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 Chapter 1
Instructor Only Problems

1.23
A clean glass capillary tube contains water at 40oC. Please calculate how high (in millimeters)
the water will rise in the capillary tube if the diameter of the tube is 0.25 cm.

Solution
H2O at 60oC = 40 + 273 = 313 K
Equation 1-17: σ  0.123 (1  0.00139 T)
= 0.123 [1-0.00139 (313)]
= 0.0695 N/m

For a clean capillary: θ  0o

2 cosθ
Height, using Equation 1-20: h 
ρgr
σ = 0.0695 N/m
ρ = 992.2 kg/m3 (from data in Appendix I)

2𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2(0.0695 𝑁/𝑚)cos (0)

ℎ= = = 0.01144 𝑚 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎
𝜌𝑔𝑟 0.25 𝑐𝑚 𝑚
992.2 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 (9.8𝑚/𝑠 2 ) 𝑥
2 100 𝑐𝑚

1.33
A beaker of water with a density of 987 kg/m3 has a capillary tube inserted into it. The water is
rising in the capillary tube to a height of 1.88 cm. The capillary tube is very clean and has a
diameter of 1.5 mm. What is the temperature of the water?
Solution
First, calculate the surface tension of water using the equation for the height:
2𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
ℎ=
𝜌𝑔𝑟
Rearrange, solving for 𝜎,
𝑚 1.5 𝑚𝑚 𝑚
ℎ𝜌𝑔𝑟 (1.88 𝑐𝑚) (987 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 )(9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2 )
100 𝑐𝑚 2 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝜎= =
2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2 cos 0
𝑘𝑔
= 0.0683 2 = 0.0683 𝑁/𝑚
𝑠

Now use the surface tension to calculate the temperature:

𝜎 = 0.123(1 − 0.00139𝑇)
0.0683 𝑁/𝑚 = 0.123(1 − 0.00139𝑇)
𝑇 = 320.2 𝐾 = 47.02 ℃
1.34
The water in a lake has an average temperature of 60oF. If the barometric pressure of the
atmosphere is 760 mm Hg (which is equal to 2.36 feet). Determine the gage pressure and the
absolute pressure at a water depth of 46 feet.

Solution

From Appendix I, 𝜌 = 62.3 𝑙𝑏𝑚 /𝑓𝑡 3 at 60oF.

𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑓𝑡
62.3 (46 𝑓𝑡)
32.2
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑠2 𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝑃𝑔 = 𝜌 𝑔ℎ = = 2868 2
𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
32.174 𝑚 2
𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑠

𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑓𝑡 760 𝑚𝑚 3.28 𝑓𝑡

847 32.2 𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑠2
1000 𝑚𝑚/𝑚 𝑚
𝑃 𝑡𝑚 = 𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔ℎ = = 2113
𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡 2
32.174 𝑚 2
𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑠

𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑙𝑏𝑓

𝑃 𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙 𝑡 =𝑃 𝑡𝑚 + 𝑃𝑔 = 644.24 2
+ 2868 2 = 3512 2
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
1.35
Air initially fills a very long vertical capillary tube of inside diameter D. The tube is suddenly
immersed in a large body of water, still in the vertical position. Water wets the tube surface and as
soon as the ends of the tube are submerged, water enters the tube. When equilibrium is reached,
what is the length, if any, of the air column that remains in the tube? For this problem we know
that the tube diameter is 0.1 cm and the surface tension of water is 0.072 N/m and the density of
water is 1000 kg/m3. We can assume that the figure is not drawn to scale and that the capillary
tube is drawn much bigger than reality, such that D<<H1, and that the maximum bubble pressure
occurs when the radius of curvature equals the tube radius so that R1=R2=D/2. Assume the system
is at 273 K.

After immersion, the system looks like this:

Air/water interface
H1
H2
Air Pocket L

Solution

Begin with the Young-Laplace Equation:

1 1
𝑃𝐻2 − 𝑃𝐻2 = 𝜎 +
𝑅1 𝑅2
Since R1 = R2 = D/2
2𝜎 4𝜎
𝑃𝐻2 − 𝑃𝐻2 = =
𝐷/2 𝐷
Realizing that ∆𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
4𝜎
𝜌𝑔𝐻2 − 𝜌𝑔𝐻1 =
𝐷
Realizing that
𝐻2 − 𝐻1 = 𝐿
and
𝑁 𝑘𝑔 𝑔
0.072 = 0.072 2 = 72 2
𝑚 𝑠 𝑠
So,
4𝜎 4(72 𝑔/𝑠 2 )
𝐻2 − 𝐻1 = 𝐿 = = = 2.94 𝑐𝑚
𝜌𝑔𝐷 (1 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 )(980 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 2 )(0.1 𝑐𝑚)
1.36
Hydrometers are inexpensive and easy to use to measure specific gravity and then density. You
want to measure the density of an unknown liquid but all you have is a test tube that is 1 cm in
diameter. You fill the test tube with water and drop it into a known sample of water with a
temperature of 20℃, and measure the distance from the bottom of the test tube to the surface of
the water to be 8 cm. Then you take this same test tube (after cleaning on the outside) and drop
into an unknown liquid which is also at 20℃ and measure the distance submerged to be 7.4 cm.
Hydrometers floating in liquids are in static equilibrium. What is the density of the unknown
liquid?

8 cm 7.4 cm
submerged submerged

Water Unknown

Solution
A hydrometer floating in water is in static equilibrium and the buoyant force FB exerted by the
liquid must always be equal to the weight W of the hydrometer, so that FB = W.

F = PA = ρghA = ρgW
F = ρgVs M rg d = ρghA
Where h is the height of the submerged portion of the test tube and ATT is the cross-sectional
area of the test tube which is constant.

For the pure water: 𝑊 = 𝜌 𝑔ℎ 𝐴 𝑇𝑇

For unknown: 𝑊 = 𝜌 𝑘 𝑜 𝑔ℎ 𝑘 𝑜 𝐴 𝑇𝑇

Setting the equations equal since the weight of the test tube does not change,

𝜌 𝑔ℎ 𝐴 𝑇𝑇 = 𝜌 𝑘 𝑜 𝑔ℎ 𝑘 𝑜 𝐴 𝑇𝑇

Solve for the density of the unknown liquid,

ℎ 8 𝑐𝑚
ℎ 𝑘 𝑜 = 𝜌 = (998.2 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 ) = 1079 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
ℎ 𝑘 𝑜 7.4 𝑐𝑚
 Chapter 2
Instructor Only

2.30
A large industrial waste collection tank contains butyl alcohol, benzene and water at 80℉ that have
separated into three distinct phases as shown in the figure. The diameter of the circular tank is 10
feet and it has total depth is 95 feet. The gauge at the top of the tank reads 2116 lbf /ft2. Please
calculate (a) the pressure at the butyl alcohol/benzene interface, (b) the pressure at the
benzene/water interface and (c) the pressure at the bottom of the tank.

