Byte-1979-06

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KNLODDING
SYSTEMS - SOLUTIONS
If you have a problem that can be solved by a computer -we have a systems solution.
Two central processors with maximum RAM capacities of 56K and 384 K bytes
Three types of disk drives with capacities of 175K, 1.2M and 16M bytes
Two dot matrix printers with 80 and 132 line capacity
A Selectric typewriter interface and a daisy wheel printer
Match these to your exact need, add one or more of our intelligent terminals and put together
a system from one source with guaranteed compatibility in both software and hardware.
Southwest Technical Products systems give you unmatched power, speed and versatility. They
are packaged in custom designed woodgrain finished cabinets. Factory service and support on
the entire system and local service is available in many cities.
SOUTHWEST TECHNICAL PRODUCTS CORPORATION
EEITI 219 W. RHAPSODY

SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 78216 (512) 344 -0241
Circle 350 on inquiry card.
OU1
OUI
OUI
OU1
pU1
You can do surprising things

when you have 64 kilobytes of fast RAM
on one card
4 MHz FAST-AND EXPANDABLE BENCHMARK IT
Here's 64 kilobytes of memory on Obviously, the speed and memory
one RAM card. Yes, we mean 512K capacity of this new card give you a
bits of read /write memory on this lot of power.
single card. You can see that for yourself in
And, yes, we mean it's fast. With our new 7- station Multi -User Com-
-
150 -nanosecond chip access times
so the card can operate in fast
Z -80 systems with no wait states.
puter System which uses these Model
64KZ cards. This S100 -bus system
outperforms the speed of many if
Repeat, no wait states. not most timesharing systems of up
to 10 times the Cromemco price.
EXPANDABLE ON TWO LEVELS And yet where some of these much
Not only does the new Model more expensive and cumbersome For high reliability all Cromemco memory
64KZ give you a large, fast RAM systems clearly slow to a snail's pace cards are burned in at the factory in these
but it is expandable on two levels. when timesharing, the Cromemco
temperature -controlled ovens.
First, through our Cromemco Bank
system using Bank Select switching
Select feature, you can expand to
512 kilobytes in eight 64K banks.
runs surprisingly fast.
1044;
rlll
Or, with our Extended Bank Select
feature, you can expand memory SEE IT NOW
space to as much as 16 megabytes. the new Model 64KZ at your
See
This expandability we call your computer dealer now. Study the lit-
obsolescence insurance. erature on it. See how for only $1785
The legend on the card's heat sink you can get around that ever -present
is an easy reference for address and barrier of memory that's too little Cromemco Multi -User System
bank selection. and too slow. shown with 7 stations
Cromemco
I or or
n c p a l e d
280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 (415) 984 -7400
Tomorrow's computers now
Circle 87 on inquiry card. BYTE lune 1979 1
Here's how you can be fully computerized
for so much less than you thought
BUSINESS - EDUCATION - ENGINEERING - MANUFACTURING
We are pleased to announce the first No round -off error in financial work
professional time -sharing system in the (because o,ur BASIC uses binary -
microcomputer field. coded decimal rather than binary
Naturally, it's from Cromemco. operation). And we've still been able
This new multi -user system will do to make it FAST.
all of the tasks you usually associate with
much more expensive time -sharing com-
puters. Yet it's priced at an almost un-
driven -
Terminals and printer are interrupt -
no additional overhead
until key is pressed.
believably low figure. PROGRAMMERS LOVE OUR BASIC The conveniences in this Multi -User
Look at these features: This new system is based on Cro- BASIC make it much easier to write
You can have up to 7 terminals plus memco's well -known System Three your own application software.
a fast, 132 -column line printer
You can have a large system RAM
memory that's expandable to 1/2
Computer and our new Multi -User
BASIC software package.
Programmers tell us that Cromemco
BENCHMARK IT -
A line editor simplifies changes.
NOW
In the final analysis, the thing to do
megabyte using the Bank Select Multi -User BASIC is the best in the field. is see this beautiful new system at your
feature Here are some of its attractions: dealer. See its rugged professional qual-
Each user has an independent bank You can use long variable names ity. Evaluate it. Benchmark it for speed
of RAM
You can have floppy disk storage of
up to 1 megabyte
-
and labels up to 31 characters long
names like "material on order"
or "calculate speed reduction."
with your own routine (you'll be agree-
ably surprised, we guarantee you).
Find out, too, about Cromemco's rep-
You have confidentiality between You get many unusual and helpful utation for quality and engineering.
most stations
And, make no mistake, the system
is fast and powerful. You'll want to
and execution -
commands that simplify programs
commands such as
PROTECT, LIST VARIABLES, NOLIST,
Look into it now because you can
have the capabilities of a fully compu-
terized operation much quicker and for
try its fast execution time yourself. and many more. much less than you ever thought.
Cromerneo
2 BYTE lune 1979
c Ior n tec p
Microcomputer Systems
o r a d
280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 (415) 964-7400

EVTE June 1979
IaTh IJs,ue Volume 4, Number 6
Foreground
10
49
A MODEL OF THE BRAIN FOR ROBOT CONTROL, Part 1: Defining Notation, by James Albus
Defining the mathematical notation for a model of the brain
MIND OVER MATTER: Add Biofeedback Input to Your Computer, by Steve Ciarcia
j,/
!l/ld'í%4.
Use muscle signals to produce computer input
100 COMPUTER GENERATED MAPS, Part 2. by William D Johnston

A general purpose perspective projection program
132 THE NATURE OF ROBOTS, Part 1: Defining Behavior, by William T Powers
How can behavior of an organism be described? 11
page 36
176 DESIGNING A COMMAND LANGUAGE, by G A Van den Bout
Using theory of finite state machines to design input command language
Background
36 SIMPLE MAZE TRAVERSAL ALGORITHMS, by Sandra and Stephen A Allen
A contestant of the IEEE Micromouse Contest discusses maze running strategies
60 MORE COLORS FOR YOUR APPLE, by Allen Watson Ill

Any pair of complementary colors can be displayed
70 A HOME FOR YOUR COMPUTER, by Joseph Dawes

Increase the utility and enjoyability of your equipment with a carefully planned cabinet
74 TALK TO A TURTLE: Build a Computer Controlled Robot, by James A Gupton Jr
Use your computer to control a mobile "robot"
86 MY COMPUTER RUNS MAZES, by David E Stanfield
Using simple tree searches to reach a goal
146 The 1802 OP CODES, by Henry Melton

The instruction set of the RCA /Hughes 1802 microprocessor
148 THE HISTORY OF COMPUTING: THE IBM 7070, by Keith S Reid -Green
The IBM 7070 might have been the start of a new decimal- based computer family
152 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ENTROPY, BY R M Kiehn
Chemistry, artificial intelligence, and the second law of thermodynamics
156 BASIC TEXT EDITOR, by Fred Ruckdeschel page 60
The right tool for the job is often a text editor in BASIC
166 BUBBLE MEMORIES: A Short Tutorial, by A I Halsema
A nonvolatile, medium speed, data storage device
168 STACKS IN MICROPROCESSORS, by T Radhakrishnan and M V Bhat
Learn the ups and downs of stacks in your microprocessor
228 TIMESHARING: SQUEEZING THE MOST FROM YOUR MICRO, by Sheldon Linker
Microcomputers come of age with timesharing
234 THREE TYPES OF PSEUDORANDOM SEQUENCES, by C Brian Honess
Use of random numbers is more than just an everyday occurrence
page
Nucleus 74
6 Editorial: On Beginning a New Project 133, 214 BYTE's Bugs Cover Art:
8 Letters 216 Languages Forum THE TURING TEST
129 BYTE News 223 Event Queue by Kenneth N Lodding
188 Technical Forum 133, 225 BYTE's Bits
194 Nybbles: The Great APL Contest 249 What's New?
198 Book Reviews 286 Unclassified Ads
206 Programming Quickies 288 BOMB
213 Clubs and Newsletters 288 Reader Service
BYTE is published monthly by BYTE Publications Inc, 70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458. Address all mall except subscriptions to above address: phone (603) 924 -7217. Address
subscriptions, change of address, USPS Form 3579, and fulfillment questions to BYTE Subscriptions, PO Box 590, Martinsville NJ 08836. Second class postage paid at Peter-
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Address all editorial correspondence to the editor at the above address. Unacceptable manuscripts will be returned if accompanied by sufficient first class postage. Not respon-
sible for lost manuscripts or photos. Opinions expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of BYTE. Entire contents copyright © 1979 by BYTE Publications Inc. All rights
reserved.
BYTE' Is available in microform from University Microfilms Internationat, 300 N Zeeb Rd, Dept PR. Ann Arbor MI 48106 USA or 18 Bedford Row, Dept PR, London WC1R 4EJ
ENGLAND.
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lune 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc 3
If you enjoy taking your computer system law of thermodynamics. In Artificial In-
This month's cover by Ken Lodding is to club meetings or other events, but don't telligence and Entropy author R M Kiehn
called "The Turing Test," after the famous look forward to the attendant wire fiddling discusses some recently completed work in
test defined by Alan Turing. It was Turing's and fuss, read A Home for Your Computer chemistry that refutes this claim and opens
contention that a computer could be judged by Joseph Dawes. Now you can have a com- the door once more to the possibility of in-
as intelligent if a human questioner could pact computer storage and travel case that telligence in machines. page 152
not differentiate between a computer in one doubles as a desk. page 70
room and a human being in another. When performing a lot of manipulations
The basis for the cover painting is the One of the most interesting applications with text it is necessary to have the ability to
Necker cube, an optical illusion where it is of your computer is the control of physical perform editing functions on the file that is
unclear which end of the cube is in front. devices. Perhaps you've thought of having a being used. If you have a computer system
The question here is: Is it the human or the robot -like device that your computer could that runs BASIC, you may find that Fred
computer circuit connected to the control. lames Gupton Jr describes the fun Ruckdeschel's BASIC Text Editor is a very
keyboard? that he and two of his students had when handy tool. page 156
they set out to do just that in Talk to a
Turtle. page 74 Bubble memories are a fairly new form of
mass storage medium that is available to the
It's not hard to put a bit of artificial in- general public. For a quick overview of
In This BYTE telligence into your computer system. David

Stanfield found a way to make his system
search for "food" in a maze he set up. Find
Texas Instruments' bubble memory product,
see A Halsema's article Bubble Memories.
I
page 166
out how to do it in My Computer Runs
Before discussing the design of A Model Mazes. page 86 What is a stack? What does LIFO mean?
of the Brain for Robot Control, it is Stacks can be important tools for the com-
necessary to define the notation that will be William D Johnston develops a general puter programmer. Knowing what they are
used in the model. James Albus discusses purpose program with the capability to and how to use them will aid you in improv-
the overall model objectives and the nota- generate a wide variety of more advanced ing your programming skills. Find out how
tion used to describe it, drawing on control perspective projections. He includes a func- stacks stack up in T Radhakrishnan and M V
systems theory. page 10 tional program with great versatility, as well Bhat's article, Stacks in Microprocessors.
as a number of maps generated by that pro- page 168
The IEEE Micromouse contest requires gram. Mr Johnston shows how Computer
that a mechanical "mouse" find its way Generated Maps can be used in satellite An input command language is often
through a maze. The winner is the mouse communications and many other practical regarded as the least important part of a
that makes it through the maze in the least applications. page 100 system. Therefore, some excellent systems
amount of time. Sandra and Stephen A are ignored due to the inconvenience en-
Allen discuss some of the Simple Maze William T Powers has a control theory countered when trying to use them. Finite
Traversal Algorithms they and Tony Rossetti approach to the simulation of human state machine theory is one solution to this
used for the Micromouse contest. page 36 behavior. However, before we can simulate problem. For an excellent introduction to
human behavior in a robot, we must deter- the world of finite state machines read
The types of input available for your com- mine what behavior is. William Powers G A Van den Bout's article on Designing a
puter are limited only by the imagination. takes a look at behavioral actions as he ex- Command Language. page 176
This month Steve Ciarcia uses Mind Over plores The Nature of Robots. page 132
Matter to control his computer. Find out Have you ever considered using your
how to influence your computer using mus- When hand-assembling a program it is computer system in a timesharing mode? To
cle power. page 48 useful to have a table summarizing the op discover what is involved in setting up such
codes for the processor. Henry Melton sup- a system, read Timesharing: Squeezing the
Although the official documentation for plies us with a table for The 1802 Op Most from Your Micro by Sheldon Linker.
the Apple II high resolution color graphics Codes. page 146 page 228
package states that the colors violet and
green are the only colors besides black and Keith S Reid -Green continues his History Calculating randomness is a very deter-
white which may be obtained, adjustment of Computing discussion with a look at The ministic proposition, especially when
of the television controls allows any pair of IBM 7070, a second generation computer pseudorandom number sequences are used.
complementary colors to be displayed. It is announced in 1959. page 148 C Brian Honess in his article on Three Types
also possible to obtain four colors and black of Pseudorandom Sequences gives some
and white with appropriate adjustments. Some scientists over the years have necessary background information on ran-
Allen Watson Ill explains how in his article argued that a thinking machine cannot be dom number calculations and statistical
More Colors for Your Apple. page 60 built because it would violate the second tests of randomness. page 234
Publishers Production Editors Circulation Manager Comptroller Drafting

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4 June 1979 0 BYTE Publications Inc

Structured Systems
business software can
put a microcomputer
to work for you.
PO
LIONS' SSS
SI 011
ISO 100
toessoseas s soul Sy
Some Pleasant Surprises

Your computer retailer can give you a demonstration
and literature. You might find a solution just right for
your business with "off the shelf" prices and delivery
times. Or we will be happy to send you literature direct,
SSG's general accounting, data inquiry, mailing, and including a list of our dealers and compatible hardware.
communications software packages are bringing real Write us, or call.
computer power to hundreds of businesses right
CiCtJEFnt
now. They are ready to go to work for your business. LCIXjEF
The Honest -To-Business $12,000 Computer*

Our software will power DYNABYTE, CROMEMCO,
IMSAI, NORTHSTAR, ALTOS, MICROMATION, DIGITAL
SYSTEMS, or other Z -80 or 8080 based computers
through your General Ledger, Accounts Receivable, and
Accounts Payable. And maintain a conversational
data -base query system, store and print your mailing list The SSG product line includes these outstanding packages:
and labels, produce and edit correspondence, address General Ledger LETTERIGHT Letter Writer
it from your mailing list, and more. The price for a total Accounts Receivable NAD Mailing System
system- hardware and SSG software- ranges from Accounts Payable QSORT Sorting System
CBASIC-2 WHATSIT? Data /Query System
$8,000 to $14,000.
Real Business Computing
Structured Systems Group
Our Business Software packages are designed to be up I \( OKl' IRA]I
and running and working for you in a matter of hours.
Without expensive reprogramming, technical staff addi- 5204 Claremont Oakland, California 94618 (415) 547-1567
tions, or costly trial- and -error. Our quality is high, our
documentation practically self- instructive. The applica-
tions are flexible and extensive, designed to meet and * Complete prices will vary with equipment and software selected. Required:
exceed the requirements of most small to medium busi- 8080 or Z -80 based computer running a CP /M or CP /M- compatible
disk -based operating system. Your retailer or SSG can advise on specifics.
nesses. Real computer solutions at microcomputer prices. (CP/M is a product of Digital Research.)

Look for
Shugart drives
in personal
computer systems Editorial
made by these by Carl Helmers
companies.
On Beginning a New Project...
Altos Computer Systems
2378 -B Walsh Avenue
Santa Clara, CA 95050 This week, I began a new project. It is one which could be begun by
many of our readers, that of building a new computer system. In photo 1 we
Apple Computer
10260 Bandley Dr. see what my last project turned into after four years of effort at various
Cupertino, CA 95014 levels: a 6800 processor with some 28 K of programmable memory, sockets
for 8 K of 2708 read only memory, a Sykes 9000 series floppy disk sub-
Digital Microsystems Inc. system, a tape subsystem,
(Formerly Digital Systems)
4448 Piedmont Ave. and communications via
Oakland, CA 94611 parallel ports to two other
computers: an Altair and
Imsai Mfg. Corporation
14860 Wicks Blvd. my ALF Products AD -8
San Leandro, CA 94577 music synthesizer. As can
be seen by the photo, this
Industrial Micro Systems
633 West Katella, Suite L system is a packaging night-
Orange, CA 92667 mare.
I now use a cleaner ma-
North Star Computer
2547 9th Street chine, manufactured by
Berkeley, CA 94710 Northwest Microcomputer
Systems, as my primary
Percom Data
318 Barnes computer. The old home -
Garland, TX 75042 brew sits downstairs, un-
used for the most part.
Polymorphic Systems
460 Ward Dr. The Pascal oriented ma-
Santa Barbara, CA 93111 chine that is upstairs gives
me a software develop-
Problem Solver Systems
20834 Lassen Street ment facility which can
Chatsworth, CA 91311 support my hardware pro- Photo 1: This homebrew personal computer
jects, something I did not system is an example of the kind of packag-
Processor Applications Limited
2801 E. Valley View Avenue previously have to such a ing nightmare which can result from experi-
West Covina, CA 91792 degree. However, the Pas- mentation with hardware. It works quite
cal machine does not yet nicely, but is not exactly portable. This
SD Sales
3401 W. Kingsley talk to the music synthe- system proves that in hardware, as in soft-
Garland, TX 75040 sizer and the music key- ware, It is possible to get a system where the
board, so I still have that patches and ad hoc kluges tend to out-
Smoke Signal Broadcasting
6304 Yucca problem. number the original features of the design.
Hollywood, CA 90028 To solve that problem,
I have set out on a new
Technico Inc.
9130 Red Branch Road project: building a general purpose computer for use as a local controller of
Columbia, MD 21045 the music peripherals. The communication with the main software source, the
Pascal machine, will be via a high speed serial communications line when the
Texas Electronic Instruments
5636 Etheridge music machine is not used alone, as in a live performance situation. The pro-
Houston, TX 77087 cessor in this new local controller will be a Motorola 6809. It is perhaps the
ultimate 8 bit processor of current technology.
Thinker Toys
1201 10th Street In order to accomplish the musical goal of either self- contained or remote
Berkeley, CA 94710 commanding of the synthesizer, such a controller must contain certain mini-
mum functions. It must have a local communications oriented monitor, as
Vista Computer Company
2807 Oregon Court well as a monitor oriented toward self contained operation. The communi-
Torrance. CA 90503 cations monitor contains simple binary (not decoded ASCII) command func-
tions for loading memory, examining memory, dumping memory, and jump-
ing to arbitrary locations. This sort of monitor might take 100 or 200 bytes
of code in the 6809's instruction set. The self- contained operations monitor
.,.Shugart Text continued on page 124
6 lune 1979 <, BYTE Publications Inc

"After working all day with the computer at transfer. The little minidiskettesîM store plenty of
work, it's a kick to get down to Basic at home. And data and file easily too.
one thing that makes it more fun is my Shugart "I made the right decision when bought a I
minifloppylM We use Shugart drives at work, so system with the minifloppy. When you lay out your
when bought my own system made sure it had a
I I own hard -earned cash, you want reliability and
minifloppy drive. performance. Do what did. Get a system with the
I
"Why? Shugart invented the minifloppy. The minifloppy."

guys who designed our system at work tell me that
Shugart is the leader in floppy design and has
more drives in use than any other manufacturer. If
If it isn't Shugart,
Shugart drives are reliable enough for hard -working
business computers, they've got to be a good
it isn't minifloppy.
value for my home system.
"When I'm working on my programs late at
night, can't wait for cassette storage. My
I
minifloppy gives me fast random access and data

./l Shugart
435 Oakmead Parkway, Sunnyvale, California 94086
See opposite page for list of manufacturers featuring Shugart's minifloppy in their systems.
TM minifloppy is a registered trademark of Shugart Associates
BY I lune 1979 7
they would start chopping off portions
of this "show case" band to hand over
ts11ers
to the GRS service.
The Amateur Digital Certificate allows
operation on all amateur frequency bands
above 144 MHz. This includes 144 to
148 MHz (2 meters), 220 to 225 MHz,
420 to 450 MHz, 1215 to 1300 MHz and
ComputerLand®
five more bands from 2.3 to 24 GHz. It Huntsville, AL (2051 539 -1200
DIGITIZING DATA BASES allows all current modes such as Morse Phoenix, AZ 16021 956 -5727
code, single side band voice, FM voice, Little Rock, AR 15011 224 -4508
Belmont, CA 14151 595 -4232
Recently saw an advertisement for
I FSK or AFSK teletypewriter or data,
Dublin, CA (4151 828 -8090
the new Bit Pad One and thought of the and television, as well as several modes El Cerrito, CA (4151 233 -5010
numerous uses it presented. One that is of pulse transmission. This is aimed Hayward, CA 14151 538 -8080
especially interesting is building a data primarily at the computer and elec- Lawndale, CA (213) 371 -7144
base. tronics hobbyists who would like to Los Altos, CA 1415) 941 -8154
The computer could be programmed participate in computer networking. The Los Angeles, CA (2131 776 -8080
to print a sentence or word in any form requirements (ie: examination) reflect Marin, CA Call Directory Information
Pasadena, CA (2131 449 -3205
of lettering or type font, from script to this. Saddleback Valley, CA 17141 770 -0131
Old English by letting a string equal any There is no Morse code exam at all. San Bernardino, CA 1714) 886 -6838
modified letter of the programmer's The written exam has three parts: San Diego, CA (714) 560 -9912
choice. With 26 strings, you would have San Diego East, CA 17141 464 -5656
a complete alphabet in any form you multiple choice questions on San Francisco, CA (415) 546 -1592
like. The computer could identify the Canadian amateur radio regula- San Jose, CA (4081 253 -8080
input letter, word, or phrase, match tions, Santa Maria, CA 1805) 928 -1919
it with the correct string variable, and questions on radio communica- Santa Rosa, CA (707) 528 -1775
tions theory and operation (on Thousand Oaks, CA 1805) 495 -3554
print that variable (letter). The outcome
the Advanced Amateur level), Tustin, CA 17141 544 -0542
would range from a letter to a full para- Walnut Creek, CA 1415) 935 -6502
graph typed and printed in any font the digital exam with questions
Colorado Springs, CO (3031 574 -4150
imaginable. on computing, analog and digital Denver, CO (3031 759 -4685
The only way to store such data as transmission, packet radio, queu- Fairfield, CT 12031 255 -9252
these modified letters without investing ing theory, digital coding, error Newark, DE (3021 738 -9666
hours of time in plotting coordinates control and other topics. Boca Raton, FL (305) 368 -1122
and typing them in, would be to Ft. Lauderdale, FL 13051 566-0776
The pass requirements are 70 percent Jacksonville, FL (904) 731 -2471
illustrate the letters on the new Bit Pad
Atlanta, GA 1404) 953 -0406
One. per section and the exam is not simple
Honolulu, HI 1808) 521-8002
I hope all computer enthusiasts can (I've written it), so it seems that they are Arlington Heights, IL 1312) 255 -6488
derive as much enjoyment from this looking for serious hobbyists to pass this Downers Grove, IL 13121 964 -7762
amazing device as anticipate.
I exam. Mundelein, IL 13121 949 -1300
Those who already hold an amateur Niles, IL 13121 967 -1714
or advanced amateur certificate in Canada Oak Lawn, IL (312) 422 -8080
Jeff Korn Peoria, IL (3091 688 -6252
Hillary Ln
71 are allowed to do anything that this new
Indianapolis, IN Call Directory Information
Penfield NY 14526 certificate allows (including packet radio) Overland Park, KS 19131 492 -8882
except for the pulse modes of transmis- Louisville, KY 15021 425 -8308
Any way you look at your proposed sion. (FSK is the current favorite for low Rockville, MD 13011 948 -7676
project, it is o major undertaking. The speed networks and point to point con- Grand Rapids, MI 1616) 942 -2931
concept of building data bases from o tacts, with some type of PCM for the Southfield, MI 13131 356 -8111
digitizer is not new, but the program- higher speed networks.) This new license Bloomington, MN 16121 884 -1474
Rochester, MN 13131 652 -9000
ming exercise it involves is sure to be is ideal for those computerists who want
Springfield, MO 14171 883 -7085
rewarding. RGAC to get on the air with their terminal or Nashua, NH (6031 889 -5238
computer but could never stand Morse Cherry Hill, NJ 1609) 795 -5900
code. Bergen County, NJ 12011 845 -9303
Personally, can't wait to finish Morristown, NJ 12011 539-4077
DIGITAL RADIO OPERATORS I
Buffalo, NY 836 -6511

building my transmitter and get my Z -80 (7161
system on the air, and Ithaca, NY (607) 277 -4888
would like to
Don Stoner's letter,
I
In response to Nassau County, NY (5161 742 -2262
hear from other Canadian readers who
"Calling all Computers" (December Charlotte, NC 1704) 536-8500
are doing the same. certainly don't
I
1978 BYTE, page 159), thought you
I
Cleveland, OH (216) 461 -1200
talk to many hams on the I-IF bands who Columbus, OH 888 -2215
might be interested in some details of 16141
are interested in computing. Portland, OR 1503) 620-6170
the new "packet radio license" avail-
Harrisburg, PA (717) 763 -1116
able in Canada. Austin, TX
Ron Vanderhelm, VE7COR (5121 452 -5701
The Amateur Digital Radio Opera- Dallas, TX 363 -2223
University of British Columbia (214)
tor's Certificate is an Amateur Radio South West Houston, TX (7131 977 -0909
Amateur Radio Club
certificate, the holder of which is quali- Houston Bay Area, TX 1713) 488 -8153
Box 7 SUB, University of BC Salt Lake City, UT 364-4416
fied to operate in some amateur radio 1801)
Vancouver BC CANADA Tyson's Corners, VA 17031 893 -0424
bands. Mr. Stoner refers to this as the
"Packet Radio Service" and implies Bellevue, WA 1206) 746 -2070
Federal Way, WA 1206) 838 -9363
that it is separate from the Amateur Tacoma, WA (2061 581 -0388
Radio Service. This is not true. Neither LINEAGE PROGRAMMING Madison, W I (6081 273 -2020
is it true that some of the band will Milwaukee, WI 1414) 466 -8990
probably go to the GRS (CB) service. I am a genealogist and would like to get INTERNATIONAL
As a matter of fact, the DOC seems in contact with suppliers of programs Adelaide, Australia Call Directory Information
proud of the fact that Canadian amateurs for use by genealogists. have a Digital
I Brisbane, Australia 07 221 9777
are the first in the world to implement Equipment Corp PDP -10 with expanded Perth, Australia Call Directory Information
the technique of packet radio on the Sydney, NSW Australia 29 -3753
memory, disk, and paper tape.
Brussels, Belgium 43 29 05
amateur bands. They have made liberal Burlington, Canada Call Directory Information
bandwidth allowances in several portions Mrs G V Creaser Toronto, Canada Call Directory Information
of the 220 MHz band specifically for this 4 Sunny Hill Rd Winnipeg, Canada 1204) 772-9519
technique, and it seems unlikely that Northboro MA 01532 Manila, Philippines 58 -36-66
8 lune 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 75 on inquiry card.

BEFORE YOU lilY' COMPUTERI,
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knowledgeable staff able to interpret all in engineering development, process
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computers do.To attempt to describe all
experience of running a computer yourself. capability to many who would otherwise
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user's clubs to join, where you can share Whether you want a computer for the
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nYTU lune 1979 9

ComputerLand Corp., 1978
A Model of the Brain
for Robot Control
James Albus
Project Manager
National Bureau of Standards
Part 1: Defining Notation United States Dept of Commerce

Washington DC 20234
In order to build a computer model of rules of many multivalued variables. We will

The ideas presented in
the brain for robot control we must start show how this same model can learn, re-
this article represent the
with a clear understanding of what the member, and recognize patterns and how
views of the author and
not those of the Depart- brain is for (ie: its primary function). If it can be interconnected into a hierarchical
ment of Commerce or the one examines what most brains do all of network for generating sensory interactive,
National Bureau of Stand- the time, and what our own brains do most goal directed behavior.
ards. of the time, it is clear that the brain is not We will suggest how such a hierarchy
used primarily for thinking. might remember experiences, solve problems,
The brain is first and foremost a control plan tasks, select goals, answer questions,
system. All brains, even that of the tiniest structure knowledge of the world and events,
insect, control behavior. Some brains can and understand and generate music or natural
produce very complex behavior, but only language. Finally, we will also suggest some
the most sophisticated and highly developed possible experiments and lines of research
brains exhibit the phenomenon of thought. that might be pursued by one or more
Clearly then, thought is not the central ambitious personal computer enthusiasts
purpose of the brain, but is, rather, an arti- with limited resources.
fact that arises out of the complex comput-
ing mechanisms required to generate and The Nature of Computation in the Brain
control extremely sophisticated behavior.
This implies that would -be brain modelers The brain is, of course, not a single
Editor's Note: should first attempt to understand, and if computer, but rather a network of billions
possible, reproduce the control functions of individual computing devices intercon-
This month Dr James
and behavior patterns that exist in insects, nected so as to produce coordinated and
Albus begins an ambi-
birds, mammals, and, in particular, primates. unified action. There are millions of photo -
tious 3 part series about
Only after these control systems are success- detectors in each eye and thousands of audio
the brain. His theories,
fully modeled can we expect to understand detectors in each ear. The body is embedded
which evolved out of
the mechanisms that give rise to intelligence with sensors which detect touch, pressure,
control systems theory, and abstract thought in the human brain. heat, cold, and pain; chemical analyzers that
form an interesting con-
If the brain is primarily a control system, detect the smell and taste of things; and
trast to Ernest W Kent's sensors that measure the position of joints,
then any brain model we construct should
series, "The Brains of
control something. One of the most obvious the tension in tendons, and the length and
Men and Machines" in
candidates is a robot manipulator, since it velocity of contraction of muscles. Inertial
BYTE for January, sensors measure roll, pitch, and yaw accel-
rather closely resembles a limb, the most
February, March, and
common type of device controlled by the erations, and the position of the head with
April 1978. We hope brain. We shall therefore first develop a respect to gravitational attraction; and
that nonmathematically computer model of a basic neurological hormone detectors, thermosensors, and
oriented readers will
structure which can compute control func- blood chemistry analyzers report on the
persevere through the internal biological condition of the organism.
tions for a robot manipulator.
more technical sections All of this information is analyzed and
We shall then attempt to demonstrate
in order to benefit from
how this basic model can be generalized to processed in innumerable computing centers
Dr Albus's insights... .
compute a broad class of analytic, transcen- which detect patterns, compare incoming
CM
dental, or logical functions and production data with stored expectations, and evaluate
10 June 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 141 on inquiry card. .

