Steel & CFT Column Design

ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ

(kitjapat@hotmail.com)

ม.เกษตรศาสตร์
อนุกรรมการโครงสร้ างเหล็ก วสท.

August 2018
OUTLINE

• What is CFT?
• CFT Behavior
• Application of CFT
• Column Design Standards
• Column Design Example

ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ

What is CFT?
• CFT  Concrete-Filled (Steel) Tube
• Composed of: - Steel Tube
- Filled Concrete (with or without Reinforcement)
CFT
• Composite Structures:
– Girders
– Columns
– Slabs

• Composite Columns:
– Concrete Encased
– Concrete Filled (CFT)
CFT Materials
• STEEL:
– Mild steel / High strength steel / Fire resistant steel ..
– In practical (but not limited to):
• Diameter & Width should not be less than 100mm
• Wall thickness should not be less than 3mm
• Round: 𝐷/𝑡 ≤ 100 235/𝐹𝑦
• Rectangular: 𝐵/𝑡 ≤ 40 235/𝐹𝑦
• CONCRETE:
– Normal, Light weight concrete
– Normal, High strength concrete
– Water/Cement ratio should not exceed 0.4
– Self-Consolidated Concrete (SCC) is preferred (but not required)
– Strength of steel & concrete should be suitably matched
– Combination of High strength concrete with High strength steel is
preferred
– For 235 ≤ 𝐹𝑦 ≤ 345 MPa steel  concrete should be 40 ≤ 𝑓𝑐′ ≤ 60 MPa
• Features
The CFT column has the combined effect of steel piping and
concrete characterized by:
(1) Superior durability and modifiability.
(2) Superior habitability.
(3) Superior fire-proof performance.
(4) Construction work efficiency.
CFT Advantages & Limitations
• Advantages
– Large strength in Compression, Flexure, Shear
– Large stiffness, Favorable ductility, Large energy absorption
– Inherent stability: permits use of high-strength steel
– Reduced labor cost & construction time relative to RC construction:
Formwork or Reinforcing steel are eliminated
– Better cost performance than ordinary steel
– Column is smaller than ordinary RC. Usable floor area is increased.
– ~50% lighter than RC. Foundation cost is reduced.
• Limitations (still in Research & Standard development)
– Limited knowledge of CFT behavior
• Interaction of the two materials (Combined properties: I, E)
• Deformation capacity
– Majority of tests on small specimens (generally 15cm dia. or less)
– Strict D/t ratios
– Design expressions
– No standard connection designs
CFT Behavior
• Composited Column vs FRP vs CFT
CFT Advantages: Behavior Aspects
• Steel tube local buckling (LB) is delayed by concrete,
and strength reduction after LB is moderated.
• Concrete strength is increased by confining of steel
tube, and strength reduction is not very severe since
concrete spalling is prevented by the tube.
• Drying shrinkage and creep of concrete are much
smaller than ordinary RC.
• Concrete improves the fire resistance. The fireproof
material can be reduced or omitted.
• Lighter than RC, EQ force is smaller.
• Safe and reliable in Seismic, since no brittle failure
• CFT Failure Modes
Application of CFT

ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ

Column Design Standards
• AISC 2010  Design for CFT (w/ & w/o Reinf.)

• AISI 2012  Design for CFS (Cold-Formed Steel) Alone

• ACI318-14  Design for RC (Reinf. Concrete) Alone

ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ

AISC-2010 Chapter I: Design of Composite Members
For:
– RC slab on steel beams
– Concrete-encased
– Concrete filled beams

Sections:
– Rolled
– Built-up
– Hollowed Steel Section (HSS)

ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ

I1 GENERAL PROVISIONS
I1.1 Concrete & Steel Reinforcement
Refer to ACI318 (Strength Design) except
• Criteria given in AISC-2010
• use LRFD Load Combination

