3 + i)7 (c) z = (2 − 2i)
(d) z = (−2 − 2i)12
Roots of complex numbers (Extraction of roots)
The nth root of a non zero complex number z = re iθ is given by
1 i θ + 2πk
!
zk = r n e n n
where k = 0, 1, · · · , (n − 1).
Example
1 Find the square roots of the complex number
√
(a) z = 1 + 3i (b) z = 1 − i
2 Find the cubic roots of the complex number

√
(a) z = 1 + 3i (b) z = 8i
Exercise
1. Solve x 4 − 1 = 0
2. Find the set of all cube roots of 27i
3. Find the 6th roots of 64
3
4. Solve z 2 = 8i

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Real and Complex Number systems

Chapter 2: Real and Complex Number

January 15, 2024

1 Real and Complex Number systems

Real number System

Operations on the set of natural numbers

Real number System

Properties of addition and multiplication on the set of natural

The commutative Properties:

Real number System

The order relations

The order relation on the set of natural numbers: We compare two

The order property

Real number System

Real number System

Theorem (Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic:)

Definition (Greatest Common Factor (GCF))

Real number System

Prime factorization method:

Real number System

Definition (Least Common Multiple (LCM))

Real number System

Prime factorization method:

Definition (Well ordering principle on N)

Real number System

Principle of Mathematical Induction

For a given assertion involving a natural number n, if

Real number System

Using Mathematical Induction, prove the following:

Real number System

Operations on the set integers

Real number System

Properties of addition and multiplication on the set of integers

The commutative Properties:

Real number System

The order relations

The order relation on the set of integers: We compare two integers

The order property

x < y ⇒ x.z < y .z if z > 0

Real number System

Real number System

Properties of addition and multiplication on the set of rational

The commutative Properties:

Real number System

The order relations

Properties of the order relation

x < y ⇒ x.z < y .z if z > 0

Real number System

Decimal representation of rational numbers

(ii) Non terminating (repeating) decimals

Real number System

Fraction form of decimal numbers

Real number System

(ii) Non terminating (repeating) decimals

Real number System

Non-terminating and non-periodic decimals

The real number system and arithmetic operations

The real number system

R = {x : x is a rational number or an irrational number}

Each point on the number line corresponds a unique real number