ojapps2024148_272312678 (2)_032501

Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 2024, 14, 2320-2350
https://www.scirp.org/journal/ojapps
ISSN Online: 2165-3925
ISSN Print: 2165-3917
Analysis of Modeling the Influence of

Electromagnetic Fields Radiated by Industrial
Static Converters and Impacts on Operators
Using Maxwell’s Equations
Anthony Bassesuka Sandoka Nzao1, Tuka Biaba Samuel Garcia2, Obed Bitala3,
Arsène Kasereka Kibwana3, Emmanuel Ndaye Kibuayi3
1
ISTA Kinshasa, Electrical Engineering, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
2
Doctoral School of ISTA Kinshasa, Complementary Master in Science and Technology/Electrical Engineering, Electrotechnical
Option, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
3
ISTA Kinshasa Doctoral School, in Science and Technology, Electronics Option, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
How to cite this paper: Nzao, A.B.S., Gar- Abstract

cia, T.B.S., Bitala, O., Kibwana, A.K. and
Kibuayi, E.N. (2024) Analysis of Modeling The study of Electromagnetic Compatibility is essential to ensure the harmo-
the Influence of Electromagnetic Fields Radi- nious operation of electronic equipment in a shared environment. The basic
ated by Industrial Static Converters and
principles of Electromagnetic Compatibility focus on the ability of devices to
Impacts on Operators Using Maxwell’s
Equations. Open Journal of Applied Sci- withstand electromagnetic disturbances and not produce disturbances that
ences, 14, 2320-2350. could affect other systems. Imperceptible in most work situations, electro-
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2024.148154 magnetic fields can, beyond certain thresholds, have effects on human health.
The objective of the present article is focused on the modeling analysis of the
Received: July 29, 2024
Accepted: August 24, 2024 influence of geometric parameters of industrial static converters radiated
Published: August 27, 2024 electromagnetic fields using Maxwell’s equations. To do this we used the an-
alytical formalism for calculating the electromagnetic field emitted by a fili-
Copyright © 2024 by author(s) and
form conductor, to model the electromagnetic radiation of this device in the
Scientific Research Publishing Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative spatio-temporal domain. The interactions of electromagnetic waves with hu-
Commons Attribution International man bodies are complex and depend on several factors linked to the charac-
License (CC BY 4.0). teristics of the incident wave. To model these interactions, we implemented
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
the physical laws of electromagnetic wave propagation based on Maxwell’s
Open Access
and bio-heat equations to obtain consistent results. These obtained models
allowed us to evaluate the spatial profile of induced current and temperature
of biological tissue during exposure to electromagnetic waves generated by
this system. The simulation 2D results obtained from computer tools show
that the temperature variation and current induced by the electromagnetic
field can have a very significant influence on the life of biological tissue. The
DOI: 10.4236/ojapps.2024.148154 Aug. 27, 2024 2320 Open Journal of Applied Sciences
A. B. S. Nzao et al.
paper provides a comprehensive analysis using advanced mathematical mod-

els to evaluate the influence of electromagnetic fields. The findings have di-
rect implications for workplace safety, potentially influencing standards and
regulations concerning electromagnetic exposure in industrial settings.
Keywords
Modeling, Electromagnetic Field, Power Converters, Geometric Parameters,
Biological Tissue, Maxwell Equation, Bio-Heat Equation, Thermal Model
1. Introduction
The share of electronics in embedded systems (automobile, aeronautics, space,
etc.) continues to grow. Supported by its strong integration, this electronic pro-
vides greater performance and makes it possible to offer solutions to the require-
ments, among other things, of safety and comfort. However, such rapid evolution
requires taking into account any marginal phenomenon that could harm the en-
vironment. In the same way as thermal management or the management of me-
chanical constraints, electromagnetic disturbance has become a risk phenome-
non of great importance for any power electronics system and also affects hu-
man health. The operation of a static converter is intrinsically polluting, the
electrical quantities being highly variable due to their rapid switching, over very
short durations ranging from 1 to 10 ns, with high amplitudes of the order of
kilo Volt and kilo Ampere and frequencies up to 100 Hz to 1 MHz more than
their amplitude. These are mainly the current and voltage gradients responsible
for electromagnetic disturbances in the converter’s environment. Indeed, all
electromagnetic coupling phenomena operate proportionally to the variation of
these quantities. This constitutes a serious Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
problem. Furthermore, the omnipresence of sources of electromagnetic fields in
industrialized countries means that people residing in these countries are ex-
posed to them daily, both in their domestic and professional environments [1]
[2]. However, it is in the professional environment that these sources are the
most frequent and also the most intense, such as industrial converters [3].
The potential risks for people exposed to interactions between electromagnet-
ic fields and the human body are real and therefore require protective measures
[3]. Exposure to these sources may be voluntary in the event of a medical diag-
nosis such as for example an NMR imager, hyperemia therapy, ablatherapy or
involuntary mobile telephony, radio or television transmitters, household appli-
ances, screens of computers, televisions, security systems in stores and airports,
high voltage. lines, transformers, industrial converters, etc. [4]. Exposure to elec-
tromagnetic fields generates currents inside the body, and the corresponding
absorption of energy in tissues leads to an increase in temperature [5]. The
health effects generated are mainly a function of the coupling mechanism, the
nature of the fields and the duration of exposure [6]. These phenomena are all
DOI: 10.4236/ojapps.2024.148154 2321 Open Journal of Applied Sciences

the more important as the intensity and/or frequency of the signal are high [3]
[7]. In addition to the effects observed on biological functions and health, elec-
tromagnetic fields and waves also act on electronic devices [8]. It is therefore
important when constructing these to ensure that their operation does not in-
terfere with that of other devices or is not itself the victim of other field source
devices. Avoid any form of electromagnetic compatibility [9]-[11].
Several epidemiological and experimental studies have been carried out on
this subject and most of them have led to the establishment of biological effects
that may result in risk to the long-term health of a living being [12]. Theoretical
studies have also made it possible to estimate the doses of electromagnetic ener-
gy absorbed by animals and humans.
Modeling the influence of the geometric parametric of industrial static con-
verters on the field radiated by the latter and the biological effects of these emis-
sions being the objective of this article, it seems essential to us to describe the
semi-analytical approach to the environment electromagnetic converter power
circuits, the biological cell and the molecular structure of the plasma membrane
to highlight the difficulties linked to their electrical characterization [13] and the
modeling of the induced current in biological tissue. To do this, we took into
account the analyses of some of the authors cited below to help us guide our
work [1] [9] [12] [14] [15].
According to TBCarlos KONLACK and Roger TCHUIDJAN [2011] an evalu-
ation of the power distribution induced by an electromagnetic wave in a spheri-
cal model of the brain allows us to say that [8], the quantity of energy received
by the brain from electromagnetic waves is very high compared to that which
emerges by radiation, and that almost all of the energy received is transformed
into heat.
According to DV Land [3], microwave thermography techniques have been
widely used in medical applications to monitor tissue temperature and detect
electromagnetic fields in biological tissues. Since the temperature increases in
the tissue resulting from the deposition of energy and is proportional to the
square of the electric field in the tissue; the response to thermal radiation must
have the same sample.
Various studies carried out on the subject have shown that electrical impulses
induced by microwave electromagnetic waves can cause cell death. The mecha-
nisms leading to this destruction may differ depending on the characteristics of
the pulse, the number as well as the frequency of repetition [16] [17].
According to KH Schoenbach, S. Xiao, RP Joshi, JT Camp, T. Heeren, JF Kolb
and SJ Beebe [2012] [18], the duration of the pulse is close to a nanosecond and
the applied field is of the order of MV/cm. The death of illuminated cells is
caused only by changes in the different electrical potentials of the different
membranes. The study by JT Camp, Y. Jing, J. Zhuang, JF Kolb, SJ Beebe, J. Song,
RP Joshi, S. Xiao and KH Schoenbach [2012] [18] shows that cell death is caused
by electrical effects, but also by thermal effects.

