Chapter 8

Forward Bloc and the INA

Short Answer Questions
Question 1
Why did Subhas Chandra Bose resign from the Congress Presidentship?
Answer:- Pant, Patel and some other members of the All-India Congress Committee wanted
that Subhas should constitute his working committee in accordance with the wishes of
Mahatma Gandhi. However, Mahatma Gandhi refused to suggest any name. As a result, Bose
resigned from the chairmanship of the party on 29 April, 1939.
Question 2
Why did Rashbehari Bose organise the Indian Independence League? Who was the first
Commander-in-Chief of the Indian National Army?
Answer:- Rashbehari Bose organised the Indian Independence League to form an association
with the objective of contributing to the liberation of India and serving the interests of the
overseas Indians during the critical period.
Mohan Singh was the first Commander-in-Chief of the Indian National Army.
Question 3
Name the two slogans which became the war cry of the INA. Which islands were renamed as
'Shahid' and 'Swaraj'?
Answer:- The two slogans which became the war cry of the INA were 'Delhi Chalo' and 'Jai
Hind'.

Andaman and Nicobar Islands were renamed as 'Shahid' and 'Swaraj'.

Question 4
Why couldn't the Indian National Army capture Imphal?
Answer:- The Indian National Army was three kilometres from Imphal when the Japanese
forces had to withdraw from the Indo-Burma border because of their entanglement with the
Americans in the Pacific Ocean. The rainy season set in and Rangoon was recaptured by the
British in May, 1945. The INA soldiers were disarmed and made prisoners of war. Hence,
INA couldn't capture Imphal.
Question 5
Mention two contributions of Subhas Chandra Bose to India's freedom struggle.
Answer:- Two contributions of Subhas Chandra Bose to India's freedom struggle were-
 He led the freedom struggle outside India as the supreme Commander of the INA. He
set up the Provisional Government of Free India in Singapore.
 He declared war on Britain and the USA and acquired its first stretch of territory in
India when Japan handed over Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Question 6
How can you say that the INA was a unique army?
Answer:- The INA was unique in its own way and unlike many other armies engaged in the
global war.
 It was an army organised on foreign soil, hundreds of kilometres away from its
motherland.
 It was dependent on foreign powers for planes, tanks, artillery, rifles, ammunition and
even lorries for the transport of soldiers to the front.
 It depended upon the patriotic fervour of its nationals scattered over East Asia, from
Myanmar to Japan, for men, money, clothing, food and other civilian supplies.
However, its greatest asset was the spirit of self-sacrifice of the men who enthusiastically
volunteered to lay down their lives.

Structured Questions
Question 1
In 1939, Subhas Chandra Bose formed the Forward Bloc. In this context, answer the
following questions:
(a) Why did Subhas Chandra Bose decide to form a new party?
(b) What were the aims and objectives of the new party formed by Subhas Chandra Bose?
(c) Mention two main objectives of the Provisional Government of Free India. Name any two
countries that recognised the Provisional Government of India formed in Singapore in 1943.
Answer:-
(a) Bose felt the urgent need for an organised left-wing party in the Congress. After resigning
from the Presidentship of the Congress in 1939, he laid the foundation of a new party within
the Congress, to bring the entire left wing under one banner. This party, known as Forward
Bloc, was formed on May 3, 1939
(b) Forward Bloc's immediate objective was liberation of India with the support of workers,
peasants, youth and other organisations.
After attaining independence, Forward Bloc would work for the establishment of a Socialist
State through:
 Reorganisation of agriculture and industry on socialist lines
 Abolition of the Zamindari system
 Introduction of a new monetary and credit system
(c) Two main objectives of the Provisional Government of Free India were-
 The major task of the Provisional Government was to launch and conduct the struggle
that will bring about the expulsion of the British and their allies from the Indian soil.
 Another important task assigned to the Provisional government was to establish a
permanent national government of Azad Hind.
Two countries that recognised the Provisional Government of India formed in Singapore in
1943 were Japan and Germany.
Question 2
Read the excerpt given below and answer the questions that follow:
“Friends, one year ago, when I made certain demands of you, I told you that if you give me
‘total mobilization’, I would give you a ‘second front’. I have redeemed that pledge. The first
phase of our campaign is over. Our victorious troops, fighting side by side with Nipponese
troops, have pushed back the enemy and are now fighting bravely on the sacred soil of our
dear motherland. I had asked you for men, money and materials. I have got them in generous
measure. Now I demand more of you. A long fight is still in front of us. We should have but
one desire today - the desire to die so that India may live - the desire to face a martyr’s death,
so that the path to freedom may be paved with the martyr’s blood.
Friends! My comrades in the War of Liberation! Today I demand of you one thing, above all.
I demand of you blood. It is blood alone that can avenge the blood that the enemy has spilt. It
is blood alone that can pay the price of freedom.”
—Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.
(a) Whom is Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose addressing? Who are the victorious troops referred
to in the excerpt? Who were the Nipponese?
(b) Which war of liberation is Subhas Chandra Bose talking about? From where did he start
his campaign? Name the two areas of Indian territory his troops acquired?
(c) What did he demand from his troops? Did the troops fulfill the mission of their leader.
Answer:-
(a) Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose is addressing members (troops) of the Indian National Army
(INA). The victorious troops referred to in the excerpt are the soldiers of the INA. The term
‘Nipponese’ refers to the Japanese, who were allies of the INA during World War II.
(b) Subhas Chandra Bose is talking about the War of Liberation of India from the British
rule. He started his campaign from East Asia. The INA, under his leadership, fought
alongside the Japanese in Burma (now Myanmar) and parts of Northeast India.
(c) Bose demanded ‘total mobilization’ from his troops, which meant complete commitment
to the cause of India’s freedom. He asked for men, money, and materials, and above all, he
demanded their blood, symbolizing their willingness to sacrifice their lives for the cause.
While the INA did not succeed in achieving immediate independence for India, their efforts
and sacrifices significantly contributed to the eventual end of British rule in India.

Picture Study
Question 1
Study the picture and answer the following questions:

Study the picture and answer the questions.

(a) Identify the person in the picture and name the army organised by him. How was this
army formed and where?
(b) What were the objectives of this army? Did it achieve its objectives?
(c) Mention this army's contribution to the India's freedom struggle.
Answer: -
(a) The person in the picture is Subhas Chandra Bose.
He organised the Indian National Army.
 The idea of the Indian National Army was conceived in Malaya by Mohan Singh, an
Indian officer in the British Indian Army.
 Indian Prisoners of War (POW's) were handed over by the Japanese to Mohan Singh
who inducted them into the INA.
 The fall of Singapore was crucial, for this brought 45,000 Indian POW's into Mohan
Singh's sphere of influence.
By the end of 1942, forty thousand men expressed their willingness to join the INA.

(b) The main objectives of the INA were as follows-

 To organise an armed revolution and to fight the British army with modern arms.
 Since it was not possible for the Indians to organise an armed revolution from their
homeland, this task must be assigned to the Indians living abroad, particularly on
Indians living in East Asia.
 To organise a provisional government of Free India in order to mobilise all the forces
effectively.
 Total mobilisation of Indian man-power and money for a total war.
 The motto of the INA was 'unity, faith, sacrifice'.
Yes, the INA achieved its objectives to some extent.

(c) The Indian National Army's contribution to the India's freedom struggle is as follows-
 The Revolt of 1942 and the INA had revealed the heroism of the Indians.
 With the end of the Second World War and release of the national leaders from jail,
the people began to look forward to another, perhaps the final struggle for freedom.
 The INA inspired uprisings in the armed forces of the country.
 The Indian Naval ratings in Mumbai rose in revolt in February 1946. Similar
uprisings took place at Kolkata, Chennai and Karachi. These naval revolts shook the
foundation of the British Empire.
 Demonstrations demanding the release of INA officers were held all over the country.
 The British Government was at that time in no position to ignore Indian opinion.
 Even though the court-martial held the INA prisoners guilty, the Government had to
set them free.
 The INA set an inspiring example of patriotism.
 The heroic deeds and sacrifices of the soldiers of INA led to political consciousness
among the Indian forces.
The British now realised that they could not rely on the Indian forces to continue their rule in
India.
 Chapter 9
Independence and Partition of India
Short Answer Questions
Question 1
State two important reasons that prompted the British to withdraw from India.
Answer: - Two important reasons that prompted the British to withdraw from India were-
 Even though Britain was on the winning side of the War, its economic and military
power was shattered. It would take Britain years to rehabilitate itself.
 The Government could not any longer rely on Indians for its civil administration or on
the armed forces for suppression of the national movement. The INA had shown that
patriotic ideas had entered the ranks of the Indian army, the chief instrument of
British rule in India.
Question 2
How did the outcome of the Second World War help India's demand for self-government?
Answer: - The outcome of the Second World War helped India's demand for self-
government in the following ways-
 The World War changed the balance of power in the world. The United States of
America and the Soviet Union, emerged from the War as the two big powers. Both
supported India's demand for freedom.
 Even though Britain was on the winning side of the War, its economic and military
power was shattered. It would take Britain years to rehabilitate itself.
 There was a change of government in Britain. The Conservatives were replaced by the
Labour Party, many of them supported the Congress demands.
 The British soldiers were weary of the War. Having fought and shed their blood for
six years, they had no desire to spend many more years away from home suppressing
the Indian people's struggle for freedom.
Question 3
What was the implication of the Group B States proposed by the Cabinet Mission Plan?
Answer: - According to the Cabinet Mission Plan, Group B would include three Muslim
majority provinces-
Punjab, North West Frontier Province (NWFP) & Sind
Question 4
What was mentioned in the Cabinet Mission Plan regarding Provincial Autonomy?
Answer:-
The Cabinet Mission Plan proposed that the Provinces would enjoy full autonomy for all
subjects other than the Union subjects.
Question 5
What arguments did the Cabinet Mission give to reject Jinnah's proposal of Pakistan?
Answer:- Muslim League's demand for Pakistan was rejected by the Cabinet Mission for the
following reasons:
 The establishment of Pakistan would not solve the problem of communal minorities
because the number of Muslims in the remaining part of British India and the number
of non-Muslims in Pakistan would be sizeable.
 There was no justification for including within Pakistan, the non-Muslim districts of
Bengal, Assam and the Punjab.
 The armed forces, transportation as well as the postal and telegraph system had been
built for India as a whole and the partition would create many problems.
 The Princely States would find it difficult to decide which Union to join.
 The two halves of the proposed Pakistan State would be separated by some seven
hundred miles and interaction between them would be difficult.
Question 6
What was said in the Cabinet Mission Plan about the division of power between the Federal
Government and the Provinces?
Answer:- The Cabinet Mission proposed a two-tier federal plan which was expected to
maintain national unity while conceding the largest measure of regional autonomy.
There was to be a federal union of the British Provinces and the Princely States. The Union
Government (Central Government) should deal with the following Subjects:
Foreign Affairs, Defence, Communication
The Union Government Should have the power to raise the finances required for the above-
mentioned subjects. The Union would have its own executive and legislature composed of
members elected by all Provinces.
The Provinces would enjoy full autonomy for all subjects other than the Union subjects.
Question 7
What was the reaction of the Congress to the Cabinet Mission Plan?
Answer:- The Congress accepted the proposals of the Cabinet Mission Plan with
reservations. It accepted only that part of the scheme which dealt with the Constitution
making. It considered the Constituent Assembly as a sovereign body for drafting the
Constitution. The Congress wanted the grouping of the Provinces as optional and not
compulsory.
The Congress rejected the Viceroy's offer to form an Interim Government because of
its limited status and powers and also because the principle of parity with Muslim League
was not acceptable to it. It was also opposed to the League's claim that it alone had the right
to nominate all the Muslim members to the Executive Council.
Question 8
Who was elected as the President of the Constituent Assembly in 1946? Name the last
Viceroy of India. State one of his proposals with regard to the Princely States.