THE FAMOUS GRIVET SERIES OF
INDUSTRIAL ROBOT KITS
PICTURED ABOVE: 3 -AXIS MANIPULATOR (KIT NO. 3) WITH ELECTRONICS - $750.00
SEND FOR DEALERS

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the results. In many different ways and at analog voltages for the computations which
many different levels this sensory data take place in the dendrites and cell bodies
stream interacts with the behavior generat- of the receiving neurons (see "Designing a
ing system to select goals, modify habits, Robot from Nature" February 1979 BYTE,
and direct the actions of millions of muscles page 28).
and glands to produce what is observed as The brain achieves its incredible precision
behavior. and reliability through redundancy and
Perhaps the most obvious feature of the statistical techniques. Many axons carry
brain is that many computations are going information concerning the value of the
on in many different places simultaneously. same variable, each encoded slightly differ-
The brain does not execute sequential pro- ently. The statistical summation of these
grams of instructions under control of a many imprecise and noisy information chan-
program counter. There is no fetch /execute nels results in the reliable transmission of
cycle. The mathematics of finite state auto- precise messages over long distances. In a
mata and Turing machines are not well - similar way, a multiplicity of neurons may
suited for describing the basic operations of compute on roughly the same input vari-
the brain. In fact, the fundamental compu- ables. Clusters of such computing devices
tations performed in the brain are not even provide statistical precision and reliability
digital -
they are analog. Each neuron in the orders of magnitude greater than that achiev-
brain is essentially an analog computer perable by any single neuron. The outputs of
forming complex additions, integrations, such clusters of neurons are transmitted and
differentiations, and all sorts of nonlinear become inputs to other clusters, which per-
operations on input variables that can num- form additional analog computations. These
ber from one to several hundred thousand. are the variables we have to deal with and
The brain is a digital device only in that the computations we have to simulate if we
information is encoded for transmission are to model the brain in any meaningful
from one neuron to another over long trans- way.
mission lines (called axons) by pulse -fre- To those familiar only with fetch /execute
quency or pulse -phase modulation. When machines, this may seem an extremely diffi-
these pulse encoded signals reach their cult structure to model. I hope, in the course
destinations, they are reconverted into of these articles, that some of the difficulties
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CHATSWORTH DATA
12 roi li1 I rId1,,w 1 In,
t). = =q F=a
1
20710 Lassen Street

ft =1=1ATIt=r
Chatsworth, California 91311
I
(213) 341 -9200

(a) Now,a book

A VECTOR WITH
V
for the practicing
V =v
V
x
professional...
(d)
v4
I \ 3
(b) / V v3
vy 5
v5
V=(vx,vy) V
vl
Figure l: Defining space

(c) with vectors. A vector is
an ordered list of variables
which defines a point in
space; (a), (b), (c), and (d)
V=(vxvy,vz depict vectors representing
1, 2, 3, and 4 dimensions,
respectively. The number
of dimensions in the space "This is the best handbook of data
is equal to the number of communications system technology
variables in the list. (The that this reviewer lias yet
will be cleared away and the prospects for illustration in (d) is meant -
encountered. " Arvid G. Larson in
ACM Computing Reviews,
building such structures will seem less only to be symbolic of a February 1978
dubious. four-dimensional vector,
Digital Press announces the
which cannot be visualized publication of TECHNICAL
The Need for Notation in three dimensions.) ASPECTS OF DATA COMMUNI-
CATION by John McNamara.
In order to discuss an engineering design Written for the practicing pro-
for a robot control system modeled after the fessional, TECHNICAL ASPECTS
brain, we must first devise a mathematical OF DATA COMMUNICATION
convention and notation to bridge the gap
details the nuts -and -bolts prob-
lems and solutions in configuring
between the structure of the brain and the communications systems. It
structure of currently available computers. features: comparison of protocols
This is essential if we are to describe (DDCMP, BISYNC, SDLC) exten-
behavior precisely and to translate that sive explanation of interface stand-
description into a design for circuits and pro- ards (CCITT/V.24, RS232C, RS422,
RS423) six comprehensive
gram statements to generate behavior in a appendices (how far/how fast ?,
computationally concise manner. modem options, codes, UART,
format and speed table for asyn-
Vectors chronous communication, chan-
nel conditioning) 20 milliampere
One way to describe many variables and
loop telephone switching
systems error detection
deal with many simultaneous multivariant
382 pages 125 figures 70
computations is to use vector notation. A pages of tables index hardcover
vector is simply an ordered set, or list of
variables. A vector can specify magnitude
and direction. The vector V in figure 1 b has
r ODigital Press
-1
C
two components vx along the X axis and vy d B g BO a Educational Services
Digital Equipment Corp.
along the Y axis. The ordered set, or list of Cr sby Drive. Bedford. MA 01730
components define the vector so that we can Iwould like to order -
copies of
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF DATA
write V = (vr, vy ).
COMMUNICATION at $19.95` per copy.
The components of a vector can also be D Check enclosed D Money order enclosed
considered as the coordinates of a point 'Plus S1 for postage and handling
(vx, vy) which corresponds to the tip of the
Name _
vector. The locus of all pairs of components
which can exist defines a vector space (for Address
two dimensions the vector space is a sur- City State Zip
face). A vector can have more than two Prices apply in U.S. only.
L J
lune 1979 c BYTE Publications Im 13
components. A vector with three com-
ponents defines a volume (figure 1 c), and a
RATE OF vector with four or more components
PRECIPITATION defines a hyperspace (figure 1d). A hyper -
WIND SPEED
w
., space is impossible to visualize, but is a very
useful concept for our discussion.
w3 A vector in a higher dimensional space
1\ can usually be visualized as a projection onto
í
\ a lower dimensional space. For example,
\\ w4
w3 typical mechancial drawings portray front,
1 \ side, and top views of a three -dimensional
1
ws
we form projected onto a two -dimensional sheet
\ of paper. Each projection can either
illustrate a cut through the object at a partic-
ular plane along the projection axis, or a
W'= (wi,wZ,w3,w4) superposition of all the salient features of
the object collapsed into the plane of the
TEMPERATURE illustration. In the collapsed version, the fact
that two points or lines intersect in the pro-
jected image does not necessarily mean that
they coincide or intersect in the higher
HUMIDITY
dimensional space - they may simply lie
Figure 2: If; as time progresses, one or more of the components of a vector W behind each other along the projection axis.
The projection operator ignores variable
change, the vector will move through space, tracing out a trajectory T. differences which correspond to distance
along the projection axis.
It is not necessary to make the projection
axis coincident with any of the coordinate
axes. For example, in the oblique projection
(perspective drawing) of figure 1 c, the pro-
jection axis (the normal line to the paper
through the origin of the coordinate system)
(ol
is not aligned with any of the coordinate
axes. The lines in the drawing represent the
projections of lines in a three -dimensional
space onto the two -dimensional surface of
the paper. In a similar way we can project
TIME higher dimensional vectors and hyperspaces
of any dimension onto a two -dimensional
drawing. Figure 1 d illustrates a four- dimen-
sional vector projected onto a two- dimen-
sional drawing.
States and Trajectories
A vector can specify a state. This is the

primary use we shall make of vectors in this
discussion. A state is defined by an ordered
set of variables. For example, the state of
the weather might be characterized by a
state vector W = (w1, w2, w3, w4) where:
wt = temperature,
w2 = humidity,
w3 = wind speed,
w4 = rate of precipitation.
Figure 3: If the ordered list of variables which define a vector includes time, Now the weather, like many things, is
the space defined by the vector will have time as one of its axes. As time not constant. It varies with time. Each of the
progresses the vector will move along the time axis. If none of the other state variables (temperature, humidity, wind
variables is time dependent, the trajectory will be a straight line parallel to the speed, and rate of precipitation) is time de-
time axis, as in (a). If any of the other variables change with time, the trajec- pendent. Thus, as time passes, the point
tory will be some curve with a component along the time axis as in (b). defined by Wt will move through the four-
14 June 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

dimensional space. Figure 2 illustrates the About the Author:
locus of the point traced out by W as it
moves to define a trajectory T. Dr lames S Albus worked for NASA from 1957 to 1972 designing
It will often be convenient to represent optical and electronic subsystems for over 15 spacecraft, and for one
time explicitly in our notation. We can year managed the NASA Artificial Intelligence Program. Since 1973 he
easily do this by simply adding one more has been with the National Bureau of Standards where he has received
variable, time (t), to our state vector, thus several awards for his work In advanced computer control systems for
increasing by one the number of dimen- industrial robots. He has written a survey article on robot systems for
sions in the space defined by the state Scientific American (February 1976) and his Cerebellar Model Arith-
vector. For example W = (w), w2, w3, w4, t). metic Computer won the Industrial Research Magazine IR -100 Award
As time progresses, any point defined as one of the 100 most significant new products of 1975.
by the state vector moves along the time
axis. A state vector whose w1 components do
not vary with time will now trace out a
straight line trajectory, parallel to the time
axis as shown in figure 3a. If, however, any
of the w1 components is time dependent,
the state trajectory will contain velocity
components that are orthogonal, as well as
parallel to the time axis, as shown in figure
3 b. Is
If we project the state space of all the
TIME
variables except time onto a two -dimensional
surface, we can represent the passage of time
by the motion of this two -dimensional plane
along the time axis normal to it, as in figure
4. The state trajectory T5 is the locus of
points traced out by the state vector as time
passes.
A large variety of things
can be repre-
sented as vectors. For example, we can
represent an ASCII character as a vector 1=o t=1 )=z t=3
(figure 5). The ordered set of binary digits
in the ASCII representation corresponds to Figure 4: If the vector space defined by all of the vector components except
the components of a binary vector. Each time is projected upon a two -dimensional surface, then the passage of time
symbol in the ASCII alphabet is uniquely can be represented as the movement of the two- dimensional surface along the
paired with a vector in an eight -dimensional time axis normal to it.
hyperspace. Each symbol thus corresponds
to a point in the hyperspace.
This is an important concept, because it
allows us to define any set of symbols as
vectors or points in hyperspace. Any string b6
of symbols then becomes a trajectory
through the hyperspace. For example, the
string of symbols, "the cat chased the rat,"
can be described as a trajectory through a
hyperspace defined by any set of variables
defining the English alphabet (plus a blank
a =
character). This also applies to the string
WXYZ when:
W is the command: Reach to Position A;

X the command: Grasp;
is
Y is the command: Move to Position C; A= ( I ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0 )
Z is the command: Release.
b4
not restrict ourselves to binary
We need
vectors. Symbols may be represented by
vectors with continuously variable compo- Figure 5: A vector can represent a symbol. Here two symbols from the
nents as well. This allows us to introduce the ASCII character set, an uppercase A and a lowercase a, are represented
concept of fuzzy symbols. If the hyperspace as vectors (or points) in an eight dimensional space. The values of the eight
is continuous, then each point which cor- bits in the ASCII code are plotted along the eight axes. (b8 is the even parity
responds to a symbol has some neighbor- bit.)
June 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc 15

Figure 6: Each point in S
hyperspace, corresponding
to a particular symbol EXACT SYMBOL
VARIATION IN 5, a
such as a or e, has some COMPONENT OF a
neighborhood of points EXACT SYMBOL e NEIGHBORHOOD
around it which are closer -- OF 0
to it than to any other VARIATION IN Si COMPONENT OF e

symbol. Variations from
the exact, or ideal posi-
NEIGHBORHOOD OF e 4
tion of a symbol vector s6
may derive from noise in
a transmission channel or
from differences between
the observed symbol and
the ideal.
s3
hood of points around it which are much due to variations in the paper on which it is
closer to it than any other symbol's points. printed. However, if these e feature vectors
This is illustrated in figure 6. We may view fall in compact clusters far from the feature
the points in such a neighborhood in one of vectors of other symbols, the letter e will
two ways: be easily recognized, despite the fact that no
two specimens are exactly alike.
1. The difference between the neighbor- This is a fundamental concept in pattern
hood points and the exact symbol recognition theory. Hyperspace is parti-
point derives from noise on the chan- tioned into regions, and the existence of a
nel transmitting variables denoting feature vector in a particular region cor-
the vector components. This is use- responds to the recognition of a pattern or
ful in signal detection theory, where symbol. By definition, the best set of fea-
the detection of a vector within some tures is the one that maximizes the separa-
neighborhood of a symbol vector cor- bility of pattern vectors. In the design of
responds to the recognition of that pattern recognizers it is important to select
symbol against a noisy background. a set of features which is easily measured
2. The difference from the exact symbol and which produces widely separated and
derives from distortions or variations compact clusters in feature space.
in the symbol itself. This makes the
best sense if the components of the Functions and Operators
symbol's vector are values of attributes
or features of the symbol, rather than In the physical world, functions are usual-
arbitrary digits as in the ASCII con- ly defined as relationships between physical
vention. In this case, a neighborhood variables. For example, we could say that
of points corresponds to a cluster of climate over a particular geographical region
feature vectors from a symbol set is a function of the heat input, the prevailing
which are not identical, but very wind conditions, and other factors, or that
nearly so. the seasons are a function of the position
and orientation of the earth relative to the
For example, a vector of features from the sun. Similarly, we may say that the level of
printed character e will be slightly different hunger we experience is a function of the
for each instance of that symbol on a page signals on nerve fibers reporting on the state
of the stomach, chemistry of the blood, the
time of day as indicated by internal biolog-
ical rhythms, and so on.
21 In mathematics a function defines (and is
-18 defined by) a relationship between symbols
-15 that can sometimes be set in one -to -one cor-
Figure 7: Functions can be respondence to physical variables. As in the
-12
expressed in a number of physical world, a function usually implies a
different ways. Here the 9- directional relationship (eg: the relationship
functional relationship be- 6 y=2x2+3x+6 between cause and effect has a direction
tween Y and X is ex- -3 which flows from cause to effect). In tra-
pressed as an equation and 1 I I , / t I
ditional terms a function may be expressed
a graph. -4 -3 -2 -I 0 1 2 3 4 as an equation, such as:
16 June 1979 CJ BY1E Publications Inc

y = f(x)
Y
which reads: y equals a function f of x. o 0 o

The function:
y = 2x2 + 3x + 6
o
0
o
o
=7. i
is a relationship between y and x.
Functions can also be expressed as
graphs. Figure 7 is a plot of the equation (o) lb) (c)
y = 2x2 + 3x + 6. Functions may sometimes
be defined by tables. The table in figure 8a Figure 8: Functions can also be expressed as tables and circuits. Here the
defines the Boolean AND function Z =XY. Boolean function Z = X ' Y is expressed as a table, a circuit, and an equation.
This function can also be drawn as a circuit
element (see figure 8b) which performs the
AND function on two inputs.
Tables can also be used to define non -
Boolean functions. Tables of logarithms or
c
trigonometric functions are good examples
of this. Of course, a table defines a contin-
uous function exactly only at the discrete
points represented in the table. Thus, the
accuracy of a continuous function repre-
sented by a table depends on the number
SET OF CAUSES SET OF EFFECTS
of table entries (ie: the resolution on the
input variables). Accuracy can, of course,
be increased by interpolation techniques.
Figure 9: A function can also be expressed as a mapping from one set onto
In general, the number of entries required another. Here the function F maps the set of causes C onto the set of effects
E such that for every cause in C there is an effect in E. In our discussion we
to compute a function by a table lookup is
proportional to RN, where R is the resolu- will be concerned only with single valued functions such that there is only
tion of each input variable, and N is the one effect for each cause. We will, however, allow more than one cause
number of input variables. This exponential to have the same effect (ie: more than one point in C can map onto the
increase in size of the table required is the same point in E).
principal reason that multidimensional func-
tions are seldom computed by table lookup.
Modern mathematics often expresses
functional relationships in terms of mappings
from a set of states defined by independent Figure 10: We will define SI
variables onto a set of states defined by de- the operator h as a func-

52
pendent variables. In one notation, this is tion which maps the input
h
expressed by the string f: vector S into the output S S3
scalar variable p.
f:C-40.E 5N
which reads, "f is a relationship which maps

the set of causes C into the set of effects E."
It means that for any particular state in the
set C, the relationship f will compute a state
in the set E. This is shown in figure 9.
We have already shown that states can be
denoted by vectors and sets of states by sets
of points in vector hyperspaces. Thus, the h,
notion of a function being a mapping from S,
one set of states to another naturally
extends to a mapping of points in one vector 52 h3
hyperspace onto points in another.

Suppose, for example, we define an oper-
53 l h,
h p
ator h as a function which maps the input

S = (sii s2, s3, . . . SN) onto the output
scalar variable p. We can write this as: SN
p = h (S)
or Figure 11: We will define the set of operators H = (hp, h ... hi) as a func-
p = h (5i, 52, . . . SN) tion which maps the input vector S into the output vector!.

however. Of course, if any of the variables
in S are time dependent, S will trace out a
trajectory TS through input space. The oper-
ator H will map each point S on TS into a
point P on a trajectory Tp in output space.
Goal Seeking Control Systems
We are now ready to consider the struc-

BI ture of control systems for sensory inter-
active, goal directed behavior. The simplest
INPUT SPACE form of goal seeking device is the servo-
mechanism. The setpoint, or reference
input to the servomechanism, is a simple
Figure 12: The operator H maps every input vector S in input space into an form of command. Feedback from a sensing
output vector P in output space. H thus maps the trajectory TS into the device, which monitors the state of the out-
trajectory Tp. put or the results of action produced by the
input, is compared with the command. If
We can also draw the functional operator there is any discrepancy between com-
as a circuit element or "black box" as in manded action and the results, an error
figure 10. (A black box is an engineering signal is generated which acts on the out-
concept sometimes used to depict a process put in the proper direction and by the prop-
with inputs and outputs. The viewer sees the er amount to reduce the error. The system
effects on the output of changes to the thus follows the setpoint, or, put another
input, but the internal workings of the way, it seeks the goal set by the input
process remain hidden in a black box.) command.
If we assume that we have L such oper- Now almost all servomechanism theory
ators, hi, h2, ...
hL, each operating on the deals with a one -dimensional command,
input vector S in figure 11, we have a map- a one- dimensional feedback, and a one -
ping: dimensional output. Our vector notation
will allow us to generalize from this one -
H: S -> P or P = H (S) dimensional case to the multidimensional
case with little difficulty.
where the operator H = (h1, h2, hL) ... Assume we have the multivariable servo-
maps every input vector S into an output mechanism shown in figure 13. The function
vector P. Now since S is a vector (or point) H operates on the input variables in S and
in input space and P is a vector (or point) in computes an output P = H(S). Note that we
output space, we can represent the function have partitioned the input vector S into
H asmapping from input space onto
a two vectors: C = (si , s2 ..., s¡, 0 ..., 0) and
output space, as shown in figure 12. F = (0, ... 0, s +¡ ... sN ); such that S = C +F.
For the purposes of our discussion we If i = 1, N = 2, L = 1, and H computes some
require that both the input and output space function of the difference between C and F,
be bounded and that each S will map into we have a classical servomechanism.
one and only one P. Several different S In our more general case C may be any
vectors may map into the same P vector, vector, and in some cases it may be a sym-
SI
Figure 13: A multivariable

servomechanism. The ref-
erence, or command input S
is the vector C consisting

{
S
of the variables si thru s..

The feedback is the vector PHYSICAL
F consisting of sensory ENVIRONMENT
(EXTERNAL
variables s; thru 5N. The WORLD)
function H computes an
output vector P consisting
Of pi thru pi. which drive
actuators and thus affect
the physical environment.
18 lune 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

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bolic command. The feedback vector may
contain information of many different types.
It may simply report position or velocity of
the controlled outputs, but for a compli-
cated system such as a robot manipulator or
SN the limb of an animal, it may also report
the resistance to movement by the environ-
ment, the inertial configuration of the
manipulator structure, and other parameters
relevant to the problem of making rapid and
precise movements.
Figure 14 illustrates the situation when a
. I
stationary command vector C establishes a
INPUT SPACE
SI sz setpoint, and as time progresses the feedback
vector F varies, creating an input trajectory
TS. The H operator computes an output
vector for each input and so produces an
output trajectory Tp The variation in F
.
may be caused by external forces imposed

by the environment, or by actions produced
by the output, or both. One or more of the
variables in the feedback vector F may even
be taken directly from the output vector
PZ P3
pl Tp P. n the latter case the H operator becomes
I
OUTPUT SPACE
the transition function for a finite state
automaton. In any of these cases the result
is that a single command vector C produces
Figure 14: A stationary C vector establishes a setpoint, and as time progresses

a sequence of output vectors Tp. The pro-
cess is driven by the sequence of feedback
the feedback vector varies from F7 to F2 to F3. The S vector thus traces out a
vectors F1, F2, F3. The superscript Fk
j
tra e c t ory T
T. The H operator computes an output P for each input S and so
denotes the vector F at time tk.
produces an output trajectory Tp. The result is that the input command C is
The sequence of operations illustrated in
decomposed into a sequence of output subcommands P1, P2, P3.
figure 14 can also be viewed as a decomposi-
tion of a command C into a sequence of sub-
commands P1, P2, P3. The vector C may be
a symbol standing for any number of things
such as a task, a goal, or a plan. In such
cases the output string P1, P2, P3 represents
a sequence of subtasks, subgoals, or subplans,
respectively.
Whether figure 14 is a servomechanism
or a task decomposition operator, there are
many practical problems concerned with
stability, speed, gain, delay, phase shift, etc.
In our notation these are all embedded in
the H functions. If the H functions are
correctly formulated and defined over the
entire space traversed by the S input, then
the output Tp will drive the physical actua-
tors in such a way that the goal is achieved
(ie: the error between the command C and
the result P is nulled) and stability is main-
tained under all conditions.
Servomechanisms are, of course, only the
simplest form of sensory interactive, goal
seeking devices. By themselves they are cer-
tainly not capable of explaining the much
more complex forms of goal seeking com-
monly associated with purposive behavior
in biological systems. However, when con-
nected together in a nested (or hierarchical)
structure, the complexity of behavior
Figure 15: If the command vector C also changes from time to time, it will in feedback control systems increases
trace out a trajectory Tc. dramatically.

Hierarchical Control
Assume that the command vector C in

figure 14 changes such that it steps along t2 13 14
Al 15
TIME
the trajectory Tc as shown in figure 15. The
result is that the sequence of input com-
mands C1, C2, C3, followed by the sequence
C4, C5 produces the sequence of output
vectors P1, P2, P3, 0, P5. In this case the
.41Ei Tc
subsequence P1, P2, P3, is called by the

commands C1, C2, C3 and driven by the
feedback F1, F2, F3. The subsequence
P4, P5 is called by C4, C5 and driven by
F4, F5, etc.
If we now represent time explicitly, the
C, F, and P vectors and trajectories of
figure 15 appear as shown in figure 16. The
fact that C remains constant while the feed-
back changes from F1 to F2 to F3 means
that the trajectory Tc is parallel to the time
axis over that interval. The jump from C1,
C2, C3 to C4, C5 causes an abrupt shift
in the Tc trajectory in the time interval
between F3 and F4.
Note that each instant can be represented
by a plane (or set of coplanar regions) perp-
endicular to the time axis. Each plane con-
tains a point from each trajectory and rep- Figure 16. When time is represented explicitly, the vectors and trajectories of
resents a snapshot of all the vectors simul- figure 15 become as shown here. In this example, the C vector remains
taneously at a specific instant in time. constant from time t = 1 to t = 3 and then jumps to a new value for t = 4 and
We are now ready to consider a hierarchy t = 5.
of servomechanisms, or task decomposition
operators, as shown in figure 17a. Here the
highest level input command C4 is asymbolic
vector denoting the complex task (ASSEM-
BLE AB). Some of the components in C4
computer mart of new jersey
may denote modifiers and arguments for the
assemble task. The subscript Ck denotes the
computer mart of pennsylvania
C vector at the kth level in the hierarchy.
Note that in figure 17 vectors are not
repeatedly drawn for each instant of time
during the trajectory segments, when they the
are reasonably constant. Thus, C4 is shown microcomputer
only at the beginning and end of the tra- people'
jectory segment labeled (ASSEMBLE AB).
C2 is shown only at the transition points
Computers don't make a
between (REACH to A), (GRASP), (MOVE
TO C), etc. It should be kept in mind,
computer store, PEOPLE do. Our
however, that H4 computes P4 continuously
people have been involved with
and produces an output at every instant of
microcomputers since doy one.
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The feedback F4 may contain highly expertise unparalleled in the
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vectors P4 (and hence which simple task custom software, service, or just
commands C3) should be selected and in some friendly advice; there simply
which order. F4 may also contain data from is no other place to go.
P4 and P3 which indicates the state of com-
pletion of the decomposition of C4. F4
combines with C4 to define the complete Computer Mort of Slew Mersey STORE HOURS Computer Mort of Pennsylvania
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Text continued on page 24
Circle 66 on inquiry card. June 1979 ci BYTE Publications Inc 21

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Text continued from page 21: At this point we perhaps should em-
At least part of the output P4 becomes phasize that the difference in time rate of
part of the input command vector C3 to the change of the vectors at various levels in
next lower level. C3 is also a symbolic vector the hierarchy does not imply that the H
which identifies one of a library of simple operators are computing slower at the higher
task commands together with the necessary levels than at the lower. We will, in fact,
modifiers and arguments. As the feedback assume that every H operator transforms
F4 varies with time, the input vector S4, S into P with the same computational delay
and hence the output vector P4, move along At at all levels of the hierarchy. That is:
a trajectory generating a sequence of simple
task commands at C3 such as (FETCH A), Pi (t) = Hi (Si (t-ht)) or Pk = Hi (Sk-' )
(FETCH B), (MATE B TO A), (FASTEN B
TO A), etc. as shown in figure 17b. at every level. The slower time rate of
Feedback at F3 may identify the position change of P vectors at the higher levels
and orientation of the parts A and B, and stems from the fact that the F vectors driv-
also carry state sequencing information from ing the higher levels convey information
outputs P3 and P2. As F3 varies with time, it about events which occur less frequently. In
drives the input S3 (and hence P3) along a some cases certain components of higher
trajectory generating a sequence of elemental level F vectors may require the integra-
movement commands at C2 such as tion of informaion over long time intervals
(REACH TO A), (GRASP), (MOVE TO C), or the recognition of symbolic messages
(RELEASE), etc. with long word lengths.
Feedback at F2 may contain information When we represent time explicitly as in
from proximity sensors indicating the fine figure 17, we can label the relatively straight
positioning error between the fingers and the segments of the Tc trajectories as tasks and
objects to be manipulated, together with subtasks. Transitions between the subtasks
state sequencing information derived from in a sequence correspond to abrupt changes
P2 and P1. The operator H2 produces P2, in Tc.
which denotes the proper velocity vectors It we do not represent time explicitly,
Cl for the manipulator hand in joint angle the relatively constant C vectors corre-
coordinates. spond to nodes, as in figure 15. The result-
Feedback F2 also provides joint angle ing tree structure represents a classical
position data necessary for the coordinate AND /OR decomposition of a task into
transformations performed by H2. P2 sequences of subtasks, where the discrete
provides reference, or setpoint commands, Ci vectors correspond to OR nodes and
Cl to the servomechanism operator H1. the rapidly changing sequences of Pi
F1 provides position, velocity, and force vectors become sets of AND nodes under
information for the traditional servocom- those OR nodes.
putations. The output P1 is a set of drive
signals to the actuators. Intentional or Purposive Behavior
Feedback enters this hierarchy at every
level. At the lowest levels, the feedback is Figure 17 illustrates the power of a
unprocessed (or nearly so) and hence is fast hierarchy of multivariant servomechanisms
acting with very short delays. At higher to generate a lengthy sequence of behavior
levels, feedback data passes through more which is both goal directed and appropriate
and more stages of an ascending, sensory to the environment. Such behavior appears
processing hierarchy. Feedback thus closes to an external observer to be intentional,
a real time control loop at each level in the or purposive. The top level input command
hierarchy. The lower level loops are simple is a goal, or task, which is successively
and fast acting. The higher level loops are decomposed into subgoals, or subtasks,
more sophisticated and slower. at each stage of the control hierarchy
At each level the feedback vector F until at the lowest level output signals
drives the output vector P along its trajec- drive the muscles (or other actuators)
tory. Thus, at each level of the hierarchy, producing observable behavior.
the time rate of change of the output vector To the extent that the F vectors at the
Pi will be of the same order of magnitude as various levels contain sensory information
the feedback vector Fi, and considerably from the environment, the task decomposi-
more rapid than the command vector Ci. tions at those levels will be capable of re-
The result is that each stage of the behavior sponding to the environment. The type of
generating hierarchy effectively decomposes response to each F vector depends on the H
an input task represented by a slowly chang- function at that level. If the F vector at any
ing Ci into a string of subtasks represented level is made up solely of internal variables,
by a more rapidly changing Pi. Text continued on page 28

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Text continued from page 24:
then the decomposition at that level will be
stereotyped and insensitive to conditions in
the environment.
Whether or not the hierarchy is driven by
external or internal variables, or both, the
highest level input command commits the
entire structure to an organized and coor-
dinated sequence of actions which under
Figure 18: Around each trajectory representing an ideal task performance
normal conditions will achieve the goal
there exists an envelope of nearly ideal trajectories which correspond to suc-
or accomplish the task. The selection of a
cessful, but not perfect, task performance. If the H functions are defined
high level input command in a biological
throughout these envelopes so as to drive the system back toward the ideal
organism thus corresponds to an intent
whenever it deviates, then the trajectory will be stable and task performance
or purpose, which, depending on circum-
can be successful despite perturbations and unexpected events.
stances, may or may not be successfully
achieved through the resulting hierarchical
decomposition into action.
Obtaining Successful Performance
The success or failure of any particular

task performance, or goal seeking action,
depends on whether or not the H functions
at each level are capable of providing the
correct mappings so as to maintain the
output trajectory within a region of success-
ful performance, despite perturbations and
uncertainties in the environment.
Tsi
At all levels, variations in the F vectors
ERROR IN S1 due to irregularities in the environment
cause T5 trajectories to vary from one task
Figure 19: If the H functions at the lower levels are sufficiently well defined, performance to the next. This implies that
small perturbations from the ideal performance can be corrected by low while there may exist a set of ideal trajec-
level feedback without requiring any change in the command from higher tories through S and P space at each level
levels. of the hierarchy corresponding to an ideal'
task performance, there also must be an en-
velope of nearly ideal trajectories which cor-
respond to successful, but not perfect,
task performance. This is illustrated in
figure 18.
The H functions must not only be de-
fined along the Ts trajectories corresponding
to ideal performance, but also in the regions
around the ideal performance. Consequently,
any deviation from the ideal is treated as an
error signal which generates an action de-
signed to restore the actual trajectory to
the ideal, or at least to maintain it within
the region of successful performance.
Small perturbations can usually be cor-
rected by low level feedback loops, as shown
in figure 19. These involve relatively little
sensory data processing, and hence are fast
acting. Larger perturbations in the environ-
ment may overwhelm the lower level feed-
back loops, and require strategy changes at
higher levels in order to maintain the system
- ERROR IN Si within the region of successful performance.
This is illustrated in figure 20. Major changes
Figure 20: If the lower level H functions are not adequately defined, or if in the environment are detected at higher
the perturbations are too large for the lower level to cope, then feedback to levels after being processed through several
the higher levels produces changes in the task decomposition at a higher level. levels of pattern recognizers. This produces
The result is an alternative strategy. differences in the F vector at the higher level