I1.2 Nominal Strength

I2.2a) Plastic Stress Distribution Method
– Steel reaches Fy (Tension & Compression)
– Concrete reaches:
» 0.85fc’ (Compression)
» 0.95fc’ (Compression) for HSS-CFT
I2.2b) Strain Compatibility Method
– Linear Distribution of Strains
– Max. Concrete Compressive Strain = 0.003
– Note: Can use for:
» Irregular Sections
» Steel is not elasto-plastic
ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ
I1.3 Material Limitations
• Concrete Strength:
– 21 MPa ≤ fc’ ≤ 70 MPa for Normal Weight Concrete
– 21 MPa ≤ fc’ ≤ 42 MPa for Light Weight Concrete
– Note: Higher fc’ can be used for Stiffness Calculation (but not for Strength)
• Structural Steel & Reinforcing Bars
– Fy ≤ 525 MPa

I1.4 Classification of Local Buckling for CFT

• Use max. width-to-thickness ratio for classifications
• Classifications:
– 𝑤 𝑡 ≤ 𝜆𝑝  Compact Section
– 𝜆𝑝 < 𝑤 𝑡 ≤ 𝜆𝑟  Noncompact Section
– 𝜆𝑟 < 𝑤 𝑡 ≤ 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑  Slender Section ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ
• Table for 𝜆𝑝 and 𝜆𝑟 and Max. Permitted
For Width-to-
Max.
Members Element Thickness 𝝀𝒑 𝝀𝒓
Permitted
subjected to Ratio (w/t)

Rectangular 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
b/t 2.26 3.00 5.00
Axial HSS 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦
Compression
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
Round HSS D/t 0.15𝐹 0.19𝐹 0.31
𝑦 𝑦 𝐹𝑦

Rectangular 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
b/t 2.26 3.00 5.00
HSS: Flange 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦

Flexure Rectangular 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
h/t 3.00 5.70 5.70
HSS: Web 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦

𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
Round HSS D/t 0.09𝐹 0.31𝐹 0.31
𝑦 𝑦 𝐹𝑦
ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ
I2 AXIAL FORCE
I2.1 ENCASED COMPOSITE MEMBER
I2.1a Limitations
– Steel Area Ratio
– Concrete must be RC (w/ Longitudinal bars & Ties/Spirals)
» Min. ties:
• @305mm for d=10
• @406mm for d=13+
» Ties spacing ≤ (least column dimension)/2
– Min. Longitudinal Rebar Ratio: 𝜌𝑠𝑟 = 0.4%

ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ

I2.1b Compressive Strength
For
» Design Comp. Strength: 𝜙𝑐 = 0.75 (LRFD)
» Allowable Comp. Strength: Ω𝑐 = 2.00 (ASD)

𝑃𝑛𝑜
𝑃𝑛𝑜
𝑃𝑛𝑜 0.658 𝑃𝑒 , ≤ 2.25
– 𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃𝑒 ≥ Pn of bare steel (Chapter E)
𝑃𝑛𝑜
0.877𝑃𝑒 , > 2.25
𝑃𝑒
Where:
𝑃𝑛𝑜 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐹𝑦𝑠𝑟 𝐴𝑠𝑟 + 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐
𝜋2 𝐸𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑃𝑒 =
𝐾𝐿 2

𝐸𝑐 = 𝑤𝑐 1.5 𝑓𝑐′ ksi (= 0.043𝑤𝑐 1.5 𝑓𝑐′ MPa) (= 15,100 𝑓𝑐′ ksc)
𝐸𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠 + 0.5𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠𝑟 + 𝐶1 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐
𝐴𝑠
𝐶1 = 0.1 + 2 ≤ 0.3
𝐴𝑐 +𝐴𝑠
Note:
sr = Steel Rebar
I is around NA. of Composite Section
Es = 200,000 Mpa (= 2.04x106 ksc) ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ
I2.1c Tensile Strength
– 𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐹𝑦𝑠𝑟 𝐴𝑠𝑟 (not consider Concrete)
– 𝜙𝑡 = 0.90 (LRFD)
– Ω𝑡 = 1.67 (ASD)

I2.1d Load Transfer

– See section I6

I2.1e Detailing Requirements

– Clear Spacing between Steel core & Long. Rebar = 1.5db,long. (≥38mm)

ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ

I2.2 FILLED COMPOSITE MEMBER (CFT)
I2.2a Limitations
– Min. Steel Area Ratio = 1%
– Note: no min. rebar

I2.2b Compressive Strength (see “next Slide”)

..