A biological system irradiated by an electromagnetic wave is crossed by in-

duced currents of high density [18]-[21]. The use of high frequencies, in the or-
der of several tens of gigahertz and more, can cause non-thermal effects detri-
mental to the health of an exposed biological system. It depends on the frequen-
cy, and intensity of these waves and the duration of exposure to them.
Thus, the mathematical and numerical approach that we propose in our arti-
cle is intended to be analytical, comparative and critical at the same time [12]. It
is not only a matter of analyzing, but also of comparing the different theories of
specialists in the field in order to draw useful lessons to achieve the objectives
set.
Our work aims to complement and strengthen the veracity of some of the re-
sults already obtained. For our application, we will consider the particular case
of a polluting AC/DC converter operating with a current of 1000A in interaction
with a biological tissue characterized by blood and muscles. To do this we used
the analytical formalism for calculating the electromagnetic field emitted by a
filiform conductor, with a view to modeling the electromagnetic radiation of this
device in the spatio-temporal domain.
The formatter will need to create these components, incorporating the appli-
cable criteria that follow.
2. Study Method
To better understand the distribution of power at various points in a biological
system and predict possible consequences on health, we will proceed with a
mathematical and numerical analysis based on the analytical formalism of cal-
culating the electromagnetic field emitted by a filiform conductor, with the aim
to model the electromagnetic radiation of converter in the space-time domain.
The interactions of electromagnetic waves with human bodies are complex and
dependent on several factors linked to the characteristics of the incident wave, to
model these interactions we implemented the bio-heat equation as the basis for
the evaluation of the variation of temperature and current induced by the elec-
tromagnetic field in the biological tissue to obtain consistent results. The sche-
matic diagram including the main stages of the research is as follows:
- Modeling of the electromagnetic field radiated by the industrial static con-
verter based on the analytical formalism for calculating the electromagnetic
field emitted by a filiform conductor.
- Resolution of the electromagnetic field-biological tissue coupling from theo-
retical models.
- Three-dimensional spatial modeling of the temperature profile based on the
bio-heat equation.
- Numerical simulation.
There is some need for approximation in our study. Indeed, biological systems
are quite complex due to their geometric shape and the inhomogeneity of their
internal constitution. This is how we will assimilate for our study a biological

system to a dielectric characterized by three main parameters which are:

• The permittivity ε: it is linked to the capacity of the medium to be influenced
by electric charges.
• Magnetic permeability µ: It reflects the influence of the magnetic field on the
environment.
• Conductivity σ: It reflects the capacity of the medium to carry electrical
charges.
3. Theorical Models
3.1. Approach to the Electromagnetic Environment of Static
Converters
Power electronics use power semiconductors in switch mode. This operation
gives the converter very high efficiency; on the other hand, it gives rise to nu-
merous electromagnetic disturbances due mainly to the rapid switching of sem-
iconductors. The disturbances propagate towards the converter’s power source
and towards the load it supplies, a smaller part of this energy is radiated [22].
The use of electronic equipment is increasing in all fields of activity, whether
consumer, industrial or military [23]. The technologies used in the design and
development of digital equipment systems are based on three parameters:
- switching speed (microprocessor speed),
- the low energies used to switch from one state to another,
- the high level of component integration.
3.1.1. Types of Converters

The use of electronic equipment is increasing in all fields of activity, whether
consumer, industrial or military [23]. The technologies used in the design and
development of digital equipment systems are based on three parameters:
Static converters are electronic devices that convert one form of electrical en-
ergy into another form of electrical energy [22]. These devices are often used in
electrical power systems to provide stable voltage, current, or electrical power to
a load [23]. These are devices with electronic components capable of modifying
the voltage and/or frequency of the electrical wave.
There are two types of voltage sources:
DC voltage sources characterized by the value V of the voltage.
Alternative voltage sources defined by the values of the effective voltage V and
the frequency f.
Then we list the energy modulators making it possible to manage the energy
necessary for controlling electrical systems:
 The dimmer which transforms fixed alternative energy into variable alterna-
tive energy.
 The uncontrolled rectifier which transforms fixed alternating energy into
fixed continuous energy.
 The controlled rectifier which transforms fixed alternating energy into varia-
ble continuous energy.

 The assisted inverter which transforms DC energy into fixed AC energy.

 The autonomous inverter which transforms DC energy into variable AC en-
ergy.
 The chopper which transforms continuous energy into variable continuous
energy.
Figure 1 shows the table of all static converters as described above.
Figure 1. Table of different static converters [24].
3.1.2. Disturbances in Converters

The principle of a converter consists of establishing then periodically interrupt-
ing the source-load connection using the power switch. The latter must be able
to be closed or opened at will in order to have an adjustable DC output voltage
[25].
Disturbances in static converters can be caused by various factors, such as
variations in supply voltage, variations in load, external electromagnetic dis-
turbances, disturbances caused by transistor switching, etc. [25].
These disturbances can lead to problems such as output voltage or current
fluctuations, power losses, electromagnetic interference, component failures, etc.
To reduce disturbances in static converters, it is important to consider several
design factors, such as component selection, component layout, PCB design,
grounding, etc. [26]. Appropriate filtering techniques can also be used to reduce

electromagnetic disturbances. Additionally, advanced control techniques can be

used to minimize disturbances caused by transistor switching.
Finally, testing and verification must be carried out to ensure that the static
converters meet the required specifications in terms of performance and elec-
tromagnetic compatibility.
Note that the main cause of producing disturbances is the rapid variation of
voltages (dv/dt), currents (di/dt), magnetic fields (dH/dt) and electric fields
(dE/dt). The most important consequence is the induction of parasitic voltages
or currents in the devices (converters) under the influence of the disturbance. It
can have the character of a source of voltage, current or energy depending on the
nature of the physical phenomenon which produces it [27]. An electric wave is
characterized by its frequency, voltage and intensity.
3.1.3. Emissions From Static Converters