Answer:- Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the President of the Constituent Assembly in
1946.
 Lord Mountbatten was the last Viceroy of India.
  As regards the Princely States, the Mountbatten Plan stated that the treaties with them
would come to an end. They would be free to associate themselves with either of the
Dominions or to remain independent.
Question 9
What was the most important but tragic provision of the Mountbatten Plan? To whom was
the power to be transferred according to the Mountbatten Plan?
Answer:- The most important but tragic provision of the Mountbatten Plan was the transfer
of power without any delay and partition of the country into two dominions.
According to the Mountbatten Plan the transfer of power in India could be on the basis of the
partition of the country. Power would be transferred to one whole or more States.
Question 10
Mention any two reasons why the Congress finally accepted the Partition of India.
Answer:- The Congress finally accepted the Partition of India because of the following
reasons-
 The large-scale communal riots that engulfed the whole country convinced all that the
only solution to the communal problem lay in the Partition of India.
 The League had joined the Interim Government to obstruct and not to cooperate.
Experience of working with the League had convinced the Congress that it could not
have a joint administration with the League.
Question 11
Mention any two provisions of the Indian Independence Act, 1947. ( You can choose any two
points from the text book of your choice)

Answer:-Two provisions of the Indian Independence Act, 1947 were-

 Two New Dominions: -India would be partitioned and two independent Dominions
— India and Pakistan — would be created from August 15, 1947. The Act provided
legislative supremacy of both the Dominions. The territories of the two Dominions
were divided in such terms that Pakistan would comprise Sindh, British Baluchistan,
North West Frontier Province, the West Punjab and East Bengal. India was to
comprise all the remaining territories included in the British India. The exact
boundaries of the Dominions would be determined by a Boundary Commission.
 Governor-General for Each Dominion: -There would be a Governor-General who
would be appointed by the British King on the advice of the Cabinet of the concerned
Dominion. This arrangement would work till the framing of the Constitutions.
Question 12
What did the Indian Independence Act 1947 state about:
(i) Bengal and Punjab
(ii) North West Frontier Province
(iii) Sylhet District of Assam?
Answer:- With regards to the following points, Indian Independence Act, 1947 stated the
following-
 Bengal and Punjab — Both Bengal and Punjab would be divided if so desired by the
people. The Provincial Assemblies of the two parts would meet separately
 representing Hindu majority districts and Muslim majority districts and would decide
through a majority vote whether they wanted the division of the province or not.
 North West Frontier Province — A plebiscite would be held in North West Frontier
Province (NWFP) to determine whether they would like to join Pakistan or India.
 Sylhet District of Assam — A plebiscite would be held in Sylhet district (Muslim
majority area) in East Bengal to determine whether they would like to join Pakistan or
India.
Question 13
Name the first Governor-General of independent India and the first Indian Governor-General
of India.
Answer ;- The first Governor-General of independent India was Lord Mountbatten.
The first Indian Governor-General of India was C. Rajagopalachari.

Structured Questions
Question 1
The Cabinet Mission Plan proposed a two-tiered federal union of British Provinces and
Princely States. With reference to this describe the following:
(a) Name the persons who constituted the Cabinet Mission. What was the purpose of sending
the Cabinet Mission to India in 1946?
(b) The federal structure proposed by the Cabinet Mission Plan.
(c) The option given to the Princely States.
Answer:-
(a) The Cabinet Mission consisted of three cabinet members:
 Pethic Lawrence, the Secretary of State
 Sir Stafford Cripps, President of the Board of Trade
 A.V. Alexander, the First Lord of Admiralty
The purpose of sending the Cabinet Mission to India in 1946 was to help the Indian leaders
decide the form of government that would suit them after the transfer of power.
(b) The Cabinet Mission proposed a two-tier federal plan which was expected to maintain
national unity while conceding the largest measure of regional autonomy.
 There was to be a federal union of the British Provinces and the Princely States. The
Union Government (Central Government) should deal with the following Subjects:
Foreign Affairs, Defence, Communication
 The Union Government should have the power to raise the finances required for the
above mentioned subjects. The Union would have its own executive and legislature
composed of members elected by all Provinces.
 The Provinces would enjoy full autonomy for all subjects other than the Union
subjects.
(c) According to the Cabinet Mission plan, the Provinces would enjoy full autonomy for all
subjects other than the Union subjects.
 The British Provinces would be divided into three groups.
 Each group could determine the provincial subjects to be taken in common.
  A province could opt out of any group and join another by a majority of votes.
Question 2
The attempt of the British to pacify the Congress and the Muslim League was clearly visible
in the Cabinet Mission proposals but in reality neither could be pleased. With reference to
this, explain:
(a) Any three proposals of the Cabinet Mission.
(b) The reasons for the Muslim League's acceptance and later rejection of the Cabinet
Mission Plan.
(c) Why did the Congress refuse to participate in the formation of the Interim Government
under the Cabinet Mission Plan?
Answer:-
(a) Three proposals of the Cabinet Mission were-
 Formation of a Constituent Assembly — A Constituent Assembly would be set up to
frame the new Constitution of the Indian Union. The composition of the 389 member
Constituent Assembly would be as under:
(i) 296 members to be elected from the British Provinces.
(ii) 93 members to be elected from the Princely States.
The members of the Constituent Assembly would be elected by the Provincial Legislative
Assemblies.
 Representation of Minorities — Separate representation was to be given to Muslims
and Sikhs.
 Formation of an Interim Government — An Interim Government would be formed
at the Centre with 14 members. For the time being, the Viceroy would reconstitute his
Executive Council consisting of representatives of all communities.

(b) The Muslim League accepted the Cabinet Mission proposals in its entirety in June 1946
because it felt that the grouping of Muslim majority Provinces in a way meant the formation
of Pakistan. The League asked Wavell, the Viceroy, to constitute an Interim Government.
The Muslim League rejected the Cabinet Mission Plan as-
Elections to the Constituent Assembly were held in July 1946, in which the Congress
obtained two-third majority.
The League feared that it would be out-voted in the Assembly. It also feared that the British
withdrawal from India would mean transfer of power to Hindus, who were in a majority in
India.
The League's nominees were not prepared to work under Nehru's leadership. They openly
rejected the idea of collective responsibility.
(c) The Congress rejected the Viceroy's offer to form an Interim Government because of its
limited status and powers and also because the principle of parity with Muslim League was
not acceptable to it. It was also opposed to the League's claim that it alone had the right to
nominate all the Muslim members to the Executive Council.
Question 3
Read the excerpt given below and answer the questions that follow:
“Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny and now the time comes, when we shall
redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the
midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom... It is fitting that
at this solemn moment we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people
and to the still large cause of humanity.”
—Tryst with Destiny Speech by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru

(a) What happened at the stroke of midnight hour? Which unending quest is Jawaharlal
Nehru talking about in the excerpt? Who all strived to end this quest?
(b) Where and when did Jawaharlal Nehru made this historic speech? Name any two famous
dignitaries present there?
(c) Name the British Act that led to Jawaharlal Nehru’s speech. State three features of this
Act.
Answer:-
(a) At the stroke of the midnight hour, India gained independence from the British rule. The
unending quest that Jawaharlal Nehru is talking about in the excerpt is the struggle for India’s
independence. Many people strived to end this quest, including freedom fighters, political
leaders, and the general public of India
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru made this historic speech, known as the “Tryst with Destiny” speech,
on the eve of India’s Independence, towards midnight on 14 August, 1947. He delivered the
speech to the Indian Constituent Assembly in the Parliament. Two famous dignitaries present
there were Lord Mountbatten and Lady Edwina Mountbatten.
(c) The British Act that led to Jawaharlal Nehru’s speech was the Indian Independence Act of
1947. This Act led to the partition of British India into the two new independent dominions of
India and Pakistan. Three features of this Act were:
 It ended British rule in India.
 It provided for the partition of India into two independent dominions, India and
Pakistan.
 It granted complete legislative authority upon the respective Constituent Assemblies
of the new countries.

Picture Study
Question 1
With reference to the picture given below answer the questions that follow:
(a) Identify the person in the picture. State any two features of the Plan devised by him.
(b) How did he plan to solve the communal problem existing in India?
(c) Why did the Congress accept the Plan? State three reasons to justify its acceptance.
Answer:-
(a) The person shown in the picture is Lord Mountbatten.
Two features of the Plan devised by Lord Mountbatten were:
Partition — The country would be divided into two Dominions, i.e., India and Pakistan.
A Boundary Commission — A Boundary Commission would be created to settle the
boundaries of the two Dominions in case partition was decided upon.

(b) Lord Mountbatten found that it was difficult to solve the deadlock between the Congress
and the Muslim League.
He realised that the Cabinet Mission Plan was unworkable and a partition of India was
inevitable.
He, therefore, sought to effect the transfer of power without any delay.
Mountbatten put his plan for the partition of India before the 'big seven' leaders — Nehru,
Patel, Kripalani, Jinnah, Liaquat, Nishtar and Baldev Singh.
The Congress accepted the Plan and Jinnah undertook to do his utmost to make the Plan
work.
The Plan was announced on June 3, 1947.
The country would be divided into two Dominions, i.e. India and Pakistan.