I2.2c Tensile Strength

– Follow I2.1c (Encased)  (not consider concrete)

I2.2d Load Transfer

– See section I6

ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ

I2.2b Compressive Strength
– Follow section I2.1b (Encased) w/ modifications:

𝑃𝑝 for Compact Sections

2
𝜆 − 𝜆𝑝
𝑃𝑝 − 𝑃𝑝 − 𝑃𝑦 for Noncompact Sections
𝑃𝑛𝑜 = 𝜆𝑟 − 𝜆𝑝
𝐸𝑠
𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑠 + 0.7𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐 + 𝐴𝑠𝑟 for Slender Sections
𝐸𝑐
where
𝐸𝑠
• 𝑃𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐶2 𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐 + 𝐴𝑠𝑟 Note: Long.Rebar is not yielded
𝐸𝑐

0.85 for Rectangular Sections

• 𝐶2 = Note: Round = better / Rect. is same as Encased
0.95 for Round Sections
𝐸𝑠
• 𝑃𝑦 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠 + 0.7𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐 + 𝐴𝑠𝑟
𝐸𝑐

9𝐸𝑠
𝑏 2 for Rectangular Section
𝑡
• 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.72𝐹𝑦
0.2 for Round Section
𝐷 𝐹𝑦
⋅
𝑡 𝐸𝑠

• 𝐸𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠 + 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠𝑟 + 𝐶3 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐 Note: CFT is better than Encased (C3, Isr)

• 𝐶3 = 0.6 + 2
𝐴𝑠
𝐴𝑐 +𝐴𝑠
≤ 0.9 ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ
AISI-2012 Closed Cylindrical Tubular Members: Compression (C4.1)

• Note: same as in AISI-2007 (EIT-2553)

• For: Manufactured/Fabricated (more imperfection) Tubes
• Compressive Strength
– 𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑛 𝐴𝑒
– 𝜙𝑐 = 0.85(LRFD)
– Ω𝑐 = 1.80 (ASD)
• Note: For Closed Section, there is no:
– Torsional Buckling (TB)
– Flexural-Torsional Buckling (FTB)
– Distortional Buckling (DB)

ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ

 2
0.658𝜆𝑐 𝐹𝑦 , 𝜆𝑐 ≤ 1.5
– 𝐹𝑛 = 0.877
𝐹𝑦 , 𝜆𝑐 > 1.5
𝜆𝑐 2

Where
𝐹𝑦
𝜆𝑐 =
𝐹𝑒
𝜋2 𝐸
𝐹𝑒 = 𝐾𝐿 2
(Section C4.1.1)
𝑟

– 𝐴𝑒 = 𝐴𝑜 + 𝑅 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑜 (Section C4.1.5)
Where
0.037
𝐴𝑜 = 𝐷 𝐹𝑦 + 0.667 𝐴 ≤𝐴
𝑡 𝐸

𝐹𝑦
𝑅= ≤ 1.0
2𝐹𝑒
ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ
AISI-2012 Closed Rectangular Tubular Members: Compression (C4.1)

• Same as “Cylindrical” except 𝐴𝑒

• 𝐴𝑒 = Effective Area using 𝐹𝑛
– Effective Width using eqn:
0.22
1− 𝜆
– 𝜌= ≤ 1.0
𝜆