Use either SI (MKS) or CGS as primary units. (SI units are encouraged.) English
units may be used as secondary units (in parentheses). An exception would be
the use of English units as identifiers
The very principle of power electronics is to ensure the transformation of
electrical energy by cutting at high frequencies (from 100 Hz to a few hundred
kHz). Switching times are typically greater than 100 ns, while digital circuits
dedicated to the signal have transition times often less than 5 ns. On the other
hand, the voltages and currents involved which dictate the choice of power
components lead to fairly similar voltage increases but to much higher current
growth rates [28]-[32].
The di/dt will create brief voltage pulses across the parasitic inductances or
connections and subsequently, disrupt by so-called common impedance cou-
pling the sensitive circuits using the same conductors called power bus.
The dv/dt will also create very brief current pulses in the various parasitic ca-
pacitances (card to chassis coupling for example) and cause, as previously, dis-
turbances in the control-command cards [30] [33] [34].
Depending on the frequencies there are 2 types of disturbances:
- LF: low frequencies.
- HF: high frequencies.
Low frequency disturbances the frequency range: 0 ≤ frequency < 1 to 5 MHz.
Low frequency disturbances are found in installations mainly in conduit form
(cables, etc.). Its duration is long (a few tens of ms). In some cases, the phenom-
enon can be permanent (harmonic). As for its conducted energy, it can be sig-
nificant and results in the malfunction or even destruction of interconnected de-
vices.
High frequency disturbances: frequency range: 30 MHz. High frequency dis-
turbances are found in the installation in radiated form. Duration: the rise time
of the pulse is less than 10 ns. The radiated energy is low and results in the mal-
function of surrounding equipment.
Electronic energy conversion structures are ideally suited to illustrate the

mechanisms of conducted emissions and provide the basic building blocks for
modeling these phenomena.
The very nature of their operation is in contradiction with the common sense
rules that we seek to apply to limit inter- and intra-system interaction. CEM
tends to show that it is necessary to limit rapid variations in electrical quantities
(voltage, current) and electromagnetic (fields) while switching structures gener-
ate sudden variations, at least electrical, to manage the transfer of energy desired
with lower losses.
3.1.4. Sources of Disturbances

To talk about the sources of disturbance in power electronics we choose, for
example, energy conversion: cutting is done by power switches with semicon-
ductor components. There are switches with controlled switching (MOSFET,
IGBT, JFET) which require control and others with natural switching. It consists
of identifying the problem in three parts: the sources of disturbance, the propa-
gation paths or channels and the victim [34]. The sources of disturbances are the
switching of power switches. These switchings are the cause of sudden variations
in voltage (dv/dt) and current (di/dt) which give rise to electromagnetic dis-
turbances.
The sources of electromagnetic disturbance can be characterized by [35]-[39]:
• Their origin: internal (maneuver), or external (lightning).
• Their temporal nature: permanent or transitory.
• Their frequency content:
 Low frequency: due to radiation near lines and busbars, especially in the
event of load imbalance.
 Medium frequency: due to switching in the power electronics assemblies in
the substation (hundreds of KHz), medium frequency signals transmitted
permanently or occasionally for control purposes. Ex (carrying currents, and
the corona effect in the conductive sections of the “lines and busbars” substa-
tion).
 High frequency: due to transient waves which appear during the injection of
a lightning wave.
3.1.5. Origin and Paths of Electromagnetic Disturbances

To understand the origin of electromagnetic disturbances, let’s start by analyzing
the spectral behavior of waveforms in power electronics.
Useful or parasitic electrical signals have two ways of propagating by conduc-
tion on a two-wire connection. We can therefore study the disturbances accord-
ing to the two modes. Conducted and radiated disturbances have a common
origin, they are linked to the spectral components of voltages and currents. The
static converter, through its switching operation, produces sudden variations in
voltage and current. These variations are the cause of parasites, called electro-
magnetic disturbances [35]-[39].
In an electric field, disturbances are mainly radiated by conductors subject to
variations in potential.

In a magnetic field, the disturbances are radiated by the loops, the switching
of the voltage generates common mode HF currents which we find in the para-
sitic components, the switching of the current creates differential mode disturb-
ances.
3.1.6. Decomposition of an EMC Problem

Any electromagnetic interference situation involves three different elements as
shown in Figure 2: a source of disturbance emission, a disturbance receiver (vic-
tim), and a coupling mechanism by which the disturbance reacts on the opera-
tion of the receiver.
Figure 2. Decomposition of an EMC problem [35]-[39].
3.2. Electromagnetic Coupling

Coupling is the phenomenon of propagation of disturbances that occurs be-
tween the source and the victim. The coupling modes can be classified according
to the type of disturbance and according to the propagation medium, by con-
duction (characterized by currents and potential differences), or by radiation
(characterized by electric and magnetic fields) [35]-[37], this is illustrated by
Figure 3 below:
Figure 3. The coupling modes between the source of disturbance and the victim [35]-[37].
3.2.1. Coupling by Conduction

Conductive coupling occurs when the source of disturbance and the victim are
connected together by a conductor. It is done in two modes illustrated by Figure
4 and Figure 5:
Figure 4. The common mode between two systems [35]-[37].

Figure 5. The differential mode between two systems [35]-[37].
The common mode: in common mode, signals propagate in the same direc-
tion on all conductors. Common mode currents return through ground. This
mode represents 10% of cases. It is also called “parallel”, “longitudinal”, or “asym-
metric” mode.
Differential mode: differential mode is the ideal mode of signal transmission
which represents 90% of cases. In this mode, all current that enters the receiver
returns to the source through a return wire. It is also called “series”, “normal”, or
“symmetric” mode.
3.2.2. Coupling by Radiation (by Field)

We say coupling by radiation (field), if the propagation medium of a disturbance
transmitted from the source to the receiver is space.
We know that the electromagnetic field radiated by a radiation source varies
by the distance which separates the radiation source and the place where the
field is observed, for this we distinguish two types of coupling by field [35]-[40]:
1) Near-field coupling
Near the source, the electromagnetic field depends on the characteristics of
the source:
Coupling by electric field (capacitive):
The difference in potential between a conductor and its environment gener-
ates an electric field around the latter; the variation of this field injects a current
into all nearby conductors. The cause of capacitive couplings is the parasitic ca-
pacitances formed by the presence of two conductors.
Coupling by magnetic field (inductive):
A current flowing in a wire generates a magnetic field. The variation of this
field induces an electromotive force in the neighboring loops.
2) Far-field coupling
Beyond the near-field radiation zone, the so-called far-field radiation zone. In
this region, the characteristics of the radiated electromagnetic field only depend
on the properties of the medium in which the field propagates, and we say that
we are dealing with coupling by electromagnetic field or by plane wave, so we
must use the equations of Maxwell to calculate the amplitude of electromagnetic
disturbances. Which means that the components of the electromagnetic field
cannot be separated.
Figure 6 summarizes all the types of coupling.