Solution
(a) the pressure at the butyl alcohol/benzene interface
∆𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
𝑃𝑡 𝑝 − 𝑃𝐴𝑖 − 𝑡 𝑙𝐴𝑙𝑐 ℎ 𝑙 𝑡𝑒 𝑓 𝑐𝑒 = −𝜌 𝑖 𝑔(17𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡)
𝑃𝐴𝑖 − 𝑡 𝑙𝐴𝑙𝑐 ℎ 𝑙 𝑡𝑒 𝑓 𝑐𝑒 − 𝑃 𝑡 𝑙𝐴𝑙𝑐 ℎ 𝑙− 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 𝑡𝑒 𝑓 𝑐𝑒 = −𝜌 𝑡 𝑙𝐴𝑙𝑐 ℎ 𝑙 𝑔(19𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡)
𝑃 𝑡 𝑙𝐴𝑙𝑐 ℎ 𝑙− 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 𝑡𝑒 𝑓 𝑐𝑒 = 𝑃𝑡 𝑝 + 𝜌 𝑖 𝑔(17𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡) + 𝜌 𝑡 𝑙𝐴𝑙𝑐 ℎ 𝑙 𝑔(19𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡)
𝑙𝑏
𝑙𝑏𝑓 0.0735 𝑚3 (32.2 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 2 )(17 𝑓𝑡)
𝑓𝑡
= 2116 2 +
𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡
32.174 𝑚 2
𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑠
𝑙𝑏𝑚
50.0 3 (32.2 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 2 )(19 𝑓𝑡) 𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝑓𝑡
+ = 3068.0 2 = 21.3 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
32.174 𝑚 2
𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑠

(b) the pressure at the benzene/water interface

𝑃 𝑡 𝑙𝐴𝑙𝑐 ℎ 𝑙− 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 𝑡𝑒 𝑓 𝑐𝑒 − 𝑃 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒−𝑊 𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑒 𝑓 𝑐𝑒 = −𝜌 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 𝑔(34𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡)
𝑃 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒−𝑊 𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑒 𝑓 𝑐𝑒 = 𝑃 𝑡 𝑙𝐴𝑙𝑐 ℎ 𝑙− 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 𝑡𝑒 𝑓 𝑐𝑒 + 𝜌 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 𝑔(34𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡)
𝑙𝑏
𝑙𝑏𝑓 54.6 𝑚3 (32.2 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 2 )(34 𝑓𝑡) 𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝑓𝑡
= 3068.0 2 + = 4925.9 2 = 34.2 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
32.174 𝑚 2
𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑠
(c) the pressure at the bottom of the tank
𝑃 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒−𝑊 𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑒 𝑓 𝑐𝑒 − 𝑃 𝑡𝑡 𝑚 𝑓 𝑘 = −𝜌𝑊 𝑡𝑒 𝑔(25𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡)
𝑃 𝑡𝑡 𝑚 𝑓 𝑘 = 𝑃 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒−𝑊 𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑒 𝑓 𝑐𝑒 + 𝜌 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 𝑔(25𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡)
𝑙𝑏
𝑙𝑏𝑓 62.2 𝑚3 (32.2 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 2 )(25 𝑓𝑡) 𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝑓𝑡
= 4925.9 2 + = 6482.16 2 = 45 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
32.174 𝑚 2
𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑠
2.31
The maximum blood pressure in the upper arm of a healthy person is about 120 mm Hg (this is a
gauge pressure). If a vertical tube open to the atmosphere is connected to the vein in the arm of a
person, determine how high the blood will rise in the tube. Take the density of the blood to be
constant and equal to 1050 kg/m3. (The fact that blood can rise in a tube explains why IV tubes
must be placed high to force fluid into the vein of a patient.) Assume the system is at 80oF.
Solution

∆𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ

For Blood: 𝑃 = 𝜌 𝑔ℎ

For Mercury: 𝑃 = 𝜌 𝑔ℎ

So,
∆𝑃 = 𝜌 𝑔ℎ = 𝜌 𝑔ℎ

Solve for the height of the blood,

𝜌 𝑔ℎ = 𝜌 𝑔ℎ
Eliminate the gravity terms,

𝜌 ℎ =𝜌 ℎ
𝜌
ℎ = ℎ
𝜌

We take 120 mm Hg as the height here, and 120 mm = 0.12 m,

and the density of mercury is 845 𝑙𝑏𝑚 /ft3 .

(13535.6 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 )
ℎ = (0.12 𝑚) = 1.55 𝑚
(1050 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 )
2.32
If the nitrogen tank in the figure below is at a pressure of 4500 lbf/ft2 and the entire system is at
100℉, please calculate the pressure at the bottom of the tank of glycerin.

2 ft 12 ft
Nitrogen 2.5 ft

4 ft
7 ft Benzene
4 ft 7.5 ft

10 ft
5 ft

8 ft
5 ft
11 ft
10 ft
7 ft
7.5 ft
Water

5.8 ft
Mercury
Glycerin
Solution
P − P1 = −ρ trog g(5 ft) so P1 = P + ρ trog g(5 ft)
P2 − P1 = −ρh2og(8 − 5 ft) so P2 = P1 − ρh2og(8 − 5 ft)
P2 − P3 = −ρFr o g(7 − 4 ft) so P3 = P2 + ρFr o g(7 − 4 ft)
P3 − P4 = −ρM r r g(10 − 7 ft) so P4 = P3 + ρM r r g(10 − 7 ft)
P5 − P4 = −ρb g(10 − 7.5 ft) so P5 = P4 − ρb g(10 − 7.5 ft)
P5 − PA = −ρA g(11 ft) so PA = P6 + ρA g(11 ft)
PA = ρA g(11 ft) − ρb g(10 − 7.5 ft) + ρM r r g(10 − 7 ft) + +ρFr o g(7 − 4 ft)
− ρh2og(8 − 5 ft) + ρ trog g(5 ft) +P
78.2 lb /ft3 53.6 lb /ft3
PA = (32.174 lb Mft/lb s2) (32.2 ft/s 2 )(11 ft) − (32.174 lb Mft/lb s2) (32.2 ft/s 2 )(10 − 7.5 ft) +
M f M f
lb
843 lbM /ft3 78.7 M 3 ft
(32.2 ft/s 2 )(10 − 7 ft) + ft
32.2 s2 (7 − 4 ft) −
(32.174 lbM ft/lbf s2 ) lb ft
32.174 M 2
lbf s
lb lb
62.1 M 3 ft 0.0685 M 3 ft lb
ft
lb ft 32.2 s2 (8 − 5 ft) + ft
lb ft 32.2 s2 (5 ft) + 4500 ft2f = 7808.0 lbf/ft2
32.174 M 2 32.174 M 2
lbf s lbf s
2.33
The water in a lake has an average temperature of 60oF. If the barometric pressure of the
atmosphere is 760 mm Hg (which is equal to 2.36 feet). Determine the gage pressure and the
absolute pressure at a water depth of 46 feet.

Solution

From Appendix I, 𝜌 = 62.3 𝑙𝑏𝑚 /𝑓𝑡 3 at 60oF.

𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑓𝑡
62.3 (46 𝑓𝑡)
32.2
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑠2 𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝑃𝑔 = 𝜌 𝑔ℎ = = 2868 2
𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
32.174 𝑚 2
𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑠

𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑓𝑡 760 𝑚𝑚 3.28 𝑓𝑡

847 32.2 𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑠2
1000 𝑚𝑚/𝑚 𝑚
𝑃 𝑡𝑚 = 𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔ℎ = = 2113
𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡 2
32.174 𝑚 2
𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑠

𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑙𝑏𝑓

𝑃 𝑏𝑠 𝑙 𝑡𝑒 =𝑃 𝑡𝑚 + 𝑃𝑔 = 644.24 2
+ 2868 2 = 3512 2
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
2.34
Air initially fills a very long vertical capillary tube of inside diameter D. The tube is suddenly
immersed in a large body of water, still in the vertical position. Water wets the tube surface and as
soon as the ends of the tube are submerged, water enters the tube. When equilibrium is reached,
what is the length, if any, of the air column that remains in the tube? For this problem we know
that the tube diameter is 0.1 cm and the surface tension of water is 0.072 N/m and the density of
water is 1000 kg/m3. We can assume that the figure is not drawn to scale and that the capillary
tube is drawn much bigger than reality, such that D<<H1, and that the maximum bubble pressure
occurs when the radius of curvature equals the tube radius so that R1=R2=D/2. Assume the system
is at 273 K.

