❖ A dependent clause introduced by an adverbial subordinator
❖ Used to modify the verb of the independent clause ➔ functioning as an adverb ❖ Many types: time, place, manner, condition, etc.
2 Adverbs Review
❖ Adverbs used to modify
❖ Verbs
❖ Adjectives
❖ Adverbs
❖ Sentences
❖ Adverbs used to connect clauses/sentences
however, additional, therefore...
3 Adverbial Clauses after following the time that… as while when… as soon as immediately at or instantly after the time that… before earlier than the time when… TIME since from that time/moment until up to the time of… when a point in time/short duration whenever at any time while longer duration of time 4 I don't know when she will come --> A noun clause --> direct O of V know Adverbial Clauses I don't know the time when she will come --> ADJ clause --> modify the time
I think I will go when she comes --> adverbial clause --> modify the time, such an adverb Tense sequence in adverbial clauses of time ❖ To talk about past or present ➔ use the same tense as in the independent clause I normally look after the children while she’s practicing. When she heard the result, she was overjoyed. ❖ To talk about future ➔ use present Wait here until you are ready to go.
5 Adverbial Clauses Tense sequence with adverbial clauses of time md trạng ngữ xảy ra trc--> chia ở hiện tại/ HTHT ❖ To talk about an action completed before another described in the independent clause ➔ use simple or perfect verb forms hai hd này xảy ra liên tiếp//xảy ra từ trc rất lâu, sau 1 khoảng tg mới đến come and.... As soon as you see/ have seen her, come and tell me. She wrote to me after she spoke/ had spoken to Kim. COMPARE nếu là write--> vừa vt xong--> bật dậy kéo vali đi liền After I have written this book, I’m having a holiday. (rather than I WRITE) Turn off the lights as you leave. (not YOU HAVE LEFT) When I saw Jim, I asked him over for dinner. (not HAD SEEN) vừa saw thì asked liền 6 Adverbial Clauses anywhere
everywhere any place
PLACE wherever
where a definite place
DISTANCE/ as + adverb + as make a comparison FREQUENCY as in the way/manner that/like… MANNER as if/ as though past subjunctive--> the infor in this clause is not true 7 Adverbial Clauses as I didn't understand the question, I asked her to repeat it (ko I asked... as I didn't) as as, since phải đứng trc md độc lập because có thể đứng trc hoặc sau main clause REASON because for the reason that… since dùng because và chỉ nó để trả lời cho câu hỏi why, còn as, since trong văn nói ko thể đứng phrase + that1 mình I asked her to repeat the question, for I so + adj + thatdidn't..--> 'for'--> coordinator, ko thể để for lên RESULT đầu. , ý nghĩawithko qtthe result bằng that because so + adv + that such a(n) (+adj) + n in order that PURPOSE for the good of so that
8 Adverbial Clauses although CONCESSION/ even though in spite of the fact that CONTRAST though STRONG whereas direct opposition CONTRAST while as long as if CONDITION provided/ providing under the condition that… unless whether 9 Reducing adverbial clauses ❖ Retain BEFORE have the same S, usually rather formal A student should consider some factors BEFORE choosing a major. ❖ Retain SINCE when it refers to time SINCE moving to the U.S., Carlos has not been back home. (Since he moved…) Coming from a conservative family, Carlos was shocked at the US system of coed dormitories. (Since/As Carlos he …) ❖ Delete AS when it refers to time Getting used to the way of life here, he became less homesick. ❖ Delete all subordinators referring to reason ❖ Retain AFTER, WHEN and WHILE when the reduced form follows the independent clause WHILE preparing for the TOEFL, he lived with a family. Preparing for the TOEFL, he lived with a family. He lived with a family WHILE preparing for the TOEFL. 10 - as I had failed my medical exams, I took up teaching --> emphasize one thing happening b4 another --> failing my medical....(hai hd xảy ra liên tục,vừa thi rớt là took up teaching luôn) --> having failed my medical....(hd đã xảy ra từ trc đó sau đó mới xảy ra hd sau) - it rained for 2 weeks on end, so that it completely ruined our trip --> it rained for 2 weeks on end, completely ruining our trip - after he had been abandoned by his friends, the boy went home alone --> Abandoned by his friend, the boy...
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES dangling modifier: lỗi sai hệ quy chiếu, hai md có chủ ngữ khác nhau--> vẫn rút gọn 1. carrying a heavy pile of books, his foot caught on a step --> he caught his foot on a step --> muốn rút gọn thì hai md phải có chung CHỦ NGỮ
REDUCING COMPOUND SENTENCE
- I felt very tired, so I slept until midnight withour eating --> feeling very tired, I slept... --> hai md cân bằng nhau--> rút gọn cái nào cx đc - I slept until midnight, and I forgot to eat --> ..., forgetting to eat 11 Examples likely situation in present/ future 1. If I become President, I will end the war. – Hillary Clinton unlikely condition in present/ future --> unreal in present/ future 2. If I became President, I would end the war. – a student advice more polite 3. If I were you, I wouldn’t do that. very polite request 4. I’d appreciate it if you wouldn’t smoke. if u were kind enough, would you shut the door 5. Would you be so kind as to shut the door?