Figure 6. Coupling models [35]-[40].
3.3. Description of the Biological Cell

Since the effects of electromagnetic fields in a biological cell are the focus of this
article, we believe it is essential to describe the biological cell and the molecular
structure of the plasma membrane. The biological cell is the structural and func-
tional unit of all living beings, it is characterized by its nucleus, its cytoplasm and
its plasma membrane [21]. The cellular plasma membrane plays an essential role
in the life of the cell, it delimits the cell and separates the cytoplasm from the ex-
ternal environment. It surrounds the cytosol (i.e. the liquid phase in which the
cytoplasmic organelles bathe) and forms a very thin protective layer composed
of lipid and protein molecules. It thus has a heterogeneous molecular structure
allowing it to play a dual role: the phospholipids which are the essential constit-
uents of its basic material, make it insulating, while the protein molecules which
are dispersed, ensure the exchange between the cytoplasm and the extracellular
environment [22].
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things. The cells
are very small and very complex in organization. Knowledge of their structure,
chemical composition and functioning (physiology) is very essential in biology
and biomedical sciences. Studies on cellular functionality and behavior have
been widely applied in many clinical and biomedical applications, such as diag-
nosing diseases and understanding their degree of progression, drug develop-
ment, and cancer research [19] [23].
This is why knowledge of their components and their characteristics is im-
portant for the further development of our research and in particular for the
study and modeling of human biological tissues exposed to microwave electro-
magnetic waves.
In the case of biological environments, energy absorption phenomena in tis-
sues can be relatively complex and depend on numerous factors. They are main-
ly linked to the type of coupling between the emission source and the biological
environment. Galvanic coupling corresponds to the case of physical contact be-

tween the source and the medium. This contact causes the circulation of an
ohmic type current in the person’s body. Depending on the intensity and fre-
quency of the contact current, the consequences can lead to heating of the tissues,
or even a burn [19] [23].
Radiated coupling includes three fundamental mechanisms by which electric
and/or magnetic fields, of variable frequency over time, interact with biological
media [19] [21] [23].
Coupling with low frequency electric fields: external electric fields induce, on
the surface of the exposed body, a surface charge which causes, inside the body,
the appearance of currents whose distribution depends on the conditions of ex-
posure, body size and shape. The body as well as the position of the body in rela-
tion to the terrain [19] [21] [24] [25].
Coupling with low frequency magnetic fields [26] [27]: the physical interac-
tion between magnetic fields of variable frequency and the human body creates
induced electric fields and causes the flow of electric currents. The magnitude of
the fields and the density of the induced current are proportional to the intensity
and frequency of the magnetic field B, the radius of the current loop in the body,
and the electrical conductivity of the exposed tissues.
It should be noted that exposure of the human body to low-frequency electric
or magnetic fields generally results in only negligible energy absorption and no
measurable temperature rise. In contrast, exposure to electromagnetic fields with
a frequency greater than 100 kHz can cause energy absorption and a significant
rise in temperature [21] [28]-[30]. In general, exposure to electromagnetic fields
results in highly inhomogeneous energy deposition and distribution in the body
that must be assessed by dosimetry [31]-[34]. Finally, it remains to underline the
indirect consequences caused by exposure to electromagnetic fields of people
with active medical implants (cardiac pacemaker, cardiac defibrillator, insulin
pump, etc.) which result in malfunctions of the implanted equipment.
These different phenomena can be analyzed mathematically in detail using
Maxwell’s equations by defining each parameter and its role, some details of
which are not given.
Then, we discussed the techniques most used to remedy the threats of two
modes of conducted and radiated EM disturbances; filtering to protect against
conducted disturbances and EM shielding against radiated.
Improving electromagnetic compatibility acts on the side of the sources by
trying to reduce the disturbances they emit, and on the side of the victims by
protecting them from external influences. We have seen that a source of dis-
turbance reaches its victim through coupling. It is at this level that we must act.
In order to protect equipment against conducted and radiated disturbances, we
use EM filtering and shielding respectively.
3.3.1. Electrical Properties

From an electromagnetic point of view, biological media appear as materials at
the same time [19] [21] [23] [41] [42]:

 Non-magnetic,
 Ionic conductors,
 Lossy dielectrics.
In general, biological tissues have a diamagnetic character. Certain substances
such as ferritin, hemosiderin or methemoglobin with a paramagnetic nature are
naturally present in the human body [41] [42]. However, the human body is still
considered non-magnetic for the study of induced electromagnetic fields, and
the magnetic permeability of biological tissues is therefore taken equal to that of
a vacuum. Regarding electrical properties, given the chemical composition of bi-
ological tissues, the free charges capable of creating conduction currents are ions.
These ions can move more or less freely under the effect of an electric field. They
are subject to friction forces and stresses due to the structure of the tissues.
Consequently, their mobility depends on the frequency of the source field. The
presence of electric polar molecules of various sizes and also subject to friction,
contributes to giving biological environments a lossy dielectric character. The
human body therefore presents highly heterogeneous electrical properties at the
microscopic (cellular structures) and macroscopic (organs) levels [41] [42]. The
microscopic structure of a tissue can sometimes give it macroscopic anisotropic
electrical properties: this is the case of muscles, for example, which are made up
of cells that are very elongated in a single direction. In general, to characterize
biological environments, we use the notions of conductivity/(σ) and relative
permittivity ( ε r ) such that the density of electric current induced by the j
pulsating electric field ω is E [41] [42]:
=
j (σ + jωε 0ε r ) E (1)
where ε 0 is the electrical permittivity of the vacuum.

These properties are often derived from macroscopic measurements on a giv-
en tissue considered homogeneous (and sometimes anisotropic) [41]-[43] [44].
The conductivity thus defined includes the static conductivity of the medium as
well as the effect of dielectric losses. Sometimes, the notions of complex conduc-
tivity (σ) or complex relative permittivity ( ε r ) are used. The current density and
the electric field are then given by the relations:
=j σ=
E (σ ′ + jσ ′′ ) E (2)
=j jωε=
0ε r E jω ( ε r′ + jε r′′) E (3)
For most tissues [43] [44], it is not possible to carry out measurements allow-
ing electrical characterization in vivo. It is often necessary to perform these in
vitro measurements on tissue samples taken from deceased subjects. This very
strong constraint poses the problem of conditioning the tissue to be studied. In-
deed, the cellular structure can deteriorate rapidly after death, and the electrical
properties can vary depending on many parameters that are difficult to control
in vitro such as blood supply, hydration level or temperature.
This particular distribution of charges at the interfaces results in a very high
impedance between the electrode and the biological environment for frequencies

below a few kHz. The spectroscopic study of this interface impedance shows that
it can be modeled in the form [43]-[45]:
Z i = K ( jω )
−α
(4)
avec 0 < α < 1
3.3.2. Methods for Macroscopic Electrical Characterization of Biological