After immersion, the system looks like this:

Air/water interface
H1
H2
Air Pocket L

Solution

Begin with the Young-Laplace Equation:

1 1
𝑃𝐻2 − 𝑃𝐻2 = 𝜎 +
𝑅1 𝑅2
Since R1 = R2 = D/2
2𝜎 4𝜎
𝑃𝐻2 − 𝑃𝐻2 = =
𝐷/2 𝐷
Realizing that ∆𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
4𝜎
𝜌𝑔𝐻2 − 𝜌𝑔𝐻1 =
𝐷
Realizing that
𝐻2 − 𝐻1 = 𝐿
and
𝑁 𝑘𝑔 𝑔
0.072 = 0.072 2 = 72 2
𝑚 𝑠 𝑠
So,
4𝜎 4(72 𝑔/𝑠 2 )
𝐻2 − 𝐻1 = 𝐿 = = = 2.94 𝑐𝑚
𝜌𝑔𝐷 (1 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 )(980 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 2 )(0.1 𝑐𝑚)
2.35
Hydrometers are inexpensive and easy to use to measure specific gravity and then density. You
want to measure the density of an unknown liquid but all you have is a test tube that is 1 cm in
diameter. You fill the test tube with water and drop it into a known sample of water with a
temperature of 20℃, and measure the distance from the bottom of the test tube to the surface of
the water to be 8 cm. Then you take this same test tube (after cleaning on the outside) and drop
into an unknown liquid which is also at 20℃ and measure the distance submerged to be 7.4 cm.
Hydrometers floating in liquids are in static equilibrium. What is the density of the unknown
liquid?

8 cm 7.4 cm
submerged submerged

Water Unknown

Solution
A hydrometer floating in water is in static equilibrium and the buoyant force FB exerted by the
liquid must always be equal to the weight W of the hydrometer, so that FB = W.

F = PA = ρghA = ρgW
Fb = ρgVs bM rg d = ρghAtt
Where h is the height of the submerged portion of the test tube and ATT is the cross-sectional
area of the test tube which is constant.

For the pure water: 𝑊 = 𝜌 𝑔ℎ 𝐴

For unknown: 𝑊 = 𝜌 𝑘 𝑔ℎ 𝑘 𝐴

Setting the equations equal since the weight of the test tube does not change,

𝜌 𝑔ℎ 𝐴 =𝜌 𝑘 𝑔ℎ 𝑘 𝐴

Solve for the density of the unknown liquid,

ℎ 8 𝑐𝑚
ℎ 𝑘 = 𝜌 = (998.2 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 ) = 1079 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
ℎ 𝑘 7.4 𝑐𝑚
 Chapter 4
Instructor Only Problems

4.27
A well-mixed tank initially contains pure water. The tank has inlet and outlet ports both with a
diameter of 1 centimeter, and the inlet port is 20 centimeters above the outlet port. Into the tank
through the inlet port flows a 10% solution of sodium sulfate dissolved in water with a velocity of
0.1 meters/second that has a density of 1000 kg/m3. (a) After 60 seconds of flow, the solution at
the outlet port is measured to contain 14 grams of sodium sulfate per liter of solution at a constant
flow rate of 0.01 liters per second. Please calculate the number of grams of sodium sulfate in the
tank at this time. (b) What is the mass flow rate at the exit port once the system has reached steady
state?
Solution
(a) Grams of sodium sulfate in the tank after 60 seconds
𝑑𝑆
𝑚̇ 𝑡 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 + =0
𝑑𝑡
3
𝜋(0.01𝑚)2 𝑑𝑆
(14 𝑔/𝐿)(0.01 𝐿/𝑠) − (1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 )(1000 𝑔/𝑘𝑔)(0.1 𝑚/𝑠) (0.1) + =0
4 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑆
(0.14 𝑔/𝑠) − (0.7854 𝑔/𝑠 ) + =0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑆
= 0.6454 𝑔/𝑠
𝑑𝑡
𝑆 60
𝑑𝑆 = 0.6454 𝑔/𝑠 𝑑𝑡
0 0
𝑆 = 38.7 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
(b) What is the mass flow rate at the exit port once the system has reached steady state?
At Steady state, 𝑚̇ 𝑡 = 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 = 0.7854 grams/sec

4.28
A cylindrical water tank is 4 feet high, with a 3-foot diameter, open to the atmosphere at the top is
initially filled with water with a temperature of 60oF. The outlet at the bottom has a diameter of
0.5 in. is opened and the tank empties. The average velocity of the water exiting the tank is given
by the equation, v = 2gh, where h is the height of the water in the tank measured from the center
of the outlet port and g is the gravitational acceleration. Determine: (a) how long will it take for
the water level in the tank to drop to 2 feet from the bottom, and (b) how long will it take to drain
the entire tank.
Solution
𝑑𝑆
𝑚̇ 𝑡 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 + =0
𝑑𝑡
Since there is no fluid entering the tank: 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 = 0
𝑑𝑆
= −𝑚̇ 𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝑑ℎ 𝜋𝑑𝑡2 𝜋𝑑 2
𝜌 = −𝜌 2gh
𝑑𝑡 4 4

𝑑ℎ 𝑑 2
= 2gh
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡2

𝑑𝑡2 𝑑ℎ 1
𝑑𝑡 = − 2
𝑑 √ℎ 2𝑔

𝑡 ℎ2
𝑑𝑡2 1 𝑑ℎ
𝑑𝑡 = −
0 𝑑 2 2𝑔 ℎ0 √ℎ

1/2 1/2
𝑑𝑡2 1 ℎ2 − ℎ0
𝑡=− 2
𝑑 2𝑔 (1/2)

(a) How long will it take for the water level in the tank to drop to 2 feet from the bottom?

(3 𝑓𝑡)2 1 21/2 − 41/2

𝑡=− = 745 𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 12.4 𝑚𝑖𝑛
(0.042𝑓𝑡)2 2(32.2𝑓𝑡/𝑠 2 ) (1/2)

(b) How long will it take to drain the entire tank?

(3 𝑓𝑡)2 1 01/2 − 41/2

𝑡=− = 2543 𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 42.4 𝑚𝑖𝑛
(0.042𝑓𝑡)2 2(32.2𝑓𝑡/𝑠 2 ) (1/2)
4.29
A tank with a total volume of 75 liters is initially empty. Into the tank flows pure water with a
temperature of 273K, density of 999.3 kg/m3 and surface tension of 0.0763 N/m. This pure water
is being delivered from an inlet port with a diameter of 0.01m at a velocity of 2.0 m/s. The exit
port is initially closed but it too has a diameter of 0.01m.
(a) How long does it take to fill the tank with water (assuming the exit port remains closed)?

Solution
∂
ρ(v ∙ n) dA + ρdV = 0
∂t
Since exit port is closed
V
∂
−ṁin + ρdV = 0
∂t 0
The tank has a total volume of 75 liters,
0.028317 m3
(75 liters) = 0.075m3
28.32 liters
0.075 m3
kg π(0.01 m)2 kg ∂
− 999.3 3 (2 m/s) + 999.3 3 dV = 0
m 4 m ∂t 0

t
1.57x10−4 m3
0.075 m3 = dt
s 0
t = 447.5 sec

(b) Once the tank is completely filled with pure water, into the inlet port (still with a diameter of
0.01m) flows at 2.0 m/s a 60% solution of sodium chloride with a specific gravity of 1.07. What
is the total mass (water plus sodium chloride) in the tank after 600 seconds if a sample at the exit
port at that time contains 50 g/liter of sodium chloride and the flow rate is 0.5 liters/s?
Solution
The tank is now filled with pure water which has a mass of:

0.028317 m3 999.3 𝑘𝑔
(75 liters) = 74.93 kgs
28.32 liters 𝑚3
𝑀
𝑑𝑀
𝑚̇ 𝑡 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 + =0
𝑀0 𝑑𝑡

𝑀
𝑘𝑔 π(0.01 m)2
𝑚 𝑔 𝑑𝑀
(0.5 𝐿/𝑠)(50 𝑔/𝐿) − (1.07) 999.3 2 1000 + =0
𝑚3 𝑠4 𝑘𝑔 𝑀0 𝑑𝑡
𝑀
𝑔 𝑑𝑀
25 − 168 𝑔/𝑠 +
𝑠 74.93 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑡

𝑚 = 160.7 𝑘𝑔
4.30
A large tank of unknown total volume is initially filled with 6000 grams of a 10% by mass sodium
sulfate solution. Into this tank a 50% sodium sulfate solution is added at a rate of 40 g/min. At the
single outlet to the tank flows a 20 g/Liter solution at a rate of 0.01667 liters/sec. Please calculate
(a) the total mass in the tank after 2 hours and (b) the amount of sodium sulfate in the tank after 2
hours.