(c) The Congress accepted the Mountbatten Plan because of the following reasons-
 The large-scale communal riots that engulfed the whole country convinced all that the
only solution to the communal problem lay in the Partition of India.
 The League had joined the Interim Government to obstruct and not to cooperate.
Experience of working with the League had convinced the Congress that it could not
have a joint administration with the League.
 The only alternative to Partition was a Federation with a weak Centre. A smaller India
with a strong central authority was better than a bigger State with weak Centre.
 Chapter 10
The First World War
Short Answer Questions
Question 1
Define nationalism. State the difference between nationalism and aggressive nationalism.
Answer: - Nationalism refers to the sense of unity felt by the people, who share a common
history, language and culture. This feeling of unity soon turned into extreme pride, which
made the people of many countries believe that their country is superior to the other
countries. This led to the development of aggressive nationalism in Europe. Therefore,
aggressive nationalism meant love for one’s own country and hatred of other countries.
Question 2- State two features of Imperialism.
Answer: - Two features of Imperialism are-
 Imperialism refers to the state policy or practice by which a powerful nation
establishes its control over another country, either by direct territorial acquisition or
by gaining political and economic control. Once conquered, this country was claimed
as a colony.
 These colonies were governed and administered by the imperial nation through its
representatives or a puppet government.
Question 3 What was the cause of Franco-German rivalry?
Answer: - Germany defeated France and annexed the French territory of Alsace-Lorraine.
The war and the subsequent annexation caused widespread resentment and a strong desire for
revenge in France. This was the cause of Franco-German rivalry.
Question 4
How did the Sarajevo Crisis in 1914 lead to the First World War?
Answer: - Sarajevo Crisis, the immediate cause of the war was the murder of Archduke
Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the Austrian throne, on June 28, 1914 by a Serbian at Sarajevo,
capital of Bosnia. Austria served an ultimatum on Serbia on July 23 making eleven demands.
Serbia accepted most of the demands except those that would have led to the loss of her
sovereignty.
Austria declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914. Russia started preparation for war to
support Serbia. On August 1, 1914 Germany declared war on Russia and on August 3, war
was declared on France. German troops marched into Belgium to press on to France on
August 4 and on the same day Britain declared war on Germany. Thus, the First World War
began.
Question 5
Which country was blamed for the assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand? Which
country declared war on Serbia? Name two countries which supported Austria.
Answer:- Serbia was blamed for the assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand.
Austria declared war on Serbia. Two countries which supported Austria were Germany and
Turkey.
Question 6- Why did Britain declare war on Germany in 1914?
Answer: - Great Britain declared war on Germany on 4th August, when the German army
invaded Belgium whose neutrality had been guaranteed by England.
Question 7- Name the five major powers who got involved in the hostilities in 1914.
Answer: - The five major powers that got involved in the hostilities in 1914 were Austria,
Germany, Russia, France and Britain.
Question 8- Why is the war fought between 1914 and 1918 called the First World War?
Answer; - The war fought between 1914 and 1918 is called the First World War because of
the following reasons-
 The War was fought on the land and in the air, on the sea and under it. In the War
were mobilised all methods of destruction, such as tanks, submarines, gunfire and
bombardments.
 The War began in Europe, but very soon it spread to continents of Asia and Africa as
well.
Question 9- Which country withdrew from the First World War and why?
Answer: - Russia withdrew from the First World War after the October Revolution. The
Russian Empire had suffered serious reverses in the War. Over 600,000 Russian soldiers
were killed. The day after the Bolshevik Government came to power under the leadership of
Lenin, it issued the Decree on Peace with proposals to end the War without any annexations
and indemnities.
Question 10- Explain briefly the Treaty of Versailles?
Answer: -
The victorious powers or the Allies, met in a conference first in Versailles, a suburb of Paris,
and later in Paris, between January and June 1919.
As a result of the discussions at the Paris Conference, on June 28, 1919, the Treaty of
Versailles was signed. It ended the War. The basis of the treaty's negotiations was the
American President Wilson's Fourteen Points. The treaty was designed to prevent Germany
from going to war again.
Question 11
Name the country which emerged as a world power after the War. What happened to the
Austrian Empire after the First World War?
Answer: -The United States of America emerged as a world power after the War.
After the First World War, the ruling dynasty of Hapsburg in Austria-Hungary was destroyed
and Austria and Hungary became separate independent states.
Question 12
What was the effect of the First World War on the colonial possessions of industrialised
countries?
Answer: - France got back Alsace-Lorraine which she had lost in the Franco-Prussian War
(1870-1871). France was given full ownership of the rich coal mines in the Saar basin for a
period of 15 years. The fate of Schleswig was determined by a plebiscite. Germany had to
surrender the areas of Eupen and Malmedy to Belgium. The city of Memel went to Lithuiana.
The newly created State of Poland got back all the territories she had lost in the War.
Besides territorial losses in Europe, Germany lost all her colonies and overseas possessions.
Togoland and the Cameroon were partitioned between Britain and France and German East
Africa was shared between Britain and Belgium. Palestine and Mesopotamia (present-day
Iraq) were also held by Britain under a Mandate from the League of Nations.
Question 13- How was Denmark affected by the Treaty of Versailles?
Answer- According to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, Schelswig-Hostein was restored
to Denmark.
Question 14- When and why was the League of Nations formed?
Answer: -
 The League of Nations was created as a world organisation of all independent States
in 1920.
 The horrors of War convinced the leaders of the world that there must be a
mechanism to prevent war and promote international cooperation. This culminated in
the setting up of the League of Nations.
Question 15
Name the two major countries which were not allowed to become the members of the League
of Nations.
Answer: -The two major countries which were not allowed to become the members of the
League of Nations were Germany and the Soviet Union.

Structured Questions
Question 1
The First World War was unique in history. In this context, answer the following:
(a) Any three causes that led to the war.
(b) The extent and methods used in this war.
(c) Economic consequences of this war.
Answer
(a) Three causes that led to the war were as follows-
 Race for Armaments — Germany had acquired colonies in Africa and a few islands
in the Pacific. In order to protect her colonies Germany began to build a powerful
navy. The Germans dug the Kiel Canal deeper so that battle ships could find shelter in
its waters. There was an arms race and the peculiar feature of such a race is that if one
country increases its armaments, other countries are compelled to do the same. Such a
race for armaments could end only in a war.
 Division of Europe into two armed camps — In 1879, Germany and Austria-
Hungary had signed a Treaty to help each other in case of enemy attack. Three years
later Italy joined the Pact, which came to be known as the Triple Alliance. As
opposed to the Triple Alliance emerged the Triple Entente comprising Britain, France
and Russia in 1907 to control German expansionism. Thus, Europe was divided into
two major camps. The suspicions, fears, rivalry and enmity between the two camps
was a major step towards World War I.
  Sarajevo Crisis — The immediate cause of the war was the murder of Archduke
Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the Austrian throne, on June 28, 1914 by a Serbian at
Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia. The assassination was organised by a secret society called
'Black Hand' or 'Union of Death' formed by extremist Serbian nationalists.
(b) The First World War was fought in many different areas called fronts.
 War on the Western Front — The war began when the German armies swept across
Belgium and entered southern France. The French army along with the British army
met the German forces in the Battle of Marne (after the river near which the battle
was fought) some 15 miles from Paris. The European countries made use of the troops
recruited from their colonies in the war.
 Trench Warfare — The opposing armies dug a series of trenches to defend themselves
and to launch attacks. Living conditions in these trenches were pathetic.
 War on the Eastern Front — The fighting began with the invasion of Russia by
Austria-Hungary. Germany and Austria succeeded in repulsing the Russian attack and
capturing parts of the Russian empire. They were also successful against Romania,
Serbia and Italy. Outside Europe, Japan occupied German possessions in East Asia,
and Britain and France seized most of the German colonies in Africa.
 Policy of Blockade — The war involved total mobilisation of all the resources of the
warring parties with all economic activities subordinated to the needs of the war. It
also required that no goods including food, raw materials and war materials should be
allowed to enter the enemy territory from anywhere.
 Entry of USA in the War — In 1915, the German U-Boats had sunk a British ship
Lusitania. The Americans were generally sympathetic to Britain, and this incident
further roused anti-German feelings in the USA. On 6 April, 1917, the United States
of America declared war on Germany.
 Exit of Russia from the War — Another major development that took place in 1917
was the withdrawal of Russia from the War after the October Revolution.
(c) As a result of the War, the economy of many countries was shattered.
 The global economic depression of 1929-30 is attributed to this War.
 It gave rise to many serious social problems.
 According to some estimates the expenditure on the Allied side was nearly forty-one
thousand million pounds and that on the German side over fifteen thousand million
pounds.
Question 2
With reference to the First World War, answer the following questions:
(a) State any three consequences of the war. Or Result of the War
(b) Mention three points under the Treaty of Versailles, which affected Germany.
(c) What were the objectives of the League of Nations? Name the organisation formed in
October 1945 with objectives similar to those of the League of Nations.
Answer: -
(a) Three consequences of the First World war were as follows:
 Treaty of Versailles was signed between the Allies and Germany on June 28, 1919.
 Territorial rearrangements — it changed the political map of the world by giving a
serious blow to monarchy and developed democracy in Europe. The treaty not only
affected substantial territorial changes but also reduced the military strength of
Germany.
  The war led to the formation of the League of Nations.
(b) Three points under the Treaty of Versailles, which affected Germany were-
 The area of the Rhine Valley was to be demilitarised and the German territory west of
Rhine was to be occupied by the Allied Troops for 15 years.
 Germany lost Alsace Lorraine to France; Eupen-et-Malmedy to Belgium, Schleswig
to Denmark. Danzig became a Free Port in the Polish territory.
 Germany ceded parts of her pre-War territory to Denmark, Belgium, Poland,
Czechoslovakia and France.
(c) The objectives of the League of Nations were —
 All the States of the world were prohibited from entering into any secret treaties and
alliances.
 The member-States were not supposed to maintain huge armies, warships and
destructive armaments.
 All States were to respect each other's independence.
 All States were to refer their mutual disputes, if any, to the League of Nations for a
peaceful settlement.
 The member-States were to take necessary action as directed by the League against
any State which tried to disturb world peace and order.
 Apart from political functions, the League of Nations was supposed to promote
cultural, social and economic cooperation among the member-States.
The United Nations was formed in October 1945 with objectives similar to those of the
League of Nations.
Question 3
Look at the newspaper clipping given on the right and answer the questions that follow:

(a) What was the immediate impact of the incident mentioned in newspaper above? Who
organised the assassination? What was the objectives behind the assassination?
(b) Besides the incident mentioned in the newspaper, state three other reasons that led to a
turning point in the history of the world.
(c) Name the treaty that was designed to prevent Germany from going to war again. State any
three clauses of this treaty.
Answer:-
(a) The immediate impact of the incident mentioned in newspaper above was beginning of
the First World War.
 The assassination was organised by a secret society called 'Black Hand' or 'Union of
Death’ formed by extremist Serbian nationalists whose aim was to unite all Serbians
into a single Serbian State. The political objective behind the assassination was to free
 Bosnia and Herzegovina from Austria-Hungarian rule and establish a common South
Slav state.
(b) Three other reasons that led to a turning point in the history of the world were:
 Nationalism, Aggressive nationalism and Imperialism — In the latter half of the 19th
century, the nationalism turned into extreme pride, which made the people of many
countries believe that their country is superior to the other countries. This led to the
development of aggressive nationalism in Europe. The aggressive nationalism also led
to the rise of imperialism. Imperialism refers to the state policy or practice by which a
powerful nation establishes its control over another country, either by direct territorial
acquisition or by gaining political and economic control.
 Race for Armaments — The mad race for armaments which began soon after the
Franco-Prussian War (1870) was one of the reasons which led to the First World War.
Every major power began stockpiling armaments in the name of self-defence and
preservation of peace.
 Division of Europe into Two Hostile Groups — There were two kinds of States in
Europe in the early 20th century. On the one hand there were single Nation-States like
France, Holland and Germany whose national identities were based on their common
language and traditions. On the other, there were imperial States like the Austria-
Hungarian Empire and the Russian Empire. The rivalry happened for colonies, trade
and trade routes.
(c) The Treaty of Versailles was designed to prevent Germany from going to war again. The
three clauses of this treaty were:( you can write any three points from the text book)
 The Treaty declared Germany guilty of aggression.
 Germany was required to pay for the loss and damages suffered by the allies during
the war. The amount of reparations was fixed at 33 billion dollars. Germany had to
cede her merchant ships to the allies as compensation and had to supply huge
quantities of coal to France Italy and Belgium for ten years.
 The area of the Rhine Valley was to be demilitarised and the German territory west of
Rhine was to be occupied by the Allied troops for 15 years.
***************************************************************************