Media
The electrical characterization of biological media requires the use of a measur-
ing device and a model allowing the extraction of conductivity and permittivity
parameters. There are several measurement methods which differ depending on
the frequencies studied [43]-[46]. For each method, there are different more or
less complex models to represent the measuring device and the sample tested
[46].
3.3.3. Models for Representing Frequency Variations of Conductivity

and Permittivity
Different empirical models can be used to approximate the frequency variations
of the electrical properties of biological media.
Debye Model
The complex permittivity is expressed in the form [43] [46] [47]:
σ ∆ε rn
εr =
ε r∞ − j + ∑n (5)
ωε 0 ω
1+ j
ωn
where ε r∞ is the relative permittivity at infinite frequency, ωn is the charac-
teristic pulsation corresponding to relaxation n, σ is the conductivity at zero
frequency and ∆ε rn is the permittivity variation for relaxation n. This is the
basic model for representing relaxation phenomena.
Cole Model Cole
This model introduces an additional parameter αn characteristic of the fre-
quency dispersion of each relaxation n [43] [46]-[49]:
σ ∆ε rn
εr =
ε r∞ − j + ∑n 1−α n
(6)
ωε 0  ω 
1+  j 
 ωn 
It is a simple model giving a good representation of the frequency behavior of
the conductivity and permittivity of biological media, but it does not represent
the physical phenomena at the origin of this behavior. It is used very frequently,
notably by Gabriel. Generally, the Cole Cole model allows a better representa-
tion of the measured values than the Debye model [47].
3.3.4. Model Combining the Debye and Universal Dielectric Response

Models
The universal dielectric response model represents the complex permittivity by a
( jω )
n −1
constant phase function of the form . The model combining the Debye and
universal dielectric response models proposed by Raicu is of the type [50] [51]:

σ ∆ε rn
εr =
ε r∞ − j + (8)
ωε 0
(( jωT ) α
+ ( jωT ) )
1− β γ
Regardless of the model used, the different parameters are adjusted using op-
timization algorithms to correspond as precisely as possible to the values result-
ing from the measurements.
3.4. Modeling of Emissions Radiated by Industrial Static

Converters
Starting from the wave equations are obtained from the Maxwell equations de-
scribed previously. For the electric and magnetic fields in which we are interest-
ed, the wave equations, at a point r and at time t, are given respectively by [52]
[53]-[55]:
∂2 ∂2
∇ × ∇ × E ( r , t ) + µ 0ε 0 E ( r , t ) =µ J ( r,t ) (9)
∂t 2 ∂t 2
0
∂2
∇ × ∇ × H ( r , t ) + µ 0ε 0 H ( r , t )= µ0∇ × J ( r , t ) (10)
∂t 2
where E is the electric field, H is the magnetic field and μ0 and ε0 are the
magnetic permeability and electric permittivity of air (vacuum), respectively.
The wave equations are written as follows [55]:
∂2 1 ∂
∆E ( r , t ) − µ0ε 0 E ( r , t ) =∇ρ ( r , t ) + µ0 J ( r , t ) (11)
∂t 2
ε0 ∂t
∂2
∇ × ∇ × H ( r , t ) + µ 0ε 0 H ( r,t ) = ∇ × J ( r,t ) (12)
∂t 2
The modeling of the contribution in radiated emissions from each discretiza-
tion cell takes into account the currents in the structure, obtained by an appro-
priate method [55]. Firstly, a discretization cell is considered equivalent to a di-
pole. So, in this case, only one dimension, which is the length, is considered. To
achieve this goal, two main approaches can be used for such a calculation: the
quasi-steady state approximation and the infinitesimally small dipole approxi-
mation.
We know that the fields E ( r ,t ) and H ( r ,t ) can be written in terms of the
vector potential A and the scalar potential ϕ. The notion of potentials was used
in order to simplify the resolution of Maxwell’s equations. Figure 7 below shows
the structure of a discretized cell [55].
We demonstrate that, for a cell crossed by a current and whose section is very
small compared to the length, the radiation will be considered equivalent to that
generated by an electric dipole. Thus, the vector potential is given by:
− jk r − r ′
µ0 e
A= I ∫c dl ′ (13)
4π r − r′
where I is the current passing through the cell and C is the length.

Figure 7. Discretization cell [53] [55].
The radiated emissions are perfectly defined by the magnetic field and the
electric field. Using the Lorentz gauge, we can write the electric field as a func-
tion of the vector potential alone.
1
=
H ∇× A (14)
µ0
1
=E ∇ ×∇ × A (15)
jωε 0 µ0
We consider the discretization cell presented in Figure 9. The vector potential

is given by:
− jk r − r ′
µ e
A= jγ ∫∫∫v′ dv′ (16)
4π r − r′
In our 1D case, we consider γ = x . The vector potential is written:

− jk r − r ′
µ dx 2 e
Ax = I x ∫− dx′ (17)
4π dx 2 r − r ′
By applying the quasi-steady state approximation to Equation (17), we there-

fore find:
µ dx 2 1
Ax = I x e − jkr ∫ dx ′ (18)
4π − dx 2
x + y2 + z2
2
The calculation gives:

 2 
 x − dx +  dx  
 x −  + y 2
+ z 2
µ  2  2  
Ax = I x e − jk log   (19)
4π  x + dx +  dx 
2
2 
x+  + y + z 
2
  2 
 2 
The infinitely small dipole approximation is widely used in electromagnetic

modeling and especially in the field of antennas. In this case, the length of the
dipole is infinitesimally small compared to the wavelength. Typically, it is less
than a tenth. Note also that the distance of the observation point from the origin
of the dipole is an important parameter in this approximation. The vector po-
tential is written:
µ e − jkr
Ax = Ix dx (20)
4π r
In order to improve the calculation precision, we exploit the calculation ap-
proach based on the Maclaurin series. This approach is based on the fact that the
length of the dipole is infinitely small compared to the wavelength. It resembles
the infinitely small dipole approximation which is only a special case of it. Thus,
we choose an order higher than the first order for calculation improvement.
x′ r x
By changing the variable ( α = , η = et Q = ) in expression (17), we
λ λ λ
obtain the integral expression of the potential vector, considering Equation (21)
below:
− jk r − r ′ − jk ( x − x ′ )2 + y 2 + z 2
e e
= (21)
r − r′ ( x − x′ )
2
+ y2 + z2
The new expression of the vector potential integrating the variable αis of the
following form:
− j 2 π η − 2 Qα +α 2 2
µ dx 2 λ e
Ax = Ix ∫ dα (22)
4π − dx 2 λ η 2 − 2Qα + α 2
η 2 − 2 Qα +α 2
e− j 2 π
Considering = f (α ) , given that α  1 Taking into account
η 2 − 2Qα + α 2
the dimensions of discretization cells are very small compared to the wavelength,
the development of the function f (α ) in the form of a Maclaurin series is in
the following polynomial form:
1 1
f (α ) =f ( 0 ) + f ′ ( 0 )α + f ′′ ( 0 ) α 2 + f ′′′ ( 0 ) α 3 (23)
2 6
Moreover, = f ′ ( 0 ) f=
′′′ ( 0 ) 0 because in the calculation of the integral of the
polynomial equivalent to f between −dx/2λ and dx/2λ, terms of odd order, in
particular those of the first and third order, are zero.
µ 1 dx 1 dx3 
A ( x, y , z )
= I x  f (0) + f ′′ ( 0 ) 3  e x (24)
4π  2 λ 24 λ 
It is this last order which makes it possible to improve the precision. The
component following ox of the vector potential is written, as in the case of the
infinitely small dipole, as a function of the wavelength, of the length of the di-
pole. The expression of the vector potential is given by:
=Ax
µ
4π
 1
I x e − jkr dx   +
 r
1
24 r 3 ( 2 
(