Solution
(a) Total mass in the tank after 2 hours

Total Mass = M
𝜕
𝜌(𝑣 ∙ 𝑛) 𝑑𝐴 + 𝜌𝑑𝑉 = 0
𝜕𝑡
𝑑𝑀
𝑚̇ 𝑡 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 +
=0
𝑑𝑡
𝑀
𝑔 𝑑𝑀
(20 𝑔/𝐿)(0.01667 𝐿/𝑠)(60 𝑠/𝑚) − 40 + =0
𝑚𝑖𝑛 6000 𝑑𝑡
𝑀
𝑑𝑀
20 𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 40 𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛 + =0
6000 𝑑𝑡
𝑔 𝑑
−20 + (𝑀 − 6000) = 0
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡
𝑀 = 6000 + 20𝑡
At the 2 hour point, which is 120 minutes,
𝑀 = 6000 + 20𝑡 = 6000 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 + 20 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠/𝑚𝑖𝑛(120𝑚𝑖𝑛) = 8400.5 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠

(b) The amount of sodium sulfate in the tank after 2 hours

𝑑𝑆
𝑚̇ 𝑡 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 + =0
𝑑𝑡
𝑆 𝑆
=
𝑀 6000 + 20𝑡

𝑆 𝑑𝑆
(20 𝑔/𝐿)(0.01667 𝐿/𝑠)(60 𝑠/𝑚) − (0.50)(40 𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛) + =0
6000 + 20𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑆 𝑑𝑆
(20 𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛) − (0.50)(40 𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛) + =0
6000 + 20𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑆 𝑑𝑆
− 20 𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛 + =0
300 + 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Rearrange,
𝑑𝑆 𝑆
+ = 20
𝑑𝑡 300 + 𝑡
Integrating,
𝑑𝑆
(300 + 𝑡) = (300 + 𝑡)20
𝑑𝑡
20𝑡 2
𝑆(300 + 𝑡) = 6000𝑡 + +𝐶
2
20𝑡 2
6000𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑆= 2 +
(300 + 𝑡) (300 + 𝑡)
 6000𝑡 + 10𝑡 2 𝐶
𝑆= +
(300 + 𝑡) (300 + 𝑡)

The initial condition given in the problem was that at time = 0, there is 6000 grams of a 10%
solution of sodium sulfate solution.
6000(0) + 10(0)2 𝐶
(6000 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠)(0.1) = +
(300 + 0) (300 + 0)

𝐶 = 180,000

6000𝑡 + 10𝑡 2 180,000

𝑆= +
(300 + 𝑡) (300 + 𝑡)

At the 2 hour point (2 hours = 120 minutes):

6000(120) + 10(120)2 180,000

𝑆= + = 2485.7 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
(300 + 120) (300 + 120)

4.31
A spherical metal tank has a constant volume of 450 in3 and contains air at an absolute pressure
of 85 psi and a temperature of 20oC. You are told that the air is leaking through a 0.1 inches in
diameter whole in the side. The air exits at 900 ft/s with a density of 0.075 lbm/ft3. Calculate the
change in density (loss) with respect to time.

Solution
𝜕
𝜌(𝑣 ∙ 𝑛) 𝑑𝐴 + 𝜌𝑑𝑉 = 0
𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝑀
𝑚̇ 𝑡 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 + =0
𝜕𝑡

Since nothing is going into the tank, 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 = 0

𝜕𝑀
𝑚̇ 𝑡 + =0
𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝜌𝑉
𝑚̇ 𝑡 + =0
𝜕𝑡

𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑓𝑡 0.1
𝜕𝜌 𝑚̇ 𝑡 𝜌𝑣𝐴 0.075 𝑓𝑡 3 900 𝑠 12
𝑓𝑡 0.5625
=− =− = = = 2.16 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑓𝑡 2 /𝑠
𝜕𝑡 𝑉 𝑉 3 𝑓𝑡 3 0.260
450 𝑖𝑛
123 𝑖𝑛3

4.32
You are working on a project for lab when you realize that you forgot to measure the volume of
your mixing tank. Luckily, you took excellent notes in lab and have a lot of information about the
 system. You were running an experiment to determine the concentration of salt in a mixing tank
at unsteady state. You measured the flow rate in and out of the mixing tank to be 1 L/min. The
25 𝑔 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡
tank was supplied with salt water at a concentration of 𝐶 = 100 𝑚𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟. You also observed that the
solution in the tank was uniform and well mixed. Use a computational model (equation 1) and
your data in the table below from the experiment to determine the volume of the mixing tank.

Time 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Concentration 0 0.059 0.106 0121 0.187 0.170 0.205 0.202 0.237 0.219 0.242 0.238 0.243

The equation describing the concentration is:

𝑡
𝐶 (𝑡) = 𝐶𝑠 𝑟𝑐𝑒 1 − 𝑒 −𝜏 (equation 1)

In the above equation, t is time and 𝜏 is the volume of the tank.

(Hint: A residual is the difference between a measured value, as in the data in the table, and the
predicted value of a regression model, which is what you will calculate with the equation. It is
important to understand residuals because they show how accurate a mathematical function, such
as a line, is in representing a set of data. You can find the volume of the tank by minimizing the
sum of the squares of all the residuals of all data points. One way to do this is to put in guesses of
the tank volume to find when the sum of the squares of the residuals is the smallest. There are
other more elegant ways to do this, but a guess a tank value and calculate the sum of the squares
of the residuals is a fine way. This is easy to do in MSExcel)

Solution
For this problem the data in the table was put into MSExcel. The sum of the residuals squared
was calculated and then minimized using a solver by varying 𝜏 to determine the volume of the
tank.

𝜏 = 7.45 𝐿, based on the graph and data.

 Residual
(difference
between
actual
concentration
Fitted Line and that of
(using given the fitted Residual
Time Concentration equation) line). Squared
0 0 0.000 0.000 0.00000
2 0.059 0.059 0.000 0.00000
4 0.106 0.104 0.002 0.00000
6 0.121 0.138 -0.017 0.00030
8 0.187 0.165 0.022 0.00050
10 0.17 0.185 -0.015 0.00022
12 0.205 0.200 0.005 0.00002
14 0.202 0.212 -0.010 0.00010
16 0.237 0.221 0.016 0.00026
18 0.219 0.228 -0.009 0.00008
20 0.242 0.233 0.009 0.00008
22 0.238 0.237 0.001 0.00000
24 0.243 0.240 0.003 0.00001

Co 0.25 Total: 0.0015718

Tau 7.45

Problem 3
0.3
Concentration [g/ml]

0.25
0.2
0.15
Data
0.1
Fitted Line
0.05
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time [min]
 Chapter 5
Instructor Only Problems

5.5
(a) Determine the magnitude of the x and y
components of the force exerted on the fixed blade
shown by a 3 ft3/s jet of water flowing at 25 ft/s.
Assume the water is at 100oF.
(b) If the blade is moving to the right at 15 ft/s, find
the magnitude and velocity of the water jet leaving
the blade. Assume steady state.