Chapter 11
Rise of Dictatorships
Short Answer Questions
Question 1-How did the Treaty of Versailles lead to the rise of dictatorship?
Answer: -
 Italy joined the Allies in the First World War to gain territories of Turkey
and Germany. But by the Treaty of Versailles, she could get only
Southern Tyrol and Trentino, and the Coastal Regions of Dalmatia. She
could get no part of German and Turkish colonial empire.
 Germans looked down upon the Weimar Republic which had signed such
a disgraceful treaty. Germany was forced to cede large chunks of her
territory and her overseas colonies were divided among the Allies.
Germany was forced to pay heavy reparations of 33 billion dollars and
total strength of its army was fixed at one lakh. The terms of this treaty
 were greatly resented by the Germans who eagerly looked for an
opportunity to avenge the same. These sentiments were exploited by
Hitler.
Hence, the Treaty of Versailles lead to the rise of dictatorship.
Question 2
How did the failure of the League of Nations lead to the rise of dictatorship?
Answer: - After the First World War, the League of Nations was established to
maintain peace in the world and to prevent wars. But it proved weak and failed
to achieve its aims. It failed to check the rise of dictatorships. Had it acted well
in time, the ambitious plans of Mussolini and Hitler would not have
materialised.
Question 3:-
What is meant by 'Fascism'? Why did the Italians feel that they had been
deceived by the Treaty of Versailles?
Answer:- 'Fascism' means autocracy or dictatorship where the power of the
State is vested in one man only and it is obligatory for all the others to obey his
orders.
Italy joined the Allies in the First World War to gain territories of Turkey and
Germany. But by the Treaty of Versailles, she could get only Southern Tyrol
and Trentino, and the Coastal Regions of Dalmatia. She could get no part of the
German and Turkish colonial empire.
Question 4
How did the economic crisis after the First World War create unrest in Italy?
Answer: -Italy suffered heavy losses in terms of life and property in the First
World War. After the War, many soldiers became unemployed. Trade and
commerce were ruined leading to large-scale unemployment. There was a
shortage of food grains.
Question 5 -In what way was socialism a cause for the rise of Fascism in Italy?
Answer:-
The Socialists who included the Anarchists, the Communists and the Social
Democrats created conditions conducive for the growth of Fascism in Italy.
Inspired by the Russian Revolution, the Communists inflamed the atmosphere
with revolutionary ideas. People wanted a powerful leadership who could
establish peace and prosperity by ending lawlessness and insecurity prevalent in
Italy. The industrialists viewed the growing strength of the labour unions with
alarm and provided financial support to Fascism.
Question 6- State two underlying principles of Fascism.
Answer:- Two underlying principles of Fascism were-
 Fascism was the antithesis of democracy. Fascists believed that
democracy was not suitable for the country because it widens the gulf
between the poor and the rich.
 Fascism supported one party and one leader. They believed that the
country could make progress only under one leader.
Question 7-What did Mussolini do to solve the problem of unemployment?
Answer:- A number of measures were undertaken to reduce unemployment.
 All factories and mills were nationalised to improve the lot of workers.
 Various syndicates were established to improve relations between the
capitalists and the workers.
 Mussolini started an impressive public works programme which included
the building of roads, bridges, canals, railways, schools, hospitals, etc.
Question 8- Give any two positive results of Fascism in Italy.
Answer:- Two positive results of Fascism in Italy were-
 A number of measures were undertaken to reduce unemployment.
 All efforts were made to eradicate illiteracy by making elaborate
provisions for education.
Question 9- Why did Germans feel humiliated by the Treaty of Versailles?
Answer: -
 Defeat in the First World War and the conditions imposed by the Treaty
of Versailles made the Germans feel humiliated and helpless.
 Germany was forced to cede large chunks of her territory to France,
Belgium, Poland and Denmark.
 Her overseas possessions were divided by the Allies in the War among
themselves.
 Germany was forced to pay heavy reparations to the tune of 33 billion
dollars and the total strength of the German army was fixed at one lakh.
Question 10
Why was the economic burden of Germany greater than that of other countries?
Answer:- As a result of the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany
had to suffer in agricultural production, colonies, foreign investment, trade
contracts, etc. The foreign countries raised tariffs against the German goods.The
number of unemployed people increased. The condition of the farmers became
miserable. By June 1931, debts on farmers had risen to $300 million.
Question 11
In what way was the failure of Weimar Republic responsible for the
introduction of Nazism?
Answer: -
Germans looked down upon the Weimar Republic which had signed such a
disgraceful treaty of Versailles. The Germans could not reconcile with the
democratic parliamentary system prevailing in their country. They preferred
prestige and glory to liberty and freedom. They felt that only a strong man could
restore the past prestige of Germany and check the rising popularity of
Communism. When Hitler promised them all glory, they welcomed him with
open arms.
Question 12
How did the spread of Communism lead to the rise of Nazism in Germany?
Answer:-
After the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, the Communist influence in Germany
increased considerably. The Communists organised themselves effectively and
succeeded in capturing a number of seats in Reichstag. Hitler warned the people
that Communists of Germany would become the servants of their Russian
masters and would follow the dictates of Communists.
He tried to persuade the people in Germany that Nazism alone could check the
growing influence of Communists.
Question 13-Give any two aims of Nazism.
Answer: - Two aims of Nazism were:
 To exalt nationalism
 To extol war
Question 14:-
Name the book in which Hitler first expressed Nazi principles. Name the
country where the Nazi party came to power in 1933. Give one positive and one
negative result of Nazism in Germany.
Answer:-
The book in which Hitler first expressed Nazi principles is Mein Kampf.
In 1933, the Nazi party came to power in Germany.
 One positive result of Nazism in Germany was that special efforts were
made to increase the military force of the country. Military training was
made compulsory which again created more employment.
 One negative result of Nazism in Germany was that Hitler put an end to
civil liberties.
Question 15
Do you think that the aims of the Fascists and Nazis could have brought lasting
peace and prosperity to their countries? Do you agree with those aims? Why?
Answer:-
 No, the aims of the Fascists and Nazis couldn't have brought lasting peace
and prosperity to their countries.
 No, I don't agree with those aims because every human being has the
right to live his live freely. Violence and oppression can never foster
peace in a country.

Structured Questions
Question 1
With reference to the rise of dictatorship in Europe after the First World War,
answer the following questions:
(a) How did class conflicts lead to the rise of dictatorship that emerged in Italy
and Germany after the First World War?
(b) How did the decline of democracy help in the rise of dictatorship in Italy
and Germany?
(c) What was the reason for the failure of the League of Nations?
Answer:-
(a) Class conflict increased in many countries after the First World War.
 The real issue in most parts of continental Europe was whether control of
government and economic systems would continue in the possession of
aristocracies or would be in the hands of less privileged majorities.
 The common man had been promised, during the War, that he would be
rewarded by greater attention to his economic needs.
 These promises were ignored and the common man was embittered.
(b) Democracy was introduced in Italy for the first time in 1919.
 Elections failed to give a clear majority to a single party.
 As a result, there was complete instability in the country and between
1919 and 1922 six coalition governments were formed in Italy.
 The various political parties had different policies and programmes
and there was no continuity in their policies.
 They were unable to deal effectively with the problems of
unemployment, strikes and riots which took place during 1921-22.
 This situation was fully exploited by the Fascists under the leadership
of Mussolini, who promised the people a strong national government.
 The rise of the Nazi Party in Germany was facilitated by the absence
of any strong opposition party.
 As a result, the Nazi Party did not encounter any effective resistance
and its popularity achieved great heights.
(c) The failure of the League of Nations can be attributed to the following
reasons-
 United States of America was not a member of League of Nations.
 Big nations of the League of Nations, who were the Super Powers in the
world, were very self-seeking.
 The League of Nations had no such powers as to get its edicts enforced.
 In the absence of any sovereign power, the League of Nations was unable
to take any effective action against the aggressor, and this became the
main reason behind the failure of the League of Nations.
 The League of Nations did not have its own army and hence, it could not
prove to be effective.
Question 2
Due to Fascism, Italy made progress in different spheres of life and became a
powerful nation. With reference to the results of Fascism in Italy, explain the
following:
(a) Reforms introduced in Italy to improve the economic condition of the
people.
(b) Aggressive foreign policy under Mussolini.
(c) Negative impact of Fascism in Italy.
Answer:-
(a) Mussolini introduced various reforms to improve the economic condition of
the people in Italy.
 He took measures to stall further devaluation of the Italian currency.
 A number of measures were undertaken to reduce unemployment.
 All factories and mills were nationalised to improve the lot of workers.
 Various syndicates were established to improve relations between the
capitalists and the workers.
 Mussolini started an impressive public works programme which included
the building of roads, bridges, canals, railways, schools, hospitals, etc.
(b) Mussolini used to say, "Italy must expand or perish."
 He regained the Islands of Rhodes, Dodecanese as well as the city of
Fiume.
 He turned Albania into a protectorate of Italy.
 He entered into commercial and diplomatic treaties with France and
Russia.
 He captured Abyssinia in 1936 and when there was an objection in the
League of Nations, Italy left the League of Nations.
 After that, Italy's relations with England and France deteriorated and she
was drawn towards Germany.
(c) Besides the positive impacts, there were many negative effects of Fascism in
Italy.
 All efforts were made to curb political freedom.
 After gaining power, Mussolini became a dictator and took all the
military and civil powers into his own hands.
 All political parties except the Fascists were banned.
 The system of Jury was abolished and special courts were set up where
the Fascist civilian and military officers were empowered to decide
political cases.
 Press was censored.
 The freedom of speech and organising meetings was also prohibited.
 Mussolini crushed his opponents brutally.
Question 3
In the post World War I scenario, Italy and Germany experienced the rise of
dictatorships. In this context, explain:
(a) Any three circumstances that led to the rise of Fascism in Italy.
(b) Any three domestic policies of Hitler.
(c) How were the foreign policies of Hitler responsible for the outbreak of the
Second World War?
Answer
(a) Three circumstances that led to the rise of Fascism in Italy were as
follows-
( You can choose any three points from the text)
 Discontentment after the Treaty of Versailles — Italy joined the Allies in the
First World War to gain territories of Turkey and Germany. But she could
get no part of the German and Turkish colonial empire.
 Economic Crisis — Italy suffered heavy losses in terms of life and property
in the First World War. After the War, many soldiers became
unemployed. Trade and commerce were ruined leading to large-scale
unemployment. There was a shortage of food grains.
 Political Instability — Democracy was introduced in Italy for the first time
in 1919. Elections failed to give a clear majority to a single party. As a
result, there was instability in the country and between 1919 and 1922 six
coalition governments were formed in Italy. The various political parties
had different policies and programmes and there was no continuity in
their policies. They were unable to deal effectively with the problems of
unemployment, strikes and riots which took place during 1921-22. This
situation was fully exploited by the Fascists under the leadership of
Mussolini, who promised the people a strong national government.
(b) Three domestic policies of Hitler were as follows-
  Hitler launched the first Five-year plan to have greater production. The
economic life of the country was organised with the objectives of
removing unemployment and making the nation self-sufficient.
 Special efforts were made to increase the military force of the country.
Military training was made compulsory which again created more
employment.
 Strict censor was imposed on books, the press and the cinema. All anti-
Nazi books and magazines were consigned to fire.
(c) Hitler resorted to the policy of territorial expansion and fortification of
Germany.
 He tried to acquire more territories for the surplus German population.
 He tried to expand in South and East of Europe because that region was
economically useful for Germany as it possessed huge potential for
wheat, oil and coal.
 To attain this objective, Hitler made use of force and rejected all
compromises.
 He entered into a non-aggression treaty with Poland for a period of ten
years in 1934 for the safety of his eastern frontiers.
 He reclaimed the territory of Saar and Rhineland from France.
 In 1938, he annexed Austria by force. He concluded a non-aggression
pact with Russia.
Question 4
Look at the newspaper clipping given below and answer the question that
follow:

(a) Who is referred to as 'Black Shirt Leader' in the newspaper clipping shown
above? Why did he enter Rome?
(b) Who was the 'King’ with whom the 'Black Shirt Leader’ was to confer?
What did the King do?
(c) State any three consequences of the incident.
Answer: -
(a) Benito Mussolini is referred to as the 'Black Shirt Leader' in the given
newspaper clipping. He had formed a group called 'Fascios' who wore black
uniform and were known as Black-Shirts. Mussolini was their leader.
Mussolini put forward few demands after a conference of the Fascist Party at
Naples in October 1922. These demands were turned down by the Emperor of
Italy. Therefore, Mussolini marched towards Rome and entered Rome to attack
but he faced no resistance and was invited to form government.
(b) The 'King’ with whom the 'Black Shirt Leader’ was to confer was Victor
Emmanuel III. The King invited Mussolini to form a new government.
(c) The three consequences of the incident were:
 He undertook measures to strengthen economy of Italy and to reduce
unemployment. All efforts were made to eradicate illiteracy by making
elaborate provisions for education.
 He followed an aggressive foreign policy to revive the past glories of the
Roman Empire.
 Mussolini fostered a cult of personality, projecting himself as an
omnipotent and indispensable leader. His government expelled all
opposition, including Socialist members, and arrested all Communist
members of Parliament.
Picture Study
Question 1
Study the picture and answer the questions that follow:

(a) Identify the leader in the picture. How did he establish a totalitarian state in
his country?
(b) State three factors that led to the rise of Nazism.
(c) State four similarities between the ideologies of Nazism and Fascism.
Answer:-
(a) The leader shown in the picture is Adolf Hitler.
 Hitler had no faith in the parliamentary system of government. He,
therefore, eradicated all those elements which offered opposition to his
authority and established a totalitarian state in his country.
 He concentrated all power into his hands, suppressed all opposition and
propagated the ideology of Nazism.
 He changed the federal government into a unitary government.
  He, himself became the Governor of Prussia.
 All provincial legislatures were dissolved in 1934 and the sovereign
power of the central government was established.
 Various political parties were abolished.
 A ban was imposed on the press, public speeches and writing of articles.
 Even the members of the Nazi party who challenged Hitler's authority
were severely dealt with.
 A secret police known as the Gestapo, kept a check on the activities of
citizens.
 Those suspected of disloyalty to the State were arrested or executed
without trial.
(b) Three factors that led to the rise of Nazism were —
( You can choose any three points from the text)

 Humiliating Treaty of Versailles — The conditions imposed on Germany by

the Treaty of Versailles made the Germans feel humiliated and helpless.
Hitler exploited these sentiments and encouraged the Germans to break
the treaty and rebuild the empire of Germany by recapturing lost colonies.
 Economic crisis — The harsh terms of Treaty of Versailles made Germany
to suffer in agricultural production, colonies, foreign investment, trade
contracts, etc. Foreign countries raised tariffs against German goods. This
increased unemployment and made the conditions of farmers miserable.
The Nazis exploited the situation by assuring people to follow Nazi
ideology to put an end to their economic misery.
 Growing Fear of Communism — After the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia,
the Communist influence in Germany increased considerably as they
succeeded in capturing a number of seats in Reichstag. Hitler warned the
people that Communists of Germany would become the servants of their
Russian masters and would follow the dictates of Communists. He
persuaded the people that Nazism alone could check the growing
influence of Communism.
(c) Four similarities between the ideologies of Nazism and Fascism were-
 To have faith in the totalitarian rule.
 To despise democratic political systems.
 To uphold One-Party and one leader.
 To believe in aggressive nationalism and imperialism.
****************************************************************
Chapter 12
The Second World War

Short Answer Questions

Question 1
What was the issue between Germany and Poland that led to World War II?
Answer: - Hitler invaded Poland in September 1939 for the following reasons:
 Germany wanted to regain her lost territories.
 The city of Danzing was inhabited mainly by the Germans and by
occupying Danzing Corridor, Germany could connect with East Prussia.
 Germany signed a Non-Aggression Pact with Russia in August 1939,
Poland was accused of committing atrocities against Germans living
there.
 On September 1, 1939, the German armies marched into Poland. The
invasion of Poland marked the beginning of the Second World War.
Question 2
How was the Treaty of Versailles responsible for the Second World War?
Answer:-
The Treaty of Versailles was responsible for the Second World War because of
the following reasons-

 The treaty demanded annexation of German territories and creation of

many States. This sowed the seeds of bitterness and conflict.
 All the German colonies were forcibly taken away from her and she was
divided into two parts for the benefit of Poland.
 She was burdened with huge war indemnity which she could never pay.
 Her military power was reduced.
 This treaty was based on the spirit of revenge and Germany was forced to
sign the treaty.
Question 3
How did the rise of Fascism and Nazism lead to the the Second World War?
Answer:-
 Italy wanted to revive the glory of the Old Roman empire. She joined the
Anti-Comintern Pact in 1937 and formed a ten years alliance with
Germany in 1939 to strengthen her position. Mussolini established
dictatorship in Italy. Italy demonstrated her imperialistic designs by
attacking Abyssinia.
 In Germany, Hitler wanted to re-establish the prestige of Germany in the
international field. He flouted the military clauses in the Treaty of
Versailles and declared re-armament. In 1938, he annexed Austria and
dismembered Czechoslovakia.
Thus, Mussolini and Hitler drove the countries of the world towards another
World War.
Question 4
What was the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis? Why did Italy join the side of
Germany and Japan in the Second World War?
Answer:-
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis was the alliance between Italy, Germany, and Japan
who fought against Allied forces in World War II. It created a defense alliance
between the countries and was largely intended to deter the United States from
entering the conflict.
Italy joined the Allies in the First World War to gain territories of Turkey and
Germany. But she could get no part of the German and Turkish colonial empire.
So, she felt cheated. Further, Italy was ruled by Mussolini and Germany was
ruled by Hitler. The ideologies of both leaders were similar. They glorified wars
and wanted to make their country powerful. Hence, Italy joined the side of
Germany and Japan in the Second World War.
Question 5
What was the immediate cause of the Second World War? Which incident
brought the USA in the Second World War?
Answer: -
Hitler's invasion of Poland in September, 1939 was the immediate cause of the
Second World War.
On December 7, 1941, Japan under the Premiership of General Tojo, ordered a
surprise aerial attack on the Pearl Harbour. This incident caused America to
declare war on Japan, Germany and Italy.
Question 6
Why did the USA drop atom bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and
Nagasaki?
Answer:-
The USA warned the Japanese people and the government to stop the fighting
and surrender. But when Japan refused to surrender, the USA dropped atom
bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Question 7-What made Japan to surrender to the Allies?
Answer:- Japan surrendered to the Allies after the USA dropped atom bombs
on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August, 1945.
Question 8-Mention two important consequences of the Second World War.
Answer:-Two important consequences of the Second World War were-
  Defeat of the Axis Powers — The Axis Powers made remarkable success
initially but were defeated by the Allied Powers.
 Formation of the UN — The United Nations Organisation was established
to bring peace and avoid another world war.
Question 9-What is meant by the 'Cold War'?
Answer:-
After the Second World War, the USA and the erstwhile USSR emerged as two
great powers representing contrasting ideologies. They divided the world into
two rival blocs —
 The Capitalist bloc led by the USA
 The Communist bloc led by the USSR.
There was a state of extreme political tension between the two but no armed
conflict. This is known as the Cold War.
Question 10-Mention any two characteristics of the Cold War.
Answer:- Two characteristics of the Cold War were-
 There was no armed struggle.
 The rivals continued to maintain their peace time diplomatic relations
along with their hostility.
Question 11-Give two causes that led to the Cold War.
Answer:-
Two causes that led to the Cold War were-
 The ideological conflict between both the United States and the Soviet
Union.
 The emergence of nuclear weapons and the fear of communism in the
United States.
Question 12
Name two countries each belonging to the Capitalist Bloc and the Communist
Bloc.
Answer:-
 Two countries belonging to the Capitalist Bloc were Britain and France.
 Two countries belonging to the Communist Bloc were Poland and
Hungary.
Question 13
What were the views of each the two Cold War blocs about the other bloc.
Answer:-
  During the Cold War, the two major blocs, the Democratic and Capitalist
Bloc or the western bloc led by the USA and the Communist bloc or the
Eastern Bloc led by the USSR, had distinct views about each other:
 Western Bloc’s View of the Eastern Bloc: The Western Bloc, led by the
USA and its NATO allies, defended Capitalism. They viewed the Eastern
Bloc and its communist ideology as a threat to their economic and
political systems. The Western Bloc feared the spread of Communism
and sought to contain it through various means.
 Eastern Bloc’s View of the Western Bloc: The Eastern Bloc, led by the
USSR followed a Communist system. They viewed the Western Bloc and
its capitalist ideology as a threat to their own system. The Eastern Bloc
saw the Western Bloc’s efforts to contain Communism as an aggressive
act and responded with measures of their own.
Question 14
Name any two countries which became independent after the Second World
War.
Answer:-
Two countries which became independent after the Second World War were
Myanmar and Malaya.

Structured Questions
Question 1
State how each of the following factors were the causes of the Second World
War:
(a) The failure of the League of Nations.
(b) The Aggressive Nationalism of Germany.
(c) The Policy of Appeasement.
Answer:-
(a) The League suffered an early blow when the USA did not join the League.
Even those who joined the League were not interested in the principle of
collective security.
 The League of Nations succeeded in allaying the threat of war in cases
where the parties were small nations.
 The League did nothing when Poland, with the backing of France, seized
a part of Lithuania in 1920.
 In 1923, there was a threat of war between Italy and Greece.
 Italy refused to submit to the League's intervention and the dispute was
settled by direct mediation of Great Britain and France.
  Thereafter, in every crisis, the League was either defied or ignored.
 The authority of the League was flouted by Japan when it seized
Manchuria; and by Italy when it conquered Ethiopia.
 The coercive machinery of the League was not adequate to perform the
task given to it.
 The economic sanctions were of no use against a determined aggressor.
 Moreover, the member states were not willing to apply economic
sanctions as it affected their economy as well.
 Besides, the League failed to maintain international peace and the
countries of Europe lost faith in its usefulness.
(b) The humiliating terms of the Treaty of Versailles gave rise to the spirit of
revenge and aggressive nationalism in Germany leading to the Second World
War in the following ways:
 Germany started looking for an opportunity to do away with the harsh
treaty. But this was not possible without an aggressive policy and
armaments.
 In 1938, Hitler annexed Austria and dismembered Czechoslovakia.
 On September 1, 1939, the German armies marched into Poland.
 France and Britain gave an ultimatum to Germany.
In reply, Germany attacked France.
On September 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany.
The German armies completed the conquest of Poland in less than three weeks
so as to ensure that no aid reached Poland.
(c) Appeasement meant accepting the hostile demands of an aggressive nation
to gain peace.
 Britain and France followed the policy of appeasement towards
dictatorial countries like Germany and Italy because they felt that the
dictators had a real cause of grievance due to the humiliating terms of the
Treaty of Versailles and if their grievances were removed they would not
disturb world peace.
 Further, they wanted to check the rising tide of Communism and Russian
Bolshevism.
 Britain and France feared that Germany would divert towards Russian
Bolshevism.
 They, therefore, allowed Germany to rearm and to re-militarise the
Rhineland and capture Austria and Czechoslovakia.
So without the Western countries' policy of appeasement, Fascism or Nazism
could not have survived so long and would not have been able to unleash the
Second World War.
Question 2
The League of Nations was unable to eliminate power struggles leading to
another World War. In this context describe how the following were connected
with the Second World War:
(a) Japanese invasion of China.
(b) Ideological differences between nations.
(c) Hitler's invasion of Poland.
Answer: -
(a) Japanese policy of expansion was one of the causes of the War.
 Japan's ambitions rose after the First World War.
 She was determined to dominate the Far East.
 Japan started an undeclared war against China in 1931.
 China appealed to the League of Nations to declare sanctions against
Japan.
 Britain and France, the leading members of the League did not pay any
attention to the appeal.
 Japan joined the Berlin-Rome Axis to form the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis
to further its policy of expansion and conquest.
 In 1933, Japan left the League of Nations and started occupying the
British and American properties in China.
 Britain and France followed the policy of appeasement, thinking that the
Japanese could be used to weaken China.
Thus, a war was inevitable under these circumstances.
(b) Ideological differences between nations refer to the ideologies of fascism
and Nazism in Italy and Germany, respectively. Fascism and Nazism believed
in the following-
 To have faith in the totalitarian rule.
 To despise democratic political systems.
 To uphold One-Party and one leader.
 To believe in aggressive nationalism and imperialism.
 To hold that the state is supreme and it could suppress the fundamental
rights and freedoms of individuals.
 To regard war as an instrument for furthering national interests.
 To uphold intensely nationalistic, anti-communist and anti-democratic
rule.
 The ideology of fascism and nazism was extremely aggressive and led to
the Second World War.
(c) Hitler invaded Poland in September 1939 for the following reasons:
 Germany wanted to regain her lost territories.
 The city of Danzing was inhabited mainly by the Germans and by
occupying Danzing Corridor, Germany could connect with East Prussia.
  Germany signed a Non-Aggression Pact with Russia in August 1939,
Poland was accused of committing atrocities against Germans living
there.
 On September 1, 1939, the German armies marched into Poland.
 France and Britain gave an ultimatum to Germany.
In reply, Germany attacked France.
 On September 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany.
 The German armies completed the conquest of Poland in less than three
weeks so as to ensure that no aid reached Poland.
 The invasion of Poland marked the beginning of the Second World War.
Question 3
With the surrender of Japan, the Second World War was finally over. The war
had far-reaching consequences. Against this background, write short notes on:

(a) Effect of World War II on Japan.