x 2 ( jkr ) + 3 x 2 − r 2 (1 + jkr )  dx 2 

) ) (25)

Determining the radiated emissions of a cabling system involves two main

steps: calculating the conducted emissions and deducting the radiated emissions.
The first consists of determining for each discretization cell the current passing
through it. Then, knowing both the geometry and the current value at each fre-
quency, we use the analytical calculation approach to define the contribution of
each of the discretization cells. The EM field at any point in space is the contri-
bution of each cell and it is obtained by summing the different components of
the magnetic and electric fields.
3.5. Modeling the Mechanism of Interaction of Electromagnetic

Fields with Living Beings
To study the consequences of magnetic fields on living beings using Maxwell’s
equations, we can follow an approach based on the modeling of electromagnetic
fields and their interaction with biological tissues. All electromagnetic phenom-
ena can be described by Maxwell’s equations. These equations make it possible
to link the electromagnetic field to the sources which gave rise to it. In fact, these
four equations are split into two groups of two equations: the first group reflects
the intrinsic properties of the field (independently of the sources) and the sec-
ond really provides information on its dependence on the sources [21].
To do this we have a few steps that we must follow to carry out this modeling:
 Problem identification: this point establishes the relationship of identifying
sources of electromagnetic fields and the characteristics of the living being
that we wish to study.
 Using Maxwell’s equations: the equations are a set of four fundamental equa-
tions that describe the behavior of electric and magnetic fields.
The Maxwell equations to be implemented to model the coupling of electro-
magnetic fields-biological tissues are as follows:
- Maxwell-Gauss model expressing the electric field-biological tissue coupling:
ρ
∇⋅E = (26)
ε0
- Maxwell-Gaussian model expressing the conservation of the magnetic field:
∇ ⋅ B =0 (27)
- Maxwell-Faraday model the unification between the electric field and the
magnetic field:
∂B
∇⋅E = − (28)
∂t
- Maxwell-Ampère model expressing the magnetic field-biological tissue cou-
pling:
 ∂E 
⋅ B µ0  j + ε 0
∇=  (29)
 ∂t 
3.5.1. Electromagnetic Field-Biological Tissue Interaction Model

Magnetic field-biological tissue model

Suppose we study human biological tissue exposed to a magnetic field radiat-

ed by industrial static converters located in a work environment. Solving equa-
tion 13 allows us to simplify the calculation of the magnetic field generated at a
distance r illustrated in Figure 10 as follows:
µ0 I
B( r ) = (30)
2πr
with:
µ0 : the magnetic permeability of the vacuum is 4π × 10−7 H/m;
I: Current intensity consumed by the converter in A;
r: the distance between the technician and the converter in m.
Figure 8 shows the interaction between the electromagnetic field and biologi-
cal tissue.
Figure 8. Interaction between the electromagnetic field and biological tissue.
The electromagnetic field generated around the converter induces a voltage in

the biological tissue capable of raising its electrical potential in accordance with
Faraday’s law:
dφ
e= − (31)
dt
with φ is the magnetic flux through weber biological tissue (Wb).
If the magnetic field B varies with time, we can therefore write:
To fully understand, here is a global model to determine the e.m.f. in a cylin-
der (biological tissue):
dΦ
= 2πf Φ (32)
dt
Gold:
Φ= B ⋅ A (33)
From where:
dΦ
= 2πfB ⋅ A (34)
dt
with: f: the frequency in Hz.
A: biological surface area in m2.
Furthermore, surface area of biological A can be obtained via the following
relation:
A = πr 2 (35)

Injecting Equations (30) and (35) into expression (34), we find:

dΦ µI
= 2πf ⋅ 0 ⋅ πr 2 (36)
dt 2πr
Gold:
dΦ
e= (37)
dt
Let us equalize Equations (36) and (37), we therefore find:
dΦ µI
e= = 2πf ⋅ 0 ⋅ πr 2 (38)
dt 2πr
This model determines the voltage induced by the magnetic field in biological
tissue.
3.5.2. Model of Electric Field-Biological Tissue Interaction

To model and analyze the impact of electric fields on living beings, we made the
hypothesis that human biological tissue is modeled as a continuous medium
with specific dielectric and conductive properties.
We know well that, the continuity equation for electric charges in a conduct-
ing medium, the conservation of charge is described in the following form:
∂ρ
∇⋅ j =
− (39)
∂t
where: j is the current density in A/m3 and ρ is the charge density in C/m3.
Furthermore, the relationship between the electric field and the current den-
sity is given by Ohm’s local law for a conducting medium is given by:
j= σ ⋅ E (40)
where E is the radiated electric field in V/m.

We inject the expression (40) into (39), we obtain:
∂ρ
∇ ⋅ (σ E ) =
− (41)
∂t
We know that the electric field derived from the scalar potential can be ex-
pressed by the following relation:
E = −∇ ⋅ Φ (42)
Let us introduce the electric potential into the Maxwell-Gauss equations for a
dielectric medium, we obtain the following Poisson equations:
∇ ⋅ (ε ⋅ ∇ ⋅ φ ) =
−ρ (43)
By combining the Poisson equation with the relationship between the electric
field and the current density, we arrive at the following final equations:
) − ρ + ∇ ⋅ (σ ∇φ )
∇ ⋅ ( ε r ε 0∇φ= (44)
Equation (44) takes into account both the dielectric response and the conduc-
tivity of biological tissue. It also makes it possible to calculate the distribution of
electric potential in tissues under the influence of an external electric field, which

is crucial for assessing the biological impact of electromagnetic fields.
3.5.3. Thermal Model of a Biological Tissue Under the Influence of the