𝑓
– 𝜆=
𝑓𝑐𝑟

– Use 𝑓 = 𝐹𝑛
𝑘𝜋2 𝐸 𝑡 2
– 𝑓𝑐𝑟 = , 𝑘 = 4.0 , 𝜇 = 0.3
12 1−𝜇2 𝑤

ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ

ACI318-14 Chapter 10: Columns
• 10.5 Design Strength
– 𝜙𝑃𝑛 ≥ 𝑃𝑢
– 𝑃𝑢 from Section 5.3: Load Factor (U = 1.2D +1.6L)
– 𝜙 from Section 21.2
• Compression Controlled (Section 21.2.2):
• 𝜙 = 0.75 for Spiral (see Section 25.7.3)
• 𝜙 = 0.65 for Others
– 𝑃𝑛 from Section 22.4: Axial Strength (or combined)
0.80𝑃𝑜 for Ties (see Section 10.7.6.2 and 25.7.2)
• 𝑃𝑛 = 0.85𝑃𝑜 for Spirals (see Section 22.4.2.5 and 25.7.3)
0.85𝑃𝑜 for Composite
• 𝑃𝑜 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
• Note: st = Steel (Long. Rebar)

ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ

• 10.6 Reinforcement Limits
– 10.6.1 Min. & Max. Long. Reinforcement
𝐴𝑠𝑡
• 𝜌=
𝐴𝑔
• 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 1%
• 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 8%
• Note: For composite, use 𝐴𝑐 instead of 𝐴𝑔

ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ

• Chapter 25 Reinforcement Details:
– 25.7.2 Ties
• db,tie ≥ no.3 (9.5mm) for db,long. ≤ no.10 (31.8mm)
≥ no.4 (12.7mm) for db,long. ≥ no.11 (34.9mm)
• smin. = Min.(16db,long.,48db,tie,b or h)
– 25.7.3 Spiral
• db,spiral ≥ no.3 (9.5mm)
• smin. = 1 in. (25.4mm) clear spacing  (EIT1007-34 = 3 cm)
• smax. = 3 in. (76.2mm) clear spacing  (EIT1007-34 = 7 cm)
𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑐′
• Volume, 𝜌𝑠 ≥ 0.45 −1
𝐴𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑦𝑡

– fyt = fy of trans. reinf.

– Ach = Area up to outer edge of trans. reinf. ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ
• Note: EIT1007-34 (Ties & Spiral)
– db,trans. = 6 mm for db,long. ≤ 20 mm
– = 9 mm for db,long. = 20-28 mm
– = 12 mm for db,long. > 28 mm

– Min. db,long. = 12 mm

ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ

• 20.6 Durability of Steel Reinf.
– 20.6.1 Concrete Covering
• Exposed - no.6+ (19.1mm+) use 2” (5.08 cm)
• - no.5- (15.3mm-) use 1.5” (3.81 cm)
• Not Exposed - all db,long. use 1.5” (3.81 cm)
– Note:
• กฏกระทรวง 6 = 4 cm
• EIT1007-34 = 3.5 cm

ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ

 Column Design Example
• Determine the Compressive Strength of the 6 m-length Column
– Steel Alone
– RC Alone
– CFT (with and without reinforcement)

• Steel:
– (Ref. Pacific Pipe B0113) EN10219 Grade S235JRH
– Fy = 235 MPa, Fu = 340 MPa
– do = 406.4 mm, t = 6.00 mm (w = 59.20 kg/m)
• Concrete:
– (Ref. TIS213-2552) C23/28
– fc’ = 240 ksc

ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ

• Calculated Properties:
100
– 𝐹𝑦 = 235 MPa × = 2,396 ksc
9.806
9.806
– 𝑓𝑐′ = 240 ksc × = 23.53 MPa
100
– 𝐸𝑠 = 2.04 × 106 ksc
– 𝐸𝑐 = 15,000 𝑓𝑐′ = 15,100 240 = 2.339 × 105 ksc
– 𝐷𝑖 = 𝐷𝑜 − 2𝑡 = 40.64 − 2 0.6 = 39.44 cm
– 𝐷 = 𝐷𝑜 − 𝑡 = 40.64 − 0.6 = 40.04 cm
𝐷 40.04
– = = 66.73
𝑡 0.6
𝜋 2 𝜋
– 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐷𝑜 − 𝐷𝑖 = 40.642 − 39.442 = 75.47 cm2
2
4 4
𝜋 𝜋
– 𝐼𝑠 = 𝐷𝑜4 − 𝐷𝑖4 = 40.644 − 39.444 = 15,128 cm4
64 64
𝜋 𝜋
– 𝐴𝑐 = 𝐷𝑖2 = 39.44 2 = 1,221.7 cm2
4 4
𝜋 4 𝜋
– 𝐼𝑐 = 𝐷𝑖 = 39.44 4 = 118,773 cm4
64 64
ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ
Steel Alone (AISI 2012)
• Limitation:
𝐷 𝐸 2.04×106
– = 66.73 ≤ 0.441 = 0.441 = 375.5 ⇒ ok
𝑡 𝐹𝑦 2396