Solution
(a)
Q = vA = 3 ft3/s, v1 = v2 = 25 ft/s

𝜕
𝐹= 𝑣 𝜌(𝑣 ∙ 𝑛)𝑑𝐴 + 𝑣 𝜌𝑑𝑉
𝜕𝑡

𝐹 = 𝜌𝑣2 𝐴2 𝑣2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝜌𝑣1 𝐴1 (−𝑣1 )

Where the negative sign on the v1 is because the blade is moving in the negative x-direction.
𝐹 = 𝜌𝑄𝑣2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝜌𝑄(−𝑣1 )
(62.1 𝑙𝑏𝑚 /𝑓𝑡 3 )
= (3 𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑠)(25 𝑓𝑡/𝑠)𝑐𝑜𝑠30
32.174 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑓𝑡/𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑠 2
(62.1 𝑙𝑏𝑚 /𝑓𝑡 3 )
− (3 𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑠)(−25 𝑓𝑡/𝑠) = 270.12 𝑙𝑏𝑓
32.174 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑓𝑡/𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑠 2

y-direction, remembering that the water velocity is flowing out in the minus y-direction,
(62.1 𝑙𝑏𝑚 /𝑓𝑡 3 )
𝐹 = 𝜌𝑣2 𝐴2 𝑣2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = (3 𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑠)(−25 𝑓𝑡/𝑠)𝑠𝑖𝑛30 = −72.4𝑙𝑏𝑓
32.174 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑓𝑡/𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑠 2

(b) If the blade moves to the right at 15 ft/s then,

𝑣1 = 25 + 15 = 40 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
𝑣2 = −40 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
So the magnitude of the velocity leaving the blade is:
𝑣 = 𝑣2 ( 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒) + 𝑣𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒
𝑣 = 𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑒 + 𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑒 + 𝑣 𝑒 = 40𝑐𝑜𝑠(30)𝑒 + 40 sin(30) 𝑒 + 15𝑒
= 34.64𝑒 + 15𝑒 − 20𝑒 = 49.64𝑒 − 20𝑒
𝑣 ∙ 𝑒𝑠 = 49.64𝑒 − 20𝑒 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑒 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑒 = 49.64 cos(−30) − 20 sin(−30)
= 52.98 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
5.34
You have been given a project where you must attach a particular reducing pipe fitting into a
Freon-12 delivery system. Freon-12 is a potentially hazardous material so you must be certain
that the reducing pipefitting is attached properly and will withstand the force due to the
reduction in pipe diameter. The direction of the flow, the inlet and outlet positions are labeled in
the figure below. The inlet has a diameter of 1 foot, and a pressure of 1000 lbf /ft2. The outlet
port has a diameter of 0.2 feet and a pressure of 200 lbf /ft2. The system must maintain a constant
flow rate of 4.5 ft3/s and constant temperature of 80℉. The weight of the Freon in the fitting is
6 lbf. In your analysis you may assume that the system is at steady state and that the fluid is
incompressible. Please calculate the forces in all directions necessary to hold the fitting
stationary.

Outlet from
y
Reducing Fitting
x

60 degrees

Inlet to
Reducing
Fitting

Solution
𝐹 + 𝑃2 𝐴2 cos 𝜃 = 𝜌𝑣22 𝐴2 cos 𝜃
𝐹 = 𝜌𝑣22 𝐴2 cos 𝜃 − 𝑃2 𝐴2 cos 𝜃

81.3 𝑙𝑏𝑚 /𝑓𝑡 3 𝜋(0.2𝑓𝑡)2

𝐹 = (143.3 𝑓𝑡/𝑠)2 cos(60)
𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑓𝑡 4
32.174
𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑠 2
2
𝜋(0.2𝑓𝑡)2
− 200 𝑙𝑏𝑓 /𝑓𝑡 cos(60) = 811.93 𝑙𝑏𝑓
4
𝐹 + 𝑃1 𝐴1 − 𝑃2 𝐴2 sin 𝜃 − 𝑊 = 𝜌𝑣22 𝐴2 sin 𝜃 − 𝜌𝑣12𝐴1
𝐹 = 𝜌𝑣22 𝐴2 sin 𝜃 − 𝜌𝑣12 𝐴1 − 𝑃1 𝐴1 + 𝑃2 𝐴2 sin 𝜃 + 𝑊
 81.3 𝑙𝑏𝑚 /𝑓𝑡 3 2
𝜋(0.2𝑓𝑡)2
𝐹 = ( 143.3 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 ) sin 60
𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 4
32.174 𝑚 2
𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑠
81.3 𝑙𝑏𝑚 /𝑓𝑡 3 𝜋(1𝑓𝑡)2 𝜋(1𝑓𝑡)2
− (5.73𝑓𝑡/𝑠)2 − 1000
𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 4 4
32.174 𝑚 2
𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑠
𝜋(0.2𝑓𝑡)2
+ 200 sin 𝜃 + 6 𝑙𝑏𝑓 = 572.6 𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛
4

5.35
The horizontal Y-fitting splits 80℉ water into two
equal parts. The first part goes through Exit 1 and the
second part goes through Exit 2. The volumetric flow
rate at the entrance is 8 ft3/sec, and the gage
pressures at the three positions are 25 lbf/in2 at the
entrance, 1713 lbf/ft2 at exit 1, and 3433 lbf/ft2 at exit
2. The diameters at the entrance, exit 1, and exit 2 are
6.5, 4 and 3.5 inches respectively. Please determine
the forces in all directions required to keep the fitting
in place.
Solution
Q 8 ft 3 /sec
ventr = = 2 = 34.72 ft/sec
A1 π 6.5 in
4 12in/ft

Q 4 ft 3 /sec
v1 = = 2 = 45.83 ft/sec
A2 π 4in
4 12in/ft

Q 4 ft 3 /sec
v2 = = = 59.87 ft/sec
A2 π 3.5 in 2
4 12in/ft

First, calculate the force in the x-direction:

Fx + Pentr Aentr
− P1 A1 cos 50 − P2 A2 cos 45 = ρv12 A1 cos 50 + ρv22 A2 cos 45 − ρ ventr
2
Aentr
 Fx = −Pentr Aentr
+ P1 A1 cos 40 + P2 A2 cos 45 + ρv12 A1 cos 40 + ρv22 A2 cos 45 − ρ ventr
2
Aentr
2
2
lbf 144 in π 6.5in
= − 25 + 14.7
in2 ft 2 4 12in
ft
2
lbf π 4in
+ 1713 + 2116.2 2 cos 40 + 3433
ft 4 12in
ft
2
lbf π 3.5in
+ 2116.2 cos 45
ft 2 4 12in
ft
lbm 2
ft 2
362.2π 4in
+ 45.83 ft cos 40
sec lb ft 12in
32.174 m 2 4 ft
lbf s
lbm 2
ft 2 62.2 π 3.5in
+ 59.87 ft3 cos 45
sec 32.174 lbm ft 4 12in
lbfs 2 ft
lbm 2
ft 2 62.2 ft3 π 6.5in
− 34.72
sec 32.174 lbm ft 4 12in
lbfs 2 ft
Fx = −1317.37 + 255.98 + 262.17 + 271.45 + 327.38 − 537.03 = −737.42 lbf (to left)

Next, calculate the force in the y-direction:

F − P1 A1 sin 40 + P2 A2 sin 45 = v1 ρv1 A1 sin 40 + v2 ρ(−v2 )A2 sin 45
F = v1 ρv1 A1 sin 40 + v2 ρ(−v2 )A2 sin 45 + P1 A1 sin 40 − P2 A2 sin 45
2 2
ft 62.2 lbm /ft3 π 4in
F = 45.83 sin 40
sec lb ft 4 12in/ft
32.174 m 2
lbfs
2
ft 62.2 lbm /ft3 π 3.5in 2
− 59.87 sin 45
sec lb ft 4 12in/ft
32.174 m 2
lbfs
lbf π 4in 2
+ 1713 + 2116.2 2 sin 40 − 3433
ft 4 12in/ft
lbf π 3.5in 2
+ 2116.2 2 sin 45 = 227.77 − 327.38 + 214.8 − 262.17
ft 4 12in/ft
= −146.98 lbf
5.36
Water at 100℃ flows through a 10 cm diameter
pipe that has a 180 degree vertical turn as
shown in the figure below. The volumetric flow
rate is constant at 0.2 m3/s. The absolute
pressure at position 1 is 64,000 Pa and the
absolute pressure at position 2 is 33,000 Pa.
The weight of the fluid and pipe together is
10 kg. Please calculate the total force that
vertical turn must withstand to remain in place
assuming the system is at steady state.
Solution
𝑄 0.2 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑣1 = 𝑣2 = = 𝜋 = 25.46 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴 (0.10 𝑚)2
4
𝜕
𝐹= 𝑣 𝜌(𝑣 ∙ 𝑛)𝑑𝐴 + 𝑣 𝜌𝑑𝑉
𝜕𝑡
Since we are working at steady state,
𝐹= 𝑣 𝜌(𝑣 ∙ 𝑛)𝑑𝐴
𝐹 + 𝑃1 𝐴1 − 𝑃2 𝐴2 cos 180 = 𝜌2 𝑣22 𝐴2 cos 180 − 𝜌1 𝑣12𝐴1
𝐹 = −𝑃1 𝐴1 + 𝑃2 𝐴2 cos 180 + 𝜌2 𝑣22𝐴2 cos 180 − 𝜌1 𝑣12 𝐴1
𝜋 𝜋
𝐹 = −(64,000 𝑃𝑎) (0.1 𝑚)2 + (33,000 𝑃𝑎) (0.1 𝑚)2 cos 180
4 4
𝑘𝑔 𝑚 2 𝜋
+ 958.4 3 25.46 (0.1 𝑚)2 cos (180)
𝑚 𝑠 4
𝑘𝑔 𝑚 2 𝜋
− 958.4 3 25.46 (0.1 𝑚)2 = −10,520.3 𝑁
𝑚 𝑠 4
𝑘𝑔∙𝑚
𝐹 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 + 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = (10 𝑘𝑔)(9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) = 98 2 = 98 𝑁
𝑠
5.37
Benzene is flowing at steady state
through the nozzle shown below at
80oF and at a constant flow rate of 3
ft3/sec. Note that the nozzle exit is at
an angle of 50 degrees as shown. At
the inlet the diameter is 5 inches and
the liquid is at a pressure of
500 lbf /ft2. At the outlet, the diameter
is 2 inches and the pressure is 300
lbf/ft2. For this problem the weight of
the benzene in the fitting is 30 lbf. Calculate the forces in all directions necessary to hold the pipe
bend stationary.

Solution
𝐹 + 𝑃1 𝐴1 − 𝑃2 𝐴2 cos 𝜃 = 𝜌2 𝑣22 𝐴2 cos 𝜃 − 𝜌1 𝑣12𝐴1
𝐹 = 𝑃2 𝐴2 cos 𝜃 − 𝑃1 𝐴1 + 𝜌2 𝑣22 𝐴2 cos 𝜃 − 𝜌1 𝑣12𝐴1
2
𝜋 2 2 2
𝜋 5 2
𝐹 = 300 𝑙𝑏𝑓 /𝑓𝑡 cos 𝜃 − 500 𝑙𝑏𝑓 /𝑓𝑡
4 12 4 12
2
3 3 2
54.6 𝑙𝑏𝑚 /𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡 /𝑠 𝜋 2
+ 2 cos 𝜃
𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 4 12
32.174 𝑚 2 𝜋 2
𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑠 4 12
2

54.6 𝑙𝑏𝑚 /𝑓𝑡 3 3 𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑠 𝜋 5 2

− = 501.6 𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡
𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑓𝑡 𝜋 5 2 4 12
32.174
𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑠 2 4 12
𝐹 + 𝑃2 𝐴2 sin 𝜃 − 𝑊 = −𝜌2 𝑣22 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝐹 = −𝑃2 𝐴2 sin 𝜃−𝜌2 𝑣22 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑊
2
2 3 3 2
2
𝜋 2 54.6 𝑙𝑏𝑚 /𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡 /𝑠 𝜋 2
𝐹 = − 300 𝑙𝑏𝑓 /𝑓𝑡 sin 𝜃 − 2 sin 𝜃 + 30 𝑙𝑏𝑓
4 12 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 4 12
32.174 𝑚 2 𝜋 2
𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑠 4 12
= −215.24 𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑢𝑝
5.39
A rectangular plate 5 feet long and 3 feet deep, hangs in the air from a hinge at the top as shown
in the figure. The plate is struck in the center by a horizontal jet of water at 60oF that is 4 inches in
diameter and moving at 20 ft/s, causing the plate to swing outward at an angle 𝜃. If the plate weighs
12 lbs., calculate the angle 𝜃 that the plate will hang from the vertical.
hinge

Fjet

Solution
From Appendix I: Water at 60oF, ρ = 62.3 lbm /ft3

∂
F= vx ρ(v ∙ n)dA + vx ρdV
∂t

Steady state reduces to,

2
2
(62.3 lbm /ft3 ) π 4
Fx = vx ρ(v ∙ n)dA = ρin vin Ain = 2
(20 ft/s)2 ft cosθ
32.174 lbm ft/lbf s 4 12
= 67.6(cos θ) lbf

5ft 5ft
M=0= F X r = −67.6(cos θ) + (12 lbs)(32.2 ft/s) sin θ
2 2

5ft 5ft
0 = −67.6(cos θ) + (12 lbs)(32.2 ft/s) sin θ
2 2

5ft 5ft
67.6(cos θ) = (12 lbs)(32.2 ft/s) sin θ
2 2

5ft
sin θ 67.6 2
= = 0.175
cos θ (12 lbs)(32.2 ft/s) 5ft
2

tan θ = 0.175

θ = 9.92o
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Mercy Flight
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Title: Mercy Flight

Author: Mack Reynolds

Release date: December 5, 2020 [eBook #63963]

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***
MERCY FLIGHT
 by MACK REYNOLDS

It was a lesson you learned in the Space-Forces,

and you learned it good: Out in the lonely void, when
you get in a jam, you're on your own ... it's you
against everything and everybody. Anything goes....

[Transcriber's Note: This etext was produced from

Planet Stories July 1951.
Extensive research did not uncover any evidence that
the U.S. copyright on this publication was renewed.]
The phone rang and Ed Kerry wasn't doing anything so he picked it
up and said, "Yeah?"
He said yeah a few more times, his eyes widening infinitesimally
each time, and finally wound up with, "Okay, Bunny."
He hung up and said, "That was Bunny, up in Oneonta. She says a
guy is coming in from Luna with a kid for emergency hospitalization,
radiation burns or something."
Jake was sitting back in his swivel chair, his feet on the desk and his
hands clasped behind his head. He growled, "That's the trouble with
women in this game; they've got no story sense. She phones all the
way from Oneonta on a story that's been run a hundred times. Every
time somebody gets good and sick up on Luna they bring 'em to
Earth for treatment." He shrugged. "Okay, so it's a kid this time. Do
up about a stick of it, Kerry, and we'll put it on page three if you can
work it into a tear-jerker."
Ed Kerry said, "You didn't let me finish, Jake. Something's wrong
with this guy's radio."
Somebody on the rewrite desk said, "Something wrong with his
radio? He's gotta have his radio or he can't come in."
Jake took his feet from the desk and sat up. "What'd' ya mean,
something's wrong with his radio?"
"Bunny said he's calling for his landing instructions but they can't get
anything back to him. He's just reached Brennschluss and he's in
free fall now; it'll be four days before he gets here. That's the way
they work it—he's supposed to get in touch with the spaceport he
wants to land at, and...."
"I know how they work it," Jake growled. "See if there's anything on
the last newswire from Luna about him."
Phil Mooney flicked his set on again and repeated carefully, "Calling
Oneonta Spaceport. Phil Mooney Outbound Luna, Calling Oneonta
Spaceport. Come in Oneonta."
Calling Phil Mooney. Calling Phil Mooney. Oneonta Spaceport Calling
Phil Mooney. Come in Mooney.
He cast a quick glance back at the child, strapped carefully in the
metal bunk. She was unconscious now, possibly as a result of the
acceleration in leaving Luna. He'd had to reach a speed of
approximately two miles per second to escape Earth's satellite, and
that had called for more G's acceleration than Lillian's sick body
could bear. His lips thinned back over his teeth; it would be even
worse when they came in for landing and he had to brake against
Earth's gravity.
He switched on the set again to give it another try. Instructions were
to contact the spaceport at which you planned to land as soon as
possible. There was plenty of time, of course, but the sooner the
better.
He said, "Calling Oneonta Spaceport. This is Phil Mooney, Luna,
Calling Oneonta. Come in Oneonta."
Calling Phil Mooney. Calling Phil Mooney. Oneonta Spaceport Calling
Phil Mooney. Come in Mooney.