(b) The division of Germany.
(c) Division of the world into two Power Blocs.
Answer:-
(a) After the defeat of Germany, the Allied powers turned their attention
towards Japan.
 When Japan refused to surrender, America dropped the atomic bombs on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
 Japan offered to surrender on the terms of Potsdam declaration and the
war came to an end.
 The American army was to occupy Japan until 1952.
 After this period, the Japanese would resume sole control over their own
affairs.
 Emperor Hirohito was left on the throne as a constitutional monarch and
the Japanese Parliament retained some of its law making powers.
All lands acquired or seized by Japan since 1895 were taken away.
(b) At the end of World War II, Germany was divided into zones, each zone
under the army of each of the Allied Powers.
 The Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) commonly known as West
Germany was administered by UK, France and the U.S. with Bonn as the
capital. It came under the capitalist ideology of the Anglo-American and
their Allies and became part of the Capitalist bloc.
 The German Democratic Republic (GDR), known as East Germany was
administered by the Soviet Union with East Berlin as the capital. It came
 under the influence of the political ideologies of communist Russia and
became part of the Communist (or Eastern) bloc.
(c) Towards the end of the War, the apparent harmony between the USA and
the Soviet Union declined and old suspicion and ideological differences came to
the forefront.
Though both the countries did not engage in actual fight against each
other, there was a state of extreme political tension between the two.
This state of tension between countries in which each side adopted policies
designed to strengthen itself and weaken the other without armed conflict, is
known as the 'Cold War.'
The Cold War also involved an arms race involving piling up of nuclear and
conventional weapons, formation of military alliances, economic warfare and
trade embargoes, propaganda and proxy wars, especially those involving
superpower support for opposing sides within civil wars.
Thus, the USA and the USSR continued to maintain diplomatic relations and
did not resort to overt clashes, but treated each other with hostility.
This led to the division of the world into two power blocs.
 The Democratic and Capitalist bloc was led by the USA. It was called the
Western bloc or the American bloc and it believed in liberal democracy
based on Capitalism.
 The Communist Bloc was led by the USSR. It was called the Eastern bloc
or the Soviet bloc and it believed in Communism based on Marxist
theory.
Question 4
With reference to the consequences of Second World War, explain the impact
on the following:
(a) The Axis powers.
(b) Origin of the Cold War.
(c) The formation of the UN.
Answer:-
(a) The Axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) were defeated in the Second
World War. In November 1942, the Allied forces (Britain, France, The Soviet
Union and The USA) recaptured African territories lost by France. This was
followed by their victory over Italy and then Germany.
After the defeat of Germany, the Allied powers turned their attention towards
Japan. Japan had won and had occupied most of South East Asia. The British
forces liberated Myanmar, Malaya, Philippines and Singapore. In the Potsdam
Conference held on July 26, 1945, the Allied Powers asked Japan to surrender
but Japan refused. Consequently, America dropped the atomic bombs on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan offered to surrender on the terms of Potsdam
declaration and the war came to an end.
After the war, Germany was divided into zones, each zone under the army of
each of the Allied Powers. Japan and Italy also became very weak. Unlike
Germany, they were not divided into zones to be governed by conquering
forces. The American army was to occupy Japan until 1952. All lands acquired
and seized by Japan since 1895 were taken away.

(b) Towards the end of the War, the apparent harmony between the USA and
the Soviet Union declined and old suspicion and ideological differences came to
the forefront.

 Though both the countries did not engage in actual fight against each
other, there was a state of extreme political tension between the two.
 This state of tension between countries in which each side adopted
policies designed to strengthen itself and weaken the other without armed
conflict, is known as the 'Cold War.'
 The Cold War also involved an arms race involving piling up of nuclear
and conventional weapons, formation of military alliances, economic
warfare and trade embargoes, propaganda and proxy wars, especially
those involving superpower support for opposing sides within civil wars.
 Thus, the USA and the USSR continued to maintain diplomatic relations
and did not resort to overt clashes, but treated each other with hostility.
This led to the division of the world into two power blocs.
(c) The horrors of the two World Wars and the failure of the League of Nations
led to a meeting of the Big Three — Roosevelt (President of the USA),
Churchill (Prime Minister of Britain) and Stalin (Premier of the USSR) at Yalta
in February 1945. They resolved to convene a conference of the representatives
of all nations at San Francisco to draw up the 'Charter of the United Nations.'
This led to the establishment of the United Nations Organisation on October 24,
1945.
Question 5
Read the newspaper clipping and answer the questions that follow:
(a) Why did Japan open war on the USA? Where did Japan order an attack?
What the consequences of the attack on the USA?
(b) Japan made two crucial mistakes during this attack. What were these
mistakes and what were the consequences of these mistakes?
(c) How did this attack was finally revenged upon by the USA?
Answer:-
(a) Japan ordered an attack on the U.S.A on December 7, 1941. It was aimed at
neutralizing the U.S. Pacific Fleet and securing Japan’s dominance in the
Pacific. The attack was on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The
consequences of the attack on the USA were following:

 The most immediate consequence was the entrance of the United States
into World War II. The attack on Pearl Harbor led to a formal declaration
of war against Japan.
 The United States massively mobilized its economy and military for the
war effort.
 The attack led to the internment of Japanese-Americans, as fear and
suspicion towards Japan grew
 The war with Japan ultimately led to the development and use of atomic
weapons, culminating in the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
 In the aftermath of the war, the United States played a leading role in the
establishment of the United Nations and the creation of a new
international order.
(b) The Japanese made following two crucial mistakes at Pearl Harbour:
 They did not destroy the ship repair facilities at the base
 They did not seek out and destroy the US carriers (Lexington and the
Enterprise). Due to these mistakes, most of the ships, that were damaged,
were soon back in action.
(c) This attack was finally revenged upon by Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima
and Nagasaki. In August 1945, the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese
cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. These bombings, which caused enormous
destruction and loss of life, led to Japan’s unconditional surrender.
Picture Study
Question 1
Study the picture on the right and answer the questions:

(a) Identify the object in the picture. Which country was responsible for its
production?
(b) Where was this object used for the first time? How did it bring an end to the
War?
(c) How can a future war be avoided following the teachings of Mahatma
Gandhi?

Answer:-
(a) The object in the picture is the Atom Bomb. It was produced by the United
States of America (USA).
(b) The first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima in Japan by the USA. It
destroyed half of the city killing thousands of people. Still Japan refused to
surrender. After that another atomic bomb was dropped on the Japanese city
Nagasaki. This made Japan surrender on the terms of Potsdam declaration
bringing an end to the Second World War.
(c) The Gandhian strategy is the combination of truth, sacrifice, non-violence,
selfless service and cooperation.
 According to Gandhi one should be brave and not a coward.
 He should present his views, suggestions and thoughts without being
violent.
 One should fight a war with the weapons of truth and non-violence.
 Gandhi said that "There is no god higher than truth."
 According to Gandhi's thoughts, non-violence is the ultimate solution of
every kind of problem in the world.
Thus, a future war can be avoided by following the teachings of Mahatma
Gandhi.
*************************************************************
Chapter 13
 United Nations
Short Answer Questions
Question 1
Why did world leaders decide to set up a world organisation to maintain peace?
Answer:-
The world leaders decided to set up a world organisation to maintain peace for
the following reasons-
 The destruction caused by the two World Wars.
 The failure of the League of Nations to prevent wars and maintain peace.
 The fear of a Third World War.
 The division of the world into two power blocs led by the US and the
USSR, respectively.
 The invention of weapons of mass destruction like the atom bomb.
Question 2
When was the name "The United Nations" used for the first time? Where was
the UN established?
Answer:-
The name "The United Nations" was used for the first time on January 1, 1942.
The United Nations was established in New York, USA.
Question 3
State the most important reason for the formation of the UN. Which day is
celebrated as the UN Day every year?
Answer: -
 The most important reason for the formation of United Nations is to
maintain international peace and security, protect human rights, deliver
humanitarian aid, promote sustainable development and uphold
international law.
 October 24 is celebrated every year throughout the world as the United
Nations Day.
Question 4
Where are the headquarters of the UN? Who can become the member of the
UN?
Answer:-
 The headquarters of the UN are based in New York, USA.
 Membership of the UN is open to all peace-loving nations who believe in
the principles of the UN and accept the obligations of the UN Charter.
Question 5
Who appoints the Secretary-General of the UN? Who is the present Secretary-
General of the UN?
Answer:-
 The General Assembly appoints the Secretary-General of the UN on the
recommendation of the Security Council.
 António Guterres is the current Secretary-General of the United Nations.
Question 6 -Name the principal organs of the United Nations.
Answer:- The principal organs of the United Nations are-
 The General Assembly
 The Security Council
 The International Court of Justice
 The Economic and Social Council
 The Trusteeship Council
 The Secretariat

Question 7
What can the General Assembly do if the Security Council fails to act in a case
where there appears to be a threat to peace?
Answer:-
Under the "Uniting for Peace" resolution adopted by the General Assembly in
November 1950, the Assembly may take action if the Security Council, because
of a lack of unanimity of its permanent members, fails to act in a case where
there appears to be a threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of
aggression.
The Assembly is empowered to consider the matter immediately with a view to
making recommendations to members for collective measures, including the use
of armed force.
Question 8
Name the permanent members of the Security Council.
Answer-The Security Council has five permanent members —
1.China, 2. France, 3.Russia, 4.Britain, 5. The United States of America
Question 9-What is meant by 'Veto Power'?
Answer:-
Each member of the Security Council has one vote. Decisions on procedural
matters are made by an affirmative vote of nine members, including the
concurring votes of all five permanent members. The negative vote of a
permanent member is called a veto. The Council is powerless to act if any of the
five permanent members uses the veto power. However abstinence from voting
does not amount to a negative vote or veto.
Question 10
Where is the permanent headquarters of the International Court of Justice
located? What is the composition of the International Court of Justice?
Answer:- The permanent headquarters of the International Court of Justice is
located at The Hague (Netherlands).
The Court is composed of 15 judges elected to nine-year terms of office by the
United Nations General Assembly and Security Council sitting independently of
each other. It may not include more than one judge from any nationality.
Elections are held every three years for one-third of the seats, and retiring
judges may be re-elected.
The Court elects its President and Vice-President for a three-year term. They
may, when their term expires, be re-elected. The Court has the power to appoint
its Registrar.