• Nominal Compressive Strength:

– 𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑛 𝐴𝑒
• Nominal Stress (𝐹𝑛 ):
2 2
– 𝐹𝑛 = 0.658 𝜆𝑐 𝐹𝑦 = 0.6580.4622 2396 = 2191 ksc
𝐹𝑦 2,396
• 𝜆𝑐 = 𝐹𝑒
= 11,214
= 0.4622 ≤ 1.5
𝜋2 𝐸 𝜋2 2.04×106
– 𝐹𝑒 = 𝐾𝐿 2
= 1×600 2
= 11,214 ksc
𝑟 14.16

𝐼 15,128
» 𝑟= = = 14.16 cm
𝐴 75.47

ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ

• Effective Area:
– 𝐴𝑒 = 𝐴𝑜 + 𝑅 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑜 = 75.47 + 0.1068 75.47 − 75.47 = 75.47 cm
0.037 0.037
• 𝐴𝑜 = 𝐷 𝐹𝑦 + 0.667 ⋅ 𝐴 = 2,396 + 0.667 75.47 = 85.97 >𝐴
66.73
𝑡 𝐸 2.04×106

use 𝐴𝑜 = 𝐴 = 75.47 cm2

𝐹𝑦 2,396
• 𝑅= = = 0.1068 ≤ 1.0
2𝐹𝑒 2 11,214

• Thus:
– 𝑃𝑜 = 𝐹𝑛 𝐴𝑒 = 2,191 75.47 /1000 = 165.4 T
– 𝜙𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = 0.85 165.4 = 140.6 T 𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷
𝑃𝑛 165.4
– = = 91.9 T (𝐴𝑆𝐷) ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ
Ω𝑐 1.80
RC Alone (ACI318)
• Minimum Reinforcement:
– Use minimum reinforcement, 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 1%
– 𝐴𝑠𝑟,𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 0.01 𝐴𝑔 = 0.01 1221.7 = 12.22 cm2
• Reinforcement Requirement:
– Use covering = 3.5 cm
– Longitudinal reinforcement  use 6-DB16 (SD40) (≥ 12mm  ok)
𝜋 2
• 𝐴𝑠𝑟 = 6 × 4 1.6 = 12.06 cm2 ≈ 𝐴𝑠𝑟,𝑚𝑖𝑛. ⇒ ok
– Transverse reinforcement: (say using “Hoop Ties”)
• Diameter:
– ACI318-14: Since db,long. ≤ no.10 (25.4mm)  need no.3 (9.5mm)+
– EIT1007-34: Since db,long. ≤ 25mm  need 6mm+  use RB6
• Spacing:
– 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 16𝑑𝑏,𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔. , 48𝑑𝑏,𝑡𝑖𝑒. , 𝑏 or ℎ
– = 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 16 16 , 48 6 , 394.4
– = 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 256, 288, 394.4
– = 256 mm  use RB6@250mm ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ
• Nominal Compressive Strength:
– 𝑃𝑛 = 0.80 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
• = 0.80 0.85 240 1,221.7 − 12.06 + 4000 12.06 /1000
• = 0.80 246.8 + 48.2
• = 236.0 T
– 𝜙𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = 0.65 236.0 = 153.4 T (𝑆𝐷𝑀)

ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ

CFT (AISC 2010)
• Limitations:
– For normal weight Concrete:
• 21 MPa ≤ 𝑓𝑐′ (= 23.53 MPa) ≤ 70 MPa  ok
– For Steel & Rebars:
• 𝑓𝑦 = 235 MPa ≤ 525 MPa  ok
– Local Buckling Classification (Round HSS):
𝐸 2.04×106
• 𝜆𝑝 = 0.15 𝐹 = 0.15 = 127.7
𝑦 2,396

𝐸 2.04×106
• 𝜆𝑟 = 0.19 𝐹 = 0.19 2,396
= 161.8
𝑦

𝐸 2.04×106
• Max. Limit = 0.31 = 0.31 = 263.9
𝐹𝑦 2,396
• Since 𝐷/𝑡 = 66.73 < 𝜆𝑝 (= 127.7)  Compact Section
– Minimum Steel Ratio:
𝐴 75.47
• 𝜌𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 = 1221.7 = 6.18% ≥ 1%  ok
𝑐 ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ
a) CFT (w/o Reinforcement)
• Nominal Compressive Strength of Zero-Length (𝑃𝑛𝑜 ):
– 𝑃𝑛𝑜 = 𝑃𝑝 for Compact Section
𝐸𝑠
= 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐶2 𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐 + 𝐴𝑠𝑟
𝐸𝑐
= 2,396 75.47 + 0.95 240 1,221.7 + 0 /1000
= 180.8 + 278.5 = 459.4 T
• 𝐶2 = 0.95 for Round Sections
• Elastic Buckling Load 𝑃𝑒 :
𝜋2 𝐸𝐼eff 𝜋2 5.076×1010
– 𝑃𝑒 = = 10−3 = 1,391.6 T
𝐾𝐿 2 1.0𝑥600 2
• 𝐸𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠 + 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠𝑟 + 𝐶3 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐
= 2.04 × 106 15,128 + 0 + 0.7164 2.339 × 105 118,773
= 3.086 × 1010 + 0 + 1.990 × 1010 = 5.076 × 1010 kg. cm2
𝐴𝑠 75.47
– 𝐶3 = 0.6 + 2 = 0.6 + 2 = 0.7164 ≤ 0.9
𝐴𝑐 +𝐴𝑠 1,221.7+75.47
ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ
• Nominal Compressive Strength:
𝑃𝑛𝑜 459.4
– = = 0.3301 ≤ 2.25
𝑃𝑒 1,391.6
𝑃𝑛𝑜
– 𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃𝑛𝑜 0.658 𝑃𝑒 = 459.4 0.6580.3301 = 400.1 T
– 𝜙𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = 0.75 400.1 = 300.1 T (𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷)
𝑃𝑛 400.1
– = = 200.1 T (𝐴𝑆𝐷)
Ω𝑐 2.00

ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ

b) CFT (w/ Reinforcement:6DB16)
• Nominal Compressive Strength of Zero-Length (𝑃𝑛𝑜 ):
– 𝑃𝑛𝑜 = 𝑃𝑝 for Compact Section
𝐸𝑠
= 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐶2 𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐 + 𝐴𝑠𝑟
𝐸𝑐
2.04×106
= 2,396 75.47 + 0.95 240 [ 1,221.7 − 12.06 + 12.06 /1000
2.339×105
= 180.8 + 299.8 = 480.6 T
• 𝐶2 = 0.95 for Round Sections
• Elastic Buckling Load 𝑃𝑒 :
𝜋2 𝐸𝐼eff 𝜋2 5.369×1010
– 𝑃𝑒 = = 10−3 = 1,471.8 T
𝐾𝐿 2 1.0𝑥600 2