Ed Kerry came back to the city room with a sheet of yellow paper
that he'd torn off the radiotype.
He said, "Here it is, Jake. This kid—her name is Lillian Marshall—is
the only survivor of an explosion at that nuclear-fission laboratory
they had on the dark side. Her old man and her mother were
working under this Professor Deems; both of them killed."
His eyes went on scanning the story. "Evidently this Phil Mooney
runs an unscheduled spaceline. Anyway, he blasted off to rush the
kid to an earth hospital."
Jake took the dispatch and scowled at it. "Kerry," he growled, "see
what we got on this Phil Mooney in the morgue." He rubbed the end
of his nose thoughtfully. "They'll probably pick him up all right when
he gets nearer."
Somebody on rewrite said, "It doesn't make any difference how far
he is; they should be able to reach him even if he was halfway to
Mars. Something's wrong with his set."

He decided to try one of the other spaceports. As a matter of fact, it

made very little difference at which of them he landed. There'd be
suitable hospital facilities within reasonable distance of any
spaceport. He was three days out now, and, according to spaceways
custom, had to let them know he was coming in. It wasn't like
landing an airplane—they want plenty of time to prepare for a
spacecraft's arrival.
He said, "Calling New Albuquerque Spaceport. Calling New
Albuquerque Spaceport. Phil Mooney, Luna, Calling New
Albuquerque. Please come in New Albuquerque."
Calling Phil Mooney. Calling Phil Mooney. New Albuquerque
Spaceport Calling Phil Mooney. We are receiving you perfectly. Come
in Mooney.
He tried once more.
"Calling New Albuquerque Spaceport. Calling New Albuquerque
Spaceport. Please come in New Albuquerque. Emergency. Repeat
Emergency. Please come in New Albuquerque."
Calling Phil Mooney. Calling Phil Mooney. We are receiving you
perfectly, Mooney. Come in Mooney.
Kitty Kildare took up her notes and prepared to make her way back
to her own tiny office.
"I've got it, Jake," she said breathlessly. Kitty was always breathless
over any story carrying more pathos than a basketball score. "My
column tomorrow'll have them melting. Actually, I mean."
Jake shuddered inwardly after she left.
Ed Kerry came up and drooped on the edge of the desk.
"Here's the dope on this Phil Mooney, Jake," he said. "He's about
thirty. Was in the last war and saw action when we had our space-
forces storming New Petrograd. Did some fighting around the
satellites, too. Piloted a one seater, got a couple of medals, but
never really made big news."
"Got any pix of him?"
Ed Kelly shook his head. "Like I said, he never really made the big
news. Just one more of these young fellas that saw plenty of action
and when the war was over was too keyed up to settle down to
everyday life."
Jake picked up the thin folder and riffled through the few clippings
there. "What's he doing now?" he growled.
"Evidently when the war ended he got one of these surplus
freighters and converted it. Name of his company is Mooney Space
Service; sounds impressive, but he's the only one in it. Probably
going broke; most of those guys are—can't make the grade against
the competition of Terra-Luna Spaceways and the other big boys
with the scheduled flights."
The city editor scratched the end of his nose speculatively. "Maybe
we ought to have Jim do up an editorial on these unscheduled
spacelines. Something along the line of how heroic some of these
guys are; that sort of stuff. Do up the idea that they're always ready,
fair weather or foul, to make an emergency trip...."
Kerry said, "There isn't any weather, fair or foul, in space."
Jake scowled at him. "You know what I mean, wise guy. Meanwhile,
get some statements from some authorities."
Ed Kerry said painfully, "What statements from what authorities?"
The city editor glared at him. "So help me, Ed. I'm going to stick you
on obituaries. Any statements from any authorities. You know damn
well what I mean. Get some doctor to beef about the fact there
aren't suitable hospitalization facilities on Luna. Get some president
of one of these unscheduled spacelines to sound off about what a
hero Mooney is and how much good these unscheduled spacelines
are—and that reminds me of something—"
He yelled to a tall lanky reporter at the far end of the city room:
"Hey, Ted. Get Bunny on the line up in Oneonta and tell her I said to
look up some of these unscheduled spacelines guys and see if she
can get a photograph of Phil Mooney from them. Maybe he's got
some buddies in Oneonta."

There was one thing about being in free fall. You had lots of time to
sit and think. Too much time, perhaps.
You had the time to think it all over. And over and over again.
There was the war which had torn you from the routine into which
life had settled, from friends and relations and sweethearts, and
thrown you into a one man space-fighter in which you sometimes
stayed for weeks on end without communication with anyone, friend
or foe.
There had probably been no equivalent situation in the history of
past warfare to the one man space-scouts. The nearest thing to
them might have been the flyers of 1914, in the first World War—
but, of course, they were up there alone only for hours at a time,
not weeks.
"You develop self-reliance, men," was the way the colonel had put it.
"You develop self-reliance, or you're sunk.
"You're in space by yourself, alone. You can't use your radio or they
can locate you. If something happens, some emergency, or some
contact with the enemy, you're on your own. You have to figure it
out; there's no superior officer to do your thinking; you're the whole
works."
And the colonel had been right, of course. It was a matter of using
your own wits, your own ability. Fighting in a space-scout was the
work of an individual, not of a team. Perhaps it would be different
someday in the future when machines and instruments had been
developed further; but now it was an individualistic game, each man
for himself.
And probably it was because of this training that he, Phil Mooney,
was unable to get back into the crowd after the war had ended. He
was an individualist who rebelled against working not only for but
even with someone else.
He should have known better. Industry had reached beyond the
point where one man goes out by himself and makes a fortune—or
even a living, he thought wryly. It's the day of the big concerns, of
tremendous trusts and cartels, who didn't even have to bother with
the task of squeezing out tiny competitors like himself. He was out
before he started.
The Mooney Space Service. He snorted in self deprecation.
Oh, well.
He pulled himself erect and made his way to the bunk. The kid was
awake. He grinned down at her and said, "How's it going, Lillian?"
Her eyes seemed glazed, even worse than they'd been yesterday,
but she tried to smile back at him. "All right," she whispered, her
child's voice so low he could hardly make it out. "Where's mother...."
Phil Mooney held a finger to his lips. "Maybe you'd better not talk
too much, Lillian. Your mother and father are ... they're all right. The
thing now is to get you to the hospital and make you well again.
Understand?"
Kitty Kildare was saying indignantly, "What's this about no insurance
on Luna?"
"Use your head, Kitty," Jake grunted. "What company'd be crazy
enough to insure anybody working on Luna? By the way, that was a
good piece on Mooney and the Marshall kid."
"Did you read it?" Kitty Kildare was pleased.
He shuddered. "No, but the letters have been pouring in. Maybe you
ought to do another. Take it from some other angle this time."
"That's why I wanted to know about the insurance. Do you realize
that this child, this poor, sick, defenseless child, is penniless?
Actually, I mean. Bad enough that her parents have left her an
orphan, but, Jake, that child is penniless."
"All right, all right," he told her, "work on that for tomorrow's
column."
Ed came up with another radiotype report, just as Kitty was leaving.
"This guy Mooney's calling all the other spaceports now, Jake.
Evidently he's getting desperate; he's only two days out. And by the
way, here's a new angle. This guy Harry Marshall, the kid's father,
was a war-time buddy of Phil Mooney; they went to cadet school or
something together."
Jake growled thoughtfully, "He hasn't got a chance, but it makes a
tremendous story. Get somebody to rig up a set in the radiotype
room, Ed, and we'll see if we can listen in."

There was a desperate, tense, taut inflection in his voice now.