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Circle 171 on Inquiry card.
Figure 21: The command
SURVIVE
and control hierarchy pro-
C6
posed by Tinbergen to
HORMONES
account for the behavior F
of the male 3 spined

6 FEEDING REPRODUCTION MIGRATION
stickleback fish. The heavy BLOOD
CHEMISTRY
REPRODUCTION
II,
C5
line indicates the particular 1 \
WARM
type of behavior vector
I
SHALLOW
actually selected by the WATER 5
BUILD CARE FOR
feedback shown at the FIGHT NEST
MATE
YOUNG
various levels of the hierar-
chy on the left. This
RED MALE IN
TERRITORY
C4
. .,,.
figure represents a snapshot i' I
4
in time corresponding to P4 J
THREATEN a
one of the two -dimensional W W
surfaces shown in fig- cc J D
W 0 3 > CC
ure 16. CC z 0 2
w
STRANGER w
THREATENS
E m o al ó LL ¢
1 .
I,
l 1
I
/1
1
it 1
it I(,1 it it1,
1 l 1 l
l 1
1
,
I 1
1 I
l
1
1
I 1 l
which in turn produces different C vectors performance at all. He is continually forced

to lower levels. The result is an alternative to bring higher levels into play to prevent
higher level strategy to cope with the failure, and even the slightest perturbation
perturbation. from the ideal is likely to result in a watery
Of course, if the H functions do not pro- catastrophe. He works very hard, and fails
vide stability, or if the environment is so often, because his responses are late and
perverse that the system is overwhelmed, often misdirected. His performance is erratic
then the trajectories diverge from the re- and hardly ever near the ideal.
gion of successful performance and failure However, practice makes perfect, at
occurs. least in creatures with the capacity to
Over -learned tasks correspond to those learn. Each time a trajectory is traversed,
for which the H functions at the lower if there is some way of knowing what
levels are sufficiently well defined over mistakes were made, corrections can be
a large enough region of input space so as made to the H functions in those regions of
to maintain the terminal trajectory well input spaces which are traversed. The
within regions of stability and success with- degree and precision of these corrections,
out requiring intervention by the higher and the algorithm by which they are com-
levels for strategy modification. Thus, a puted, determine the rate of convergence
highly skilled and well -practiced performer, (if any) of the learning process to a stable
such as a water skier, can execute extremely and efficient success trajectory.
difficult maneuvers with apparent ease There are many interesting questions
despite large perturbations such as waves. about learning, generalization, and the
His lower level H functions are well defined mechanisms by which H functions are
over large regions of space corresponding created and modified at the various hierarchi-
to large perturbations in the environment. cal levels in biological brains. However, we
He is thus capable of compensating for will defer these issues until part 2 (July
these perturbations quickly and precisely 1979 BYTE).
so as to maintain successful performance
without intervention by higher levels. Such Task Decomposition and Goal Seeking
a performance is characterized by a mini-
mum amount of physical and mental effort. Note that figure 17 illustrates only a
We say, He skis effortlessly without even single specific performance of a particular
thinking." What we mean is that his lower task. None of the alternative trajectories
level corrections are so quick and precise which might have occurred under different
that his performance never deviates signifi- circumstances with a different set of F vec-
cantly from the ideal. There is never any tors are indicated. These alternatives which
need for higher level loops to make emer- might have occurred can be illustrated in
gency changes in strategy. On the other the plane orthogonal to the time axis.
hand, a novice skier (whose H functions are Figure 21 illustrates the set of alterna-
poorly defined, even near the ideal trajectory, tive C vectors available at various levels in
and completely undefined elsewhere) may the behavior -generating hierarchy of the
have great difficulty maintaining a successful male 3 spined stickleback fish. This figure

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represents a snapshot, or single cut through a number of insects (ie: the digger wasp
space orthogonal to the time axis. C4, the and various bee and ant species), several fish,
highest level goal, is survival. The feedback and many birds (ie: the herring gull, turkey,
F4 consists of variables indicating water and golden eye drake).
temperature and depth, blood chemistry, In these relatively simple creatures, be-
and hormone levels generated by length of havior is sufficiently stereotyped that it can
day detectors. When the hormone levels be described in terms of a small set of he-
indicate the proper time of year and the havioral patterns triggered by an equally
blood chemistry does not call for feeding small set of sensory stimuli. This suggests
behavior, then migratory behavior will be that insects, fish, and birds have only a few
selected until warm, shallow water is de- levels in their control hierarchies and a small
tected. The F4 vector will then trigger the set of behavior patterns stored as H func-
reproduction subgoal. tions at each level. It further implies that
When C3 indicates (REPRODUCTION), there are few externally driven components
an F3 vector indicating a red male in the in the F vectors at each level. Behavior tra-
territory will cause the (FIGHT) command jectories are internally driven, with only a
to be selected to C2. When C2 indicates few branch points controlled by sensory
(FIGHT) and the intruder threatens, a C1 data processed through simple pattern recog-
will be selected, and so on. At each level, nizers. The trajectory segments driven en-
a different feedback vector would select a tirely by internal variables are called fixed
different lower level subgoal. For example, action patterns, or tropisms. The external
if F3 indicates a female in the territory, variables which control the relatively few
C2 will become (MATE), and the type of branch points are the innate releasing mech-
mating behavior selected will depend on F2. anisms.
In simple creatures like the stickleback In higher animals, behavior is more com-
fish, the sensory stimuli that produce F2 plex and much less stereotyped. This im-
and F3 vectors which trigger specific be- plies more levels in the hierarchy, more
havioral trajectories are called innate re- external sensory variables in the F vectors at
leasing mechanisms. Innate releasing mech- each level, and hence many more possibilities
anisms and their associated behavioral for branching of the resulting trajectories.
patterns have been studied extensively in Figure 22 illustrates a set of trajectories
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Figure 22: A set of Tp
trajectories in which there
is opportunity for branch-
ing at many points in
time. If behavior can be
modified by feedback at
many different levels and
in many different ways,
it appears to be adaptive
and flexible. If there are
only a few branch points,
with only a few alternative
actions available at each
branch, behavior will ap-
pear stereotyped.
in which there is opportunity for branching defined a notation by which the behavior of
at several different levels at every step along such a hierarchy can be described clearly and
each trajectory. At each instant in time the concisely. We have asserted that the com-
C vector to any particular level depends plexity of behavior resulting from such a
upon what the C and F vectors were to the control hierarchy depends on four things:
next higher level at the previous instant.
Thus, a change in the F vector at any level the number of levels in the control
causes an alternative C vector to be sent to hierarchy;
the level below. Behavior is continuously the number of feedback variables which
modified at all levels by external variables, enter each level;
and hence does not appear stereotyped at the sophistication of the H functions
all. which reside at each level;
Many degrees of freedom place great the sophistication of the sensory pro-
demands on the H functions for maintaining cessing systems which extract feed-
stability and precision of control in such a back variables for use by the various H
large space of possibilities. Since successful functions.
behavior is only a tiny subset of all possible
behaviors, it is clear that most of the poten- In part 2 we will describe a computer
tial branches will lead to disaster unless the model of a neurophysiological structure in
H functions produce actions which steer the brain which computes multivariant H
the S and P vectors back into the narrow functions. We will then suggest how the
regions surrounding success trajectories. For brain might use such structures to learn skills,
a multilevel hierarchy with sensory interac- remember events, select goals, and plan
tion at many different levels, this is ex- future actions.
tremely complex. However, if the H func-
tions are trainable, then performance can
improve through practice. Complex tasks BIBLIOGRAPHY
can be learned, imitated, and communicated
from one individual to another. 1. Albus, J S and J M Evans, "Robot Systems,"
Scientific American, February 1976, pages 77
thru 87.
Conclusion 2. Arbib, M A, The Metaphorical Brain: An Intro-
duction to Cybernetics as Artificial Intelligence
We have now completed the first step in and Brain Theory, Wiley- Interscience, New
our development. We have described a hier- York, 1972.
3. Sommerhoff, G, Logic of the Living Brain,
archical computing structure which can Wiley- Interscience, New York, 1974.
execute goals, or intended tasks, in an un- 4. Tinbergen, N, The Study of Instinct, Clarendon
predictable environment. We have also Press, Oxford, 1951.

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Simple Maze Traversal Algorithms
Sandra and Stephen A Allen This article is a discussion of some solu- Problem Specification
2543 Luciernaga St tions to the problem of traversing a maze.
Carlsbad CA 92008 The algorithms here represent neither an ex- The IEEE Spectrum's Micromouse Maze
haustive nor a high -powered study of the contest began time trials last June at the
problem, but rather an intuitive approach. 1978 National Computer Conference in Ana-
The ideas reflect our thought processes and heim CA. A mechanical "mouse" (ie: robot)
those of Tony Rossetti in our efforts to com- must find its way under its own power from
pete in IEEE Spectrum magazine's ongoing the entrance of a maze to the exit. Each
Micromouse contest. mouse is given three tries through the maze,
with a time limit on each attempt. The
mouse with the shortest logged time wins
the contest. The solution to the problem,
then, is to find the path through the maze
that yields the shortest time.
An important consideration in finding a
solution is the characteristics of the maze.
RIGHT LEFT The corridors are of uniform width. There
ANGLE ANGLE are only five types of intersections: right
angle; left angle; T; U turn; and mouse-
trap. These are shown in figure 1. There are
no cross -intersections, nor are there any
king's chambers, which are large vacant areas
in the maze. This simplifies the traversal
algorithms somewhat. Finally, there are
exactly one entrance and one exit on the
perimeter of the maze, but not necessarily
on opposite sides.
TEE U -TURN Characteristics of the mouse should also
be taken into consideration. It must be com-
pletely self- contained, having an on board
computer and any required memory. Since
the mouse must carry its own battery, avail-
able power is a limiting factor.
Easy Algorithms
The criteria used in looking for a solution

MOUSETRAP were primarily based on the considerations
discussed above. The limited power, pro-
gram space, memory and processor power
were perhaps the most important aspects.
Simplicity was also an important element
Figure 1: Types of intersections allowed in the maze. All intersections are at in order to provide easy modification and
right angles and no cross intersections are allowed. enhancement of the robot.
36 June 197') MT) Publications Inc

The traversal algorithm that suggests itself
first is the simplest one: each time the robot
encounters an intersection, the rightmost
path is followed. This is the equivalent of
the robot resting its "right hand" on the
right wall of the maze corridor and not lift-
ing it throughout the maze walk (see figure
2). Of course it works in the same way when
taking the leftmost path instead of the right-
most. This algorithm certainly meets the
requirement of simplicity, and the program
is small and uses little memory. It also guar-
antees a solution, but unfortunately in using
this algorithm there only exists one solution,
so there is no way to take advantage of the
second and third runs through the maze to
significantly improve the traversal time.
The resulting path may be a very long,
roundabout path through the maze. This, of
course, depends on the configuration of the
particular maze. Indeed, the possibility
exists that the path takes more than the
allotted time for the robot to complete. So
the leftmost /rightmost algorithm guarantees
one solution, but has significant disadvan-
tages.
A variation of this algorithm is one in
which, at each intersection, the robot
chooses one of the available paths at ran- Figure 2: Example of a rightmost, maze walk. At each intersection encount-
dom. Again, this is an easy and short pro- ered, the rightmost available path is chosen.
gram to implement. It has the important
advantage that a different path is picked
every time through the maze, so that there is GO FROM THIS ...
the chance of picking a fairly short path. A
definite drawback, though, is that no solution
is guaranteed. The robot may come out the
entrance instead of the exit, or may wander
around in the maze until the allotted time
has run out.
Another slight variation on the leftmost/
rightmost algorithm is the straight -ahead
first algorithm. If, in this algorithm, a
straight -ahead alternative exists at an inter-
section, that path is chosen (otherwise either
the right or left path is taken). Like the
former algorithm, this one is short and
FoRms
Stock Continuous Business
Just Program and Gol
Forms...
simple, yielding a unique path; however, this
DESCRIPTION A FORM PARTS PACK /PRICE LBS.
path may not be a solution. This algorithm
1013 Invoice 3 250/28.50 9
can have certain advantages, though. When a 1000/79.00 35
maze has cross intersections and the entrance INVOICE
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1023 Statement 3 250/28.50 9
3 PART 01013 Detached)
and exit are on opposite sides of the maze, Printed 1000/79.00 35
the robot gets close to the exit faster. Also, 1033 Purchase 3 250/28.50 9
Order 1000/79.00
for robots which are mechanically faster at 35
going straight than at turning, this algorithm

TO ORDER:
can minimize the required turns.
Send 25% Deposit with order. Balance plus
All of the solutions discussed above are STATEMENT freight C.O.D. or send Full Amount with
3 PART n1023
very simple and, except for the random path freight and save C.O.D. charges. Free freight
algorithm, give only one possible solution on orders over 5300 in continental U.S.A.
for each maze configuration. Since the
mouse gets three tries through the maze, a
CGOO FORMS
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rithm on each run. For example, choose the PURCHASE ORDER Copyright 1979 GOFORMS. Box 55247. Valencia. CA 91355
3 PART /1033
rightmost path on the first time through, the
Circle 153 on inquiry card. June 197') i BYTE Public allons Inc 37
leftmost path the second time, and the
(X0,
YO+YI) straightest path the third time. In this way
the mouse is allowed to take advantage of
having three tries, and perhaps one will
yield a reasonably short time.
Smarter Algorithms
IX0-x2, Ix0+x1,
Y0) Y01
An unfortunate characteristic of mazes
built for a competition of this sort is that
wall -hugging mice (ie: those that don't
recognize corridors and intersections, but
1X0-X2, are built to blindly follow the right or left
Y0 -Y2) Figure 3: Representing a wall) are heavily penalized. This means that
maze path by coordinate the maze probably has a fairly short and
pairs. In general, horizon- direct path from the entrance to the exit,
+Y tal movement will add or but that this path has so many dead-end
subtract the distance from offshoots that a wall- hugger ends up cover-
the X coordinate; vertical ing a large portion of the maze's interior
movement will add or before reaching the exit. This aspect makes
subtract from the Y coor- it not such a good idea to use only a right-
dinate. most or leftmost algorithm. Rather, it argues
(0, 30) for using an algorithm that can be smart
about picking the path and learning from its
mistakes.
Obviously, the only way the robot can
learn from its mistakes is by remembering
what it did. In this way, the robot can make
( -10, 20) (0, 20) (10,20) a first try through the maze using one of the
simple algorithms discussed before, remem-
bering the path taken. Then the remembered
path can be optimized. This attack gives the
potential for significant time improvement.
(- 10,10) (0,10) (10,10) Remembering the Path Taken
The most difficult part of remembering a

Figure 4: Example of how path taken through the maze is how to re-
a section of a maze might present that path in the mouse's memory.
be labeled using the tech- One straightforward way to do this is to
(0, 0) nique shown in figure 3. conceptually map the maze onto an X,Y
coordinate grid, picking a convenient origin
(ie: the entrance to the maze) and orien-
tation (le: forward from the entrance is +X).
Since all intersections of corridors are at
right angles, any movement will be either
parallel to the X axis or parallel to the Y
axis, and will have either a positive or
negative increment. This mechanism pro-
vides a way to uniquely name all inter-
sections in a maze simply by giving the
X,Y pair which specifies the distances from
the entrance at (0,0). See figures 3 and 4 for
examples of naming intersections.
As the mouse visits intersections on its
Figure S: Sequence of X,Y walk through the maze, it can record in its
10.0) t0.0) coordinates of all the memory the X,Y coordinates of each, thus
10.10) (0.101 intersections visited during generating a list of X,Y pairs starting with
1-10,101 00,101 a maze walk. Two short (0,0) which uniquely describes the parti-
1-10.20) 110,201
samples of the leftmost cular path taken. Figure 5 shows the coor-
10.20) 10,201
10,301 (0,30) and rightmost path lists dinate lists representing the leftmost and
through a simple maze rightmost paths through the labeled maze
LEFT RIGHT section are shown. of figure 4.

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(20, 20) 130, 20)
(10, 10) (20,10)
(0, 0) (10, 0) (20. 0)
(20, - O)
LEFTMOST PATH LEFTMOST PATH

BEFORE OPT /M /ZAT/ON AFTER OPT /M /ZAT/ON
(0. 0) (0, 0)
Figure 6: Maze pitfalls. On (10, 0) (10, 0)

(10,10) (20,0)
its first, nonoptimized (20, -10)
(20,10)
attempt, the mouse will (20, 20)
traverse the entire length (30, 20)
of the dead-end corridor. (20, 20)
Optimization
After optimizing the path (20,101
110, 10)
by deleting backtracked (10, 0) Now that the mouse has a way of remem-
corridors, a shorter path is (20, 0) bering the path it takes on the first attempt
taken. (20, -10)
through the maze, the next problem is, how
can it find a better (shorter) path for the
second attempt? The main motivation be-
hind optimizing a path is to chop off all
parts of the path that don't contribute to
getting closer to the exit. That is, remove
any part that had to be backtracked.
The first type of backtracking is that
in which a corridor is a dead end, and the
mouse has to return to the main corridor
to continue. Clearly the time spent negoti-
ating this part of the maze is wasted and
should be omitted. Figure 6 illustrates this
kind of backtrack optimization: every
coordinate pair along the backtracked path
can be deleted from the list. Notice that
this same method works no matter how
long the dead end corridor is (ie: how many
intersections it has).
A second kind of backtracking occurs
when the maze contains a loop or cycle.
The presence of a loop is indicated when the
mouse returns to an intersection that it has
previously visited. The whole traversal of
the loop can be cut out of the maze walk
Figure 7: Leftmost versus rightmost maze traversal, in which the robot keeps since that part of the maze is useless and
its right or left side against the respective wall while traversing the maze. The cannot lead to the exit. Figure 7 illustrates
leftmost path the mouse would travel is shown in red. Notice that the outer how it is always the outer edge of the loop
edge of the loop is completely circumvented. When intersection 1 is visited a that is traversed. Once an intersection is
second time it is clear that this whole section of the maze is fruitless because revisited, all corridors leading away from
all corridors leading away from the center of the loop were tried and found to the center of the loop have been already
be useless. Since the exit to the maze is along the perimeter of the maze, no tried and found to be fruitless (otherwise
corridor going to the inside of the loop could possibly reach the exit. The the mouse would not have returned to the
rightmost path is shown in gray: in this case the whole loop is neatly by- loop entrance). And since the exit is along
passed. The mirror image of the above maze section can be used to argue the perimeter of the maze, no corridor
similarly for chopping the loop off the rightmost path. leading to the inside of the loop could

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Circle 181 on inquiry card. OYT June 1979 41
possibly reach the exit. Therefore, it doesn't would depend on the type of microprocessor
matter that these were unexplored, and used. In general, though, assume that the
every intersection along the loop can be intersection X,Y coordinates are stored in the
deleted from the optimized path with no mouse's memory in a linear fashion (ie:
loss of important information. in an array or list). Furthermore, assume
Detecting the two different types of that there is a pointer into the array or list
backtracks (straight line and loop) involves indicating where the next coordinate pair
answering the same question: has the mouse will be stored (ie: NEXT pointer). In this
been here before? The handling of both way, each time the mouse encounters an
types of backtracks is also the same too: intersection and is about to record its
delete all of the path history between the coordinates as the NEXT position in the
last visit here and this visit, then continue path list, it can scan backward from the
from there. Up until now, the optimizing NEXT pointer to the beginning of the list,
process has been discussed in an "after the looking for an occurrence of the same coor-
fact" fashion, as if the whole maze walk dinates. If no occurrence is found, this is
path had already been generated from the the mouse's first visit here. These coor-
start to the finish. However, it can be dinates can be recorded at the NEXT posi-
much more efficient if the mouse can per- tion in the list, and NEXT can be appro-
form these optimizations while it is re- priately incremented to prepare for any
cording the path. successive intersections. If an occurrence of
The actual details of the implemen- the same coordinate pair is found (ie: at
tation are not important here, since they positionI in the list), the mouse has been
here before. The easy way to "forget" the
backtracked part of the path (between I
and NEXT) is for the mouse to reset NEXT
to I, then continue normally by incre-
menting NEXT and looking for another
intersection. Figure 8 shows this diagramati-
cally.
Incidentally, if the mouse has relatively
low accuracy motors and sensors, it is pos-
sible to obtain slightly different readings
when encountering an intersection for the
second time. Therefore, when checking to
determine if this intersection has been
visited before, allowances must be made for
the inaccuracies. This is easily accomplished
by checking to see if X[NEXT] is within
plus or minus delta of X[I], and if Y[NEXT]
is within plus or minus delta of Y[ I], where
the delta value reflects the amount of pos-
sible deviation, instead of checking for
X[NEXT] = X[1] and Y[NEXT] = Y[I].
10.01 Although it may seem that a lot of com-
putation is done while the mouse is running
10,01 (0,01 10.01
the maze (and, after all, speed counts), in
10.201 I -. 10, 201 10.201 fact, the time taken for computation is so
I -0. 110.201 110,201 8 10,701 small compared to the time it takes for the
110.51 NEXT,. (0.201 10.401 robot to move to the next intersection that
120.51 A
120. 20)
it is hardly noticeable. Another factor which
NEXT -. 110. 20) makes doing the optimization during the run
even more desirable is that the exit of the
A B c maze is not always well defined. This means
that the robot merely passes through a cor-
Figure 8: Backtracking checks. Whenever the mouse records the intersection ridor and trips a light sensor to stop the
it is in, it checks backward in the path list to see if it has been here before. timer, and then proceeds to "fall of the edge
If so, the path list is pared back to that point, and thus the backtracked of the world." This makes it difficult for the
path is automatically "forgotten." For example, in A, the mouse is at inter- mouse to determine that the maze run is
section (10,20); it scans back through its path history and sees that it has finished, and that it should now optimize
been here before at pointer I. So the NEXT pointer is reset to just after I the recorded path. Optimizing during the
and the mouse continues. In B, the mouse again finds that it has revisited an run is certainly cleaner and more efficient.
intersection, and again the NEXT pointer is reset before continuing. In C, A suitable way to take advantage of the
the final, optimized path is shown. backtrack- trimming algorithm would be
42 lune 1979 r<) BYTE Publications Inc

THE DIAGNOSIS:
MEDICAL OFFICE MALAISE
Between insurance done with speed and with an outside firm.
forms, Medicare and accuracy. It has been Obviously, a medical data
Medicaid forms, bills, and estimated that Doctors and base management system
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swamped with paperwork. handling paperwork. Until office efficiency and freeing
If the sheer volume isn't now, the only alternatives staff for more valuable
enough of a problem, it is were either hiring more per- duties.
also essential that all this be sonnel or subcontracting
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Circle 284 on inquiry card. 8Y1f Juno 1979 43

Figure 9: Optimization. If for the mouse to take the rightmost path,
a leftmost path were to optimizing and recording as it went on the
yield the red path and a first attempt, and similarly take the left-
rightmost path were to most path on the second try. Now the
yield the gray path, the mouse has recorded in its memory two
common intersections different optimized paths. At the beginning
would be A, B, C, and D. of the third attempt, each of the two paths
By taking the shorter path can be measured by a straightforward, length
7
between each successive of corridors sum, and the shorter of the two
pair of intersections, one optimized paths can be taken on this final
obtains the shortest total run.
path which has been tra- A logical extension of this shorter total
versed. Examples of short path philosophy is to compare the leftmost
paths are the gray path path list to the rightmost path list, finding
from A to B, either path all the common intersections. A short total
from B to C (since they path can then be composed by joining the
are the same), and the red shorter of the path segments between each
path from C to D. The common intersection pairs. For example,
final path is the most each complete path might go through the
direct and shortest path origin, intersection A, intersection B, and
through this section of the the exit point (perhaps along with many
maze. other different intersections). Then an
A
optimal path could be made by combining
the shorter path between the origin and
A, the shorter path between A and B, and
shorter path between B and the exit. Con-
ceptually, this is like breaking the maze
down into "common denominator" sections
and picking the shortest path through each
individual section. And, in fact, this path is
the shortest one which has been traversed
through the maze so far (see figure 9).
However, time is critical, not distance,
and most likely the robot corners more
slowly than it goes straight (see figure
10). So if the shorter path has many turns in
it, and the longer run has few turns, the
shorter path may not necessarily yield the
X
shorter time for the run. Therefore, a slight-
T ly more sophisticated scheme could measure
the paths using a weighted sum (a larger value
2-41 for turns than for straightaways), and yield
values which more closely reflect how fast
x
the robot can negotiate the maze by the
different paths.
Conclusions
8
The algorithms presented here are by no
means high- powered or devious, but are
more the results of a natural, intuitive ap-
proach to the maze traversal problem. They
A
are all straightforward and relatively easy to
x X
implement. But even so, they are reliable
TOTAL LENGTH TOTAL LENGTH and produce solutions which are reasonably
10 UNITS 12 UNITS good, especially when compared with the
common wall -hugging tactics.
Figure 10 Turning time considerations. Due to the time it takes for the
:: Clearly, there are still many ways to im-
mouse to turn in an intersection, evaluations regarding this difference in the prove the performance of these algorithms.
average length traveled per unit time must be made. For example, the mouse More contests like the IEEE Spectrum's
moves one unit of length in one unit of time and it takes two units of time to Micromouse contest will perhaps encourage
turn in an intersection. Then with the mouse starting in position A in each investigation in this area and will produce
course, after 12 units of time the mouse has progressed 10 units of length on much more sophisticated approaches and
the left and a full 12 units on the right. solutions to the maze problem.
44 lune 1979 (<. BYTE Publication. Inc

"Micro- Computer Products
to Look Up to
NorFhStd
Horizon Disk Capacity Pascal Now Available Double Density,
First
Keeps Growing for Horizon Now Double Memory
The Horizon is now capable of 720K The much -heralded Pascal language The new North Star 32K RAM board
bytes on -line! The Horizon can connect isnow being offered for use with the (RAM -32) has doubled the memory
to four double density 51/4" single -sided North Star Horizon computer. North density of the popular Horizon compu-
disk drives. Each of those drives can ter. Available either with the Horizon or
access 180K bytes of information. A other S -100 bus computers, the RAM -32
four drive system accesses 720 K bytes! -
runs at full speed no wait states -
with the 4 MHz Z80A microprocessor
That's capacity you don't usually find in (as well as with slower Z80 and 8080
a microcomputer, but there's even processors). Addressability of the
more to come! The North Star disk con- RAM -32 is switch -selectable in four 8K
troller board is designed so that two- regions.
sided disk drives may be added as
North Star RAM features like bank -
soon as they become available from
switching and parity checking are
North Star.
standard. The parity checking capa-
Existing Horizons will accommodate the Inside view of Horizon with processor bility means that the RAM -32 is con-
new two -sided drives so North Star board, RAM board, disk controller, two stantly diagnosing itself. That's a plus
owners can simply add additional drives, and power supply. for your system. The fact that parity
drives to up -grade their system. Each Star, with the cooperation of the Uni-
checking is a North Star RAM -32 stan-
two-sided drive will access 360K bytes! versity of California at San Diego, is
dard is a plus for your pocketbook!
That means the maximum on-line disk There is no extra charge for this impor-
now delivering a Pascal Program De-
storage for the Horizon will increase to velopment system. North Star Pascal is tant capability.
over 1.4 million bytes! ideally suited for developing large A Horizon with 48K of RAM can be con-
programs because of features such as: figured by using one North Star 16K
New Cabinet long variable names, block- structured RAM board and a RAM -32. Need
for Disk Drives control statements, and compilation. more memory? 56K can be configured
North Star Pascal is available on 51/4" by using two RAM -32 boards with one
North Star additional disk drives are diskettes for use with the Horizon or 8K region switched off.
now available with the same high Micro Disk System. North Star Pascal
quality wood cover as the Horizon will operate with either the Z80 or 8080 NORTH STAR MDS, ZPB,
computer! The Additional Drive microprocessor.
Cabinet (ADC) is designed to accept
FPB FOR OTHER
either one or two drives for the Horizon Pascal, including documentation, is S -100 COMPUTERS
or for mounting North Star Micro Disk available in either single or double
density versions for $49.
Upgrade your system with these North
System drives. Like the Horizon, the Star products -available for any S-100
ADC is available with either wood or An auxiliary Pascal diskette, contain- computer: Micro Disk System -a
blue metal cover. Included is a new ing an 8080/Z80 assembler and some complete 51/4" floppy disk system, Z80
power supply capable of powering additional Pascal utilities, is available Processor Board, or the Hardware
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Horizon and RAM board prices are:
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1 $1599 $1899
Horizon - -32K
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4 Atypical Horizon configuration: CRT, Hori-

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46 BYTE lune 1979 Circle 308 on inquiry card.
PROGRAMS
PRS -THE PROGRAM OF THE
MONTH CORPORATION i
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SOFTWARE PRICE QTY. TOTAL

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3. CORE: The TRS -80 Co- Resident
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City State Zip __ m

o

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See Demonstrations at NCC. Personal Computing Booth 42
'CPIM is a trademark of Digital Research Corp.
The circuit described
Marcia's isintended only for ex-
perimentation with a
Circuit Cella unique form of input.

