Locomotion

Skeletal system
I Mineral storage
Functions Locomotion S movement
Vital organ protection
Haemopoiesis sp longbone

201
I 1
Axial skeleton 180 Appendicular skeleton 126
Skull 29 Girdleboned Limbbones
t
Vertebrae as
Ribs s
au
sternum
lil
pectoral Pelvic upperlimb Lower
limb
G 30 2 60 30 2

IfI III
Skull Occipital N
L Paired bone
Face M
cranium Ethmoid 11 Nose
Sphenoid 1
Hyoid 11
t
onlybonewhich donot articulate

Grape bone
with other bone
 Zygomaticbone 2 cheekbone
Maxilla 2
Palate 2
Lacrimal 4 In orbit eyes
myth superior nasalcondo

Nasal 2
Herin wax and
yes omg
Ig
Mandible
Vomer 4
N Lowerjaw
Ear
Malleus 41
Is

jet
stapes 2 No muscle attachment
Ini

vertebrae ko ist Vert ATLAS

and Vert AXIS

cervical v
Thoracic v

Lumbar v

Sacral V 5

coccygeal v y
 Gf secondary curvature

cervical V
Laridotic curvature
4
aphotic Thoracic V
curvature
LytbarV
Secondary Curr

Sacrum S coccyx

Abnormal curvature Scoliotic curvature

STERNUM
I Fu
Manubrium

Ej
s
Xiphoid
process

f
Y't ribs floatingribs
 Pectoral Girdle
I Beautybone
clavicle 2 collarbone
Most commonlyfactored bone
scapula 2 shoulderblade

Acromion Process

depoidtorst
Cavityshoulder
Humerus
joint
I
Glenohumeral
joint

iii

EEE.tt
etagpd IPhalangesIl
23333
 Pelvic Girdle

Hipbone.se
t
Parts i ÉÉ
obturatorfora
me

tf

tibia
MF ft
4
Patellakneecap

Ebola thin
thick

Tarsal 7
18884
L Metatarsals s
Phalanges M
2,3333
 Joints

Immovable slightly movable

titis freelymovable

t
Ligamentor

Effibrous
any
toff
fluid
s.EE
friction
prevent

t.si1 I iii
v
Sutures
n

35hr Parietal
temporary Permanent
joint
id d

me
Jj eggwww.mm.J
Pubic symphysis
Intervertebral
disk

Plane S.J Gliding movement

Intercarpal joint Intertarsaljoint

eg
Hinges J Flexion S Extension

Eg Knee Elbow Interphalangeal joint

Condylar S.J
Eg Atlanta occipital joint
ondytep Metacarpophalangeal joint
 Pivot joint
Eg Atlanta axialjoint
Axis
Radioulnar
joint
y
Ball S Socket Mis
E Hipjoint
shoulderjoint
SI Incudostapedialjoin
inmiddle ear

Saddle joint 1stcarpometacarpal

Eg Patelltemoral joint
joint
MTS
joint
Incodomalleolar

inmiddleear
µ

Muscular system
 t
skeletal muscle
B RohetoBone
o

YiLyldeeptased
j

Non contractile
Bone tomuscle Epimysium

muscle

Bundle of mush
tar

faside
Musclefibres
Perimysium Myofibrils
around bundleof musclefibre
or I
coveringof fasicle covered by
Endomyseium
Muscle covering Epimycium

Musclefibre covering Endomysium

n mm m
 NMD
Impulse
Muscle fibre
Actin
Myos T Tubules
l
Tyg
Function Spread impulse in

Hines muscle
fibre

ÉtÉJ
sarcoplasmic reticulum
III
Storage for Catt

cytoplasm

Structure of Myosin
aka Thick filament
It is a Protein SEnzyme

Myosin is a polymer which is madeup of many monomers

H
MEROMYOSIN

Lf
actin bindings
Atpbinding site
t
T
TT Yeck Head

Fightmeromyosin LMM.MIL
yIsin
eomyoitmii
 of all yo sin is attache
y to M line
z
fail

Inline
t
My ones in
protein
Structure of Actin
Thin filament
000000

8 G globular Proteins F filament Actin

Troponin

80 Actin protein

8 8 8888 coiled chain

88888
t
Tropomyosin Hold the chain
At Rest Troponin S Tropomyosin
Block
 31 I the a v si o
Sliding filament theory

AF Huxley SHE Huxley

Troponin
L Actin
y
two to tf 08.0

if resting phase
N

t
os
bridgeformation
utilise ATP
T
myosin

I
 Best
90094 Powerstroke

verystroke
eco
ADD P isreleased
energy utilised

NMI
Acetycholine released
1
Action potential in sarcolemma
I
Impulse spread via T Tubule
d
Catt released from SR

Troponin binds to Catt

I
Unmasking of active site on actin
I
Attachment of myosin head
C cross bridgeformation
d
POWER STROKE
I
cross bridge broken
I
stroke
 y
The process continues till the Cattions are pumped back into SR
resulting inthe masking of actin filament zlines returns totheir original position
I
RELAXATION

ginetezine
d
M line
t Milne
a line

U
Ind Xband
ta lightband
Dark band

A band Doesnt change

M line Doesnt change
H band Reduces at the time of Contraction

I band Reduces at the time of contraction

Z line comes closer to M line in Contraction
 Energy for muscle contraction
ATP
Phosphagen
Creatine phosphate
STEP I

ATP Antmyosinhead ADP Pi free energy

step 2
creative
Creatine phosphate App kinase ATP Creative

step 3
Lactic acid
Glycogen
stored inmuscle
Glucose
Layton

if

Liver
ai
t
glycogen
stored
 Red Musclefibre white muscle fibre

Thin slow Tonicmuscle Thickfast Twitch muscle

More mitochondria LessMitochondria

High ATPproductionrate Low ATPproduction rate

Highlevel of myoglobin Less myoglobulin

Oxyhaemoglobin is High Less Haemoglobin

Aerobic Anaerobic

Less glycogen more glycogen

SR are poorlydeveloped SR are well developed

Slow S Sustained Contraction Fast contractions forsmallperiod

Back muscles Muscle of fingers eyeball

flightmuscle ofeagle s vultures flight muscle of small bird