Structured Questions
Question 1
The United Nations Organisation was established to maintain peace and
promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom. With
reference to this, explain the following:
(a) The composition of the Security Council.
(b) The functions of the Security Council related to maintaining world peace.
(c) The role of UNESCO in the development of Science and Technology.
Answer-
(a) The Security Council consists of 15 members.
 It has five permanent members —
1.China, 2. France, 3. Russia,4. Britain,5. The United States of America
The regional representation of the ten non-permanent members is:
 Afro-Asian countries — 5
 Latin American countries — 2
 West European and other countries — 2
 East European countries — 1.
 The ten non-permanent members are elected by the General Assembly by
a two-third majority for a term of two years.
  A retiring member is not eligible for immediate re-election.
 The Presidency of the Council rotates monthly, according to the English
alphabetical listing of its member States.
(b) The functions of the Security Council related to maintaining world peace are
as follows:
 To maintain international peace and security in accordance with the
principles and purposes of the United Nations.
 To investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to international
friction and to take military action against an aggressor.
 To recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of
settlement.
 To formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate
armaments.
 To determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression
and to recommend what action should be taken.
 To call on Members to apply economic sanctions and other measures not
involving the use of force to prevent or stop aggression.
 To take military action against an aggressor.
(c) The scientific activities undertaken by the UNESCO are:
 UNESCO organises seminars and conferences of scientists of various
countries and circulates information through journals, press and
exhibitions. Courier' is the official monthly magazine of UNESCO. Its
Hindi and Tamil editions are available in India.
 It promotes basic research in fields like Geology, Mathematics, Physics
and Oceanography. As a result, it finances engineering and technology
schemes in a number of developing countries.
 It helps in correcting the imbalance in scientific and technological
manpower that exists, because 90% of trained manpower is concentrated
in the industrialised countries.
 It encourages the study of social sciences in order to focus attention on
combating all forms of discrimination, improving the status of women
and helping the youth in solving their problems.
Question 2
With reference to the functioning of the United Nations, briefly answer the
following:
(a) State the objectives of the UN.
(b) Mention the principles of the UN for its members.
(c) State any four functions of the UN.
Answer:-
(a) The objectives of the United Nations are as follows-
  To maintain international peace and security, to take collective measures
for the prevention and removal of threats to peace, to suppress acts of
aggression or other breaches of peace.
 To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the
principle of equal rights and self-determination of people.
 To achieve international cooperation in solving international economic,
social, cultural, or humanitarian problems and encouraging respect for
human rights and for fundamental freedoms.
 To be a centre for harmonising the actions of nations in the attainment of
these common ends.
 Disarm, decolonise and develop are the three new objectives set by the
UN.
(b) In order to fulfil the purposes for which UNO was established, the members
shall act in accordance with the following principles:

 To respect the sovereign equality of all its members.

 All members should fulfil in good faith the obligations assumed by them.
 They should settle their international disputes by peaceful means.
 They would refrain from the threat or use of force against any State.
 They should give the United Nations every assistance in any action it
takes.
 The Organisation should ensure that States which are not members of the
United Nations act in accordance with these principles.
 The United Nations shall not intervene in the domestic, i.e., internal
affairs of any State.
(c) Four functions of the United Nations are as follows-
 Maintain international peace and security.
 Protect human rights and deliver humanitarian aid.
 Support sustainable development and climate action.
 Uphold international law.
Question 3
With reference to the General Assembly, explain the following:
(a) Composition of the General Assembly.
(b) Its role in the promotion of international cooperation.
(c) Any four of its functions.
Answer:-
(a) All members of the United Nations are members of the General Assembly.
 Each State has five representatives in the General Assembly, but each
State has one vote.
  At the start of each regular session, the Assembly elects a new President,
21 Vice-Presidents and the Chairmen of the Assembly's six Main
Committees.
 To ensure equitable geographical representation, the presidency of the
Assembly rotates each year among five groups of States: Africa, Asia,
Eastern Europe, Latin America and Caribbean, and Western Europe and
other States.
 Decisions on important matters are made by a two-third majority.
These matters include:
 the election of the non-permanent members of the Security Council,
admission of new members, the suspension or expulsion of members,
budgetary issues, etc.
 Decisions on other questions are made by a majority of members present
and voting.
(b) The role of the General Assembly in the promotion of international
cooperation are as follows-
 To consider and make recommendations on the principles of cooperation,
in the maintenance of international peace and security.
 To discuss any question relating to international peace and security and to
make recommendations on it.
 To initiate studies and make recommendations to promote international
political, social, and economic cooperation.
 To make recommendations for the peaceful settlement of disputes.
(c) Four functions of the General Assembly are as follows-
 To receive and consider reports from the Security Council and other
organs of the United Nations.
 To consider and approve the budget of the United Nations and to
apportion the contributions among members.
 To elect the non-permanent members of the Security Council, the
Economic and Social Council and the Trusteeship Council, and to elect
the judges of the International Court of Justice.
 To appoint the Secretary-General on the recommendation of the Security
Council.
Question 4
The Security Council is the most important and effective organ of the UN. In
this context describe:
(a) Composition of the Security Council.
(b) Veto power.
(c) Four of its functions.
Answer:-
(a) The Security Council consists of 15 members.
It has five permanent members —
1.China, 2. France, 3. Russia,4. Britain,5. The United States of America
The regional representation of the ten non-permanent members is:
Afro-Asian countries — 5
Latin American countries — 2
West European and other countries — 2
East European countries — 1.
The ten non-permanent members are elected by the General Assembly by a two-
third majority for a term of two years.
A retiring member is not eligible for immediate re-election.
The Presidency of the Council rotates monthly, according to the English
alphabetical listing of its member States.

(b) The negative vote of a permanent member is called a veto. The Council is
powerless to act if any of the five permanent members uses the veto power.
However, abstinence from voting does not amount to a negative vote or veto.
(c) Four functions of the Security Council are as follows:
 To maintain international peace and security in accordance with the
principles and purposes of the United Nations.
 To investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to international
friction and to take military action against an aggressor.
 To recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of
settlement.
 To formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate
armaments.
Question 5
With reference to the International Court of Justice, explain the following:
(a) Its Composition.
(b) Its Compulsory Jurisdiction.
(c) Its Advisory Jurisdiction.
Answer:-
(a) Composition of the International Court of Justice is as follows:
  It is composed of 15 judges elected to nine-year terms of office by the
United Nations General Assembly and Security Council sitting
independently of each other.
 It may not include more than one judge from any nationality.
 Elections are held every three years for one-third of the seats, and retiring
judges may be re-elected.
 The Court elects its President and Vice-President for a three-year term.
They may, when their term expires, be re-elected.
 The Court has the power to appoint its Registrar.
(b) The International Court of Justice has compulsory Jurisdiction in the
following areas:
 Against the background that a large number of treaties provide that
disputes are submitted to the Court.
 Disputes pertaining to the interpretation of international law.
 Reparation, i.e., compensation to be made for the breach of an
international obligation.
(c) The advisory procedure of the International Court of Justice is open solely to
international organisations.
 The only bodies at present authorised to request advisory opinions of the
Court are five organs of the United Nations and 16 specialised agencies
of the United Nations family.
 Since 1946 the Court has given 24 Advisory Opinions, concerning
reparation for injuries suffered in the service of the United Nations,
territorial status of South-West Africa and Western Sahara, etc.
Picture Study
Question 1
Study the given picture and answer the questions:

(a) Identify the Organisation associated with the emblem. Mention any three
principles of this organisation.
(b) Where is the headquarters of this organisation located? Which is the main
deliberative organ of the UN? State any three of its functions.
(c) Name the principal judicial organ of this organisation and explain its
composition.
Answer:-
(a) The picture shows the emblem of United Nations Organisation.
Three principles of this organisation for its Member States are as follows-
 To respect the sovereign equality of all its members.
 All members should fulfil in good faith the obligations assumed by them.
 They should settle their international disputes by peaceful means.
(b) The headquarters of this organisation is located at New York City, USA.

The General Assembly is the main deliberative, policymaking and

representative organ of the UN. Three functions of the General Assembly are as
follows-
 To consider and make recommendations on the principles of cooperation,
in the maintenance of international peace and security.
 To discuss any question relating to international peace and security and to
make recommendations on it.
 To initiate studies and make recommendations to promote international
political, social, and economic cooperation.
(c) The principal judicial organ of United Nations Organisation is the
International Court of Justice. It's composition is as follows:
 It is composed of 15 judges elected to nine-year terms of office by the
United Nations General Assembly and Security Council sitting
independently of each other.
 It may not include more than one judge from any nationality.
 Elections are held every three years for one-third of the seats, and retiring
judges may be re-elected.
 The Court elects its President and Vice-President for a three-year term.
They may, when their term expires, be re-elected.
 The Court has the power to appoint its Registrar.
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Chapter 14
Major Agencies of the United Nations
Short Answer Questions
Question 1
Give the full form of these agencies of the UN: WHO and UNICEF. In which
type of countries do the above agencies of UN work?
Answer:-
The full form of WHO is World Health Organization and the full form of
UNICEF is United Nations Children's Fund.
WHO and UNICEF especially work in developing countries.
Question 2
Which agency of the UN looks after the interest of the children in the world?
What was the original purpose of setting up this agency?

Answer:- UNICEF looks after the interest of the children in the world.
Its original purpose was to help the emergency needs of children in post-war
Europe.
Question 3-How does UNICEF raise its funds?
Answer:-
For financing its projects, the UNICEF depends on voluntary contributions
made by different Governments, donations made by private agencies, sale of
greeting cards and through various fund-raising campaigns. Sale of UNICEF
cards is an important source of income. Worldwide sale of these cards generates
funds of more than $100 million, all of which is spent on programmes to benefit
children.
Question 4
Where are the headquarters of UNICEF? Name two preventable diseases
against which UNICEF organises its programmes.
Answer- The UNICEF has its headquarters in New York.
Two preventable diseases against which UNICEF organises its programmes are
Malaria and Tuberculosis.
Question 5
Mention some of the UNICEF programmes followed in India.
Answer:-
Some of the UNICEF programmes followed in India are:
 The National Mission on Immunisation
 The National Mission for Drinking Water
 The National Literacy Mission.
Question 6-What is the role of UNICEF in modern times?
Answer-
As the sole agency for children, it speaks on behalf of children and upholds the
Convention on the Rights of the Child and works for its implementation.
UNICEF has been the driving force in almost all the programmes started by the
government of India for providing people with low cost community-based
services in maternal and child health, nutrition, clean drinking water, sanitation
and immunisation.
Question 7
Why was UNESCO established? Where are its headquarters?