It should not in any
way be used for diag-
nosis of bodily func-
tions.
Mind Over Matter

Add Biofeedback Input to Your Computer
I wouldn't want you to get the wrong contract, not periodically like the heart, Steve Ciarcia
idea from photo 1. I haven't given up com- the frequencies are very low, but the volt- POB 582
puters and taken up telling fortunes. Just age is higher: about 5 to 10 mV. Because Glastonbury CT 06033
consider the photo as a slightly dramatized of their magnitude, these signals are the
introduction to a topic we've all heard of, easiest to monitor.
but know so little about: biofeedback. In The last important biomedical signal is
layman's terms, this simply means having composed of very low amplitude voltages
the capability to monitor (in this case within the brain itself. These are recorded by
electronically) physiological processes. the EEG (electroencephalograph). They ex-
There are a variety of devices on the hibit both periodic and pulse mode. The 50
market referred to as brain wave monitors. µV signals occupy a band that is generally
Brain waves are but one of the many sources between and 30 Hz. The signals are further
1
of energy categorized under biofeedback. subdivided into delta, theta, alpha, and beta
Their common relationship is that they are waves. These classifications signify activity
all electrical pulses which run through the in defined frequency bands. Differences in
body as a result of brain or muscle activity. activity seem to reflect particular personality
Nerves and muscles within the body generate tendencies.
electricity by electrochemical action similar
to that in a battery.
When we want to lift an arm, the brain
sends an electrical pulse to the muscles in
the arm. Proper magnitude and duration of
the signal result in coordinated activity.
The actual energy that is transmitted from
the brain is very small: on the order of a few
hundred microvolts at the most. The most
familiar of these signals is the voltage gen-
erated by the pumping of the heart. A graph
of this voltage versus time is called an electro-
cardiogram (abbreviated EKG or ECG). An
EKG looks like a spiked waveform, with
periodic response equivalent to a heartbeat.
Many individual muscle contractions con-
tribute to a frequency spectrum of 0.1 to
100 Hz, with an amplitude of about 5 mV.
Another group of signals are the voltages
generated using large skeletal muscles like
biceps and triceps. A recording of these
voltages is called an electromyograph or Photo 1: This photo simulates a crystal ball reflection to emphasize the con-
EMG. Occurring only when the muscles trol capabilities associated with this article.
June 1979 0 BYTE Publications Inc 49

tion and association are the keys. EKG,
EMG, and EEG readings must be carefully
interpreted.
All of the signals discussed thus far can
be monitored with surface electrodes. When
the biceps is moved, a small voltage which
can be measured will be produced across it
EIN (ie: referenced to some other point on the
E OUT
body). Monitoring this voltage requires a
special amplifier with extremely high input
impedance and 60 Hz rejection. Care must be
taken to use a device which will not load
the signal being sensed, nor have such a
low signal to noise ratio that one cannot
discern intelligible information. The unique
device which satisfies these requirements is
called an instrumentation amplifier. Any
EOUT - (I+ RGAaIN /E2-Ei/ product which is sold to monitor brain
waves, EKGs, etc will contain an instrumen-
Figure 1: Differential input instrumentation amplifier configured from multi- tation amplifier.
ple, single-ended, operational, amplifier elements. Instrumentation amplifiers are often called
differential or data amplifiers. They are
closed loop gain blocks with accurately
Copyright ©1979 by Steven Monitoring Internal Electrical Activity predictable input to output response. They
A Ciarcia. All rights reserved. are especially configured to have extremely
Consider the activity within the brain high input impedances and common mode
or the muscles. Each neuron is producing rejection which makes them ideal for ampli-
minute voltages. In combination with the fying low level signals in the presence of
voltages of billions of other cells involved large common mode voltages. Figure 1
in similar activities, the result is fairly shows the schematic of a typical instrumen-
significant. The situation can be compared tation amplifier built from such standard
to that of a football stadium before, during, operational amplifiers as LM301s or 741s.
and after a game. A listener outside of the This common circuit consists of three
stadium would not hear the shouts of a op amps. ICa and ICb are inserted as high
few individuals, but 50,000 people shouting impedance input buffers which provide a
is quite another story. A further considera- differential gain of 1 + 2R1 /Rgain and unity
tion is the progress of the game. Loud noise common mode gain. ICc is a unity gain
coming from a particular section of the differential amplifier which combines the
stadium during the game signifies approval. voltages from the other amps. The ratio
This same ovation, at the conclusion, can of the differential voltage gain of an amp-
imply the identity of the winner. Observa- lifier to its common mode gain is enhanced
Table 1: Comparison chart of three different amplification elements.
Operational Instrumentation Isolation

Amplifier Amplifier Amplifier
Symbol
1. User defined feedback such Committed feedback. 1. Committed feedback.

as voltage or current.
Feedback 2. Can be configured to 2. Gain adjustable 2. Gain adjustable
Configuration provide dV /dt, l Vdt, within fixed limits. within fixed limits.
log V, etc.
1. General purpose amplifi- 1. High accuracy analog 1. High accuracy analog

Basic cation element. sense amplifier. sense amplifier.
Applications 2. Buffer. 2. Analog safety isolator.
3. Analog computational 3. Prevents ground loops.
element.

V VECTOR
by selecting low feedback resistors to reduce
the effects of input offsets. A problem arises
when selecting matched components to
build this otherwise cheap circuit. Slight
variations in resistors and op amps can make
the difference between a working or non-
working circuit. (More on that subject will
be discussed later.)
EEG and EMG monitoring requires an
PACKAGING SYSTEMS
SAVE TIME & MONEY!
New ANVDIP
8804, $21.95
- 1?
.... .
. 11:1111
instrumentation amplifer because of the

low input levels; but, when used in a bio-
medical application, a further modification
to the amplifier's internal design is necessary. 8802-1, $21.95
The special device is called an isolation
amplifier. Transformers or optical couplers S -100 CARDS
inside the amplifier block isolate the sense Five models available. Universal tinned buses, pads or
inputs of the amplifier from the output plain. 0.042 inch diameter holes on 0.1 inch grid for
circuitry. This means that a 2 pV signal mounting anything anywhere. For interface, memory,
could be monitored on a 2000 V transmis- breadboarding.
sion line and the output connected directly R681 -2 RECEPTACLE FITS 8803 MOTHERBOARD
to an analog to digital converter input on Model R681 has 0.062 inch long 0.025 inch square tails.
1
your computer. The protection works both

YEGnR tbRl:
ways. This is why any connections to the
body are done through isolation amplifiers. IiliUIIUMPUI1liU1Dl I I I I I I l II l l l l l l l l l l i i i l Ii I I llllillllilUlli
An isolation amplifier is to analog signals
as an optoisolator is to digital signals. It
prevents ground loops from the data analysis
E'LUI1-0 IJliC&
TEFZEL* Insulation Wire Wrapping Tools:
equipment (ie: your computer) through the U. S. &
foreign patents
subject. When the electrodes are attached,
skin contact resistance is very low: only a
few hundred ohms. A leakage current of
just 100 pA can be fatal. Table 1 sum-
marizes the differences between the ampli-
fiers we've discussed. Up to 4X faster.
Heavy insulation.
P184 -4T with NiCad
Choosing an Isolation Amplifier
batteries, recharger, 100'
daisy -chain wraps of wire: $105.00.
There have been many articles on the P184 with 100 feet of wire, $30.00.
subject of alpha brain wave and muscle
monitors; some even include circuit diagrams BEAUTIFUL VP2 ENCLOSURE -supplied completely
for construction of the interfaces. The assembled for packaging.
S -100 Rased systems. Clear
major thing these articles lack is a caution aluminum with blue vinyl
about matching components, and the critical finished slide-oft sides, top,
and pei formed bottom coves
importance of proper layout. The circuit
;
heavy chassis plate,

of figure 1, if breadboarded in the usual removable front and real
fashion, wouldn't have a chance of working panels, adjustable
connector /Motherboat d
on 50 pV levels. Even the testing of a hand- mounting struts, card
ful of components to obtain matched pairs guides (plastic guides
would be useless without concise wiring supplied uninstalled).
VP2, $159.00. VP1,
and plenty of ground plane shielding to colds mount pmpendicular
reduce 60 Hz interference. Personally, In front, $163.00. BP17 -9 accessory back panel, $10.95.
don't like to present circuits with so many
Low -noise model 8803 S -100 Motherboard not shown.
strings attached that it takes divine inter-
Eleven positions ready for connectors. Glass epoxy,
vention to make them work. solder masked etched circuitry for passive and active
The final most important consideration tel mination, twelve tantalum capacitors and
in this undertaking is to not get electrocuted instructions. $29.50.
because of sloppy technique. At this point DuPont Prices subject to change without notice.
trademark
I'd like to draw the line between this article
and other construction oriented articles. A Send for complete data. Packaging systems for other
cheap method of attaining minimal isolation card sizes and systems, rack mounting are available
is to use batteries to power an instrumenta- VECTOR ELECTRONIC COMPANY, INC.
tion amplifier. This sounds fine in theory, 12460 Gladstone Avenue, Sylmar, CA 91342
but it is very risky in practice. Too often a telephone (213) 365 -9661; TWX (910) 4961539
nil number (i47I0I
Circle 381 on inquiry card. lune 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc 51

standard power supply is substituted for
the batteries, or a loosely wired component
falls against a live wire on another circuit.
Fortunately we can get both safety and
performance if we don't assume that every-
thing has to be constructed from scratch.
It is a much better idea to take advantage
of commercially available isolation ampli-
fiers. (You wouldn't build a 4 bit digital
counter from transistors, would you ?) A
perfect choice for this application is the
Underwriters Laboratory approved Analog
Devices 284J isolation amplifier shown in
photo 2. It provides plus or minus 2500 V
isolation, 110 dB common mode rejection,
and a gain of 10 V per volt. For the ex-
perimenter this eliminates building the only
tricky section of the interface. An added
Photo 2: The Analog Devices 284/ isolation amplifier used in this article. benefit is that the isolation is now an in-
ternal function of the 284J and not a
function of installation. Since the ultimate
aim of this article is to produce a biofeed-
back interface for a computer, I don't
want anyone getting injured in the process.
Biofeedback Computer Interface
Figure 2 is the schematic of a circuit

which is capable of sensing the minute
voltages we've been discussing, and signify-
ing to the computer when a present level has
been attained. This is a bare bones, basic
interface designed specifically for signal
acquisition. It would seem to me that this
is the area which would give most people
problems. The circuit consists of an isola-
tion amplifier module, two gain stages, and
a comparator to sense peak level. The corn -
pleted circuit is shown in photo 3.
All connections to the body are done
Photo 3: View of the prototype circuit described in figure 2. through Ml. The high and low input ter-
minals are attached across the area to be
monitored. If it is an EKG output, you
should attach the terminals as shown. For
biceps input, these two probes would go
on the upper arm and the guard connected
to the wrist. All leads between the body
and the board must be shielded or 60 Hz
will be all that is seen on the output. Gain
on the 284J amplifier is set by connecting
a resistor between pins 1 and 2. When they
are shorted as shown, the result is a gain
of 10.
ICs1 and 2 are configured as common
inverting amplifiers, each having a gain of
10. Since the signals we want to amplify
are relatively low frequency AC, a capacitor
is attached at the input of the first amplifier
to filter out the DC component of M1 's
output. In most cases of muscle monitoring,
this total gain of 1000 is sufficient. Picking
Photo 4: Pregelled American Optical electrodes of the type used in this up brain waves will require additional
article. They are available from medical supply outlets. amplification. Changing the 100 k 2 resistor

-V
ANALOG OUTPUT Q
+5V
IM 470K IOOK
R2
`RI 20K
+V OFFSET ADJUST TRIGGER
50K 0.001 0.001 LEVEL
ADJUST
)1 )1 3.3K
0.47
SHIELD 47K 2 LM301A
10 6 I0K 2 LM301A
HIGH IN 3.3K
3 6
LOW IN IC2
3
GAIN
MI
GUARD 9 284J IK IK
8 47K 33pF f 0K -H)

0.1 33pF 0.1
T
+5v
22K +5v
Figure 2: Schematic diagram of biofeedback
monitor. IC4 is a type 2841 isolation ampli- IOµF
PARALLEL IOK
fier costing $59 plus shipping from Analog TO COMPUTER
INPUT PORT BIT 0 10 II
Devices, Rte 1 Industrial Park, P08 280,
Norwood MA 02062. +V is anywhere from 9 _I-L Q 0
1C4
to 15 V and -V
is from -9 to -15 V. All
74121
capacitors are 100 V ceramic unless other-

wise noted. All circuitry should be mounted 470
on a ground plane to reduce AC pickup.
Connecting wires should be as short as pos-
sible. The electrode cable must be shielded
©r
LED
I
to obtain proper operation.
Number Type +5 V GND +V -V

on IC2 to 1 MS2 will increase it another IC1 LM301A - - 7 4
order of magnitude to 10,000. Be aware
that raising the amplification also raises
IC2 LM301A - - 7 4
the noise on the output. Capacitors in the

1C3 LM741 7 4 - -
feedback loops are used in an attempt to IC4 74121 14 7 - -
keep this noise to a minimum. The amplified
analog signal is available at pin 6 of IC2. Table 2: Power pin connections for figure 2 schematic.
It can be attached to an oscilloscope if you
care to watch yourself in action.
IC3 and IC4 are the interface to the com- figure I. As it stands, it cannot differentiate
puter. IC3 is a comparator with normally between alpha or theta waves and is opti-
high output. When the signal level from IC2 mized for muscle pickup.
exceeds the trigger voltage set on R2, IC3 To sense the electrical activity of a
pin 6 goes low, firing the one shot IC4. This muscle such as the biceps, three electrodes
signal is in turn connected to a parallel are necessary. It is not enough to merely
input bit of the computer. Offset potenti- wrap three wires around your arm. Special
ometer R1 is adjusted to give 0 V on IC2 electrodes such as the type shown in photo 4
pin 6 when M1 is removed and M1 pin 10 are necessary. These are referred to as pre -
is grounded. gelled silver -silver chloride disposable elec-
trodes and they are available through medical
Using the Muscle Monitor supply outlets. The electrodes (shown
in photo 5) have a spongy center section sat-
Monitoring muscle voltages is much urated with a gel to reduce skin contact
easier than monitoring brain waves. To ade- resistance. The best results will be obtained
quately accomplish the latter, sharp band - by using these or similar attachments.
pass filters which can separate brain waves In the case of the forearm muscles, the
from other signal sources must be added to Text continued on page 56
lune 1979 (0 BYTE Publications Inc 53

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be used as a suitable control input to the
computer.
Biofeedback Computer Control
Control is the name of the game. Con-

sider someone who is almost totally
paralyzed. This system could be used (per-
haps by sensing eyebrow movement) as an
on /off switch to a more sophisticated con-
troller. I've seen one computer aid for the
handicapped which consisted of an alpha-
numeric sequencing display. Letters could
be individually chosen and eventually com-
bined to produce whole written messages.
A lot can be accomplished with a single
bit of input if the software is written with
time as a pertinent consideration. A single
Photo 5: The electrode has a saturated spongy center which serves to reduce switch could signify a particular choice if
skin contact resistance. It is necessary to use this type of connection to the each was presented in sequence with time
body if satisfactory results are to be obtained. allotted to answer. That is the premise of
the BASIC program in listing 1.
This is a simple program written in
Text continued from page 53: Micro Com 8 K Zapple BASIC. It presents
high electrode (shown in photo 6) is placed the operator with a series of seven choices,
on the wrist, the low electrode on the upper and branches to special subroutines as a
arm, and the guard on my chest, close to result of these choices. It presumes that the
the shoulder. When the muscles of that arm user can see and signify positive response
are flexed, a large pulse will appear at the by a high logic level on bit 0 of input port 3.
analog output terminal of the interface. It This bit is tied to the output of our eye-
is best seen with an oscilloscope. Every brow twitch monitor. Output port 17 has
movement produces some noticeable devi- seven lights attached to bits 1 through 7
ation in the trace. If the trigger adjustment (bit 0 not used). The program lights the
R2 is set above the ambient noise at the first light, and the user decides whether or
peak of this large pulse, it will fire the one not the computer should perform the
shot every time the muscle is flexed. Ac- activity signified by bit 1. If so, the user
tually, adjustment can be much finer. With merely furrows his or her brow and the
the electrodes placed as in figure 1 (the program jumps to the designated activity.
guard is on my chest again), they can pick In this simple illustration, I merely flash
up something as insignificant as moving the light a few times to indicate which
your eyebrows or gritting your teeth. The was chosen. Should the operator not care
setting is made higher than the level produced for the first choice, the program sequences
when talking or breathing, so that it can to the next choice, and so on. Before hook-
Photo 6: To monitor the

electrical activity of the
muscles in the arm, elec-
trodes should be placed
as shown.

lor?
AC -12 Remote
AC Control System.
This unique option enables a C2
user to create a computerized wireless
home control facility with simple
effort and at heretofore unheard of
low cost. The AC -12 provides a con-
trol signal on the home's AC power
IAA
1,
line not unlike the manner in which
wireless intercoms function. The
1* AC -12 will plug into any C2 computer

that has the new 540 B video board.
The basic system contains a com-
mand console and four remote mod-
ules. The remotes can be appliance
modules that can switch up to 15
amps, lamp modules that can provide
on -off, dimming and brighten-
ing, or wall switch modules.
The AC -12 has a special
Home Control OS -65D
One of V 3.0 Mini- Floppy
three exciting Disk Operating System
that provides a wide
new options range of capabilities
from Ohio Scien not the least of which
is "Foreground and
Color, With it there is a big Sound. Background oper-
difference. And now, Ohio Scientific The sound option ation. This allows
offers a lustrous 16 color option on further enhances enjoyment the computer to
all its C2 Series Computer Systems, of the C2' s while broadening their monitor time and
past and present. New orders for scope of applications. Games of logic inputs for the Home Control System,
C2-4P and C2 -8P's can now request and dexterity now seem to come while running other BASIC
the color option. Upgrade kits are alive when sound pops out from programs!
available for all existing C2's. When on-screen happenings.
coupled with the C2's demonstrated This new option is implemented New options:
high resolution graphics, the new through the new 542 Rev B keyboard Color and Sound Option on C2 -4P and
color display is striking. available with new CZ orders or as C2 -8P Add $200
The relatively easy add -on of color part of an upgrade kit. In addition CA -11B 540B color video board for
and other options discussed here are to a standard tone generator, this system upgrades (does not include 542B
interfaced through the new 540 B new board also contains a D/A (digital sound keyboard) $225
video board and are realized without to analog) converter that takes ad-
extensive modification or excessive vantage of the power and ultra high CA -11C 540B color video board and
542B sound keyboard. (For upgrades)
cost because the C2 family of com- speed of the C2's 6502 micropro-
$299
puters feature exceptional "design cessor to enable users to generate
for the future" modular construction both limited band -width speech and AC -12 Remote AC control system, in-
that permits one sector of the complex musical cluding console, four remotes and
computer to be modified without chords. software. For use on any system with a
affecting other sectors. 540B video board $175
Color. Sound. AC Remote Control.
Three more examples of Ohio Scientific's
continuing enhancement of its computer
products and user benefits.
Contact your local Ohio Scientific dealer.
OHM SCIENTIFIC
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Aurora, Ohio 44202
(216) 562 -3101
100 REM This program demonstrates how the computer can be Listing 1: BASIC program to sense input
110 REM used to provide contol output from an EMG digital input from the biofeedback monitor. This program
120 REM EMG input is on port 3, bit O. No stimulus is logic 0
130 REM while muscle activity is signified by logic 1. scans the cursor through several choices and
140
150
REM Test apparatus uses 7 lights attached to hits 1 thru 7 of
REM output port 17. The computer seouences thru the lights until the
waits a short period of time. If the user
160 REM operator signifies a choice by -- 'THINI <ING' -- about it !!! squints or blinks within the allotted period,
170
180
REM
REM Copyright 1979 STEVE CIARCIA that choice is designated. If it is not designa-
190 REM ted, it cycles to the next choice. This par-
200 REM
210 FOR D =0 TO 300 :NEXT B ticular program just blinks the chosen ob-
220 REM jective to indicate that the interface is work-
230 REM This routine seouentially flashes bits 1 through 7 of port 17
240 REM It only exits when an input flag has been set by the EMG monitor ing. The required body connections for pick-
250 B =1 ing up eyebrow movement are shown in
260 X =2 -B :OUT 17,X
270 GOSUB 440 photo 1.
280 IF F =1 THEN OUT 17,1 :GOTO 320
290 B =B +1 :IF B >7 THEN LOTO 210
300 LOTO 260 up, the program can be easily tested with
310 REM
320 IF B =1 THEN GOSUB 670 :GOTO 570 the muscle monitor by temporarily at-
330 IF B =2 THEN GOSUB 670 :00T0 580 taching a normally closed, pushbutton
340 IF B =3 THEN GOSUB 670 :GOTO 590
350 IF B =4 THEN GOSUB 670 :GOTO 600 switch on port 3 bit O.
360 IF B =5 THEN GOSUB 670 :GOTO 610
370 IF B =6 THEN GOSUB 670 :LOTO 620
380 IF B =7 THEN GOSUB 670 :00T0 630 Conclusion
390 IF B>7 THEN STOP
400 REM
410 REM All of this effort for a single bit of data
420 REM This routine reads the EMG monitor on port 3 bit 0
430 REM If signal is present it sets flag F =1
acquisition may appear unjustified, but it
440 A =0 :F =O can prove to be exceedingly significant in
450 I= INP(3) -254
460 IF I >0 THEN 490
situations where no other means of com-
470 A =A +1 :IF Aì200 THEN RETURN :REM give operator time to respond puter interaction is available. At the least,
480 LOTO 450
490 F =1
the interface should provide a substantial
500 O= INP(3) base for biofeedback experiments. With
510 IF 0>254 THEN 500
520 RETURN additional amplification and filtering to
530 REM monitor brain waves, a whole series of
540 REM
550 REM These 7 routines can be replaced with outputs to challenging experiments come to mind.
560 REM individual control programs. Personal computing need not be relegated
570 PRINT'b= 1':00TO 210
580 PRINT'b= 2':GOTO 210 to the level of canned amusements and
590 PRINT'b= 3':GOTO 210 commercial presentations. A refinement of
600 PRINT'b= 4':GOTO 210
610 PRINT'b= 5':GOTO 210 this interface could be the one critical
620 PRINT'b= 6':GOTO 210 design feature which would open the field
630 PRINT'b= 7':GOTO 210
640 REM of personal computing to individuals who
650 REM are otherwise physically unable to take
660 REM This routine flashes individual light to indicate Selection
670 FOR T =0 TO 10 advantage of it.
680
690
OUT 17,X
FOR T1 =0 TO 50 :NEXT T1
If you have any questions on this or
700 OUT 17,0 :
any other "Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar" article,
710 FOR T1 =0 TO 50 :NEXT T1
720 NEXT T
or just a good idea, please don't hesitate
730 RETURN to write. While it may take some time, I
do eventually answer all inquiries. Please

enclose a self- addressed stamped envelope.
Next month the "Circuit Cellar" topic will
be sound generators.
PET PRINTER ADAPTER

GET HARD COPY FROM YOUR The CmC ADA 1200 drives an $98.50 ADA 12008
COMMODORE PET USING A RS -232 printer from the PET Assembled and tested
STANDARD RS -232 PRINTER
IEEE -488 bus. Now, the PET
$169.00
lib .
owner can obtain hard copy ADA 1200C
listings and can type letters, With case, power supply VISA'
and RS -232 connector
manuscripts, mailing labels,
tables of data, pictures, in- Order direct or contact your local computer store.
voices, graphs, checks, needle- Add $3.00 for postage and handling per order.
point patterns, etc., using a CONNECTICUT microCOMPUTER
1200B 1200C
standard RS -232 printer or 150 POCONO RD, BROOKFIELD, CT 06804
terminal. 12031 775-9659 TL X: 7104560052
58 luna 1979 BYTE Publications Inc Circle 78 on inquiry card.

It's already a big success!
The party's over for all dumb ter- You'll discover even more reasons inquiry/response environment. So,
minals and a lot of smart ones to celebrate when you sit down in there's really no reason to think
too. But, at $798 (quantity 25), the front of an InterTube II. Our wide "dumb" when you can afford to be
party's just beginning for Intertec's bandwidth monitor produces crisp, so smart!
InterTube II. sharp chararters everywhere on the Join the thousands of InterTube
Standard features to celebrate in- screen. InterTube's Z -80 processor celebrations going on around the
clude a full 24 line by 80 character enables a host of operator oriented country at this very moment. Call
display, 128 upper and lower case features to boost the efficiency of us at the number below and start
ASCII characters, reverse video, both software and programmers. your own celebration (BYOB -we'll
complete cursor addressing and And, InterTube's rugged modular bring the InterTube).
control, an 18 key numeric keypad, design combined with its built -in
special function keys, blinking, pro- self -test mode insures quick and CINTE2TEC
reliable servicing.
tected fields, character and line in-
sert /delete, editing, eleven special InterTube's price /performance ra-
DATA
graphics symbols, a 25th status line tio can satisfy your requirements SYSTEMS
which displays the terminal operat- whether they be a sophisticated 2300 Broad River Road, Columbia, S. C. 29210
ing mode and an RS -232 printer port. data entry application or a simple (803) 798 -9100 TWX: 810 -666-2115
lit II lkine i.ry 59
* $995 Quantity One Circle 182 on inquiry card .
The sales literature for the Apple II lists tern adds color information to a signal which
the specifications for the high resolution is practically identical to the black and white
color graphics mode this way: standard. The resulting composite signal in-
cludes a black and white component that
280 horizontal by 192 vertical reso- amplitude modulates the television carrier
lution. frequency in the usual way, and a color
Four colors: black, white, violet, and component which rides on a 3.58 MHz
green. subcarrier.
Displays 8 K bytes. This superposition of color and black and
white information is necessary in order to
The specifications don't sound all that ex- crowd a full color video signal into a channel
citing. The resolution seems about right, whose high frequency response is limited to
but why are there so few colors? And why just over 4 MHz. The fact that human vision
did they pick green and violet instead of, does not resolve image details in color allows
say, red and blue? Well, as it happens, the us to limit the resolution of the color corn -
colors in the Apple II high resolution ponent of the signal to a maximum of 1.5
graphics can be red and green, or blue and MHz. In fact, only part of the color signal
yellow, or almost any two complementary gets even this much; the rest is limited to
colors you want. What's more, on many 0.5 MHz.
color television sets you can obtain as This narrow band color signal modulates
many as four colors along with black and a 3.58 MHz subcarrier which is then added
white, as demonstrated by the accompany- to the black and white picture information.
ing photograph. The color subcarrier modulation is a com-
bination of amplitude and phase modula-
tion: the amplitude of the subcarrier cor-
responds to the amount of color at each
More Colors point on the screen, while the choice of
color is determined by the phase of the color
frequency relative to a 3.58 MHz reference
signal. This reference signal is generated in
for Your Apple the television set from a burst of 3.58 MHz
transmitted in the interval between the
lines of the picture.
A high subcarrier frequency reduces in-
The classic approach to computer gen- terference between the color and black and
erated color is to generate separate signals white components because the black and
Allen Watson Ill for the red, green, and blue inputs of a color white signal contains less energy at high
430 Lakeview Way monitor. However, color monitors are ex- frequencies. Interference is further reduced
Redwood City CA 94062 pensive; it's more economical to use an ordi- by the fact that the subcarrier frequency is
nary color television set. Now instead of an odd multiple of half the picture scanning
generating three simultaneous video signals, rates, both horizontal and vertical. This
we have to generate a composite signal that makes any color signal that gets into the
resembles the standard broadcast signal the black and white video reverse polarity on
television set was designed to receive. successive lines; the interference makes little
It's not merely that the signal has to be dots in the picture, but the dots on one line
put onto a regular television channel by will have "undots" above and below. These
means of a radio frequency modulator; al- will tend to average out when viewed from
though that's certainly necessary, there's a a reasonable distance.
lot more to it. Since all the fascinating fea- This is where the signal generated by the
tures of the Apple II high resolution color Apple I I deviates radically from the standard
graphics are the results of the way the Apple signal. First of all, the Apple II signal omits a
II designers solved this problem, let's take a technique called interlacing, thus reducing
look at just what they did. the number of horizontal scanning lines by
half and likewise the amount of informa-
The Color Signal tion needed to fill the screen. Noninterlacing
is common among low cost computer video
The standards for broadcast color tele- displays. The significant deviation from the
vision signals were established by NTSC standard, however, is a slight change in the
(National Television Systems Committee) horizontal and vertical scanning rates such
and approved by the Federal Communica- that the interference between the color and
tions Commission in 1953. In order to re- the black and white components is maxi-
tain the existing system of black and white mized, rather than minimized. This is not as
television broadcasting, the committee sys- strange as it sounds, because this is what en-

Photo 1: Apple II display
showing four colors in
ables the Apple IIto generate color graphics compared with 24 K bytes). But even if the
high resolution mode.
with a signal made up only of ones and color interference were minimized, the tele-
zeroes. vision set's receiving circuits limit the hori-
zontal resolution to about 300. Incidentally,
An Example this is why the Apple II displays only 40
characters in each line of text; the more
To see what this does to our display, popular 64 or 80 characters cannot be re-
suppose we try to display two small white solved by a standard color television.
dots side by side. The smaller the dots and
the closer they are to each other, the higher Bits and Resolution
the highest frequency picture signal going
into the television set. But everything the As we have seen, the Apple II produces
Apple II puts out at the high end of the color by simply putting its smallest dots at
frequency range gets decoded as color, so the right size and spacing: namely, the color
that, even before our dots are made too subcarrier frequency. Each dot is really a
small and too close together for a black and half cycle, so the dot rate is twice the sub -
white set to be able to distinguish, some- carrier frequency, or something over 7 MHz.
thing else has happened: they have merged Let's see how many of these dots will fit on
into a single dot, and it isn't white, but one horizontal line. There is one horizontal
color. scan every 63.5 µs, but part of this time is
In other words, the resolution we can get needed to get the electron beam into posi-
using this method is somewhat limited com- tion to start the next line, and to keep the
pared with the separate red, green, blue ap- lines in synchronization. The picture signal
proach, although it is produced with corre- is shut off, or blanked, during this time.
spondingly less screen memory (ie: 8 K bytes That leaves about 45 ps, but just to play it

Display Byte Display Signal Color
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Black
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shifted black
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 White
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Shifted white
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 Green
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 81110 1 o1110 Orange

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Violet
Figure 1: Colors produced

1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1L 0 1 01-F01
01 Blue
by various bit patterns in (Note phase shifts indicated

by arrows)
relation to the color refer-
ence signal.
safe and to make sure that none of our valu- problem for a while and investigate the
able data gets cut off by the television set's colors.
normal overscan (the picture is set up to be If we fill the screen memory with ones,
bigger than the actual screen so there won't the display will be all white; all zeroes
be any unsightly black borders), Apple II paints it black. If we alternate ones and
uses only about 40 ps of each line for data. zeroes horizontally, we have a signal which
This works out to 280 dots per line. In text is right at the color frequency, so it is dis-
mode, with 40 characters per line, this gives played as a solid color. Now comes the in-
a character time of about 1 µs, which corre- teresting part -
what color is it? As I men-
sponds to the Apple II's system clock. Each tioned earlier, the color is determined by
character takes seven dot times, five for the the phase of the picture signal's color
character and two for spacing between frequency component relative to the color
characters. reference signal, which is generated by the
The question is, exactly what does hori- television set from the 3.58 MHz color burst
zontal resolution of 280 refer to? Well, we which we transmit during the horizontal
can put a single dot at any of 280 different blanking interval. So our question becomes,
positions across the screen, but our dot will "How can we control the relative phase of
be colored, since it is a half cycle at the these two signals ?"
color subcarrier frequency. And if we put First of all, our computer bits are output
two dots too close together, they merge. every half cycle of the color reference
Obviously, if the two dots are actually frequency. This means we can change the
touching, no set could resolve them - this phase by 180 degrees by simply inverting the
is really a single spot which happens to be bit pattern so that alternating ones and
two dots wide. But even if we put a black zeroes become alternating zeroes and ones.
dot in between, we'll see only one dot, in Interestingly enough, since the color spec-
color, because the dot spacing matches the trum is allocated the 360 degrees of possible
color subcarrier frequency. Only by putting phase angles that we can have, complement-
two or more black dots between our white ing the bits also complements the color; that
dots will we be able to see a clear separation. is, phase inversion amounts to 180 degrees
These relationships are diagramed in fig- of phase shift, and complementary colors are
ure 1. The color reference signal is shown at 180 degrees apart. The relation of color to
the top. Any signal component at this phase angle is shown in figure 2. If the alter-
frequency, even a single dot, will be dis- nating bits are in phase with the color refer-
played as colored. Theoretically, a double ence signal, the color will be yellow -green;
width dot contains no color frequency com- out of phase bits will give us blue -violet. This
ponent, and hence will be displayed as determines the two colors Apple II specifies
white. in addition to black and white. But there is
another way to change the relative phase of
Apple II High Resolution Colors our computer bits.
While we can't do this under computer
Now we can see how the trade -off be- control, we can manually adjust both the
tween color and resolution affects the way Apple II video circuit and the color tele-
our computer bits are displayed by the television set so as to change the phase of the
vision set. But let's look on the bright side: color reference signal itself. The Apple II
with the right bit patterns, we can put colors control is labeled color trim; the television
onto the screen. Let's ignore the resolution set's control for this is usually called tint or

The Computer
1PP
The Only Computer Reference Book You Need.