• 𝐸𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠 + 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠𝑟 + 𝐶3 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐
= 2.04 × 106 15,128 + 2.04 × 106 1,434.2 + 0.7164 2.339 × 105 118,773
= 3.086 × 1010 + 2.926 × 109 + 1.990 × 1010 = 5.369 × 1010 kg. cm2
𝐴𝑠 75.47
– 𝐶3 = 0.6 + 2 = 0.6 + 2 = 0.7164 ≤ 0.9
𝐴𝑐 +𝐴𝑠 1,221.7+75.47
2
𝜋 3 40.64 1.6
– 𝐼𝑠𝑟 = ∑𝐴𝑑 2 = 4
4
1.6 2
2 2
− 3.5 − 0.6 −
2
= 1,434.2 cm4 ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ
• Nominal Compressive Strength:
𝑃𝑛𝑜 480.6
– = = 0.3265 ≤ 2.25
𝑃𝑒 1,471.8
𝑃𝑛𝑜
– 𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃𝑛𝑜 0.658 𝑃𝑒 = 480.6 0.6580.3265 = 419.2 T
– 𝜙𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = 0.75 419.2 = 314.4 T (𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷)
𝑃𝑛 419.2
– = = 209.6 T (𝐴𝑆𝐷)
Ω𝑐 2.00

ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ

Comparisons (Steel vs. RC vs. CFT)
• Strength Comparison (LRFD, SDM):
– Steel Alone: 𝜙𝑃𝑛 = 140.6 T
– RC Alone (w/ ties): 𝜙𝑃𝑛 = 153.4 T
(Steel + RC = 294.0 T)
– CFT: 𝜙𝑃𝑛 = 300.1 T (+2.07% increase)
– CFT (w/ main reinf. 6DB16): 𝜙𝑃𝑛 = 314.4 T (+6.90% increase)

ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ

• Weight Comparison:
– Steel:
• 𝑉𝑠 = 𝜋𝐷𝑡𝐿 = 𝜋 0.4004 0.006 6 = 0.04528 m3
• 𝑊𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 𝜌𝑠 = 0.04528 7850 = 355.5 kg
– RC:
• 𝑉𝑐 = 𝐴𝑐 𝐿 = 0.12217 6 = 0.7330 m3
• 𝑉𝑠𝑟,𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔. = 𝐴𝑠𝑟 𝐿 = 0.001206 6 = 0.007236 m3
𝐿 𝜋 600
• 𝑉𝑠𝑟,𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛. = 𝐴𝑡𝑖𝑒 𝐿𝑡𝑖𝑒 = 0.6 2 𝜋 39.44 − 2 × 3.5 − 0.6 /106 = 0.000216 m3
𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑒 4 25
• 𝑊𝑐 = 𝑉𝑐 𝜌𝑐 = 0.7330 2400 = 1759.2 kg
• 𝑊sr = Vsr 𝜌𝑠 = 0.007236 + 0.000216 7850 = 56.8 + 1.7 = 58.5 kg
• 𝑊𝑅𝐶 = 𝑊𝑐 + 𝑊𝑠𝑟 = 1,759.2 + 58.5 = 1,817.7 kg
– CFT:
• 𝑊𝐶𝐹𝑇 = 𝑊𝑠 + 𝑊𝑐 = 355.5 + 1,759.2 = 2,114.7 kg
• 𝑊𝐶𝐹𝑇,𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓. = 𝑊𝑠 + 𝑊𝑐 + 𝑊𝑠𝑟,𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔. = 355.5 + 1,759.2 + 56.8 = 2,171.5 kg
ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ
• Cost Comparison:
– Assumptions:
• Steel = 41 Baht/m3 (material 29 + labor 12)
• Concrete (240ksc) = 2,550 Baht/m3
– Formwork = 300 Baht/m2
• Reinforcement = 28 Baht/m3 (material 24 + labor 4)
– Steel:
• 355.5 41 = 14,576 Baht
– RC:
• 0.7330 2550 + 𝜋 0.3944 6 300 + 58.5 28 = 1,833 + 2,230 + 1,638 = 5,701 Baht
– CFT:
• (w/o reinf.) = 14,576 + 1,833 = 16,409 Baht
• (w/ reinf.) = 14,576 + 1,833 + 1,638 = 18,047 Baht ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ
• Structural Footprint Comparison:
– Steel:
• 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐴𝑐 = 75.47 + 1,221.7 = 1,297.2 cm2
• 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑠 = 75.47 cm2
– RC:
• 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑐 = 1,221.7 cm2
– CFT:
• 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐴𝑐 = 75.47 + 1,221.7 = 1,297.2 cm2

ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ

 Overall Comparison:

Structural 𝝓𝑷𝒏 Weight Cost 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 Construction OVERALL

(kg/B.) (ksc)
Types: (T) (kg) (Baht) 𝐖𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐅𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐭 Time PERFORMANCE
Steel √√
140.6 356 14,576 395 √√√ 9.6 √ 108 (1862) √√ √√√√

RC √√
(ties) *
153.4 1817 5,701 84 √ 26.9 √√√ 126 √ √

CFT 300.1 2115 16,409 142 √√ 18.3 √√ 231 √√√ √√√ √√√
(w/o reinf.)

CFT
314.4 2172 18,047 145 √√ 17.4 √√ 242 √√√ √√ √√
(w/ reinf.) **

* w/ 6DB16 + RB6@250mm
** w/ 6DB16

ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ

• Comparison Notes:
– Steel vs. RC:
• For the same load, RC Weight = 4.7 (=395/84) times of Steel
• For the same load, Steel Cost = 2.8 (=26.9/9.6) times of RC
• Thus, for low LL structure, Steel = more advantage (4.7 vs. 2.8)
– CFT vs. (Steel+RC):
• CFT Load Capacity = 6.90% more than (Steel + RC w/ties)
– Steel:RC*:CFT
• 1 : 4.7 : 2.8 for Weight per Load Capacity
• 2.8 : 1 : 1.5 for Cost per Load Capacity
• 2.1 : 1.8 : 1 for Footprint per Load Capacity
• 1 : 2.5 : 1.2 for Time@site per Load Capacity (estimated)
– For the same Load Capacity:
• CFT/RC*  -41% weight / +47% cost / -52% Footprint / ~-50% time
• CFT/Steel  +178% weight / -48% cost / -44% Footprint / ~+20% time
ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ
• Remarks:
– RC:
• In general 𝜌 > 1%  become a lot more expensive
– Steel:
𝐷
• 𝑟≈ 𝑟 ∝ 𝐷 (but not 𝑡)
2 2
• t may be reduced and Fn (∝ 𝜆𝑐 ∝ 𝐹𝑒 ∝ 𝑟) is the same!
• For no Local Buckling:
0.037
– From 𝐴𝑜 = 𝐷 𝐹𝑦 + 0.667 𝐴 ≤𝐴
𝑡 𝑡
0.037 𝐷
– No LB. when 𝐷 𝐹𝑦 + 0.667 ≥ 1.0 or 𝐹𝑦 ≤ 226,667
𝑡
𝑡 𝑡
– Or when 𝐹𝑦 = 2396 ksc (235MPa)  𝐷/𝑡 = 94.6  t can be 4.2 mm (70% of the available smallest t,
6mm)
– Or when 𝐹𝑦 = 3620 ksc (355MPa)  𝐷/𝑡 = 62.6  Can increase Fy to 355 MPa
– CFT:
• For No Local Buckling:
𝐸 𝐷
– 𝐷/𝑡 ≤ 𝜆𝑝 = 0.15 or 𝐹𝑦 < 306,000
𝐹𝑦 𝑡
– Or when 𝐹𝑦 = 2396 ksc (235MPa)  𝐷/𝑡 = 127.7  t can be 3.1 mm (50% of the available smallest t,
6mm)
– Or when 𝐹𝑦 = 3620 ksc (355MPa)  𝐷/𝑡 = 84.5  t can be 4.7 mm (80% of the available smallest t,
6mm)
ดร.วศ. กิจพัฒน์ ภู่วรวรรณ
• General Column Cost Comparison:
REFERENCES:

• CemTech Civil consultants (CTC), Co., Ltd.

• AISC 2010
• AISI 2012
• ACI318-14