Electric Field
As a reminder, the greatest quantity of heat is evacuated from the biological en-
vironment by conduction. To implement the thermal model of biological tissue
irradiated by the electric field, we consider that the biological environment is
unidirectional and homogeneous. For this, the temperature propagation model
in a biological environment is governed by the bio-heat equation.
∂T ( x, t )
P =ρ ⋅ Cth ⋅ (45)
∂t
with P the power flow in the biological tissue in Watt; Cth: Thermal capacity
of the tissues in [W·s/˚C] and T ( x, t ) : average increase in tissue temperature in
˚C.
Furthermore, the flow of incident power in biological tissue can be calculated
using Poynting’s theorem, Poynting’s vector P is equal to the average power
passing through the unit area of the wave plane, so the flux of P represents a
power, in our case of a plane wave of direction O z, the vector P (z) has only one
component P (z) because almost all of the energy received by the biological tis-
sue is transformed into heat, which allows us to write:
1
=
P E×H (46)
2
Let us replace Equation (46) in (45), we therefore find:
1 ∂T ( r , t )
E × H =ρ ⋅ Cth ⋅ (47)
2 ∂t
∂r
Let us multiply the expression (47) by , we therefore find:
∂t
1 ∂r ∂T ( r , t )
E × H =ρ ⋅ Cth ⋅ (48)
2 ∂t ∂r
∂r
Now, represents the speed of temperature distribution in m/s and
∂t
r= x 2 + y 2 + z 2 the position or space in m.
∂r
γ= (49)
∂t
For this purpose, expression (48) therefore becomes:
1 ∂T ( r , t )
E × H = ρ ⋅ Cth ⋅ γ ⋅ (50)
2 ∂r
The absorbed power density D (W/m3) in the biological medium transformed
into heat is given by the following relationship:
dP σ 2 2 −2α r
D=
− =E e (51)
dr 2
By introducing the density, we can also, from Equation (51), obtain the spe-

cific absorption rate (SAR) which is expressed in W/kg as follows:

D σ
DAS= = ⋅E (52)
2
ρ ρ
We can also write the following thermodynamic energy conservation equa-
tion:
1
E × H dr = ρ ⋅ Cth ⋅ γ ⋅ d  ∆T ( r , t )  (53)
2
We can infer the temperature variation in biological tissue as follows:
1 1 
∆T ( r=
,t ) ⋅ E × H ⋅r (53)
ρ ⋅ Cth ⋅ γ  2 
1
Poynting E×H vector by the average power received by the biological
2
tissue and the position r by x2 + y 2 + z 2 :
Pmoy ⋅ γ
∆T ( r , t ) = (54)
ρ ⋅ Cth ⋅ x 2 + y 2 + z 2
∆T ( r , t ) : Spatial distribution of temperature in ˚C.

Pmoy : Average power received by the biological tissue in Watt.
3.5.4. Penetration Depth

When a material is exposed to an electromagnetic field, it is subject to a current
density due to the movement of charges. Biological materials are not good con-
ductors. Indeed, they conduct a current, however the losses can be significant,
they cannot be described as lossless. This is due to the fact that the electromag-
netic field only penetrates very superficially inside a conductor. The penetration
depth is given by relation (55).
1
δ= (55)
εµ0  σ  
2
ω  1 +   − 1
2   εω  
 
4. Simulation
Results
Considering the electrical parameters of biological tissue presented in Table 1
below, the frequency range from 0.01 to 100 Gigas Hertz [Ghz] of propagation of
electromagnetic waves radiated by in human biological tissue, the model of the
tissue under the effect of the electromagnetic field and the equations going from
(1) to (54), the simulation results are presented in Figures 9-12. Figure 10 and
Figure 13 the results obtained experimentally in the work of Rakotomananjara
DF and Randriamitantsoa PA [56]. Then, Figure 11, Figure 12 below respec-
tively show the results of the spatial profile of the temperature and the current
induced in the biological tissue under the influence of the electromagnetic fields
radiated by the industrial static converters in a professional environment.

Table 1. Skin permittivity parameters [56] [57].
Authors εh εl τ σs
Gandhi et Riazi 4 42 6.9 ps 1.4 S/m
Alekseev et Ziskin (forearm) 4 36.4 6.9 ps 1.4 S/m
Alekseev et Ziskin (hand) 4.52 31.7 6.9 ps 1.4 S/m
Figure 9. Trend curve of absorbed power density as a function of biological tissue thickness.
Figure 10. Trend of SAR attenuation in the skin: result published by Rakotomananjara DF and Ran-
driamitantsoa PA from [56] and [Research Laboratory in Telecommunications, Automation, Signals
and Images] [37].

Figure 11. Temperature distribution in normal biological tissue.
Figure 12. Simulation of current density distribution in biological tissue.

Figure 13. Simulation of Penetration Depth 10 to 100 GHz. Rakotomananjara DP and

Randriamitantsoa PA [56].
5. Discussions
An evaluation of the power distribution induced by an electromagnetic wave in a
spherical model of biological tissue allows us to say that the quantity of energy
received by the tissue from electromagnetic waves is very high compared to that
which emerges from it by radiation, and that almost all of the energy received is
transformed into heat.
The curve in Figure 9 shows that the absorbed energy is a function of the
conductivity of the biological medium and decreases in the direction of propaga-
tion. Dosimetry consists of establishing the relationship between an electromag-
netic field distribution in free space and the induced fields inside biological tis-
sues or generally the human body. In other words it is the quantification of the
energy in an environment exposed to an electromagnetic field by evaluating the
specific absorption rate (SAR), the attenuation of the SAR in the skin, we clearly
see that very little The energy is absorbed and most of it is absorbed into the ep-
idermis (0.1 cm). These results can be compared to those obtained experimen-
tally in the work of Rakotomananjara DP and Randriamitantsoa PA [2020] [56],
in Figure 10.
Imperceptible in most work situations, electromagnetic fields can, beyond
certain thresholds, have effects on human health. The interactions of electro-
magnetic waves with the human body are complex and depend on several factors
linked to the characteristics of the incident wave (its frequency, intensity and
polarization), of the tissue encountered (its geometry, its electromagnetic prop-
erties: dielectric permittivity and conductivity) and the type of coupling between