The Only Reference Book You'll Ever Need.
The only book that gives you all Well tell you what it involves, much, much more.
the ingredients for a successful where to get it done, or how to do Last but not least: The
computer system. Interested in it yourself. Cookbook Yellow Pages, a
the Apple ?TM You'll need an
I I Software? We've sampled complete guide to small computer
FCC -approved RF modulator to canned software and will tell you services and products. We update
connect it to your color television what suits our taste. Rather do it The Yellow Pages every two
set. We tell what they are, where yourself? We have algorithms in months -and send them to you
to get one, and how to hook it up. our machine -independent free with the latest additions,
Thinking of using Radio "Cookbook" language for corrections, and improvements of
Shack's TRS -80TH for a low -cost everything from fast sorts to our white pages. You just plug
word processing system? You'll phototypesetter hyphenation. them into our loose -leaf binder.
need an upper -case! lower case Plus a crash course in BASIC for Get with The Cookbook. The
modification for the keyboard. those who know FORTRAN. And Best is Yet to Come.
Send me The Cookbook. enclose $15 plus $1.50 for shipping, which will be by UPS unless I've marked this form U.S.
I
mail ( check here). California residents add $.98 sales tax. Allow up to four weeks for possible out -of -stock
conditions. Make checks payable to "The Computer Cookbook ". Mastercharge and VISA accepted with 13 -digit card
number and 4 -digit expiration date.
Name
Street
City State Zip
Mail to: The Computer Cookbook I P.O. Box 4084 / Berkeley, CA 94704
Circle 52 on inquiry card. n I i ir,. ,

63
hue. The combined range of adjustment of Committee color standards led me to expect
these two controls is usually enough to go at it to work this way, but that isn't quite the
least halfway around the color circle of fig- end of the story. After got my Apple II, as
I
ure 2, putting one or the other of our com- I was casually watching the random sine
plementary pairs of colors at any point on wave program on the high resolution demon-
the circle. Thus we can adjust for any pair stration tape, there in living color was a dis-
of complementary colors we want: blue and play with four colors. After a bit of head
yellow, green -blue and orange, cyan and red, scratching and experimenting with the ad-
green and magenta, or yellow -green and justments on my portable color set, think I
violet. So long as we don't require the ulti- have the explanation.

I
mate in horizontal resolution, we can have First of all, the single dot patterns give
any two complementary colors plus black the two complementary colors, just like it
and white for our high resolution graphics says in the script. Alternating double dots,
using only ones and zeroes as data. If the which ought to be displayed as black and
colors listed above and in figure 2 don't white, actually show up as a weaker version
seem exactly complementary, it's largely of the same pair of complementary colors if
because of the broad range of hues to the television set is adjusted normally, that
which we carelessly apply the name blue. is, with the fine tuning just backed off from
If we let the television picture -tube phos- the setting that first produces sound bars in
phors define our red, green, and blue, then the picture. But if back the fine tuning
I
the complementary colors are those of farther away from this setting (any auto-
figure 2. The television set is adjusted such matic fine tuning or tint controls should be
that red + green + blue = white. Since com- switched off), just before the color signal
plementary pairs also add together to give drops out, the weak colors on the double
white, it follows that the sum of any two of dot patterns brighten and shift to another
the three primaries gives the complement pair of complementary colors. The exact
of the third: for example, the complement colors depend upon the setting of the tint
of red is actually green + blue, or cyan. control, but they are more than 30 degrees
from the first pair, so if the single dot pat-
Extra Colors terns give red and green, for example, the
double dot patterns appear as orange and
Studying the Apple II specifications in blue.
the light of the National Television Systems It's hard to figure out how the double
dot patterns get displayed in color since
they are square waves at half the color
frequency and ought to contain a zero com-
90° BLUE-
RED RED ponent at 3.58 MHz. Apparently the video
detector circuit in the set produces enough
second harmonic distortion to activate the
ORANGE MAGENTA color circuits. Mistuning puts this signal near
the cutoff of the color bandpass filter where
there is maximum phase distortion. I tried
this out on the more expensive television set
at the store where I bought my Apple I, andI
YELLOW VIOLET although it's more difficult to get the adjust-

ments just right, the extra colors are there.
Ironically enough, this trick seems to work
0° 180° better on cheap sets.
So there you have it. Whether you prefer
colors or resolution, the Apple II high reso-
YELLOW- BLUE lution graphics will put out all you can get
GREEN through the antenna terminals of a color
television set with just different patterns of
ones and zeroes. To find out what your set
will do, you need to display vertical lines
GREEN GREEN- with the single dot and double dot patterns.
BLUE An easy way to do this is to load the Apple
BLUE - II high resolution demonstration tape and
GREEN 270° CYAN select the program that sums two sine waves.
When the program asks for two frequencies,
Figure 2: Arrangement of possible colors versus signal phase. The Apple 11 enter 63 and 64 to get the pattern shown in
high resolution graphics outputs two complementary colors (colors that are photo 1. Other numbers you may want to
separated by 180 degrees on the circle).
64 lune 1979 c. BYTE Publications Inc

try are combinations of 31, 32, 33, 63, 64,
Circle 180 on inquiry card. -

The Intecolor 8070 business system.
At twice the price, it would still be inexpensive.
Because ISC is the world's leading manufacturer PRINT USING feature that tailors output to any
of color terminals, we're able to offer unparalleled specifications.
color performance -at phenomenal prices. If you need greater storage capabilities, choose
Our 8070 Series Business System is a perfect
I the 8071 -same system, but with a dual double -
example of reliable, yet extremely reasonable prod- headed floppy disk drive. Giving you 1182K bytes
ucts. It's a complete 8080A microcomputer system of storage, for only "'$800 more, single unit.
that includes the following standard fea- Either way, the Intecolor Series can relieve I
tures: A dual floppy disk drive with 591K your business of a considerable amount of paper-
bytes of storage; a 19" color data display work, without costing you a great deal of money.
with an easily readable 80 characters x (Terms-5% discount for prepay-
48 line format; and a 60 CPS Impact ment, or net 20 days.)
Matrix printer. All for a remark- For more information and
able $7000, single unit price. a complete demonstration,
And that price doesn't see your nearest computer
stop at hardware. ntecolor's I store, or contact your ISC
18K Business BASIC in ROM sales representative.
has 16 digit accuracy and a Color Communicates Better
0.,,.-130
Na., .
Unretouched photoof screen Furniture not included U.S. domestic prices

ISC SALES REPRESENTATIVES: AL: 205 /883 -8660. AK: (GA) 404 /449 -5961. AZ: 602/ 994-5400. AR: (TX) 214/840-2169. CA: Alhambra 213 /281 -2280. Goleta 805/964-8751. Irvine 714/557 -4460. Los
Angeles 213/476 -1241. Mountain View 415/964.9300. San Diego 714/292 -8525. CO: 303/759-0809. CT: (GA) 404/449.5961. DE: (GA) 404/449 -5961. DC: (VA) 703/569 -1502. FL:Orlando 305/425 -5505.
Ft Laucerdale 305 /776 -4800. Melbourne 305/723 -0766. Tallahassee 904 /878.6642. GA: 404 /455 -1035. HI: 808/524-8633. ID: (UT) 801/973 -7969. IL: (No.) 312 /564 -5440. (So. (MO)816/765 -3337.
I
IN: (IL) 312/564 -5440. IA: (MO) 816/765 -3337. KS: (MO) 816/765 -3337. KY: 606/273.3771. LA: 504/626 -9701. ME: (GA) 404/449.5961. MD: (VA) 703/569.1502. MA: (GA) 404/449 -5961.
MI: 313/227-7067. MN: 612/822-2119. MS: (AL) 205 /883 -8660. MO: 816/765.3337. MT: (CO) 303/759 -0809. NB: (MO) 816/765.3337. NH: (GA) 404/449 -5961. NJ: (GA) 404/449 -5961.
NV: (AZ 602/994-5400. NM: 505/292 -1212. NY: (GA) 404 /449 -5961 NC: 919/682 -2383. ND: (MN) 612/822-2119. OH: Dayton 513/429 -9040. Cleveland 216/464 -8113. Columbus 614/436 -2051.
OK: (TX) 214/840-2169. OR: 503/620-5800. PA: 412/922-5110. RI: (GA) 404/449-5961. SC: 803/798-8070. SD: (MN) 612/822.2119. TN: 615/482 -5761. TX: 214/840-2169. El Paso Area (Las Cruces. NM)
505/523 -0601 Houston Only 713/780-2511. UT: 801/973-7969. VT: (GA) 404/449-5961. VA: 703/569-1502. WA: 206/455-9180. WV: 412/922-5110. WI:(IL) 312/564-5440. WY: (CO) 303/759-0809.
EUROPEAN EXPORT SALES: EUROPE: (MA) 617/661-9424. BELGIUM: Brussels 02 -242 36-04. FRANCE: Rued Malmaison 749- 40 -37. GREECE: Athens 642-1368. ITALY: Roma 805-647/872-457.
THE NETHERLANDS- Poeldiik 01749-7640. SPAIN: Barcelona 204 1743. SWEDEN: Vallingby 08-380 -370. SWITZERLAND: Mutschellen 057-54655. UNITED KINGDOM: Bournemouth 0202-293-115.
WEST GERMANY. München 089 -31881. AUSTRALIA d NEW ZEALAND: Melbourne 543-2077. Meadowbank 808-1444. Chermside 59 -6436. Wellington 64 -4585. Auckland 876 -570. CANADA.
Datame:. Ltd (Distributor) Dorval 514/636-9774. Ottawa 613/224 -1391 Toronto 416/787 -1208. Vancouver 604 /684 -8625. CENTRAL 8 SOUTH AMERICA 8 CARIBBEAN: (GA) 404/394-9603, MEXICO:
Monterrey 564-876. FAR EAST: (CA) 213/382 -1107. HONG KONG. 5742211. JAPAN: Tokyo 402.8596. TAIWAN: Taipei 02-7026284. MIDDLE EAST: IRAN: Tehran 891148. ISRAEL: Tel Aviv 266-291.
2
KUWAIT: Kuwait 438 180/1/2. LEBANON: Beirut 221731 260110. SAUDI ARABIA: Jeddah 27790. Ryadh 25083-39732. UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: Sharjah 24068.
For sales and service in other countries contact ISC headquarters in Norcross. GA.. U.S.A.
Intelligent Systems Corp. 5965 Peachtree Corners East Norcross. GA 30071 Telephone 404-449-5961 TWX 810 -766 -1581
MORE NEWS FOR 65, and 95. Apparently there is a lot of
sampling error when the frequencies you
APPLE OWNERS select don't fit the table the program uses to
generate the sine waves. If you experiment
You chose the best. until you find the limits of your particular
Now, make it better! television set, you'll know how to make high
With our exclusive Superchip (ROM resolution pictures on your Apple II in just
firmware) your APPLE can deliver the best about any colors you want.
of both -graphics and text-processing.
Full ASCII character set
BIBLIOGRAPHY
(lower case)
31 other, useful non -ASCII 1.Apple ll Reference Manual, Apple Computer
.lu. O. N.I.. characters Inc, Cupertino CA, 1978.
.lu.
;.wYat ::l`Y7
Om nos. User-defined characters 2. Herrick, Clyde N, Color Television: Theory
S::f::ttl: :h.i with our Character Edit and Servicing, Reston Publishing Co, Reston
Cusp
.A . u
VI. Cassette VA, 1973.
ügS]dAS .< Sol, <.Ar Rnu 3. Schure, Alexander, Basic Television, revised
Enhancéd editing capabili-
<
second edition, volume 6, Hayden Book Co,

ties for program and data Inc, Rochelle Park NJ, 1975.
modification
And, it works with your
existing APPLE pro-
grams- Integer BASIC Addendum
and Applesoft ROM.
The following comments were received
ROUE COOS. RI The Character Edit
program defines each from Steve Wozniak of Apple Computers:
new character in a
w,fé`.btiá bCa°fS1ßE4P,i'E0118^R19.l., magnified format with Thank you for passing along Allen Wat-
a few easy key strokes. son's article on the Apple II high resolution
3 :115,!:r
AVSIE.
Since you can now colors.
41
SPECIAL NOTATIONS.
build characters, you As Allen discussed, Apple II high resolu-
can also create new tion colors are the result of alternating
CANE PIECES.
S
.PERR. PCnvn
Q .r
cAU
character sets -
foreign alphabets,
zeroes and ones on the screen. The exact
colors generated depend on the phase (or
music, games, whatever.
timing) relationship between the display
signal and the color reference phase. By ad-
NOW YOU CAN ALSO GET
justing the television controls, any desired
Disk Interface Program -Superchip co/or pair may be displayed.
now runs with Disk II Oddly enough, only the seven least sig-
Word Processor -a disk -based I
nificant bits of the Apple Il high resolution
refresh memory bytes are used (examples are
mini -word processing system.
shown In figure 1). A simple modification
(Requires Disk Interface Program, above.)
a /lows the high order bit of each to specify
The Superchip plugs into your APPLE with one of two color sets by generating a 90
no modification. degree phase shift of displayed information.
(Yet more colors may now be obtained by
ORDER SUPERCHIP $ 99.95 applying the technique suggested by Allen.)
NOW Character Edit cassette $19.95
Disk Interface Program cassette $19.95
Word Processor cassette I $19.95 Adding the High Order Bit Modification to the Apple II
Shipping Charge (each) $ .75
1. Remove the Apple II printed circuit board from
Iattach check or money order for $ its enclosure.
Or, charge my: VISA Master Charge
(a) Remove the ten screws securing the plastic
Bank Card No top piece to the metal bottom plate. Six
Expiration Date of these are flat head screws around the
Name perimeter of the bottom plate and four
are round head screws located at the front
Address lip of the computer. All are removed with
City State Zip a Phillips head screwdriver. Do not remove
the screws securing the power supply or
Signature nylon insulating standoffs.
Telephone orders accepted with charge card:
214- 358 -1307 (b) Lift the plastic top piece from the bot-
tom plate while taking care not to damage
the ribbon cable connecting the keyboard
CLECTIC CORP. to the printed circuit board. This cable

will have to be disconnected from one or
the other.
E2830 Walnut Hill Lane, Dallas, Texas 75229
A Subsidiary: TANO Corporation
66 tune 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 114 on inquiry card.
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AN AVAILABLE I'll cash in on the multi -billion dollar Real Estate Market!
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DEALERS: Realty Software Co.'s Software systems for
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Analysis, Tax Deferred Exchanges, Income Tax Analysis, Telephone (include area code)
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much more. RSVP by phone or mail. coupon for complete details on all REALTY SOFTWARE
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Circle 323 on inquiry card. Brit lune 1979 67
+ 5V (A9-9)* (BII -4)
A
74 LSO2
14
I CLR VCC
e--
4
1
P 2CLR
13
aa ( B11-51
12
2 CK
ID
2 c> (A915)
2D (A9-21*
14M 3
ICK
(A10 -II)E> 10 C> (A9-I)*
2 PR
GND 20 E>(AB-I)*
74 LS74
Figure 3: Circuit which must be added to the Apple II to add more colors to
the high resolution display. (Caution: Adding this circuit voids the warranty.)
A starred assignment ( *) indicates that the connection is made to a pin which
is out of its normal socket. Besides the connections which are shown, also
connect pin (88 -14) to (A8 -6) which is out of its socket, and (B8 -7) to
(A8 -13) which has also been removed from its socket. The power connections
to the 74LS02 are +5 V to pin 14 and ground connected to pin 7.
(c) Disconnect the power supply from the pin should have a single trace going to it.
printed circuit board. Be careful.
Pin Pin
(d) Remove the #8 nut and lockwasher secur- IC Number IC Number
ing the center of the printed circuit board.
These will not be found on the earlier A8 1 A9 1
Apple II computers. A8 6 A9 2
A8 13 A9 9
(e) Carefully disengage each of six nylon in-
sulating standoffs from the printed circuit (c) Connect pin 15 of ICA8 to ground (pin 8
board (seven on earlier versions). of ICA7 on the keyboard socket is a
nearby ground).
(f) Lift the printed circuit board from the
bottom plate. (d) Mount the 74LS74 and 74LS02 as per
step (b) of the above the board wiring
2. Above the board wiring method. method.
(a) Lift the following IC (integrated circuit) (e) Wire the circuit of the above the board
pins from their sockets. wiring method, step (c). All wires are on
the bottom of the Apple II board and no
Pin pins need be removed from their sockets
IC Number or soldered to.
A8 1
4. Reassemble the Apple II and make sure it is
A8 6 operational. If not, chßck all wiring very carefully.
A8 13 Make sure that all integrated circuits are in their
A9 1
sockets and properly oriented.
A9 2
A9 9 5. The following color values are now applicable
to the high resolution subroutines:
(b) Mount a 74LS74 (dual C -D flip -flop) and
a 74LS02 (quad NOR gate) in the Apple
BLACK2 128
IIbreadboard area (All to A14 region). ORANGE 170
BLUE 213
(c) Wire the circuit in figure 3. WHITE2 255
3. Below the board wiring method. For example, the program below draws an
orange line from location (10, 20) to (200, 140).
(a) Desolder all pins of socket A8. Lift the It is assumed that the high resolution routines are
socket and its 74LS257 integrated circuit already in memory locations hexadecimal 800
off the printed circuit board taking care thru BFF.
not to destroy it. Cut the trace between
pins 6 and 13 of A8 on the top side of the 0 XO = YO = COLR
board. Also cut the trace between pins 13 5 IN IT = 2048 PLOT = 2830 : LINE = 2836 :
and 15 on the top. Reinsert socket A8 and 7 ORANGE 170: CALL INIT
=
the 74LS257. Be careful. 10 XO = 10 : YO = 20 COLR = ORANGE
: :
CALL PLOT
(b) Cut traces going to the following pins on 20 XO = 200 : YO = 140 : CALL LINE
the bottom of the Apple II board. Each 30 END

Look how soft you can have
it with a Comp color Ii
personal
computer. STAR TREK ('ST)
Star Trek, Lunar Lander.
Shoot, and Tic-Tac -Tite.
' + 's
L5tr,
AMPLER
'---"
SAMPLER ('SA) HANGMAN ('HA)
Biorhythms. Concentration. Hangman. Math Tutor,
(one -Armed Bandit. 3 more T o'Tit-Ten.
1313250,NAL
DATA BASH
PERSONAL DATA BASE FORMATTED SOF-DISK MATH TUTOR ('MA) BONDS 6t SECURITIES
IPD) Personal Data Base. 'FD) Math Tutor. Checkbook, ('BO)
File and data management ?-pack Sof-Disks for your Recipes. 2 more. Bond Price Si lucid. Ansurtr
system. $29.95 ,wn BASIC programs. :anon Schedule. 2 mure.
fl'7(Tmaw
ASSEMBLER (AS) TEXT EDITOR (TE) EQUITY ('EQ) CUBIC TIC-TAC-TOE('CU) CHESS ('CH) BLACKJACK (*BL)
Assembler. Assembles 8080 Text Editor. Facilitates pro. Depreciation. Depletion. Cubic Tic.Tac -Tie. Swarms. 2 Chess, Acey- Ieucey. Line Blackjack, Roulette. Slot
Assembly language programs. gram writing and correcting. Capitalized Gst. mare 16K programs. Five. Biorhythms. Machine, 2 more.
$24.95 $24.9
11 To order your Sot-Disk albums, simply
O enter the album(s) of your choice, by let-

ter(s), in the spaces provided. 1f you want
to order more than one copy, please enter the
number of copies desired beside the letter.
Add $.50 for each album ordered to cover
costs of mailing and shipping. Georgia residents add
OTHELLO (OT) PERSONAL FINANCE, PERSONAL FINANCE, sales tax. Mail with check or money order to address
Othello ".Math Dice. 2 VOL. I ('PI) VOL. II ('PII) below.
more. "Othello' is the regis. Rate of Return, Interest Loans: Sinking Fund. Ieclin- *See ad for varying prices on Assembler, Text Editor, and
tared trademark of CBS Inc. Conversions, 2 more. mg Interest. Constant R.
for its strategy disc game.
Personal Data Base Sof-D sks.
When you have a Compucolor II the exciting color personal-
computer with a built -in mini -disk drive you really have it
soft. $19.95 is all you pay for most Compucolor Sof- DiskT" al-
-
bums.* They're formatted to run only on the Compucolor II, Name
and each contains at least three programs. That's far better
value and variety than you get with programmed cassette tapes. Street
And the Sof-Disks you see here are just a sampling. New in- City State Zip
troductions are added each month.
To start your collection of mind -blowing games and other use- Send me the name of my nearest Compucolor Dealer.
Please tell me more about the Compucolor II!
L
ful programs, visit your nearest computer store. Or, if there's no I'd like additional software information!
dealer in your area, clip the coupon and mail your order today. Mail to: Compucolor Corporation
First things first! If you'd like Dept. B
more information, simply check P.O. Box 569 Allow 3 weeks
the coupon for a free brochure Compucolor Norcross, Georgia 30071 for delivery.
about the Compucolor II. Corporation
Photo 2: The system as it appears when con-
verted into a desk. Note that the floor of the
Photo 1: The author's homemade computer system cabinet becomes a desk top displaying the en-
cabinet with top removed. tire system ready to plug in and run.
A Home for Your Computer

Joseph Dawes If you're good at woodworking, here's cabinet style. I hope my final design will
2510 Broadway a project that will save you a lot of time and prompt readers to forge ahead with their
Big Spring TX 79720 trouble: build a cabinet for your computer! own cabinet ideas.
A carefully planned cabinet, as any ham or The need to transport the system out-
hi fi buff knows, serves to increase the uti- side my home, combined with my dislike
lity and enjoyability of the equipment inside for connecting and disconnecting wires,
it. dictated the cabinet design shown in figure
I started planning my computer system 1 and photos through 3. If wanted to
1 I
cabinet as soon as Iscattered my compo- demonstrate it at the school where teach

I
nents around the cabinet had made for my

I or elsewhere, it would have to be operable
amateur radio gear. First of all, the cassette as soon as it was opened and plugged in.
unit had to be fastened down: I quickly Nothing kills interest more than 30 minutes
tired of holding it in place with one hand of wire fiddling.
while unplugging something or changing The cabinet shown is sturdy enough to
a cassette. The power supply was constantly take some licks in a truck or car. While it
running warm and I knew it should be on is closed and bolted, a bicycle chain can
stilts to increase heat loss. My separate video be run through the two U -bolts and around
monitor could have ended up either beside the nearest oak tree, making it very incon-
the processor- keyboard cabinet or on top venient to move or to open without some
of it, but quickly decided to reserve the
I commotion. When the lid is taken off the
top of the processor cabinet for a desk. equipment base, it can be turned up on one
The monitor would be beside the processor side to become a pedestal upon which the
but angled toward the operating position equipment base can be set. The whole affair
for improved visibility. The keyboard had is quite stable when set upon a reasonably
to be at a comfortable typing height, some- level surface, and the lid interior provides
where from 28 to 30 inches from the floor. knee room and space for keeping notebooks
With these parameters in mind, had toI and demolished programs. When closed
decide on cabinet style. The styles that first it can be sat upon, and, although there's
came to mind were the living room furniture absolutely no way to lug it around in a
piece with finely grained wood and the VW beetle, it will fit in the back (not the
hobby room piece with modest wood grain trunk) of my 2 door Falcon with a little
or painted wood. However, circumstances imaginative stevedoring. In short it does
led me to develop a somewhat different what I require very nicely, and if had to
I

o o C ) o o
l
r -
25 IN.
e 0
o i ¡
I
I I
Figure 1: Plans for building the author's
L__
I
L ------------------ -- J
o o ( ) o
L_ _
0
J computer system cabinet. The unit is built
from 5/8 inch plywood and features two
U-bolts for adding an antitheft chain. All
components are mounted on the floor of
40 IN. the cabinet. See accompanying photos.
EQUIPMENT BASE
41 1/4 IN 26 1/4 IN.
I 1/2 IN
11/2 IN -01 L- I I/2 IN.

4 1/4 IN. 16 IN.
I 1/2 IN.
RADIUS
CABINET SIDE CABINET END
build it over again can think of very

I making friend or a school shop might be
little would change. After
I painted the I a good source for these if you have none.
inside of the lid, it looked fine in a corner The only permanent metal fasteners used
of the living room. What more could one are the two screws through the base into
ask? each runner, and they serve primarily as
Some comments on construction details gluing clamps as well.
might be helpful. The size of the equipment The bolt rails are glued around the inside
base is dictated strictly by the dimensions edge of the lid (Be certain to recess them a
of the equipment to be placed on it. The
width of the base, however, should not be
much wider than 25 inches or the work
surface will be too high for operating corn -
fort when the cabinet is open (unless you
like to stand while you work). Note that all
equipment must fit within the dotted line
perimeter shown in the equipment base
drawing. Otherwise, equipment may get
damaged by the bolt rails! cut the plywood
I
pieces for the lid with a smooth cutting

plywood blade in my table saw and took
great care to make cuts exactly to dimen-
sion, because the whole lid was assembled
by gluing the side pieces to the top. The
small gluing blocks are tack -nailed in
place while the glue dries. These blocks
are for structural reinforcement and do
not hold the lid together while the glue
sets. Bar or pipe clamps must be used to
provide the necessary pressure. A cabinet- Photo 3: The cabinet locked up and ready for transport.
lune 1979 (. BYTE Publications Inc 71

ANNOUNCING distance equal to the thickness of the
equipment base as the drawing shows!).
New Holes are drilled through these rails to
take carriage bolts. Be sure to use carriage
from DEC bolts because they have a square section
beneath the round head which will set into
LA34 DECwriter IV the wood when pulled up tight and will not
require further fastening to the bolt rails.
Trim the equipment base so it fits easily
$1,19900 inside the lid, and drill the holes through
which the carriage bolts will pass 1/16 or
110 or 300 baud, RS 232C serial Upper /lower case, 9 x 7 dot matrix 1/8 inch larger in diameter than the bolts
ASCII 10, 12,13.2,16.5 characters /inch to save trouble when you first try to set the
Friction feed, paper width to 15" 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, or 12 lines /inch lid down over the base. Cut out the slot
22 "W x 7"H x 151/2"1:), 25 lbs.
through which the U -bolts will pass with a
jigsaw or coping saw, and provide a little
Teletype 43 $ 999.00 extra play here too. The position of the
RS 232C, 110 or 300 baud
runners should not vary much from that
Upper /lower case full ASCII shown, but before you decide exactly where
Pin feed, 12" x 81/2" paper they will be, set your components on the
equipment base and note where holes will
be drilled to fasten the components to the
base. Wouldn't it be a shame for one of the
T.I.810 printer $1,695.00
New equipment mounting screws to have to come
150 characters per second
up from the underside right where a runner
from DIABLO RS 232C serial interface
Adjustable forms tractor was located? was lucky!
I didn't even
I
DIABLO 1640 $ 2,690.00 Upper /lower case option $90.00 think about this hazard until it was too late
to do anything about it, but luckily every-
Receive -only $ 2,331.00 thing cleared.
High -quality daisywheel printing at You will note that edges of plywood tend
45 cps.
to have unsightly gaps, and the surface will
have dents and dings. Before sanding the
DIABLO 1650 $ 2,779.00
wood preparatory to painting, take a putty
Receive -only $ 2,419.00 knife and some patching paste and fill these
Metal daisywheel printing at 40 cps. defects thoroughly. It's easy to do and
makes all the difference in the finished job.
SOROC IQ 120 S 795.00 When you sand, these fillings will level off,
RS 232C, upper /lower case full corners and edges will get smoothed and
ASCII
SOROC IQ 140 $1,250.00 slightly rounded, and you'll get a smoothly
Numeric keypad, protected fields RS 232C and 20mA current loop painted surface. I avoid painting whenever I
Cursor keys plus addressable Extensive editing features
cursor 25th line terminal status display
can, but when painting raw plywood I have
Auxiliary extension port 16 function keys (32 with shift) to admit that the final results are well worth
the trouble of first putting on a primer coat
and then a finish coat with a light sanding
between coats. The only thing worse than
painting once is painting twice, but when it's
all over you have a surface you don't mind
,,sii r.r;t ':::. showing off.

As a finishing touch, some acorn nuts
look good on the ends of the carriage bolts
since they protrude toward the operator
To Order: Send certified check (personal or company checks require when the cabinet is set up.
two weeks to clear) including handling' and 6% sales tax if delivered For icing on the cake how would you like
within California. to hear that this whole project can be cut
'Handling: Less than $2,000, add 2 %; over $2,000, add °/o. Everything
out of one sheet of plywood? Tough luck!
1
shipped freight collect in factory cartons with manufacturer's warranty.

Visit MICROMAIL at the National Computer Conference
puting Festival, New York City, June 5 -7, Booth 128.
- Personal Com-
Unless someone out there pulls a topological
trick or is the owner of a more compact
system than mine, you'll need a whole
sheet and a scrap from the lumber com-
I:11E1111:BL
MICROMAIL BOX 3297 SANTA ANA, CA
.11
92703
pany's cutoff pile for one of the ends. Sorry
about that, but everything doesn't always
work out for the best.
(714) 731 -4338
Happy woodworking!

Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Sailor . . . Every Chieftain is complete with
Doctor, Lawyer ... the Chieftain's here. system software and is totally burned -in
as well as tested to further insure high
No matter whether you're a serious reliability.
hobbyist or a serious businessman, the And it's expandable to 64K memory
Chieftain 6800 microcomputer with ca- with up to 2 megabytes floppy disk
pabilities that surpass the Z -80 is made storage.
for you. So see your nearest Smoke Signal
Smoke Signal's quality -packed dealer, he'll be glad to show you how to
Chieftain I features two 5.25 -inch mini - get your wampum's worth. Systems
floppy drives and Chieftain II fea- ., start at $2,595.
tures two 8 -inch floppy drives.
Both microcomputers
provide 32K static memory,
.;
,,.' s,
PC..+
.. Send information on your Chieftain

two serial I/O ports, a 2
2K, ,
microcomputer
Send name of nearest dealer
MHz processor board, a
RAM monitor, a nine -slot
motherboard with built-
in baud rate generator
--'
,_
j
Name
Address
Company
and gold connectors for '
City
high reliability. The \\ State/Zip
Chieftain's stylish leath-
er- grained cabinet houses SESE SIGNAL
the above with its own BROADCASTING
cooling fan and regulated 31336 Via Colinas. Westlake Village.
California 91361. (213) 889 -9340
power supply.
Dealer inquiries invited.
SMOKE SIGNAL . r'} BROADCASTING
Hail to the Chieftain

Smoke Signal Broadcasting, 31336 Via Colinas, Westlake Village, CA 91361, (213) 889 -9340
Talk to a Turtle
Build a Computer Controlled Robot
What do personal computer experiment- you can begin a robot project on a smaller
ers do with their microcomputers when scale. It works, too!
computer games lose their appeal and they The Terrapin Turtle is a fascinating robot
tire of programming things like, "140 FOR project that most experimenters can fully
X = 1 to 500: PRINT X: NEXT X " ? The assemble in four hours. It runs forward,
exciting idea of adding a computer con- backward, turns left or right, blinks light
trolled robot suggests building your own R2- emitting diode eyes, and can talk in a two
James A Gupton Jr D2 robot from Star Wars. It might not be tone beep. Its shell is mounted on a spindle
7416 -G Pebblestone Dr wise to start with a project as sophisticated that engages one of four microswitches.
Charlotte NC 28212 as duplicating R2 -D2, but there is a way These relay a signal back to the computer
ABOUT THE
AUTHOR:
Mr James Gupton Jr
has a most unusual
background including
photography, electro-
optics research and de-
velopment (which re-
sulted in five patents on
computer video display
tubes and phosphor
screens), along with
teaching electronics.
The Union County Ca-
reer Center is the only
high school in North
Carolina to provide an
electronics program
which covers subjects
from direct current to
microprocessors. This
program is under the
guidance of Mr Gupton.
Photo 1: Jeffrey Dunn (foreground) and Richard Voss check off the Turtle components against
the parts list.
74 lune 1979 CO BYTE Publications Inc

over its 10 foot umbilical cord, indicating
when the Turtle has run into something Resistors
from either front, right, left, or rear side. If
510 ohm Y. W: R9, R10
you direct the Turtle on an exploratory trip 100 ohm %. W: R21, R30
around the room, its journey can be recorded 15 K ohm Y. W: R5, R6, R7, R8, R29, R22
50 K ohm '/< W: R19, R20
by your microcomputer. On completing its
1 K ohm potentiometers: P1, P2, P3, P4
journey, the Turtle can actually draw a map 1 K ohm'/. W: R1, R2, R3, R4, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R18, R23,
of its path using an internal ball point pen. R24, R25, R26, R27, R28
The Terrapin Turtle illustrated in this Capacitors
article was assembled by high school stu-
dents at the Union County Career Center in Cl 0.1 mF 35 V
C2, C3 500 m F 35 V
North Carolina. The total assembly time was
four hours from start to initial test. This Diodes
article is not intended for use as a con- 1N4000 01, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, 08, D9
struction project, but rather to introduce 3.9 V zener 010
you to computer controlled robots.
Transistors
Assembling the Terrapin Turtle 2N2222 Q1, Q2, 03, Q4, Q5, Q6, Q7
GE-D40C4 08,139, Q10, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q14, Q15, Q19
The cardinal rule for assembling any
electronic kit is to begin by checking off
each component on the parts list. Photo 1 Table 1: The Turtle component part list. The complete Turtle kit, including
shows Jeffrey Dunn and Richard Voss all hardware, printed circuits, electronic components is available from Terra-
checking the components of the Turtle kit pin Inc for $300.
Photo 2: The foil side of the Turtle's printed circuit board. Photo 3: The component side of the circuit board.

LED2 against the parts list. Once assured that
Q R20
ICI
everything was included in the kit, the
R16 printed circuit board was examined for
R
LEDI R23 21
v
q- possible scratches. Photo 2 shows the etch
R
l
R30S
29 AA"' jM/1r
R19
P4 CI
JW
/ R22
N1/1r
P2
07
R24 side of the 5 inch diameter printed circuit
board. Photo 3 shows the component side. It
was quickly noted that not all resistor values
R50 R5 R6 G;1 PI were printed on the component side, and
iS P3
that there was no identifying resistor num-
rag ber to relate any resistor to the schematic.
RII The instruction booklet stated that eighteen
RI3
R15 R12 1000 ohm resistors should be placed where
R16 Q3 S4
AQ6
S S3 1 Q
RI
the resistor symbols did not have a value in-
dicated. Figure 1 is a supplemental instruc-
(l
R18
R3
""A,. D5 D6
S2
DI D2 ",AAr tion that identifies each component cor-
responding to the schematic diagram.
Richard Voss was in charge of assembling
DQ4 ¡^ the printed circuit board for the Union
R27
lJ Q 2
R25
County Career Center's Turtle. Photo 4
shows the soldering of the Darlington tran-
R14
sistors that control both of the Turtle's drive
R21 W D3
motors. Notice the micro -tip, low wattage
R17 -14- soldering iron and 0.020 inch (0.05 cm)
08 D4 diameter solder being used. All too fre-
D7 R28
A C E G I K M O Q
quently electronic kits are damaged during
assembly by the use of high wattage solder-
B D F H J L N P R
ing tools which damage the heat sensitive
foil and apply too much solder. An excess of
solder can short out both the closely spaced
Figure 1: Supplemental diagram showing component identification numbers component pads and the circuit paths with
which relate to schematic locations. solder bridges. Once the soldering has been
Photo 4: Soldering the installed components. Photo 5: Inspecting the assembled components.
76 lune 1979 CO BYTE Publications Inc Circle 335 on inquiry card.

.!'l
L
CBI 8080 CPU Board
If you're looking for

outstanding value in
S -100 boards you can't Available
afford to overlook the "Blue assembled
or as kits.
Boards" from SSM. The best
combination of design, quality
and price available anywhere. Innovative designs
that feature versatility and reliable performance.
Qua!ity backed by a strong warranty. And prices
that won't let you down.
But value goes beyond the boards themselves.
It's reflected in the company that stands behind
them. And SSM has been known for unparalleled
customer service since the beginning of the
personal computing industry.
With one of the broadest product lines in the
S -100 marketplace, it's likely that SSM has the
board you need. So, if you're looking for value, ask
for the "Blue Boards:' They're available at over Our product line includes CPU, Video,
/O, RAM, EPROM, EPROM Programmer, Music,
150 computer stores nationwide and abroad. I
Prototyping,Terminator, Extender and Mother boards.

=17 2116 Walsh Avenue
Santa Clara, CA 95050 (408) 246 -2707
Send for our free brochure and find out why SSM has
become the favorite of discerning Hobbyists and OEMs.
We used to be Solid State Music. We still make the blue boards.

finished, it is wise to recheck the placement shows the schematic for shell touch sensors,
of the components, just to be doubly sure. lights, and sound control. The figure also
Care must be exercised to keep the tabs shows the power attachment points for the
on the Darlington transistors from touching operation of the Turtle's electronics and
one another. A small piece of plastic tape on motors. A 12 V, 3 A power source is re-
each tab will save the transistor should the quired for the best performance. The Turtle
tabs accidentally be brought together while can operate, however, with a power source
under power. Photo 5 shows the final in- of 1 A capacity if the 3 A source is not
spection of the assembly of components available. The Turtle illustrated in this
onto the printed circuit board. Photo 6 article was powered by a 4 A regulated
shows the completed circuit board. power supply.
Figure 2 provides the circuit schematic Photo 7 shows the final assembly of the
for the control of the Turtle's left and right printed circuit board onto the motor hous-
motors and the internal ball point pen. The ing. The most difficult part of the entire
pen is lowered by a 12 V solenoid upon assembly was forcing the rubber tires onto
command from the computer. Figure 3 the wheels. It is almost impossible to do this
Photo 6: The completed board, showing the uncluttered layout.

._.
l
... Photo 7: The printed circuit board, shown at-
tached to the Turtle's motor drive housing.
by yourself -a second set of hands will be

needed to mount the rubber tire onto the
wheel. Photo 8 shows the assembled Turtle
minus its sensor shell and the two power
supplies used for testing without the use of a
microcomputer. The Turtle is controlled
with a TTL (transistor-transistor logic) volt-
age of 0 V and +2 V. This may cause some
problems for parallel interfaces that function
between 0 V and +5 V. The higher voltages
can damage the 2N2222 Darlington tran-
Text continued on page 84
11.111
Photo 8: The completed Turtle, connected to a power supply for testing.

+12V
PEN SOLENOID
R17
016
Figure 2: Schematic of the Turtle's motor control and pen control circuitry.
80 June 1979 G BYTE Publications Inc

PLUS
SERIOUS SYSTEM SOFTWARE
S==
.a
AT YOUR COMPUTER RETAILER NOW

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APunfutiul CRT Conti nalnm
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1.14fi North I awnoncr Station fioad. SunnyvaMr California 440F11; 4118 /34 .14I11 YOUR COMPUTER.
fM
Circle 151 on inquiry card. (Olt lune 1979 81
Anadex Domestic Representatives:
Barnhill Two, Inc.
Richardson, Texas
(214) 231.2573
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SHELL TOUCH CONTROL Austin, Texas
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TURTLE EYE
CONTROL
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+12V (919)273-3040
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R22 TURTLE HORN Pat Jenks Associates

4 CONTROL Hamden, Connecticut
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R23 (617)246-1590
555
TIMER
Ossman Instruments, Inc.
East Syracuse, New York
HORN TONE (315)437-6666
1C CONTROL Rochester, New York
(716) 473 -5720
Vestal, New York
(607)785-9947
Pivan Engineering Company

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Figure 3: Schematic of the Turtle's touch sensor, lights, and horn control Technical Marketing Associates
circuitry. Fort Lee, New Jersey
(201)224-6911

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BYTE lune 1979 83

Photo 9: The Turtle with shell attached as a final assembly step.
Text continued from page 79: full details by writing to:

sistor driver. Photo 9 shows the attachment
of the plastic Turtle shell. Terrapin Inc
Does the Turtle work? Yes it does, even 33 Edinborough St Sixth Floor
with a makeshift computer keyboard tempo- Boston MA 02111
rarily substituting for the parallel interface Attention: David L McClees, President
of our computer. The students studied the
keyboard's ASCII code and developed a list In addition, the following address is fur-
of keys necessary to command the Turtle's nished for those wishing additional informa-
movements, lights, and horn. The Turtle tion on the application of robots:
will go under full computer control as
soon as an expansion interface can be United States Robotics Society
acquired for our TRS -80 microcomputer. Box 26484
Those wishing to investigate the Turtle Albuquerque NM 87125
kit, its capabilities, and its cost may obtain Attention: Glenn R Norris, President.

Tiny BASIC." VP -700
Color. VP -590 add -on Color Board allows program Expanded Tiny BASIC Board
control of 8 brilliantcolors forgraphics, colorgames. puts this high -level language
Plus 4 selectable background colors. Includes on your VIP. BASIC stored s
sockets for 2 auxiliary keypads (VP -580). $69' in 4K of ROM. Ready for im-
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with sound effects or music. Set tone and duration 12 additional -including
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encoded alphanumeric
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channel. Program directly from sheet music! Sync provision
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synthesizers. $49'
Memory. VP -570 RAM Expansion Board adds 4K

bytes of memory. Jumper locates RAM in any 4K
block of up to 32K of memory. On -board memory
protect switch. $95'
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comes complete with software to program, copy and
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costing much more than the VP -565 and VIP put
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"Available 1st Quarter. 1979.
Built around an RCA COSMAC micro- See the RCA VIP at the 3rd Annual National Small Computer Show
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The fun way
into computers. RC,' ir it lume 1979 85
Few people have ever had the experience The Beginning
of attempting to trace their way through
a real maze, so I'm going to ask you to Years ago I read a brief article about
settle back and allow your imagination a mechanical mouse that could find its
plenty of freedom. way through simple mazes. Embedded
The absolute darkness surrounding you within the walls of the mazes were a number
is barely broken by the candle you carry of switches which served as sensors for
in your hand. You see enough to know the brain. The brain was a collection of
that you are in a featureless corridor, but relays whose points and coils functioned
how far it extends, you can only guess. as a large switching network. By trial and
Somewhere within this maze is a massive error, this mass of hardware could direct
gold plate. If you can find this plate, it the mouse through the maze until it reached
will become yours and you will be removed the exit.
to safety. Over the years, I kept this idea in the
You are allowed to leave any kind of back of my mind. was interested in build-
I
signs you wish to mark your trail. You ing such a maze, but the cost and complex-
know that any corridor you are in will ity of the project were greater than the
eventually come to a dead end, but it potential satisfaction. After I purchased
may have any number of similar corridors my personal computer, these obstacles
branching off it. The overall dimensions disappeared. If I was willing to accept a
of the maze are such that the average per- computer simulation of this project, I
son could explore it in its entirety before could fulfill my dream at no extra expense.
becoming exhausted, if he or she didn't I would need to write a program, of
waste a lot of time and energy going in course, but I felt that this would be an
circles. easier task than designing and building
David E Stanfield
3408 Catalina Dr
Atlanta GA 30341
My Computer
What follows is the story of how I created a complete hardware project. As I began
a program that would allow my computer to consider what features to include in
to run through mazes similar to the one my program, I came to realize that in
I've just described. I've included a general several respects, the computer simulation
description of how the program operates, would be superior to the real thing. One
instructions for using it, and a complete important difference was that I could
listing of the program. have a maze of greater complexity than
I regret that I am unable to give you a would have been feasible with a mechan-
motion picture of this program in opera- ical version.
tion. The best I can do is to explain that Another advantage was the case with
I first create a maze as simple or complex which new mazes could be prepared.
as I wish on the screen of my video display. Watching repeated runs through the same
I have the cursor operating in its optional maze would eventually get monotonous.
nonblinking mode and it therefore appears The choice between shifting and aligning
to be a solid rectangle. As soon as I turn plywood panels or pushing a few keys
control over to the program, it begins was no contest. Finally, my entire com-
to maneuver the cursor in and out of the puter system fits neatly on a small desk.
various pathways of the maze. The cursor The maze I had visualized making was
will dodge up and down, back and forth about the size of my living room.
until it eventually finds its goal. The sight For several weeks Ispent much of my
of this mad little cursor zooming around spare time considering various ideas for
the walls of the maze is absolutely fascinat- the program. This allowed me the oppor-
ing. tunity to explore a wide range of possible
Even if you don't intend to get this features without having to do any actual
program up and running, I invite you to programming. Gradually, I evolved a straight-
come along and explore some areas I found forward set of goals that I felt would pro-
to be quite interesting. vide an interesting simulation, but would

not be beyond my capability as a program- Figure l: Flowchart of
mer. three phases of the maze
With these basic goals in mind, I sat running program.
down and drew up the simple flowchart
you see in figure 1. In graphic form, it
indicates that the first function of the
program is to assist the user in creating
the maze. Once the maze has been pre-
pared, the computer will run the maze
until it reaches its goal. At this point,
the user can run the same maze again or COMPUTER
AND USER
prepare a new one. SET UP
A tremendous number of details had yet MAZE
to be worked out, but this diagram gave me

a secure starting point. Before I could pro-
ceed any further had to make a major de-
I
cision. From a practical standpoint, designing

the program to print out successive sets of
coordinates for its moves seemed to be fairly
simple. This would mean, however, that the
user would have to manually move a marker
around on a diagram of the maze. My deci-
sion to display the maze on the video dis-
play and let the computer move the cursor
through the maze increased my work, but
made the program far more interesting.
Figure 2: Flowchart ex-

pansion of setup block
from figure 1.
Runs Mazes ( SETUP
)
I
PRINT LIST
OF COMMANDS
Program
If you will take afew moments to study program coordinates the making of changes
1
figure 2, you will discover that it is really on the screen and the storing of these HOME UP AND
ERASE TO
an expanded version of the first block in changes in its block of memory. Once END OF FRAME
figure 1. The series of tasks outlined in satisfied with the maze modifications,
figure 2 must be performed by the computer the user issues a final command to signal 1
and the user in order to set up the maze. this fact to the computer. The program
CLEAR BLOCK
The program begins by having the corn - will respond by beginning to run the maze. OF MEMORY
puter print out a complete list of the com- USED TO
STORE MAZE
mands the user will use to create the maze. Maze Creation
After the user indicates his understanding I
of these commands, the computer issues The following additional information PRINT RAW
signals to the display to erase the screen should help to clarify the above remarks. MAZE AND
STORE IN
completely. The computer then clears a Once decided to have the maze displayed
I
MEMORY
section of memory that it will later use on the screen, I needed to select a method
to remember the maze and the moves of getting the maze onto the screen. One I
through it. method would have been to allow the user

ALLOW USER
Once the screen and block of memory to draw the maze on a blank screen. By TO MODIFY
THE MAZE
are cleared, the program prints out a maze properly positioning the cursor, the user
and stores a map of it in its special memory. could have printed a series of Xs anywhere
At this point the program allows the user that a wall was desired. I felt that this
to use a few one letter commands (such as
U for up and L for left) to modify the
approach would work, but due to the
heavy burden it would place upon the
( RETURN
)
maze. As each command is issued, the user, I selected another method.

Figure 3: Horizontal paths of maze. This concept is illustrated in figure 6.
By erasing the blocking Xs along the de-
sired horizontal and vertical pathways, we
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
are able to create a functional maze. We
X X
must remain on those pathways and can
erase an X only if it is blocking us unduly.
X X
In practice, we can only erase an X if there
is a space either above and below it, or to
X X
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X the right and left of it.
X X The above can be a little confusing, even
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X after you are used to it. Because of this, I
X X built a routine into the program which
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X K X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X automatically checks every X you try to
X X erase and determines whether or not that
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X particular X may be erased. If a given X
x X may not be erased, your command will
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X be ignored. As a result, you need not worry
about making an error, but remember when
you try to erase an X and nothing happens,
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X that the program is designed to do this.
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Among the Xs which cannot be erased
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X are those which form the borders of the
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X initial maze, meaning that there is no escape
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X from this maze. It doesn't really matter.
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Unlike other mazes (in which the idea is to
escape), the goal of the computer in this
program is. to find "food ", indicated by
X X X
the letter F.
X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Command Details
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X While the program does print out a list
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X of all the valid user commands, I feel it is
worthwhile to elaborate. One of the basic
Figure 4: Vertical paths of principles involved in setting up the maze
maze. Figure 3 shows a box with alternating is the fact that the cursor is not allowed
rows of Xs and spaces. These represent to pass beyond any boundary of the maze.
the horizontal paths and walls of the raw This means that when the cursor reaches
maze. Note that there is no way to get the right side of the maze, it will not be
from one horizontal path to another. To able to "wrap-around" and reappear on
create such a pathway, the user would the left side of the screen. It doesn't matter
simply erase any X on the line of Xs sepa- in which direction you are moving: when
rating them. you reach a boundary line, you will be
Figure 4 represents the vertical paths stopped from going any further. Should
and walls of the maze. Again, the paths are you try to go further, the command will
totally separate, but the user could easily be ignored.
make an opening between the adjacent I chose this approach to facilitate coor-
paths by erasing one X. dination of the on-screen maze and its
Figure 5 is the result of combining counterpart stored in memory. Coordina-
figure 3 with figure 4. What you see in tion of the cursor on the screen and the
figure 5 is the initial maze that I've been block of reserved memory is critical to the
referring to. Another way of looking at successful operation of this program. It
it is to think of it as an aerial view of a is important that I included a routine
grid of streets running north -south and designed to abort the program if certain
east-west. Imagine that roadblocks have commands are detected.
been established at every intersection. Because it is so much easier to remember
To get from point A to point B, it is nec- the letter R for right rather than Control -I
essary only to remove the specific road- for right, decided to allow the user to use
I
blocks blocking your route. For the pur- U, D, L and R to cause the cursor to move
poses of this program, the user performs up, down, left and right. In operation, the
a similar operation by removing those program recognizes these easy to remember
Xs which block the paths he desires through commands and substitutes the specific
his maze. control character used by the terminal
88 June 1979 G BYTE Publications Inc

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Figure 5: Complete maze grid, containing all horizontal and vertical com- When you have the cursor positioned di-
ponents. rectly over an X you wish to remove, use
the erase command. Use the food command
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X to replace any X in the raw maze with an F.
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X You may set up several target Fs around the
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X maze, but the program will stop its search
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X as soon as it finds the first one. When you
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X are ready to allow the computer to run the
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X maze you have prepared, issue a start com-
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X mand.
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Issuing the start command removes
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
control of events from the user and turns
everything over to the computer. As soon
as it takes control, the computer checks to
see whether the cursor is positioned over
an X or a space. At this point, if the cursor
is over a space, the computer will begin
its search. If, however, the cursor is over
an X, the computer will move it to the
space in the upper lefthand corner. Either
X X X X X X X X X K X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
procedure gives the computer a valid point
X X X
from which to start, and as soon as one has
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
been taken, the computer prepares to make
X X X X X X X X
its first move.
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X I Strategy
X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X I now need to discuss, in general terms,
X X X X X X X X the strategy used by the program to move
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X around the maze in search of food. A good
X X X X X X place to begin is with figure 7. This type of
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X diagram is referred to as a tree. Such a
X X X X X X X diagram by itself does nothing. When used
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X F X X X X X X X X X X X X X as an aid in solving certain types of problems,
such trees can make it much easier to
Figure 6: Functional maze visualize relationships of various elements
produced by removing Xs device for the intended cursor movement. of a problem.
from the grid of figure I followed this approach because it was If we assume that each circle represents
5. relatively easy to program and made things a combination of factors which could be
easier for the user. However, should the the desired answer, our task is to devise a
user input one of the actual control char- scheme of searching through the tree until
acters recognized by the terminal system, we find the solution. A number of methods
synchronization between the on- screen maze for doing this are available. While the one
and the special block of memory would that selected is not the best, it is reasonably
I
probably be lost. Rather than permit this efficient, provides an interesting simulation,
to happen, chose the simple alternative
I and is so simple to understand that had no
I
of having the program check each command reservations about using it as the basis for
input by the user. If it detects any control the most important part of the program.
character, it will immediately erase every- The strategy I selected for my program
thing on the screen and return to MIKBUG is embodied in the following set of simple
control. The program itself will not be rules. The first rule is that once a passage-
affected, but you will need to reenter the way is entered for the first time, it is ex-
program at its starting address and begin plored until a dead end is reached. During
again. this initial search, any corridors branching
off the passage being explored are ignored.
Other Commands The second rule is that after a dead end is
reached, special signals are stored in the
The remaining valid commands are C, reserved block of memory until the com-
H, F, E, and S. These stand for carriage - puter must either change direction or reach
return, home -up, food, erase and start. a new corridor. These signals mean that
Carriage- return moves the cursor to the it is not necessary to explore that particular
left of the current line, while the home -up corridor, as it is already known that the goal
command is used to move the cursor to is elsewhere. In effect, the program will later
the upper lefthand corner of the maze. react to these signs in the same way that
90 I une 1979 CJ BYTE Publications Inc

"The data fmm this experiment
could affect national defense. Thafs why
we use Scotch Brand Disk Carttidges."
Ken Bish, Engineer,
Systems Research Laboratories,
Inc., Dayton, Ohio
Every Scotch Disk Cartridge is
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You can get Scotch Disk Cartridges
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Circle 368 on inquiry card. BY E lune 1979 91
Figure 7: Search tree used it would react to a wall. A third rule is
by program to find its that when the program is retracing pre-
goal. vious steps, it will begin exploring new
territory as soon as possible.
Search Details
To make these rules clearer, refer to

figure 8. Assume that the computer begins
its run at position 1. It will move to the
right until it reaches the dead end at position
2. Leaving special signals behind itself in
memory, the computer will move back to
the left until it encounters the new corridor
at position 3. As this is an unexplored passage,
GOA L it will stop retracing its steps toward posi-
tion 1 and change direction toward position
4. Once it arrives at position 4, it reverses
itself and, again leaving the special dead
end signs in memory, backs up until it
reaches position 5. Here, the computer
decides that it has found another unex-
plored avenue and begins moving toward
000004000000 position 7. Halfway down this corridor

it finds the food at position 6 and, having
achieved its goal, stops the search.
In addition to the dead end signs, the
computer also marks each path it explores
with another signal to indicate that it has
been there. Both of these signals are stored
in the reserved block of memory to serve
as guides in choosing the next move. They
do not appear on the video display screen
(where they would only cause clutter).
If you refer back to figure 7, you will
now be able to understand the strategy that
I have employed in this program. The pro-
cedure is to start at the top and, after

arbitrarily choosing one of the branches,
descend along it as far as possible. In this
instance, we go from A to D. Unable to
continue at D, we back up the minimum
GOAL possible distance to C, where we encounter
5 6 7 three unexplored branches. One at a time,
we descend from C to E, F, and G. When
exploration of these three branches is
complete, we have eliminated everything
descending from C. Again, we back up
the least possible distance. In this case,
we move from C back to B. At B we will
descend to explore the paths leading to
H, I, and J. Once this sequence has been
completed, we back up to A. We have,
at this point, thoroughly examined one
limb of the tree, and use of the same rules
over and over will eventually lead us to
Figure 8: Typical search undertaken by computer. Starting at point 1, the the goal.
cursor moves right to the dead end at point 2. Marking this position with a One last point concerning strategy must
special code in memory, the cursor moves left, finding the unexplored cor- be covered. Figure 9 illustrates a normal
ridor at point 3. The cursor changes direction to explore this, until stopped at tree with some abnormal additions: closed
point 4. Leaving a dead end code, the cursor again reverses, and discovers the circular paths, or loops. These may actually
new passage at point 5. Changing direction and moving towards point 7, the be a true representation of a particular
cursor reaches the "food "at point 6 and stops the search. problem. They are not, however, used in

classic tree diagrams. Experts in the field of Figure 9: Search tree containing loop paths, which can cause problems.
artificial intelligence tend to disapprove of
such loops for they can raise havoc with
simple search strategies like the one l've been
explaining. It is entirely possible to enter
one of these loops and, following the rules
exactly, remain in the loop indefinitely.
This can all be summed up in the following
rule: do not create loops in the mazes you
set up for this program to run through.
Finally, on the matter of loops, figures
10 and 11 are examples of various mazes.
Those shown in figure 10 are incorrect
because of loops. Those shown in figure 11
LOOP
are correct.
Run Completion
Now I am going to briefly describe what

happens once the computer completes its
run. If it was unable to find the goal (because
you forgot to include it or placed it out of
reach), the program will tell you that it has
no valid moves and will ask if you wish to
rerun the same maze.
If you indicate that you would like to
rerun the same maze, the computer will
clean out all the signs it placed in its special
block of memory and jump back to that part Figure 10: Mazes containing loops. Creation of such mazes is to be avoided.
of the program which allows the user to
modify the maze. It will print out a new X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
maze or change the one on the screen. If X X
you desire to start the next run from a new X X X L X I X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
location or further modify the maze, use the X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
same commands you originally used in set-
ting up the maze. When you are ready to
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
begin the new run, input a start command.
When the program actually finds the goal,
X X X XX X
it goes through the same general routine as X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
when it has no more moves, with one major X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
difference: instead of reporting that it has X X X X X X X X X X
no more moves, it states that it has found XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXX rXxXXXXXX
the goal. Beyond this, everything is the same. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
If, in either of the above cases, you indi- X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X I X X X X X X X X X X X X X I
cate to the computer that you do not desire
to rerun the same maze, the program will
erase everything on the screen, completely
clear out the special block of memory, and
then print out a new initial maze.
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X I X X X X X X X X X
Minor Points
X X X X X X I X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X
A few minor details remain of which you
should be aware. Foremost among these is X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
the cursor. I decided to use the cursor to X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
explore the maze because it was the easiest X X
way to do the job. The simulation is very X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
effective when the cursor is operated in the X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
solid mode (as opposed to the normal blink- X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
ing mode). The program will function per- X . X
fectly with a blinking cursor, but the visual X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X P X X X X
effect is not as pleasing. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Text continued on page 96 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Figure 11: Properly constructed mazes containing no loops.
XXX X X X X X
XX
X X X X
XX
X X X X X X X X
XX
X X X X X X X X X X X See Sol
X
X
X
X
X X X X X
X X X
X
X X
X
X X X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X X X X
X X
X
X F X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X X X X
X
X
X
at all these
X
X
X
X X X X X
X
X X X X X
X X X X X
X X X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X X
X X X I
X X X X X
X X X X
X X X
X X X X X
X X
X
fine
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XX
X X X
X
X X X
X
X X
X X X
X
X
X
I
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X X
X
I
X
X
X
computer
centers
X
X X X X II X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
AL Birmingham: Computer Center, Inc.,
X X X X X X X X X X X X (205) 942 -8567. CA: Costa Mesa: Orange County
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Computer Center, (714) 646 -0221. Los Angeles:
Computers Are Fun. (213) 475 -0566. Modesto:
Computer Magic, (209) 527-5156. Mountain View
Digital Deli, (415) 961 -2670. Walnut Creek:
MicroSun Computer Center, (415) 933 -6252.
CO: Boulder: Byte Shop. (303) 444 -6550. CT:
X X X X X Bethel: Technology Systems. (203) 748 -6856.
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X FL Ft. Lauderdale: Byte Shop of Ft. Lauderdale,
(305) 561 -2983. Miami: Byte Shop of Miami,
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X (305) 264 -2983. Tampa: MicroComputer Systems
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X I X X X X X X X I X X Inc., (813) 879 -4301. IL: Lombard: Midwest
Microcomputer, (312) 495 -9889. ID: Boise: Byte
X X X X X X X X X X X X
Shop Computer Store, (208) 345 -3811. IA:
X X X X X X X X X X X X I X X X X X X X X X X X X X Davenport: Memory Bank, (319) 386 -3330. KY:
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Louisville: Martronix Associates. (502) 459 -0500.
MD: Silver Springs: Computers Etc.,
X X X I X X X X X X X X X X X I X X X X X X X I X X (301) 588 -3748. Towson: Computers Etc.,
X X X X X X X X X X X X X (301) 296 -0520. MA: Waltham: Computer Power,
X X X I X X X X X X X X X X X I X X X X X X X X X X Inc., (617) 890 -4440. MO: Florissant:
Computer Country. (314) 921 -4434. NJ: Cherry
X X X X X X X X X X X X X Hill: Computer Emporium, (609) 667 -7555.
X X X I X X X X X X X X X X X I X X X X X X X I X X Iselin: Computer Mart of New Jersey, (201)
283 -0600. NY: Endwell: The Computer Tree.
(607) 748 -1223. New York: Computer Mart
X X X X X F X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X of New York. (212) 686 -7923. White Plains: The
ComputerCorner, (914) 949 -3282. NC: Raleigh:
Bennett- Stiles Computer, (919) 781 -0003.
OH: Akron: The Basic Computer Shop, (216)
867-0808. OR: Beaverton: Byte Shop Computer
Photo 1: Time lapse exposure of a complete search of the maze. The camera Store, (503) 644 -2686. Portland: Byte Shop
shutter was left open during the entire time the cursor was traversing the Computer Store, (503) 223-3496. PA: King of
Prussia: Computer Mart of Pennsylvania, (215)
maze. When the cursor retraced its steps, it increased the exposure at that 265 -2580. RI: Warwick: Computer Power, Inc.,
point. Thus, the various shadings indicate in a relative fashion the number of (401) 738 -4477. TN: Kingsport: Microproducts
& Systems, (615) 245 -8081. TX: Arlington:
times that the cursor passed a given point. The whitest location is the home Computer Port. (817) 469 -1502. Houston:
position at the upper left corner. Interactive Computers, (713) 772-5257. Houston:
Interactive Computers, (713) 486 -0291.
Lubbock: Neighborhood Computer Store, (806)
797-1478. Richardson: Micro Store, (214)
231 -1096. UT: Salt Lake City: Home Computer
Store, (801) 484 -6502. VA: McLean:
Computer Systems Store, (703) 821 -8333. WA:
Bellevue: Byte Shop Computer Store, (206)
746-0651. Lynnwood: Byte Shop Computer Store.
(206) 775-7436. Seattle: Byte Shop of Seattle,
(206) 622 -7196. WI: Madison: The Madison
Computer Store, (608) 255 -5552. Milwaukee: The
Milwaukee Computer Store, (414) 445 -4280.
DC: Washington: Georgetown Computer
Emporium, (202) 337 -6545. CANADA: London,
Ontario: Computer Circuit Ltd.. (519)
672 -9370. Toronto, Ontario: Computer Mart Ltd..
(416) 484 -9708. Vancouver, B.C.: Basic
Computer Group Ltd.. (604) 736 -7474.
ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires: Basis Sistemas
Digitales, 393 -5299. AUSTRALIA: Prospect:
A.J.F. Systems & Components, Pty. Ltd.,
269 1244. Sydney: Automation Statham Pty. Ltd..
(02) 709.4144. BELGIUM: Brussels:
Computerland, 02/511- 34-45. COLOMBIA:
Bogota: Video National, 326650. DENMARK:
Copenhagen: Peter W. Holm Trading Aps,
01- 54366. PHILIPPINES: San Juan: Integrated
Computer Systems, Inc., 78- 40-71. SPAIN:
Barcelona: Interface S.A., (93) 301 7851.
UNITED KINGDOM: Essex: The Byte Shop Ltd..
01 554 2177. Huntington: Comart, Ltd..
(0480) 74356. VENEZUELA: Los Ruices,
Caracas: Componentes Y Circuitos Electronicos
TTLCA, 355591.
94 lune 1979 'J BYTE Publ¢at onm Inc Circle 300 on inquiry card.
Sol:The small computer that won't
fence you in.
A lot of semantic nonsense is spectrum. They stand up to the has a full set of extensions designed
being tossed around by some of the capabilities of mini systems for the "stand alone" computer
makers of so- called "personal" costing four times as much. environment.
computers. To hear them tell it, an No wonder we call it the Our PILOT is an excellent text
investment of a few hundred serious solution to the small oriented language for teachers.
dollars will give you a computer computer question. Sold and serviced only by the
to run your small business, do Sol is the small computer best dealers.
financial planning, analyze data in system to do the general ledger and Sol Systems are sold and serviced
the engineering or scientific the payroll. Solve engineering
-
lab and when day is done play and scientific problems. Use it for
by an outstanding group of
conveniently located computer
games by the hour. word processing. Program it stores throughout the U.S.
Well, the game part is true. for computer aided instruction. and Canada.
The rest of the claims should be Use it anywhere you want For more information contact
taken with a grain of salt. Only versatile computer power! your nearest dealer in the
a few personal computers have the
Build computer power adjacent list. Or write Department
capacity to grow and handle B, Processor Technology,
meaningful work in a very real with our software.
At Processor Technology we've 7100 Johnson Industrial Drive,
sense. And they don't come Pleasanton, CA 94566. Phone
for peanuts. tailored a group of high -level
languages, an assembler and other (415) 829 -2600.
Remember, there's no packages to suit the wide In sum, all small computers
free lunch. capabilities of our hardware. are not created equal
So before you buy any personal Our exclusive Extended BASIC and Sol users know it to their
computer, consider Sol.' It is a fine example. This BASIC everlasting satisfaction.
costs more at the start but less in features complete matrix functions.
the end. It can grow with your It comes on cassette or in a
ability to use it. Sol is not cheap. disk version which has random as Circle 300 on inquiry card.
But it's not a delusion either. well as sequential files.
Sol small computers are at the Processor Technology FORTRAN
very top of the microcomputer is similar to FORTRAN IV and Processor Technology
Author's Note:
The program shown in listing 1 uses several routines from the MIK-
BUG monitor. Other monitors (SWTBUG, Smartbug) designed to be
compatible with MIKBUG should work with the program. However,
the program will not work with other types of monitor systems.
Be careful not to type an actual control character while setting up
the maze. If you do, you must restart the program at hexadecimal
location 003D.
Text continued from page 93:

Table 1: Control codes used with the Southwest Technical Products Corpora- While I was developing the program, I
tion CT-64 video terminal system. found it desirable to include a delay routine
to slow the speed at which the cursor runs
through the maze. This delay is used when-
ever the program is exploring new territory.
Control Character Hexadecimal Code Function
It greatly increases the impression that the
computer is carefully considering each move.
H 08 Back Space
09 Forward Space The amount of delay can be varied by chang-
J OA Line Feed ing the contents of one location in memory.
K OB Move Up The specific address is hexadecimal 06BE.
P 10 Home Up You may use any value between 01 and FF.
U 15 Erase End of Line The maximum amount of delay is about one
V 16 Erase End of Frame second, which occurs when location 06BE is
M OD Carriage Return set to FF. As the value stored in 06BE is
decreased, the amount of delay is reduced
until, with a value of 01, it is almost un-
noticeable.
Listing 1: Since the original Maze program was hand assembled over several Hardware Dependence
hand written pages, the machine generated object code shown herein MIKBUG
One final important topic is the config-
format is the only verifiable representation. Spaces on each line make reading
uration of my system. This program is
easier, but do not enter the spaces into the computer. The last pair of digits
designed around that configuration, and
on each line is a checksum. The starting address is hexadecimal 003D.
any other could cause problems. Most 6800
system owners should not have any diffi-
S113 0000 6580 6904 6420 2420 A525 6 501 4D00 9580 40 culty but, to be on the safe side, I'll go
S113 0010 2126 6131 63A4 69AC 2D24 2734 EF94 2D2C 5F over the details quickly.
First, my terminal system is set up to
S113 0020 FFCA 27FF 92DF 93FF D9FF 9A5F DAF6 DAFF 60
print 32 characters on each line and 16
S113 0030 975E 52FB 99DF DAEB D2EB 5ADB DARD 0100 B3
lines on each page. When I run this program
S113 0040 BDO2 OOBD 020A BD02 18BD 022C BDO3 DCBD 09 I operate my terminal in the page mode.
S113 0050 02E3 BDO2 8CBD 0480 BD04 9ABD 0500 7E00 90 Table 1 describes all the control characters
S113 0060 58BD BFDE 09C0 8A5:F 92FF 9ACF 9DEA 15D2 CO used by my system to move the cursor
S113 0070 9ACA CADB 1AC3 D9D7 12CF 9AFA 9ABB 9157 34 around and to erase the screen. The ter-
S113 0080 7386 64C0 4635 65A:3 6CAS 6724 6537 4401 4F minal is set to upper case operations.
S113 0090 6131 6127 672D 2C2F 6DB6 6785 2520 27A5 33
S113 00A0 9F5B 824B 8ADA 9203 C85A BAEB 00DB D8DE 37 Loading the Program
S113 0080 88F9 985B 90EA MU, DOEE 984A 9A
1818 C057
6DA4 652C
BE 7EAC The program (listing 1 is in the MIKBUG
S113 0000 5136 4085 61F5 653;F 2537
tape format) is ready for hand entry. To begin
S113 OODO B585 7523 6737 6525 9D25 75B8 2F35
B1 25F9
entry, assuming that you are under MIKBUG
S113 OOEO 8708 D2D2 1FF4 AB59 905D 80D1 19C9
18 800A control, type an L (load) and enter each line
S113 00F0 82CA 8A4F 98D8 1859 82C0 1A46 82BD 0200 13 exactly as it appears. If you make a mistake,
S113 0100 CE01 OABD E07E BDE1 AC39 1016 434F 4D4D 22 the checksum error detection feature of
S113 0110 414E 4453 0A0A 0D52 2D4D 4F56 4520 5249 23 MIKBUG will catch it and cause the terminal
S113 0120 4748 540A OD4C 2D41) 4F56 4520 4C45 4654 D6 to print a question mark. In order to pro-
ceed, again enter an L command and retype
Listing 7 continued on page 98 the line in question.

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APPLE
PROGRAM
GALACTIC BLOCKADE RUNNER
SCI -FI GAME SAMPLER
AN EXCITING SPACE WAR GAME WITH GRAPHICS
DESCRIPTION
3 GAMES -LUNAR LANDER -STAR MONSTER -SPACE BATTLE

TRS-80 L1/2
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9.95
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APPLE 21 BLACKJACK WITH HIRES GRAPHICS S 9.95

STAR WARS /SPACE MAZE SCI -FI GAMES FOR THE APPLE S 12.95
RENUMBER RENUMBER YOUR BASIC PROGRAMS -RENUMBERS EVERYTHING S 14.95
DISK RENUMBER SAME AS ABOVE, BUT ON DISK S 19.95
PILOT 2.0 THE EDUCATIONAL LANGUAGE. IN MACH. LANG. -INC. EDITOR S 14.95
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APPLE TALKER YOUR APPLE SPEAKS! NO NEW HARDWARE REQUIRED S 15.95

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Circle 202 on inquiry card. 97

BYTE lune 1979
Listing 1 continued from page 96:
S113 0130 OAOD 552D 404F 5645 2055 500A 0D44 2040 51
S113 0140 4F56 4520 444F 574E 0A0A 0D45 2D45 5241 FE
S113 0150 5345 2041 4E20 580D 0A43 2D43 4152 5249 E4
5113 0160 4147 4520 5245 5455 524E OAOD 482D 484F 9B
S113 0170 4D45 2055 500D 0A46 2D52 4550 4C41 4345 9E I've never seen documentation covering
S113 0180 2041 4E20 5820 5749 5448 2041 4E20 460D C6 the types of errors the MIKBUG error
S113 0190 0A53 2D53 5441 5254 ODOA 0A55 5345 2041 D4 detection feature will catch, so I purposely
S113 01A0 424F 5645 2043 4F4D 4D41 4E44 5320 544F EA made a number of different errors and can
S113 0180 2050 5245 5041 5245 ODOA 4D41 5A45 2041 67 report that all were detected. I entered
S113 01C0 4E44 2053 5441 5254 2052 554E 2E20 5748 E9
incorrect digits, tried nonhexadecimal char-
acters, rearranged the placement of correct
S113 0100 454E 2052 4541 4459 ODOA 544F 2050 524F 28
digits and entered the address incorrectly.
S113 01E0 4345 4544 2C20 5459 5045 2041 4E59 204C F8 While I can't guarantee absolute reliability
S113 01F0 4554 5445 522E 2004 0000 0000 0000 0000 25 in error detection, I can say that I've entered
S113 0200 CE02 06BD E07E 3910 1604 CE08 008C 0A00 2A many programs by hand using this method,
S113 0210 2705 6F00 0820 F639 CE02 28BD E07E CE08 FF and to the best of my knowledge every
S113 0220 2086 0887 0227 3900 1016 0A04 8002 467A 50 entry error that I made was caught.
S113 0230 0227 7D02 2727 05BD 0268 20F0 CE02 43BD 85 As you successfully enter each line, it
S113 0240 E07E 3910 0A04 861E B702 6A86 58A7 OOBD EC is stored in memory. Should you be unable
S113 0250 EIDI 7D02 6A27 0608 7A02 6A20 EEOB 0886 40 to complete the loading of the entire pro-
S113 0260 OABD E1D1 860D BDEI D139 0086 1087 026A 1D gram in one sitting you may use the tape
S113 0270 8658 A700 BDEI 8620 dump feature of MIKBUG to store what
D108 A700 BDEI D108 BA
you have entered on cassette or paper
S113 0280 7A02 6A70 026A 2702 20E6 0139 8D02 E781 OB
tape. At the beginning of your next session,
S113 0290 5527 2581 4427 2481 4C27
2381 5227 2281 F5 load the tape back into memory and begin
S113 02A0 4827 2181 4327 2081 4527
1F81 4627 1E81 16 hand loading at the point you left off
S113 02B0 5327 1DBD 02D3 20D4 7E03
8F7E 035C 7E03 AF previously.
S113 02C0 257E 0308 7E02 FC7E 7E04
0342 087E 03C2 70 Eventually you will have the entire pro-
S113 0200 7E02 F886 08BD EIDI A600
BDE1 D186 08BD 45 gram in memory. Before you do anything
S113 02E0 LIDI 39CE 0820 39BD 85E0
EIAC 2701 39BD 23 else, I suggest that you generate a tape of the
S113 02F0 0200 BDO2 OA7E EOE3 BD02
D339 BD02
D3BD D4 program. Once that is done, prepare your
terminal system to use the program. Set it
S113 0300 023C BDO2 E37E 028C 8002
D3FF 0323
7CO3 C7
in the page mode, for upper case operation,
S113 0310 24B6 0324 841F 881F 2706
8609 BDE1
D108 SB
with the cursor in a nonblinking mode. The
S113 0320 7E02 8C00 0060 0203 407A
FF03 0341
B603 72
hexadecimal starting address is 003D. Once
S113 0330 4184 1F88 1F27 0686 E101 097E 028C
08BD EF you have this loaded into addresses A048
S113 0340 0000 8D02 D3FF 035A 5885 1F27 0309
B603 DO and A049, you will be ready to issue the go
S113 0350 20P3 860D BDE1 017E 028C
0000 8002 D3FF E7 command.
S113 0360 038C B603 8C81 0927 1886 2087 038E 7D03 7E Because I have entered this entire pro-
S113 0370 8E27 0608 7A03 8E20 F586 OABD E1D1 7E02 17 gram by hand on three separate occasions, I
S113 0380 8CB6 038D 84E0 88E0 27F4 2000 0000 OOBD F6 can appreciate the feelings of those who
S113 0390 02D3 FF03 BFB6 03BF 8108 2718 8620 B703 23 think that it's just too big a job. To assist
those who are lacking the time or inclina-
S113 03A0 C170 03C1 2706 097A 03C1 20F5 860B BDE1 8F
tion to hand load this program, I will be
S113 03B0 017E 028C B603 C084 E088 2027 F420 DD00 BF happy to supply a Kansas City standard
S113 03C0 0000 8002 D3A6 0081 5827 037E 028C 8646 16 cassette tape of the program for a $5 fee.
S113 0300 A700 BDE1 D186 08BD E1D1 20EF 86FF B708 B3
S113 03E0 7FB7 088F 8708 FFB7 093F B709 7FB7 09BF 91 Conclusion
S113 03F0 8611 B708 5FB7 089F B708 DFB7 091F B709 A9 This program is serious fun. As written, it
S113 0400 5F87 099F B709 DF39 8002 D3A6 0081 5827 LA provides quite a bit of excitement but,
S113 0410 037E 028C FF04 347C 0435 B604 3584 1F88 C3 human nature being what it is, the urge to
0420 841F 881F improve things may strike one or more of
S113 1F27 EEFF 0434 7A04 35B6 0435 71
you. Ideas for improvement could include
S113 0430 27DF 2002 0000 FF04 34B6 0434 8108 270B BO
adding land mines, a limited range requiring
S113 0440 B604 3584 E088 E027 C820 09B6 0435 84E0 82
stops for fuel, magic spots that transport to
S113 0450 8820 27BD FF04 34A6 0081 1127 0781 FF27 C8 another location, and even little Klingons. If
S113 0460 1308 20F3 FE04 3486 20A7 OOBD EIDI B002 A9 these or other ideas excite you, I hope you'll
S113 0470 037E 028C FE04 34B6 0435 8401 27F3 20E7 CE get busy and write the program to contain
S113 0480 A600 8120 270C 0101 OICE 0495 BDEO 7ECE 9B them. I'd like to run it.
I.i,tiny I rontinuecl:
Stciroinq
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DO soFtcuare
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0039
76
10
For
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S113 0520 09BD EID1 BDO6 BD86 01A7 0008 BDO6 CEA6 62
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S113 0580 8004 EAFE 04E7 8120 27E4 7E05 9786 204D IA 32K or more of memory, 2 to 4
S113 0590 2704 084A 20F9 3939 8652 B104 D427 1B86 26 disk drives, and a line printer.
6986 44B1 95 They operate with the CP /M "'
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lune 1979 CO BYTE Publications Inc 99

Computer Generated Maps,
Part 2 Development of Perspective Projection
The key element of the solution can be

explained in the following manner: if a line
is extended from the center of the Earth to
William D Johnston an observer in space, the point on the sur-
1808 Pomona Dr face of the Earth that the line passes through
Las Cruces NM 88001 is called the observer's subpoint. In other
words, the observer is directly over this
point with respect to the center of the Earth.
Now, extend a sight line from the observer
In part 1 (May 1979 BYTE, page 10) we to any visible point on the surface of the
discussed the fundamental techniques in- Earth. You will find that the azimuth angle
volved in the production of computer gener- of the sight line (as measured clockwise from
ated maps and how to apply those tech- true north) is the same as the great circle
niques to some common map projections. bearing from the observer's subpoint to the
We also presented several simple programs in distant surface point.
BASIC which could be easily implemented Knowing this, you should have been struck
in your own system to create maps for a by the realization that you might be able to
variety of purposes. Nevertheless, these use the same program that was used to gen-
simple programs do have their limitations. In erate azimuthal equidistant maps in part 1,
this installment we will develop a map pro- to also generate perspective maps. Can it
jection program which is only slightly more be used? Almost.
complex, but far more versatile in what it The portion of the program which com-
can accomplish. putes the angular component of the polar
One of the most interesting projections form of the map coordinates is indeed the
mentioned in part 1 was the perspective pro- same, and the computation of that angle
jection, whereby the Earth is shown exactly constitutes the major part of the program.
as it appears to an observer at some specified As its name implies, however, the azimuthal
height above the surface. Several perspective equidistant projection portrays radial dis-
projections were illustrated, but all of these tances uniformly. In a perspective view, dis-
were simplified examples where the observer tances are not uniform, but become increas-
(or point of projection) was at infinity. It ingly compressed toward the Earth's limb
would be much more useful to have a pro- (ie: edge of visible disk). All we have to do is
gram which would generate maps of the replace a single statement in the program to
Earth as it appears from any chosen altitude correctly compute the radial distance. We
and over any desired location. Such a pro- will then have the means to produce a per-
gram would give enormous flexibility to dis- spective projection of the Earth as viewed
plays for space war games and other such from any desired altitude over any desired
practical applications as creating map over- point. By using a simple logic flag, we can
lays for weather satellite photographs. choose between either of the two projec-
Although details of a program to produce tions and use the same program to generate
this type of projection were not discussed, both types of maps.
the reader was encouraged to investigate the You will also recall from part 1 that polar
subject of perspective (or projective) ge- equidistant maps are simply special cases of
ometry to see how the task could be accom- the azimuthal equidistant map, while the
plished. By this time many of you have, no orthographic equatorial and orthographic
doubt, learned that the solution is really polar maps are nothing more than special
quite simple. cases of the perspective projection. We can

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Circle 22 on inquiry card. BY 1 t lune 1979 101

Listing 1: BASIC subroutine for generating general purpose, perspective see that by this very simple modification of
projection maps. the azimuthal equidistant map program, we
can use a single subroutine to generate any
1000 REM SUBROUTINE TO COMPUTE MAP COORDINATES desired perspective map, as well as all of the
1005 REM FOR PERSPECTIVE. MOUIFIED PERSPECTIVE, orthographic, polar equidistant, and azi-
1010 REM AND AZIMUTHAL EQUIDISTANT PROJECTIONS. muthal equidistant maps illustrated in the
1015 REM
1020 REM earlier article! We will add a few frills that
1025 REM THE FOLLOWING FUNCTION MUST BE DEFINED will make the program still more versatile.
1030 REM BEFORE THIS SUBROUTINE IS CALLED:
1035 REM Modified Perspective Projection
1040 REM FNC( ) COMPUTES THE ARC COSINE OF THE
1045 REM ARGUMENT. THE FUNCTION MUST BE
1050 REM NON -AMBIGUOUS; THAT IS. IT MUST The azimuthal equidistant map portrays
1055 REM ATTACH THE CORRECT ALGEBRAIC
1060 REM SIGN TO THE RESULT. A GOSUB TO radial distances in a linear fashion. On the
1065 REM AN ARC COSINE SUBROUTINE MAY BE other hand, radial distances in a perspective
1070 REM SUBSTITUTED IF DESIRED. map are computed from an involved trigono-
1075 REM
1080 REM metric formula in order to show them as
1085 REM THE FOLLOWING CONSTANTS MUST BE DEFINED they actually appear when viewed from
1090 REM BLFURE THIS SUBROUTINE IS CALLED THE some point in space. Each of these maps has
1095 REM FIRST TIME. AND ARE NEVER CHANGED: its own special applications, but also has (as
1100 REM
1105 REM E = 6378.0. THE MEAN RADIUS OF THE do all maps) certain distortions.
1110 REM EARTH. IN KM. A projection which is a compromise be-
1115 REM tween the kinds of distortions inherent in
1120 REM K1 = 1.0
1125 REM the azimuthal equidistant and the pure per-
1130 REM K2 = 1.5707963 THE VALUE OF PI /2. spective maps can be easily developed. This
1135 REM is done by using the same angular compo-
1140 REM K3 = 3.1415927. THE VALUE OF PI.
1145 REM nent, but presenting the radial distance in
1150 REM K6 = 6.2831853. THE VALUE OF 2 *PI. direct proportion to the sine of the arc dis-
1155 REM tance. For the sake of simplicity, I will call
1160 REM T = 0.00015. USED AS A TEST VALUE.
1165 REM
this a modified perspective projection. I t has
1170 REM Z = 0.0 been included as an option in the accom-
1175 REM panying program. This projection is quite
1180 REM
1185 REM THE FOLLOWING VARIABLES MUST BE DEFINED
useful, especially when used in conjunction
1190 REM BLFURE THIS SUBROUTINE IS CALLED THE with the pure perspective projection, as we
1195 REM FIRST TIME FOR ANY GIVEN MAP. EACH will see in some later examples. As an added
1200 REM TIME A NEW MAP IS TU BE STARTED. THESE
1205 REM
bonus, the sine of the arc distance has to be
VARIABLES MUST BE REDEFINED BEFORE
1210 REM CALLING THE SUBROUTINE THE FIRST TIME computed anyway to come up with the
1215 REM FOR THAT MAP. AND ARE NOT CHANGED UNTIL angular component of the map coordinates,
1220 REM THE MAP IS FINISHED:
so we don't have to do any extra work to
1225 REM
1230 REM A 1S THE GEOGRAPHIC LATITUDE OF THE include this projection in the program.
1235 REM LOCATION ON WHICH THE MAP IS
1240 REM CENTERED. General Purpose Perspective Projection
1245 REM
1250 REM Al IS EQUAL TO SIN(A). Program
1255 REM
1260 REM A2 IS EQUAL TO COS(A). The program in listing 1 is in the form
1265 REM
1270 REM F IS THE MAP SCALE FACTOR TO CONVERT of a subroutine, and is to be used in the
1275 REM TRUE PROJECTED RADIAL DISTANCE TO same manner as the subroutines presented
1280 REM THE MAP RADIAL DISTANCE. in part 1. The subroutine is fully docu-
1285 REM F = R /(E *SIN(M)), WHERE R IS THE
1290
mented by the remarks contained within it,
REM RADIUS OF THE FINISHED MAP. IN CM OR
1295 REM INCHES; E IS AS uEFINED ABOVE; M IS so there is little need to elaborate. In fact,
1300 REM AS DEFINED BELOW. of the 300 lines in the listing, fewer than
1305 REM F IS USED ONLY FOR PERSPECTIVE AND 60 are executable statements; the other 240
1310 REM MODIFIED PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS.
or so are all remarks concerning the use
1315 REM
1320 REM F1 IS THE MAP SCALE FACTOR TO CGNVERT and operation of the program.
1325 REM TRUE ARC DISTANCE TO THE MAP RADIAL As in the case of the earlier programs,
1330 REM DISTANCE. F1 IS USED FOR AZIMUTHAL
certain parameters are initialized, then the
1335 REM EQUIDISTANT PROJECTIONS ONLY.
1340 HEM F1 = R /M. WHERE R IS THE RADIUS OF subroutine is called once for each pair of
1345 REM THE FINISHED MAP, IN CM OR INCHES; coordinates to be converted. A geographic
1350 REM AND M IS AS DEFINED BELOW.
latitude and longitude from the data base
1355 REM
1360 REM G IS A PRECOMPUTED FACTOR USED IN THE (see part 1 for a description of the data base)
1365 REM COMPUTATION OF THE RADIAL COMPONENT are supplied to the subroutine each time it
Listing continued on page 104
1 Text continued on page 108

Waiting for the right 16 bit computer?
YOUR WAIT IS OVER!
Marinchip Systems M9900 System - 1
HARDWARE SOFTWARE
16 bit CPU Network operating system
S -100 bus (11 slots) Extended Commercial BASIC
60K RAM PASCAL
Dual 8" diskettes Word Processor
24 x 80 display
APPLICATIONS
Payroll
Accounts
Payable /Receivable
General Ledger
If you've been waiting for the right small computer, your wait or compilation for production. If you already have applications
is over. in BASIC, you'll be glad to know that the M9900's BASIC is
similar enough to the most popular 8 bit BASIC that conversion
The Marinchip Systems M9900 System -1 combines a 16 bit won't be a chore.
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If you've been waiting for applications you can really use,
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you'll find our Word Processor, Payroll, Accounts Payable and
Receivable and General Ledger to be flexible, easily maintained
made possible only by the combination of a third generation
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and ready to use when you plug the system in.
If you've been waiting for a computer you can expand when

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The M9900 gives you the TI 9900 -not an expanded micro- and 40 Megabyte removable cartridge disc system ($14,000)
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pages file data to memory to optimize performance. All I/O to you. When you have a question, we can give you an answer, not
devices are treated as files, eliminating device- dependent code another phone number. If you want to go your own way with
in applications. the system, we also sell boards and kits that you can put into your
own package.
If you've been waiting for a better BASIC, the M9900's
Extended Commercial Basic gives you 16 digit accuracy, PRINT The wait for the third generation is over, so don't wait any
USING, random and sequential files, CHAIN with common longer. Call or write today for more detailed information, or order
variables and a choice of interpretive execution for debugging our complete set of manuals.
Complete system $7500 Manuals only $40
16 St. Jude Road

Mariinehip Sgstenis Mill Valley, CA 94941 (415) 383 -1545
Circle 206 on inquiry card. BYTE tune 1979 103

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maxell
Floppy Disk
FJ2
Of course
our Floppys
aren't cheap.
Quality never is.
Its no use trying to hide the fact: Maxell Floppy Disks means no peak shift, complete freedom from dropouts, total
give you the finest quality you can buy no matter how much absence of particle orientation. Plus longer life, greater
you spend. And more and more of you are agreeing that overall durability, and significantly less oxide build -up and
your data is worth our perfection. head abrasion.
Our floppys work better with your drive. So when you have to depend on full data retrieval, a
few cents can make a big difference. Depend on Maxell
Naturally, our floppys conform to ISO and IBM
specifications. More important, they have also been approved Floppy Disks. They can really save you.
by major OEMs, the people who recommend only those Maxell offers the full range of Floppy Disks from
few floppys they are certain will work best with their standard 8 -inch to 51/4 -inch plus Data Cassettes.
hardware. So although we obviously don't know which Dealer inquiries invited.
drive system you are using, it makes no difference. Maxell
Floppy Disks are so good they actually work better with
any drive.
What it all means for you.
Yes, you can pay less for some other floppys. But lost
data is a terrible price to pay when quality is what you want.
And Maxell Floppy Disks help you profit in the very
parameters you use this medium for: storing more data with DATA PRODUCTS
virtually no down -time. The Quality Alternative
The level of modulation uniformity in every Maxell Maxell Corporation of America. Data Products Group
floppy is vital to double density recording and readout. It 60 Oxford Drive, Moonachie. NJ 07074 Tel. (201) 440-8020
Circle 207 on inquiry card. BY TE lune 1979 105

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106 lune 1179 (S1 13Y1 E Publications Inc

THE SEARCH FOR A
SMALL COMPUTER SYSTEM
STARTS HERE
It's the 3rd Annual A full selection of lectures is presented to provide a

National Small Computer Show, grasp of small systems technology, so that you
presenting the state -of- the -art showcase for micro - know what to considerwhen buying a computer or
and mini -systems technology and software. Here word processor. It's the first step in discovering what
you can survey virtually all makes and models of a system can really do for you!
small computers, whether your interest runs to a
NSCS lectures include sessions on system selection,
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computer languages, word processing functions,
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The world of small computers is quite large, ex-
tending to business and professional offices, Plan now to attend. There will be about 30,000
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Write for our informational brochure from Notional Small Computer Show,
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col THIRD ANNUAL NATIONAL SMALL COMPUTER SHOW,

New York Coliseum, August 23 -26, 1979.

The exact maximum value that can be
used will depend upon the precision of
your trigonometric routines, but, in any case,
you won't be able to see the difference on
the finished maps. Incidentally, the longi-
tude that you specify for this kind of map
will determine its orientation. This capa-
bility was not available with the simplified
polar equidistant map program presented
in part 1.
For all other types of maps, an option
(I) has been included in the program to
permit the user to specify the azimuth
that the observer in space is facing (ie:
to specify the orientation of the map). While
this option has little value for a printed
map (which the user can turn in any direc-
tion), it comes in handy on a video display
which is simulating the view from a window
of a maneuvering spacecraft.
Within the limits of resolution of any
map that you produce, you can assume,
for perspective projections, that if the
observer is beyond 10,000,000 km above
the Earth, the distance is infinite. If you
wish to generate an orthographic map,
simply assume a height of 10,000,000 km
for the observer, and there will be no detect-
able difference between the resulting map
VIEWED FROM INFINITY, OVER 321185 105í56E. FACING DEC AZIMUTH
PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION PREPARED 0V MILLION D.
0
JOHNSTON
and a truly orthographic map.
Grid lines generally enhance the appear-
ance of perspective maps. These can be
Figure 1: A view of the Earth as seen from a point over the southeastern included by generating the geographic coor-
Indian Ocean. dinates within loops in your main (driver)
program, then calling the subroutine to
obtain the map coordinates. Keep the
Text continued from page 102: number of generated points down to the
is called. It returns the rectangular (X,Y) minimum required to obtain the desired
map coordinates (in inches or centimeters) resolution, as it is not difficult to expend
corresponding to that point for the selected more processor time creating the grid
projection. The units (inches or centimeters) than creating the map.
in which the computerist initially specifies Having covered the major operational
the radius of the finished map automatically features of the program (additional details
determine the units of the map coordinates. are contained in the remarks within the
All constants, such as 7r and 0, have been listing), let us now look at some specific
given variable names because most BASIC examples. All of the maps illustrated here
interpreters can operate faster on variables were generated using the subroutine given
than on numeric constants. in listing 1. Each map was created for a
Remember that all angular parameters specific purpose and should give you some
are in radians. The program uses spherical ideas as to the applications of this program
trigonometry to arrive at the solution, to your own system.
and some tests have been included to pre-
vent the trigonometric functions from Perspective Maps
"blowing up" when the map center and
the distant point both lie on the same Figure 1 provides a good example of
meridian. what this program can do. Here,the point
The trigonometric functions can also of projection has been placed at infinity, over
blow up if you attempt to generate an a point in the southeastern Indian Ocean.
azimuthal equidistant map centered on This gives us an excellent view of Austral-
either of the two poles (ie: a polar equi- asia, as well as Antarctica. You can create
distant map). This can be avoided by simply a similar view of any part of the Earth by
specifying the latitude of the map center simply providing the coordinates of the
as slightly less than 90° (perhaps 89.99 °). central point. Orthographic perspective
108 lune 1979 7 BYTE Publications Inc

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(2a) Figure 2: The Earth as seen by a geosyn-
chronous weather satellite. Figure 2a is a
view from GOES -2 and figure 2b is from
Ariffaittativ GOES -3. Compare these maps to the
weather photographs shown on evening tele-
AfraffirAIR11111110 vision newscasts.
/ ARVIN& 111111111%
=In
projections, such as this one, find widespread
use in scientific applications and are also
11111 IN quite attractive when used in games.

