(Recognized By the Govt. of India, Affiliated to CBSE Board, New Delhi) Thirumala Dhaba Road, Attur Layout, Yelahanaka, Bangalore-560064. School Code- 45737, Affiliation Code- 830600
D OF SECONDAR OAR YE DU L B A CA R T
TI CEN
ON CBSE+2 PROJECT ON
________________________________________
BY: STUDENT NAME: Atharv Sooraj REG NO: CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110 092 India
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Project Report Entitled
Is bonafide work carried out by in Fulfillment of the
prescribed Project work as instructed by the CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION for CBSE+2 CHEMISTRY during the academic year 2024-2025.The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Project prescribed for CBSE+2.
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the completion of any task would be incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible, whose constant guidance and encouragement ground my efforts with success.
I consider it is a privilege to express my gratitude and respect to all those who guided me in completion of my project.
It’s a great privilege to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to our Dean, Principal, Project guide who patronized throughout our project & for the facilities provided to carry out this work successfully.
I am grateful to my Chemistry teacher ………………….. for her invaluable support and
guidance and motivation
I thank the teaching and non-teaching staff members who have helped me directly or indirectly during the project work.
Finally, I also thank my family and friends for their co-operation and motivation to complete this project successfully.
STUDENT NAME SL.NO. CONTENTS PAGE REMARKS NO. 1. Topic
2. Introduction
3. Experiment i) Aim
ii) Requirements
iii) Theory
iv) Procedure
v) Observation
vi) Result
vii) Precautions
4. Bibliography STUDYING THE PRESENCE OF INSECTICIDES AND PESTICIDES IN VARIOUS FRUITS Since before 20BC, humans have utilized pesticides to protect their crops. The first known pesticide was elemental sulphur dusting used about 4500 years ago in ancient Mesopotamia. By the 15th century, toxic chemicals such as arsenic, mercury and lead were being used as insecticides. The 19th century saw the introduction of two more natural pesticides, pyrethrum, which is derived from chrysanthemums, rotenone which is derived from the roots of tropical vegetables. In 1940s manufacturers began to produce large amounts of synthetic pesticides. The 1940s and 1950s is said to be the start of the “Pesticide era”. A pesticide may be a chemical substance, biological agent, disinfectant or device used against any pest. Pests include insects, plant pathogens, insects, molluscs, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes and microbes that destroy property or spread disease. Some pests are shown below: Some examples of pesticides are: DDT, BHC, zinc phosphide, mercuric chloride, dinitrophenol, etc. All pesticides are poisonous chemicals and are used in small quantities with care. Pesticides are proven to be effective against variety of insects, weeds and fungi and are respectively called insecticides, herbicides and fungicides.
Most of the pesticides are non-biodegradable, which
also makes pesticides pollutants. In 1960s it was discovered that DDT was preventing many fish eating birds from reproducing, which was a serious threat to biodiversity. The agricultural use of DDT is now leaned under the stock holm convention. Restrictions on use of pesticides and controlling use of pesticides are imposed. The US department of agriculture has campaigned for the safe use of pesticides. Traditional insecticides such as pyrithrium or non-persistent chemicals such as carbaryl sevin are now very widely used. Large-scale rearing, radiation sterilizing and release programme are now major effects of the US Department of agriculture and are highly effective in restricted situations. Control of insects by synthetic growth hormones is also effective in limited situations. AIM: To detect the presence of pesticides/insecticides (nitrogen containing) in various fruits and vegetables.
REQUIREMENTS: Mortar and pestle, Beakers, Funnel, Glass rod, Filter paper, China dish, Water bath, Tripod stand, Fusion tube, Knife, Test tube, Samples of various fruits and vegetables, Alcohol, Sodium Metal, Ferric Chloride, Ferrous Sulphate Crystals, Distilled Water, Dil. HCl.
THEORY: Pesticides are chemicals which prevent pests. Nitrogen present in organic compounds is detected by “Lassaigne’s Test”. The elements present in the compound are converted from covalent form into the ionic form by fusing the compound with sodium metal. Following reaction take place: Na + C + N → NaCN (sodium cyanide) Cyanide of sodium so formed on sodium fusion is extracted from the fused mass by boiling it with distilled water. This extract is known as sodium fusion extract. Pesticides are classified according to the pests they control. The four main types of pesticides are: (i) Herbicides (ii) Fungicides (iii) Rodenticides (iv) Insecticides
PROCEDURE: 1) Different types of fruits and vegetables were taken and cut into small pieces separately and crushed a bit. 2) Different beakers were selected for each kind of fruits and vegetables. The crushed fruits and vegetables were placed in these beakers and 100 ml of alcohol was added to each of these. 3) The mixture was stirred well and filtered. 4) The filtrate was collected in separate china dishes, the alcohol was evaporated by heating the china dishes one by one over a water bath and the residue was dried in oven. 5) A small piece of sodium was then heated in a fusion tube, till it melted. 6) One of the above residues from the china dish was added to this fusion tube and heated till it was red hot. 7) The hot fusion tube was dropped in a china dish containing about 10 ml of distilled water. 8) The tube was then broken and the contents of the china dish was boiled for about 5 minutes. 9) The solution was cooled and filtered. 10) The filtrate was then collected. 11) To the filtrate 1 ml of freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution was added and heated. 12) Then 2-3 drops of ferric chloride solution were added and acidified with dilute HCl. 13) A blue or green ppt. or coloration if obtained indicated the presence of nitrogen containing insecticides. The above steps are repeated for residues obtained from other fruits and vegetables and observations are recorded. OBSERVATIONS:
SL. NAME OF TEST FOR PRESENCE OF
NO. FRUIT OR PRESENCE INSECTICIDES VEGETABLE OF OR NITROGEN PESTICIDES 1. Apple Positive Positive 2. Cucumber Positive Positive 3. Banana Positive Positive 4. Potato Positive Positive 5. Carrot Positive Positive 6. Tomato Positive Positive 7. Grapes Positive Positive
RESULT: All the fruits and vegetables which were tested contain nitrogen containing pesticides/insecticides.
PRECAUTIONS: 1. Splashing must be avoided. 2. Eyes and nose must not be touched after touching chemicals which are used. 3. For effective results the fruit and vegetable samples should be sliced into small pieces and then crushed properly. 1. www.encyclopedia.com 2. www.wikipedia.com 3. Britannica encyclopaedia 4. Practical manual in chemistry for class xii 5. Microsoft Encarta 6. NCERT Chemistry- XII 7. Comprehensive Practical Chemistry- XII