the field and the exposed body. The irradiating field generates currents inside
the body, as well as energy absorption in the tissues. At a certain level of the ir-
radiating field, these currents can cause heating of the target tissues and organs,
this effect is well known under the name of thermal effects. And, Figure 11
shows that the heating of the biological tissue as a function of the irradiation
space will continue to increase and in a quasi-linear manner inversely propor-
tional to the distance between the source and the biological tissue. This temper-
ature is proportional to the speed of propagation of the radiated field and the
power emitted by the source. Note that any stimulation of a cell, tissue or organ-
ism, whether by electromagnetic waves or by any other exciter of a given nature,
can be accompanied by a normal adaptive response thereof: it is a biological ef-
fect. A biological effect can, however, endanger the normal functioning of an
organism when its capacities for physiological responses in response to the ac-
tion of the external agent are exceeded: a so-called health effect then occurs and
health is hampered.
Figure 12 shows that the amplitude of the current induced in the human body
is all the greater as the biological tissue is close to the emission source. Accord-
ing to Maxwell’s equations associated with materials, a time-varying electric field
induces an alternating current in the human body. We can therefore say that the
higher the conductivity of a tissue, the less it opposes the passage of this current.
This is why it is said that the passage of such a current can cause biological ef-
fects. INRS:
https://www.inrs.fr/dms/inrs/GenerationPDF/accueil/risques/champs-electroma
gnetiques/Champs%20%C3%A9lectromagn%C3%A9tiques.pdf classifies the ef-
fects of the current density induced in the human body according to the ampli-
tude in mA/m2:
 Less than 10 mA/m2: no known health effects.
 From 10 to 100 mA/m2: visual and nervous effects, bone welding.
 From 100 to 1000 mA/m2: stimulation of excitable tissues.
 Greater than 1000 mA/m2: Fibrillation.
Finally, Figure 13 proposed by [Rakotomananjara and Randriamitantsoa]
shows that low frequency electromagnetic fields have strong penetration into bi-
ological tissue. This has proven consequences on the functionality of biological
tissue.
Electromagnetic waves can cause several harmful effects on living beings that
several studies have confirmed so far. These effects include childhood cancer,
adult cancer, leukemia, brain cancer, and reproductive and developmental dis-
orders.
6. Conclusions
In this article, we have chosen the modeling approach focused on a mathemati-
cal and numerical analysis based on the analytical formalism of calculation of
the electromagnetic field emitted by a filiform conductor taking into account on

the one hand the physical phenomena of the propagation of a plane microwave
electromagnetic wave and on the other hand the experimental values to model
the electromagnetic radiation emitted by industrial static converters in the space
domain.
The interactions of electromagnetic waves with human bodies are complex
with consequences and dependent on several factors related to the characteristics
of the incident wave. To achieve this, we have implemented a mathematical
analysis through the bio-heat equation as a basis for the evaluation of the tem-
perature variation and Maxwell’s equations to quantify the current induced by
the electromagnetic field in human biological tissues to obtain consistent results.
The document provides a comprehensive analysis using advanced mathemat-
ical models that evaluate the influence of electromagnetic fields on the operators
of static converters.
The results have direct implications on the health of people working in the
workplace potentially influencing the standards and regulations regarding ex-
posure to electromagnetic waves in industrial environments. We should note
that these electromagnetic waves can potentially affect human fertility such as
sperm quality and energy absorption in the case of interactions of these electro-
magnetic waves with biological tissues of the human body although the results of
research in this area are often contradictory and require further studies.
This research was focused on a particular type of conversion and interaction
scenario. To generalize the results, including a wider range of converters and
industrial parameters is very necessary.
A direct perspective of this study is the application of one of the methods we
used to simulate the impact of electromagnetic waves on living beings living near
relay antennas. Other electromagnetic parameters could be taken into account to
develop an electrical model of biological tissue in a more complex form. The
complete modeling of the brain, heart, and faith is a much broader perspective
and can also be analyzed comprehensively from the MoM method.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this pa-
per.
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Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 2024, 14, 2320-2350

Analysis of Modeling the Influence of

How to cite this paper: Nzao, A.B.S., Gar- Abstract

paper provides a comprehensive analysis using advanced mathematical mod-

DOI: 10.4236/ojapps.2024.148154 2321 Open Journal of Applied Sciences

DOI: 10.4236/ojapps.2024.148154 2322 Open Journal of Applied Sciences

A biological system irradiated by an electromagnetic wave is crossed by in-

DOI: 10.4236/ojapps.2024.148154 2323 Open Journal of Applied Sciences

system to a dielectric characterized by three main parameters which are:

3.1.1. Types of Converters

DOI: 10.4236/ojapps.2024.148154 2324 Open Journal of Applied Sciences

 The assisted inverter which transforms DC energy into fixed AC energy.

Figure 1. Table of different static converters [24].

3.1.2. Disturbances in Converters

DOI: 10.4236/ojapps.2024.148154 2325 Open Journal of Applied Sciences

electromagnetic disturbances. Additionally, advanced control techniques can be

3.1.3. Emissions From Static Converters

DOI: 10.4236/ojapps.2024.148154 2326 Open Journal of Applied Sciences

3.1.4. Sources of Disturbances

3.1.5. Origin and Paths of Electromagnetic Disturbances

DOI: 10.4236/ojapps.2024.148154 2327 Open Journal of Applied Sciences

3.1.6. Decomposition of an EMC Problem

Figure 2. Decomposition of an EMC problem [35]-[39].

3.2. Electromagnetic Coupling

3.2.1. Coupling by Conduction

Figure 4. The common mode between two systems [35]-[37].

DOI: 10.4236/ojapps.2024.148154 2328 Open Journal of Applied Sciences

Figure 5. The differential mode between two systems [35]-[37].

3.2.2. Coupling by Radiation (by Field)

DOI: 10.4236/ojapps.2024.148154 2329 Open Journal of Applied Sciences

Figure 6. Coupling models [35]-[40].

3.3. Description of the Biological Cell

DOI: 10.4236/ojapps.2024.148154 2330 Open Journal of Applied Sciences

3.3.1. Electrical Properties

DOI: 10.4236/ojapps.2024.148154 2331 Open Journal of Applied Sciences

where ε 0 is the electrical permittivity of the vacuum.

DOI: 10.4236/ojapps.2024.148154 2332 Open Journal of Applied Sciences

3.3.2. Methods for Macroscopic Electrical Characterization of Biological

3.3.3. Models for Representing Frequency Variations of Conductivity

3.3.4. Model Combining the Debye and Universal Dielectric Response

DOI: 10.4236/ojapps.2024.148154 2333 Open Journal of Applied Sciences

3.4. Modeling of Emissions Radiated by Industrial Static

DOI: 10.4236/ojapps.2024.148154 2334 Open Journal of Applied Sciences

Figure 7. Discretization cell [53] [55].

We consider the discretization cell presented in Figure 9. The vector potential

In our 1D case, we consider γ = x . The vector potential is written:

By applying the quasi-steady state approximation to Equation (17), we there-

The calculation gives:

DOI: 10.4236/ojapps.2024.148154 2335 Open Journal of Applied Sciences

DOI: 10.4236/ojapps.2024.148154 2336 Open Journal of Applied Sciences

Determining the radiated emissions of a cabling system involves two main

3.5. Modeling the Mechanism of Interaction of Electromagnetic

3.5.1. Electromagnetic Field-Biological Tissue Interaction Model

DOI: 10.4236/ojapps.2024.148154 2337 Open Journal of Applied Sciences

Suppose we study human biological tissue exposed to a magnetic field radiat-

Figure 8. Interaction between the electromagnetic field and biological tissue.

The electromagnetic field generated around the converter induces a voltage in

DOI: 10.4236/ojapps.2024.148154 2338 Open Journal of Applied Sciences

Injecting Equations (30) and (35) into expression (34), we find:

3.5.2. Model of Electric Field-Biological Tissue Interaction