"Calling New Albuquerque Spaceport or Oneonta Spaceport. Phil
Mooney calling any Earth spaceport. Phil Mooney Calling Oneonta,
New Albuquerque, Casablanca, Mukden, any Earth spaceport.
Emergency. Emergency. Request landing instructions. Have Lillian
Marshall, eight years old, needing immediate medical care, aboard.
Please come in any Earth Spaceport."
Calling Phil Mooney. New Albuquerque calling Phil Mooney.
Ambulance waiting on grounds. Receiving you perfectly. Come in....
Calling Phil Mooney. Casablanca Spaceport Calling Phil....
Calling Phil Mooney. Mukden Spaceport Calling....
Calling Phil Mooney. Oneonta Spaceport Calling Phil Mooney....

Ed Kerry looked up over the set in the radiotype room at the city
editor. He wet his lips carefully and said, "He's only got one day now.
They've got to pick him up in hours or he's sunk."
Jake said, "I never did understand how that works. Why can't he
land himself? I know he can't, but why?"
The reporter shrugged. "I don't quite get it either, but evidently the
whole operation is pretty delicate stuff. They bring him down with
radar, somehow or other. It's not like landing an airplane. Landing a
spacecraft is done from the ground up—not from the spacecraft
down. The pilot has comparatively little to do about it. At least,
that's the way it is with nine ships out of ten."
The set began to blare again, and they both listened tensely. It was
Phil Mooney.
"Listen, you guys down there. If you're sitting around playing craps
or something, I'm going to have a few necks to break when I get
down."
The two newspapermen stared at each other over the set. Ed Kerry
ran his tongue over his lips again.
The strained tone had gone from the voice of the spacepilot now
and had been replaced by one of hopelessness. He said, "I don't
know who I think I'm kidding. I know darn well that something's
wrong with my receiver and I can't find out what it is. Maybe my
sender is off too, for all I know. All I can pick up is some girl singing
something about white roses. White roses, yet! I want landing
instructions and I get white roses."
Ed Kerry jerked his head up and snapped, "Holy jumping hell, he's
able to pick some commercial station!"
Jake came to his feet, stuck his neck out of the door and yelled at
the top of his voice, "Phil Mooney is receiving some commercial
station! Some dame singing something about white roses! Check
every station in the city! Find out if any of them are broadcasting
some dame singing about white roses."

Ladies and gentlemen, we interrupt this program for an emergency

situation. Undoubtedly, you have heard on your newscasts and have
read in your papers of the tragic case of Lillian Marshall, child victim
of an atomic explosion on Luna which orphaned her and
necessitated her immediate flight to an Earth hospital.
For the past three days the spacecraft carrying her, piloted by war
hero Phillip Mooney, has been having trouble with its radio. Due to
circumstances surrounding landing of spacecraft, the two have been
given up as lost in spite of the fact that almost hourly it has been
possible to receive messages from Mooney.
It is now revealed that he is able to pick up this program on the
Interplanetary Broadcasting System network. We are not sure which
of the nearly two thousand stations of our system he is receiving,
but we will now attempt to reach Phillip Mooney with relayed
messages from the Oneonta Spaceport where expert medical care is
awaiting little Lillian Marshall.
Come in Oneonta.
Calling Phil Mooney. Calling Phil Mooney. Come in, Phil. This is
Oneonta Spaceport, relaying through the Interplanetary
Broadcasting System. Come in, Phil.
"Phil Mooney, calling Oneonta. I'm getting you, Oneonta. Come in,
Oneonta. Over."
Okay, Phil. Now this is it. We should have had you two hours ago,
but we'll make out all right. Your velocity is a little too high. Give it
six more units on your Kingston valves. Get that? Over.
"Got it. Six more units on the Kingstons. Over."
All right now. Switch on your remote control, Phil. We'll take it from
here. Stand by the coordinators....
 The little ship bulleted down toward Oneonta Spaceport....

It was night, but a blaze of lights illuminated the Oneonta Spaceport.

Hundreds of landcars stood on the parking lots, thousands of
persons crowded the wire fence which kept all but port personnel
from the field itself.
The old space-freighter sank easily to the apron and in seconds the
rocket flames died. A surge of humanity ebbed over the field toward
the craft.
Phil Mooney opened the pilot-compartment's hatch and stuck his
head out, blinking in surprise at the mob beneath him.
"I don't know what this is all about," he began, "but I've got a sick
kid aboard. There's supposed to be an ambulance...."
Police wedged through the crowd, convoying a white-haired, white-
jacketed man. He called up to the spacepilot, "We won't need an
ambulance, Mr. Mooney. I've already made arrangements for
facilities here at the airport for immediate treatment."
Phil Mooney made his way to the ground and scowled, still obviously
startled by the swelling crowd.
"Who in kert are you?" he asked.
The other motioned for two assistants to enter the ship and bring
out the child. "I'm Doctor Kern," he said. "I'll see...."
"Doctor Adrian Kern, the radiation expert?" The pilot frowned
worriedly. "See here, doctor, the Marshalls were friends of mine, and
I've taken over the care of little Lillian, but I'm—well, I'm afraid I
couldn't afford to pay you ... I mean...."
The famous doctor smiled at him. "I've been retained by the
Interplanetary Golden Heart, Phil. You needn't worry about my fee.
Besides," and he smiled easily, "I'm not going to accept any fee for
this case. You see, I was listening to Marsha Malloy singing 'Love of
White Roses' when your call came through. I believe it was the most
poignant experience I have ever been through."
A girl next to the doctor gushed, "I'm Bunny Davis, Mr. Mooney. The
managing editor of our newspaper chain has authorized me to buy
your story for five thousand. If you'll just—"
Phil Mooney blinked. "I—I—"
A heavy-set man in a business suit grasped his hand and shook it
with fervor, while flashbulbs went off blindingly. "Phil," he said
huskily, as though moved by deep emotion, "as president of the
board of directors of Terra-Luna Spaceways, I wish to take this
opportunity to offer you a full—"
"Hey! Give us a smile, Phil," a man on top of a television truck
yelled....

He was headed back for Luna the next day.

They'd been indignant, of course. There was Hollywood, and the
television networks, and that Terra-Luna Spaceways guy who
wanted to get in on all the publicity by offering him a vice-
presidency. And the newspaper editors, and the magazine editors,
and all the rest of them.
Approximately a billion persons had been tuned in to the
Interplanetary network when the emergency landing instructions
had been broadcast to him through that system. A billion persons
had sat on the edge of their chairs, tensely, as his ship had been
brought in.
He and little Lillian had received more publicity in the past twenty-
four hours than anyone since Lindbergh.
And the child would be all right now. Before he'd left, checks totaling
over a quarter of a million had come in for her. Donations from all
over the Earth and from Mars and Venus and even some from the
Jupiter satellites.
And offers of adoption. Thousands of them, from rich and poor—
even including Marsha Malloy, the video star who'd been singing that
song, "Love of White Roses."
Yes, Lillian would be all right. He wouldn't have been able to pay for
the medical care she'd needed; but now she had the most capable
experts on Earth at her disposal.
They had been indignant when he blasted off again for Luna. They'd
wanted to make a hero of him. This leaving on his part they
interpreted as modesty—which, come to think of it, would make him
all the more of a hero.
Phil Mooney slipped a hand down to his set and flicked it on. He
dialed over a dozen different stations. The news programs were all
full of him and of Lillian. You'd think, to hear them, that he was the
noblest, the most daring, the greatest man since Alexander the
Great.
He grinned wryly. One of the reasons he'd been so anxious to leave
was to get away before somebody thought to check his set to see
what was wrong with it. Why, if anybody had found that it was
actually in perfect shape, they'd probably have lynched him.
Yeah. The colonel had been right. In the space-forces you learned to
be self-reliant. When you got in a bad spot, you figured it out
yourself. You're on your own; it's you against everything and
everybody. Anything goes.
His grin broadened. Maybe he wasn't a hero—the way they were all
painting him; but at least Lillian was all right now, and no longer
penniless the way her parents' death had left her.
—And he wasn't doing so badly himself.
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