6. If I had finished work earlier, I would have gone to the movie.
belongs to the past, 12 Overview
❖ Alternatives to IF ❖ Assuming ❖ Provided, providing ❖ But for ❖ So long as, as long as ❖ Even if, only if ❖ Suppose, supposing ❖ On condition that ❖ Unless ❖ Or else ❖ What if ❖ Otherwise
13 Overview Three types of conditionals
Present Simple + Present Simple real condition in present/
Zero future If you press this button, the engine stops.
Present Simple + will Inf.
First If she rings this evening, I’ll let you know.
Past Subjunctive + would Inf.
Second What would you do if you became President?
Past Perfect + would have p.p.
Third If I hadn’t seen her, she’d have drowned. 14 Type-0 Conditionals
❖ Present Simple + Present Simple
❖ One thing always follows automatically from another
kết quả tất yếu, duy nhất của đk, chắc chắn kq sẽ xảy ra ❖ If the door bell rings, the dog barks.
❖ If you add twelve and fifteen, what do you get?
IF= WHEN/ WHENEVER/ ONCE
15 Type-1 Conditionals MD CHÍNH KO PHẢI KHẢ NĂNG DUY NHẤT ❖ Present Simple + Will-Infinitive CÓ THỂ XẢY RA ĐI KÈM VỚI ĐK ❖ Open conditions; likely conditions in present and future If it rains, the reception will take place indoors. If we’re having a party, we’ll have to invite the neighbors. If you’ll just sign here, thank you. IF you are willing to sign here--> willing to do st
If he won’t go, there’s nothing we can do about it. not willing to do st
If you will drive so fast, you must expect to have accidents.
iinsist on doing st If Ann won’t be here on Thursday, we’d better cancel the meeting. if it is true that/ if we know that... 16 Type-2 Conditionals ❖ Past Subjunctive + Would-Infinitive
❖ Unlikely/Unreal conditions in present and future
If I had lots of money, I’d travel around the world.
I’d tell you the answer if I knew what it was.
Supposing we were to win the lottery, how would you spend the money? emphasize the unlivelihood-formal Would it be alright if I brought a friend?
If the sun were shining, everything would be perfect.
If you’d just sign here, please. Thank you. very polite
17 Type-3 Conditionals
❖ Past Perfect+ Would-perfect
❖ Unlikely/Unreal conditions in past
If you’d taken the taxi, you’d have been here on time.
If I could’ve warned you in time, I’d have done.
If you hadn’t woken me up in the night, I wouldn’t feel so tired now.
If Tom were ambitious, he’d have found himself a better job years ago. nếu tom là ng có tham vọng If Tom had been amnitious... --> nếu HỒI ĐÓ Tom có tham vọng.... 18 nếu ko tại vì thời tiết Special Cases ❖ If it were not for the weather, we’d have gone out hours ago. nếu hồi đó ko vì thời tiết --> chỉ trog lúc đó mà thôi ❖ If it had not been for the weather, we’d have gone out hours ago.
We didn’t go out hours ago because of the weather.
❖ If it had not been for Helen’s help, we’d never have got there on time. ❖ If it were not for Helen’s help, we’d never have got there on time.
We got there on time thanks to Helen’s help.
❖ Without her help, I would never have got where I wanted.
I got where I wanted because of her help.
❖ But for your help, we’d never have managed.
We managed thanks to your help.
19 ❖ If it were not for + N
❖ If it had not been for + N
❖ Without + N
❖ But for + N
20 ❖ Because of + N/V-ing
❖ Due to + N/V-ing
❖ Owing to + N/V-ing formal, tích hay tiêu cực đều đc
❖ Thanks to + N/V-ing tích cực
21 Inversions if it rains, the reception will take place... something is unlikely = happen to --> if it should rain, the... --> should it rain,.... ( should you need for more further inf...(nếu lỡ, tình cờ...)
❖ Should it rain, the reception will take place indoors.
❖ Were I to have lots of money, I’d travel around the world.
❖ Had you taken a taxi, you’d have been here on time.
If it had not been for you,... ❖ Had it not been for you, we’d never have got there on time. were I to be you, I wouldn't.... - If I had a lot of money, I'd... --> If I was to have .... --> was I to have.... 22 WISHES ❖ wish + to-Infinitive diễn tả ao ước, want/ would like wish và would ko ❖ wish + that-clause diễn tả chuyện ko có kn xảy ra dùng trong th cùng cn ❖ wish + would: I wish (that) the noise next door would stop.want to change st but you can't ❖ wish + past subjunctive: I wish (that) I were taller. (past subjunctive ~ past simple; BE => WERE) ❖ I wish (that) she were less demanding. ❖ wish + past perfect: I wish (that) I had studied harder when I was a student.