Answer:-
UNESCO was established with the objective of contributing to peace and
security in the world by promoting collaboration among nations through
education, science, culture and communication. This is undertaken to further
respect for justice, for the rule of law and for the human rights for all human
beings.
The headquarters of the UNESCO are in Paris.
Structured Questions
Question 1
The United Nations apart from its main organs also work through its allied
agencies. In this context, answer the following questions:
(a) Write the expanded form of UNESCO. Mention two of its functions in the
field of education.
(b) Explain three vital roles that the WHO plays in combating diseases.
(c) Mention any two functions of the UNICEF.
Answer:-
(a) The expanded form of UNESCO is United Nations Educational, Scientific
And Cultural Organization. Two functions of UNESCO in the field of education
are-
 Removal of illiteracy by encouragement to adult education, distance-
education and the open school system.
 Emphasis on education of women and girls.
(b) Three vital roles that the WHO plays in combating diseases are as follows:
 It gives important drugs needed for medical care. The WHO launched a
programme to immunise children against six major diseases — Measles,
Diphtheria, Tetanus, Tuberculosis, Polio and Whooping Cough.
  It promotes research to cure and prevent diseases.
 It defines standards for the strength and purity of medicines including
biological products:
(c) Two functions of the UNICEF are as follows:
 It works for the protection of children in respect of their survival, health,
and well-being. This is done in cooperation with individuals, civic
groups, governments and the private sector.
 It provides funds for training personnel, including health and sanitation
workers, teachers and nutritionists. Universal Child Immunisation against
preventable diseases was one of the leading goals of UNICEF.
Question 2
With reference to UNESCO, answer the following questions:
(a) What were the objectives of the formation of UNESCO?
(b) How is the development of education, science and culture related to peace?
(c) What efforts have been made by UNESCO to preserve cultural heritage?
Answer:-
(a) The main objective of UNESCO is to contribute to peace and security in the
world by promoting collaboration among nations through education, science,
culture and communication. This is undertaken to further respect for justice, for
the rule of law and for the human rights for all human beings.
(b) Promotion of education, scientific spirit and enriching culture help in
spreading peace and harmony in the world in the following ways:
 Education provides people with knowledge and inspires them to make a
better world.
 Education results in increased economic growth and stability.
 It is also an instrument for promoting international understanding and
peace.
 Sciences helps humans to always question superstitions.
 It teaches not to follow any custom or practice blindly.
 Social Sciences focus attention on combating all forms of discrimination.
 Culture enriches the lives of individuals.
 It makes people appreciate variety of customs and traditions and make
them tolerant.
 UNESCO works towards the cultural development through the medium
of fine arts. It sends cultural missions to various countries.
 This helps in promoting peace and prosperity
(c) UNESCO encourages modernisation without the loss of cultural identity and
diversity.
  UNESCO provides technical advice and assistance, equipment and funds
for the preservation of monuments and other works of art. It has prepared
a World Heritage List to identify the monuments and sites which are to be
protected.
 It aims to protect the world inheritance of books, works of art and rare
manuscripts.
 It gives encouragement to artistic creations in literature and fine arts.
 It pays attention towards the cultural development through the medium of
films.
 It sends cultural missions to different countries so that there would be
development of contacts which may promote peace and prosperity. In the
past it has provided travel grants to writers and artists under a project
named Mutual Appreciation of Eastern and Western Cultural Values.
Under this scheme, India's talented exponents of classical music and
dance travelled to Europe and America.
Picture Study
Question 1
Study the picture and answer the following questions:

(a) Identify the organisation associated with the given emblem. Where are its
headquarters located? Name two sources from where this organisation gets its
funds.
(b) What is the main objective of this organisation? State any two functions of
this organisation.
(c) Mention any two achievements of this organisation.
Answer:-
(a) The picture shows the emblem of World Health Organization. The
headquarters of WHO are at Geneva in Switzerland. The World Health
Organization (WHO) gets its funding from two main sources:
 Assessed Contributions: These are the dues countries pay in order to be a
member of the Organization. The amount each Member State must pay is
calculated relative to the country’s wealth and population.
 Voluntary Contributions: These come from Member States (in addition to
their assessed contribution) or from other partners. In recent years,
 voluntary contributions have accounted for more than three quarters of
the Organization’s financing.
(b) The main objective of WHO is the attainment of the highest possible level of
health by all people. 'Health' in terms of WHO covers complete well being of an
individual.
Two functions of WHO are as follows:
 It helps countries to improve their health system by building up
infrastructure especially manpower, institutions and services for the
individual and community.
 It gives important drugs needed for medical care. The WHO launched a
programme to immunise children against six major diseases—Measles,
Diphtheria, Tetanus, Tuberculosis, Polio and Whooping Cough.
(c) Two achievements of World health organisation are:
 Development of an Ebola vaccine.
 A decline of 40 percent in the number of deaths from Tuberculosis.
Question 2
Study the emblem and answer the following question:

(a) Name the organisation associated with the emblem.

(b) Mention any three functions of the organisation named by you.
(c) Mention any two programmes of this organisation in India.
Answer:-
(a) The picture shows the emblem of UNICEF.
(b) Three functions of UNICEF are as follows-
 It works for the protection of children in respect of their survival, health,
and well-being.
 It provides funds for training personnel, including health and sanitation
workers, teachers and nutritionists. Universal Child Immunisation against
preventable diseases was one of the leading goals of UNICEF.
  It assists governments to plan, develop and extend community-based
services in the fields of maternal and child health, nutrition, clean water
and sanitation.
(c) Two programmes of this organisation in India are:
 Community Development Programme has been started in the rural areas
of India with UNICEF's assistance, aimed at maternal and child health.
 The National Mission on Immunization was launched by government of
India in collaboration with UNICEF.

Chapter 15
Non-Aligned Movement
Short Answer Questions
Question 1
When did the concept of non-alignment emerge? Why?
Answer:-
The concept of non-alignment emerged during the Cold War. After the Second
World War, the world was divided into two power blocs — one led by the USA
and the other by the erstwhile Soviet Union. It was during this period that many
newly independent countries in Asia and Africa decided not to join any of the
two blocs and to remain non-aligned.
Non-alignment emerged because of the following reasons-
 Global tension caused by Cold War which might endanger world peace.
 Struggle against imperialism and neocolonisation.
 Right of independent judgement without the pressure of any power bloc.
 Use of moderation in relations to all big powers to explore and advance
their mutual interests by establishing friendly relations with all the
nations.
 Restructuring international economic order to boost their economic
development from wherever they could without any strings attached with
them.
 Formation of a collective force to maintain or promote world peace.
Question 2
Mention any four objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Answer:-
Four objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement are as follows-
 To oppose colonialism, imperialism and racial discrimination.
 To advocate sovereign equality of all states,
  To encourage friendly relations among countries.
 To advocate peaceful settlement of international disputes.
Question 3
What are the basic principles of Panchsheel?
Answer:-The basic principles of Panchsheel are as follows-
 Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs
 Mutual non-aggression
 Equality for mutual benefit
 Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty
 Peaceful co-existence
Question 4
Where was non-aligned movement formally launched? Name three founder
members of NAM.
Answer:-
The Non-Aligned Movement was formally launched at its first summit held in
September 1961 at Belgrade in Yugoslavia.
Three founder members of NAM were:
 Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru of India
 President Joseph Broze Tito of Yugoslavia
 President Nasser of Egypt
Question 5
What was Pt. Nehru's view about non-alignment? What did Pt. Nehru do to curb
the mad race for armaments?
Answer:-
Pt. Nehru advocated mutual respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity
of all nations. He strongly advocated the principles of democratic socialism. His
policy of non-alignment was not meant to promote a third bloc, but to ensure
freedom of decision-making of the recently decolonised states.
 Pt. Nehru was against the mad race for armaments and called for
disarmament and abolition of stockpiles of nuclear weapons. It was in
pursuance of his policy of disarmament that India signed a treaty in 1963
for banning atomic tests.
Structured Questions: -
Question 1
With reference to Non-Aligned Movement, answer the following:
(a) Explain how Non-alignment is neither neutrality, nor isolation nor non-
commitment.
(b) State the five principles of Panchsheel.
(c) Give any four objectives of NAM.
Answer:-
(a) Non-alignment is neither neutrality, nor isolation nor non-commitment.
 Non-alignment is not neutral as it does not remain aloof from
international problems. It actively participates in the politics among
nations. So, non-alignment stands for 'action' rather than passivism.
 NAM is not aloof as it comes forward to help the underdeveloped and
developing newly independent countries.
 NAM is not committed to any military blocs but maintains friendly
relations with the countries of the First and the Second World.
(b) The basic principles of Panchsheel are as follows-
 Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs
 Mutual non-aggression
 Equality for mutual benefit
 Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty
 Peaceful co-existence
(c) Four objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement are as follows-
 To oppose colonialism, imperialism and racial discrimination.
 To advocate sovereign equality of all states,
 To encourage friendly relations among countries.
 To advocate peaceful settlement of international disputes.
Question 2
State the role of Jawaharlal Nehru under the following heads:
(a) Vision in starting the NAM.
(b) Curbing the mad race for armaments.
(c) As the spokesman for the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa.
Answer:-
(a) India was the first country to initiate the policy of non-alignment, under the
leadership of Nehru.
 Pt. Nehru was a visionary.
 He realised that the greatest danger to the sovereignty and integrity of
India and the other newly independent nations of Asia and Africa lay in
their joining any of the two power blocs.
  He called upon these countries to keep themselves away from the politics
of two opposing camps, which had already brought about two world
wars.
 He advocated mutual respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity
of all nations.
 It was Nehru, who gradually led the countries of Asia and Africa towards
the concept of non-alignment.
 He convinced these countries that they had great moral force and with
their collective efforts could exert pressure on the issues of war and
peace.
 It was in confirmation of his views that he along with Joseph Broze Tito
of Yugoslavia, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Chou En Lai of China, Ho
Chi Minh of Vietnam and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana led the Bandung
Conference.
 The decisions taken at the Bandung Conference were given a final shape
at Belgrade in 1956.
Here, it was decided to form an organisation of the newly independent
countries.
(b) Pt. Nehru was against the mad race for armaments.
 He called for disarmament and abolition of stockpiles of nuclear
weapons.
 It was in pursuance of his policy of disarmament that India signed a treaty
in 1963 for banning atomic tests.
(c) Nehru was acknowledged as the greatest spokesman for neutrality of Asian
and African States in the Cold War era.
 Opposing the policy of alignment, Nehru said, "By aligning ourselves
with any one power, you surrender your opinion, give up the policy you
would normally pursue because somebody else wants you to pursue
another policy. I do not think that it would be a right policy for us to
adopt."
 Though Nehru was committed to western concept of liberalism and
democracy, he did not approve of the military or economic alliances. He
opposed these alliances as he believed that they encouraged colonialism
and imperialism and were likely to produce a race for armaments.
 Nehru was against the philosophy advocated by the two power blocs.
 He was influenced by socialism. He therefore, strongly advocated the
principles of democratic socialism.
 His policy of non-alignment was not meant to promote a third bloc, but to
ensure freedom of decision-making of the recently decolonised states.
 Under the stewardship of Nehru, India played an important role in
spreading the message of NAM. India promoted the cause of freedom of
 many countries of Asia and Africa which were still under foreign
domination.
Picture Study
Question 1
Study the picture and answer the following questions:

(a) Identify the persons in the picture. Name the organisation with which these
persons were associated.
(b) Where was this organisation formed? State any three objectives of this
organisation.
(c) Has this organisation been able to achieve its objectives? Give reasons for
your answer.
Answer:-
(a) The picture shows the founders of Non-Aligned Movement — Prime
Minister Jawaharlal Nehru of India, President Joseph Broze Tito of Yugoslavia
and President Nasser of Egypt.
They are associated with the Non-Aligned Movement.
(b) The Non-Aligned Movement was formally launched at its first summit held
in September 1961 at Belgrade in Yugoslavia.
Three objectives of NAM are as follows:
 To oppose colonialism, imperialism and racial discrimination.
 To advocate sovereign equality of all states.
 To encourage friendly relations among countries.
(c) Yes, NAM has achieved its objectives as can be seen by the following
achievements:
 NAM has helped in easing of tension between the two power blocs and
ultimately in bringing about the end of the Cold War.
 NAM acted against the arms race of the superpowers during the Cold
War years.
 NAM has supported the cause of international peace, justice and freedom.
 NAM has advocated New International Economic Order (NIEO) based
on greater economic cooperation and justice. In fact, the first UN
Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) held in 1964 was
largely the outcome of the efforts made by the non-aligned countries.
 NAM has made the developed countries realise that the continued
deprivation of the third world would affect the economy of the world and
their own prosperity.
 NAM still continues to be positive, dynamic and constructive movement
aimed at achieving universal peace, disarmament and development.

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