Anyone who watches television weather
MEE INN
reports regularly should recognize the maps
in figures 2a and 2b. These are the views
IIIII seen by the two primary United States

geosynchronous weather satellites, GOES -2
and GOES -3. (Note that these are not
111111111111111111111111/// orthographic projections; the field of view
extends only about 80° from the central
point). Sequences of pictures from these
Nvitummosior
YIENIErwr
satellites are frequently made into film
loops and shown as a sort of jerky motion
picture. Although the photographs you
see on television usually have outline maps
drawn on them, the original pictures trans-
.7Azt ariwfv, mitted by the satellites do not.
A number of enterprising amateur radio
VIEWED FROM 35862 KM OVER O:OON 75 :OOW. FACING
operators and experimenters around the
0 DEG AZIMUTH
PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION PREPARED AV WILLIAM O. JOHNSTON world have built equipment to receive the
signals directly from the satellites and
print out up -to- the -minute weather pictures
in their own homes. Through the use of
(2b) the perspective projection program, one can
generate map overlays in the same scale as
--40ontsmiz% the received pictures. This is particularly

easy if the weather pictures are being dis-
played on a video screen where the map
can be overlaid electronically.
OHM
OMNI
111101NN
1111111111%
The same principle is applicable to
pictures received from some of the lower
altitude polar orbiting weather satellites.
Many of the early US APT (automatic
picture transmission) satellites, such as
those in the ESSA series, used a "snapshot"
technique to record the images. The satel-
lite would snap a photograph and transmit
it in its entirety before snapping another
11111 one. By entering into the computer the
altitude of the satellite and the coordinates
of its subpoint, one could generate a map
111111/101/ overlay to fit the photograph snapped
by the satellite at that particular point.
lavommow r
When the next picture was snapped a
few minutes later, the satellite would have
traveled several hundred miles, but by
entering the new coordinates a correct
map overlay would be created for each
picture. In actual practice, a tracking sub-
routine is usually incorporated to compute
the coordinates of the satellite subpoint.
VIEWED FROM 35862 KM OVER O1OON 135:OOW. FACING 0 DEG AZIMUTH (As exotic as this sounds, it requires only
PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION PREPARED V NILLIRM O. JOMNSTON a few simple calculations.)

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Figure 3: Here the Earth is shown exactly as
it appears to the Oscar 7 amateur radio com-
munications satellite as it passes over Atlanta
GA. Compare this map to that in figure 4.
The newer US polar orbiting weather

satellites, such as TIROS -N, use a slightly
different transmission system which greatly
improves the picture quality, the ease of
reception, and the amount of data received.
It makes the generation of map overlays
more difficult, however, and the program
presented here cannot be used. (Once you
are familiar with the transmission system, it
is not difficult to develop a program to do
the job.) There are a few satellites, including
some of the Soviet Meteor series spacecraft,
that still use the older system, but their
picture quality is relatively poor and hardly
worth the effort to obtain them.
Figure 3 represents the scene below the
Oscar 7 amateur radio communications
relay satellite as it passes over Atlanta GA.
Anyone engaged in satellite communications
would do well to have available the capa-
bility for such a display. Updated in real
VIEWED FROM 1453 KM OVER 33í45N 84í24W. FACING
time, it provides a continuous panorama of
0 DEG AZIMUTH
PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION PREPARED BY WILLIAM O. JOHNSTON the area visible from the satellite and, hence,
the area with which communications
through the satellite are possible at any
particular time. Any two or more stations
can talk to one another as long as they are
located within the mapped area. As the
satellite moves in its orbit, the mapped area
changes, but as long as your own location is
within the map you can talk to all other
points on the map.
Modified Perspective Maps
We have also come upon the ideal occa-

sion to make use of the modified perspec-
tive projection. Figure 4 illustrates the
same area as that of figure 3, but the modi-
fied projection has been used to reduce some
of the distortion inherent in the pure per-
spective version. Note the differences
between the figures, especially in the west
coast areas of the US, the northern coast
of South America, and the upper reaches
Figure 4: This is the same view as that in

figure 3, but here we have used the modified
perspective projection to reduce some of
the distortion. Compare the west coast of
the United States, the northern coast of
South America, and the upper reaches of
Hudson Bay. Remember that both maps
VIEWED FROM 1453 KM OVER 33í45N 84124W. FACING 0 DEG AZIMUTH
MODIFIED PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION PREPARED BY WILLIAM O. JOHNSTON cover the same area.

A DEVELOPMENT TOOL FOR
INTERACTIVE SOFTWARE
CIS COBOL is more than an efficient COBOL Compiler, it is a complete CIS COBOL is designed to support interactive applications. Areas of
software development tool for business and office automation systems. a CRT screen are mapped onto record descriptions in your CIS COBOL
It enables the programmer to write applications in a powerful subset of program and data is transferred using the ACCEPT and DISPLAY verbs
ANSI 74 standard COBOL and to take advantage of CIS COBOL language providing full cursor manipulation and data entry facilities to the CRT
extensions such as interactive screen handling which are designed to fully operator. CIS COBOL language extensions enable the screen position
exploit the special features of the microcomputer environment. Version 3 of at which the transfer is to start to be specified, protected fields to be
CIS COBOL has many language additions but the compiler still requires only defined and the CURSOR position to be detected and set by the program.
20K bytes of memory and runs on 8080 and Z80 based microcomputers
with 32K to 64K under the popular CP /M operating system. CIS COBOL is able to exploit features of the microcomputer. Language
extensions in CIS COBOL enable programs to define file names at run time,
to read and write text files of variable record length and to access free
memory in varying machine configurations. CIS COBOL supports run time
subroutines written in assembler and accessed from COBOL by means of
the CALL USING verb. Built in subroutines implement facilities to CHAIN
RPCIS COPOL V3.1 OIARY1.C8l PAGEL One) programs together, PEEK and POKE memory locations outside your COBOL
000540/ Olin program and GET and PUT data to special peripheral devices via your
000ssa ni DIAR1-00 Clin
Onoseo 03 FILLER
.
PIC x100741. Olin microcomputer's I/O ports.

nOCSTD 03 MMARV -00 -0001 PIC x100141 VALUE "DIARY SCORINGS ". 016R
03 PALER
Cnoceo
000590 03 n1ARY -00 -0007
PIC
PIC
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0172
0748 CIS COBOL is orientated toward rapid program development. The
L.00600-
rncolo
TIRE
03 FILLER
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074A
076r compiler accepts input of your source program direct from keyboard as
000620
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03 NARY-00-00C] PIC 1100491 VALUE "DFjCRTPTION
n".
< 01ER
OPER
well as from source and library files on disk and generates an object file
000440
102650
03 FILLER
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PIC
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0119
013A
which the CIS COBOL run time system immediately loads and executes or
OrCee0-
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u
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ol3R
0160
optionally links and saves as a self loading program. The run time system
0002!0
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n3 FIL1 FR
n) OIA0Y -01 -LOCI
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x102561.
0100041.
01..9 has built -in indexed and relative I/O packages and contains an interactive
0469
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03 FILLER
PIC
PIC
9100021.
1100101.
04ón debug package to help find errors quickly by stepping through the execution
0466
000720 03 0120/ -01 -0001 PIC. 910004/. 0481 of your CIS COBOL program.
noon, 03 FIIIFR PIr. 1101411. 0485
DC0740
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PIC 8100491.
0517
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eon?60 03 DIARY- 01-0009 PIC 100111. 0567 delivery of CIS COBOL Version 3 on 8 inch or 5 inch diskette you will
0 PROCEDURE nIVISloA. 0581
C007.0
n00790
OPEA 1-0 CIA,/
DISPLAY nIARY-0O.
DISPLAY SPACE. 01117
0019
receive in addition to the compiler and run time system the CONFIG
000400 GfT- 3CORIAr.- ntloltç.
000410 ACCEPT 01000 -01.
On31 program which enables you to configure CIS COBOL run time systems to
On34
000120
000430
IF DIARY-01
IF WART- 01 -0n01
SPACE GO TO CLOSE -fOVN.
a 9999 r.0 10 rLFAR- ROCKING- nETAILT.
0051 drive many different types of "dumb" CRT terminal such as Lear Siegler
0050
000A40 PFREORY VET- INPUT-71 PE TMRU VET-EXIT. 0060 ADM3A and Hazeltine 1500, plus the time saving FORMS program which
IF VALID -TIN! "NO"
000S.('
101960 DISPLAY "INVALID DATE OR TIME" AT FRI- OSA. -I
007n
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000070
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"DOE INPUT -TIRE TD SOOKING -TIMF.
007f
0091
automat'cally generate the corresponding COBOL record descriptions to
nOnN90
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IF INPUT -TIMF PREY -TIRE
GO TO rAKE- en0RINC. On9G
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COPY into your CIS COBOL program.
000010 START OIRRY Amp 7 !WOKING-TING OnR7
000923 INVALID GO in NO- 0011F- ROORINÇ.S On/7
000430 G.0 in RE0n- R008ING. onnr
000040 IF INP01 -1I "f NumERIC GO TO CHECK -IF- BOOKING. OnC4
n0050 START DIARY 6(Y NOT < R00RIMG -TIMF 0000
00)060 LAVAI In GO TO NO- MORF- ROOKINLS. OnCn
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Figure 5: This is a sequence of views of the
Earth as one would see it out the window
of a spacecraft taking off from Peterborough
NH. The final two views are orthographic,
with the last of these illustrating the view
after the spacecraft has made a 45° turn to
the right. (Figures Sc, 5d, Se and 5f are
shown on pages 118 and 119.)
of Hudson Bay. While figure 3 reproduces

the scene as it appears visually, figure 4
shows more clearly all of the areas with
which communications can be established
when the satellite is at the given point.
Incidentally, all of the Oscar satellites
are at altitudes comparable to those of the
various polar orbiting weather satellites.
Indeed, they are launched on the same
rockets. The Oscars take the place of other-
wise useless ballast and are ejected a few
minutes before or after the weather birds.
Consequently, the pictures transmitted from
this type of weather satellite, especially
the earlier versions, are views similar to
that shown in figure 3.
Maps for Space Games

VIEWED FROM 250 KM OVER 42153N 71í57W, FACING 0 DEG AZIMUTH
PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION PAEPOIED ST WILLIAM O. JOHNSTON
Let us now take a look at some maps
that will be of special interest to space
game fans. Figures 5a through 5f comprise
a sequence of views of the Earth as seen
from the window of a spacecraft taking
off from Peterborough NH (where BYTE
Publications is located). The particular
altitudes used in generating these figures
were chosen arbitrarily, but they could just
as well be input from the game program itself.
A fairly large altitude change is required
to get a significant change of scenery (assum-
ing no lateral movement). Therefore, it is
not necessary to update the display very
often if the spacecraft is ascending or
descending vertically. Whenever the craft
is moving laterally, however, you will want
to change the display more often.
The final two views in the sequence of
figure 5 are orthographic; that is, the point of
projection is at infinity. Although this is
not truly realistic in terms of what space
travelers see as they recede from the Earth,
it is typical of the display that the ship's
navigator might have on his video console,
regardless of altitude. (Of course, the navi-
gator would want to have a map display of
an area considerably larger than what could
be seen out the window.)
The last view of the sequence shows the
orientation after the spacecraft has made a
45° turn to the right (assuming the observer
VIEWED FROM 500 KM OVER 42153N 71157W. FACING 0 DEG AZIMUTH
PEASPECTIVE PROJECTION PREPARED ST WILLIAM O. JOHNSTON Text continued on page 122

For
COPUTER SOFTWARE
Homeowners, Businessmen, Engineers, Hobbyists, Doctors, Lawyers, Men and Women
We have been in business for over nine years building a reputa- Virtually Machine Independent -
these programs are writ-
tion for providing a quality product at nominal prices NOT - ten In a subset of Dartmouth Basic but are not oriented for any
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one of our functions we have included an appendix in Vol-
Versatile -
as most programs allow for multiple modes of ume V which gives conversion algorithms for 19 different
operation. Basic's; that's right, just look it up and make the substitution for
Tutorial -
as each program is self prompting and leads you your particular version. If you would like to convert your
favorite program into Fortran or APL or any other language,
through the program (most have very detailed instructions
contained right in their source code). the appendix in Volume II will define the statements and their
parameters as used in our programs.
-
Comprehensive as an example our PSD program not only Over 85% of our programs in the first five volumes will execute In
computes Power Spectral Densities but also includes FFT's, most 8K Basic's with 16K of free user RAM. If you only have 4K
Inverse- transforms, Windowing, Sliding Windows, simulta- Basic, because of its lack of string functions only about 60% of
neous FFTs variable data sizes, etc. and as a last word our our programs in Volumes through V would be useable, how-
I
software is: ever they should execute in only 8K of user RAM.
Readable -
as all of our programs are reproduced full size For those that have specific needs, we can tailor any of our
for ease in reading. programs for you or we can write one to fit your specific needs.
Vol. I Vol. II Vol. III Vol. IV Vol. V Vol. VI
Business & Games & Binomial Beam Billing Bingo Andy Cap Ledger Maintains Company accounts and generates
Personal Pictures Chi-Sq. Cons Inventory Bonds Baseball financial reports. Includes routines tor. Pyre Inv
Bookkeeping Coeff Fitter Payroll Bull Compare Dept A /R, A/P
Programs Animals Four Confidencet Fit Risk Enterprise Confid 10
Astronaut Confidence 2 Integration 1 Schedule 2 Football Descrtp Vol. VII
Bond Bagel Correlations integration 2 Shipping Fundst Differ Chess Designed to challenge the average player
Building Blo Cycle Curve Intensity Stocks Funds 2 Engine fairly comprehensive. Great fun for all, offers a
Compound Cannons Differences Lola Switch Go-Moku Fourier unique opportunity tor beginners in need of an
Cyclic Checkers Dual Plot Macro Jack Horse opponent
Decision 1 Craps Exp-Dlstrt Max. Min. Life integers
Decision 2 gill Least Squares Navald Loans Logic For Doctors and Dentists alike. a complete
Depreciation Paired Optical Mazes Playboy patient billing system which also permits the
EMcient Judy Plot Planet Poker Primes
maintaining of a patient history record.
Flow Une Up Piotpts PSD Popul Probal Wdproc Wordprocessing for lawyers. publishers. writers.
Installment Pony Polynomial Rand I
interest Roulette
Fit Profits Quadrac etc. Wrtte. store. and change from rough draft
Regression Rand 2 Subic Red Baron to final copy In a variety of formats.
Investments Sky Diver Solve
Staff 1
Rates Regression 2
Mortgage Tank Stat 2 Sphere Than Refire Road Runner Utility Disk utlltfy program with memory testing.
Optimize Teach Me T- Distribution Stars Savings Roulette
Order Unpaired Track SBA Santa Vol. VIII
Pert Tree Pictures
A Newman Variance 1 Triangle Tic- Tac -Toe StatIO
Rate Variance 2 Variable 1040 -Tax Taxpayers return, Itemized deductions or
JFK Star 11 standard
Rehm 1
XV Vector Steel
Return 2 Linus
Ms Santa Top Balance Reconciles bank statements
Schedule 1 APPENDIX A
Vary
Nixon Checkbook Balances your checkbook
Noel Noel Xmas
Nude APPENDIX
Inst o 78
1 Computes real cost on bank financed items.
B
Peace cars, boats, etc.
Policeman Deprec 2 Computes depreciation. 4 methods. any time
Santa's Sleigh period
Snoopy
Virgin APPENDIX C - FAVORITE PROGRAM CONVERSIONS
Vol - $24.95 Vol II - $24.95 Vol. III - $39.95 Vol. IV - $9.95 Vol. V - $9.95 Vol. VI - $49.95 Vol. Vil -
$39.95 Vol. VIII - $1995
I
Advanced Business Mlnl {edger

Bookkeeping Math / Engineering Billing.
B Inventory General Purpose Experimenter's Program Professional Homeowner's
Games Plotting /Statistics inveernents Programs Programs
Pictures Basic Statement Del. Payroll
AVAILABLE AT MOST COMPUTER STORES Add 51 50 per volume handling all domestic shipments sent U PS except APO
and PO Box which go pa cet post Foreign orders add $8 00 volume or au
Master Charge and Bank Americard accepted. shipment and make payable In US dollars only
Our Software Is copyrighted and may not be reproduced or sold.
SCIENTIFIC
490099
PO. Box
RESEARCH
Key Biscayne,
-B FL 33149
Phone orders call 800 -327 -6543 Information - (305) 361 -1153
Bit tuno 1'17'1 115
For the low $599.95 price, you not only get the disk drive, drive power
For your SWTP 6800 Computer .. . supply, SS -50 bus controller /interface card, and MINIDOS- PLUSX"
you also receive:
an attractive metal enclosure a fully assembled and tested inter-
PERCOM'sTM connecting cable a 70 -page instruction manual that includes operat-
FLOPPY DISK SYSTEM

-
ing instructions, schematics, service procedures and a complete list-
ing of MINIDOS" technical memo updates helpful hints which
supplement the manual instructions a 90 -day limited warranty.
the
/ SOFTWARE FOR THE LFD -400 SYSTEM
Disk operating and file management systems
INDEX'" The most advanced disk operating and file management
system available for the 6800. INterrupt Driven EXecutive operating
system features file- and -device -independent, queue-buffered
0 character stream /O. Linked -file disk architecture, with automatic file
I
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and semi -random access disk files. Multi -level file name directory
includes name, extension, version, protection and date. Requires 8K
Ready to plug in and run the moment you receive RAM at $A000. Diskette includes numerous utilities $99.95
MINIDOS- PLUSX' An easy -to -use DOS for the small computing sys-
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tem. Supports up to 31 named files. Available on ROM or diskette
"booting" with PerCom MINIDOS- PLUSX", the complete with source listing $39.95
remarkable disk operating system on EPROM. BASIC Interpreters and Compilers
Expandable to either two or three drives. SUPER BASIC A 10K extended disk BASIC interpreter for the 6800.
Outstanding operating, utility and application Faster than SWTP BASIC. Handles data files. Programs may be
programs. prepared using a text editor described below $49.95
BASIC BANDAID'" Turn SWTP 8K BASIC into a random access data
file disk BASIC. Includes many speed improvements, and program
-...::1.
:::_.. disk CHAINing $17.95
._ . --- :::::.:_::::::=:ï
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1: STRUBAL +'" A STRUctured BAsic Language compiler for the pro-
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fessional programmer. 14 -digit floating point, strings, scientific func-
jI
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,
II
Complete with RUN -TIME and FLOATING POINT packages $249.95
?
_._[j: r --
¡
1
:
.._.._ ............._._.---._._ : Text Editors and Processors

i: I
EDIT68 Hemenway Associates' powerful disk -based text editor. May
jJ -,.
I...........
be used to create programs and data files. Supports MACROS which
perform complex, repetitive editing functions. Permits text files larger
i..... il than available RAM to be created and edited

TOUCHUP'" Modifies TSC's Text Editor and Text Processor for Per -
$39.95
Corn disk operation. ROLL function permits text files larger than
available RAM to be created and edited. Supplied on diskette com-
plete with source listing $17.95
order
To Assemblers
or request PerCom 6800 SYMBOLIC ASSEMBLER Specify assembly options
literature at time of assembly with this symbolic assembler. Source listing on
call Percom diskette $29.95
toll -free MACRO -RELOCATING ASSEMBLER Hemenway Associates'
1- 800 -527 -1592.
assembler for the programming professional. Generates relocatable
linking object code. Supports MACROS. Permits conditional
assembly
LINKAGE EDITOR
assembler
-
for STRUBAL+' and the MACRO -Relocating
$79.95
$49.95
CROSS REFERENCE Utility program that produces a cross -
reference listing of an input source listing file .... $29.95
Business Applications
Financial information immediately available -

GENERAL LEDGER SYSTEM Accommodates up to 250 accounts.
no sorting required.
Audit trail information permits tracking from GL record data back to
source document. User defines account numbers $199.95
fully assembled and tested FULL FUNCTION MAILING LIST 700 addresses per diskette. Power-
shipping paid ful search, sort, create and update capability $99.95
PERCOM FINDER" General purpose information retrieval system
'PM*
TM and data base manager $99.95
TM trademark of PERCOM Data Company. Inc.
Ordering information
To order, call toll free-800- 527 -1592. MC and VISA welcome. COD
1
orders require 30% deposit plus 5% handling charge. Allow three

weeks for delivery. Allow three extra weeks if payment is by personal
PERCOM DATA COMPANY, INC. check. Texas residents add 5% sales tax.
Dept. B 211 N. Kirby Garland, TX 75042
(214) 272 -3421 PERCOM `peripherals for personal computing'
1 1b Circle 301 on inquiry card.

FPOm PERCOM
One -Drive System:
$399. (40- track) 8 $675. (77- track)
Two -Drive System'
$795. (40 -track drives) & $1350. (77 -track drives)
Three-Drive System:
$1195. (40 -track drives) & $2025. (77 -track drives)
Requires Expansion Interface. Level II BASIC & 16K RAM.
Low Cost Add -On Storage for Your TRS -80' .

In the Size You Want.
When you're ready for add -on disk storage, we're ready for you.
Ready with six mini -disk storage systems
additional on -line
102K bytes to 591K bytes of
storage for your TRS -80 `.
-
Choose either 40 -track TFD -100'M drives
or 77 -track TFD -200TH drives.
Whether you need a single, 40-
track TFD-100TH add -on or a three -drive
- 197K, 394K and 591 K bytes for one -,
two and three -drive systems.
add -on with 77 -track TFD- 200TMs, you PATCH PAK #1 TM, our upgrade
One -, two- and three -drive systems im- get more data storage for less money program for your TRSDOS' not only ,
mediately available. from Percom. extends TRSDOS' to accommodate 40-

and 77 -track drives, it enhances
Systems include Percom PATCH PAK Our TFD -100TH drive, for example,
TRSDOS in other ways as well. PATCH
#1'r', on disk. at no extra charge. PATCH
PAK #1` "de- glitches and upgrades
TRSDOS for 40- and 77 -track operation.
one side of a disk -
lets you store 102.4K bytes of data on
compared to 80K
bytes on a TRS -80 mini -disk drive -
PAK #1 TM is supplied with each drive
system at no additional charge.
The reason you get more for less
and 102.4K bytes on the other side, too.
TFD -100TH drives accommodate "Hippy from Percom is simple. Peripherals are
Something you can't do with a TRS -80" not a sideline at Percom. Selling disk
disks." Store 205K bytes per mini -disk. drive. That's almost 205K bytes per
Low prices. A single -drive TFD -100TH
costs just S399. Price includes PATCH
mini -disk.
And the TFD -200TH drives provide
main business -
systems and other peripherals is our
the reason you get
more engineering, more reliability and
PAK # 1 V disk.
T
197K bytes of on -line storage per drive more back up support for less money.
Enclosures are finished in system - In the Product Development Queue ...

a printer interface for using your TRS-80 with any
compatible "Tandy- silver" enamel.
screen -
serial printer. and ... theElectric Crayon TM to map your computer memory onto your color TV
for games, animated shows, business displays, graphs, etc. Coming PDG!
r TFD -100. TFD -200. PATCH PAK and Electric Crayon are trademarks of PERCOM DATA COMPANY.
'IRS Ra ar,d IRSf1OS arF'ra re-artç of Tandy COrporavor ar.rl iii STAr: ,o,rh Tade Pr RCM! Ii11A COrr'PA':Y
To order add -on mini -disk storage for your TRS -80' ,
or request additional literature, call Percom's toll -free

number: 1- 800 -527 -1592. For detailed Technical infor-
PERCOM mation call (214) 272 -3421.

Orders may be paid by check or money order, or
DEPT B
ñ-
PERCOM DATA COMPANY,
211 N. KIRBY GARLAND, TX 75042
charged to Visa or Master Charge credit accounts. Texas
residents must add 5% sales tax.
Percom 'peripherals for personal computing' 1
Circle 301 on inquiry card. It1 II turn lu'v 117
*P.E.T. *Food*
DRY C AMOUNT METH OF PAY pESCR1PTIO
1 A 3.33 CASH PENNZOIL
2 Z 35.98 MCHG CRITTERS
3 C 280.11 B OF A WOOL SUIT
4 Z 1.29 CASH TOOTHBRUSH
5 E 9.95 CHKN101 BOOK
6 F 68.47 CASH 2 WEEK'S FOOD
7 G 13.44 MCHG GIFT FOR WIFE
8 B 316 CHKN181 MORTGAGE
9 1 2.75 CASH PAY FOR 1 HOUR
10 Z 5.01 CASH SUIT CLEANED
To go on. press any key
Household Finance Part 1

You spent the following amounts n S çh
category for the months of JANUARY FEHRU
ARV
CATEGORY AMOUNT CATEGORY AMOUNT
AUTO 19.46 INCOME 2.75
MR TGE 320.73 TAXES 0
CLOTHES 448.61 MEDICAL 210
ENTRTAIN 21.69 INSUR 281.55
EDUC 342.96 SAVINGS 0
FOOD 229.78 UTIL 36.23
GIFTS 13.44 VACATION 1823.41
HOUSE 533 MISC 70.13
erllirrrrllrrei **ruu CI* ra$uuu$n$$$ua
Total amount spent was 4350.99
Total income was 2.75
Do you want a spending profile for this
period ?(Y or N)
Household Finance Part 2

Part 1 inputs, lists, adds,
updates, changes,
and deletes items.
Writes data to a
cassette tape. VIEWED FROM 1000 KM OVER 42:53N 71157W. FACING 0 DEG
PERBPECTIVE PROJECTION PRE PARED IT WILLIAM D. JOHNSTON
AZIMUTH
Part2 reads data tape;

gives single item,
single month and
year -to -date sums.
Both parts $15.00
»Also Available cc
SPACE WAR..sio.00
Household Utility
[3 Programs) ... $12.00
Dual Joystick
Interface ....$45.00
SEAWOLF... $1o.00
BREAKOUT..$1o.00
LIFE $20.00
ORDERS: Send check, money order,
or VISA /Mastercharge (include expi-
ration date) and add $1.50 shipping.
Calif. residents add 6% sales tax.
INFORMATION: More information

on these and many other currently
available programs is available on a
free flyer. Write directly to Creative
Software.
Creative Software VIEWED FROM 5000 KM OVER 42:53N 71:57W. FACING 0 DEG
PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION PREPARED BY WILLIAM 0. JOHNSTON
AZIMUTH
P.O. BOX 4030, MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040
118 lunr 1'17'1 li1IL l'ublications In.

MORE
BANG
PER
BUCK
The PERKIN -ELMER BANTAM
44i
III
All the Features of the
$799.00
Hazeltine 1400 & LSI ADM -3A
Plus
Upper /Lower Case Tab Function
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White or Black Char. Shiftlock Key
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Integrated Numeric
Pad
$41.61 per month .,

íííi
Lease -Purchase
VIEWED FROM INFINITY. OVER 42:53N 71:57W. FACING 0 DEG AZIMUTH

PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION PREPARED 11.1 NILLIRM D. JOHNSTON $1095.00
TELETYPE
MODEL 43
KSR with RS232
10 or 30 CHAR /SEC
0
132 COLUMNS
UPPER /LOWER CASE
USR -310
Originate
Acoustic
$1 49.00 Coupler
0 -300 Baud Stand Alone
Crystal Controlled RS232
USR -330
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411 Auto -Answer
$ 324.00 Modem
FCC Certified for Direct Connection
to Phone Lines
USR -320 Auto -Answer
Only Modem $299.00
All Units include a 120 day warranty
Optional Maintenance package available
Any Product may be returned
within 10 days for a full refund.
U.S. ROBOTICS, INC.
1035 W. LAKE ST.
CHICAGO, ILL. 60607
Sales (312) 733 -0497

General Offices (312) 733 -0498
VIEWED FROM INFINITY. OVER 42:53N 71:57W. FACING 45 DEG AZIMUTH
PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION PREPRRED ST WILLIAM O. JOHNSTON Service (312) 733 -0499

Aw, cut it out! NEWS Software
Lifeboat FLASH!
Software
with Manual
now
available on
OHIO SCIENTIFIC
format C3
TOP Text Output Processor - Manual
Creates page- numbered, jus-
tified documents from source text files $69/$20
Alone
O Software
Super BASIC - Sub -set of Xitan Disk BASIC with extensive
arithmetic and string features but without random access data
DIGITAL RESEARCH with/ file support. Available optionally with features to support VDB
CP /M* FDOS - Manual

Diskette Operating System complete with
Text Editor, Assembler, Debugger, File Manager and system
Alone
Xitan video output board
A3 package includes Z -TEL, TOP, ASM and Super BASIC
$99/520
utilities. Available for wide variety of disk systems including $249/540

North Star, Helios II, Micropolis, iCOM (all systems) and Altair.
Supports computers such as Sorcerer, Horizon, Sol System Ill, A3+ package includes Disk BASIC, Z -TEL, TOP, ASM,
Versatile. Altair 8800, COMPAL -80, DYNABYTE DB8 /2, and Z -BUG and LINKER 5409/540
iCOM Attache. Specify desired configuration $145/$25 MICROPRO
MAC - 8080 Macro Assembler. Full Intel macro definitions.
Pseudo Ops include RPC, IRP, REPT, TITLE, PAGE, and
Super Sort I - Sort, merge, extract utility as absolute
executable program or linkable module in Microsoft format.
MACLIB. Z -80 library included. Produces Intel absolute hex
Sorts fixed or variable records with data in binary, BCD,
output plus symbols file for use by SID (see below) $100/$15
o SID - 8080 symbolic debugger. Full trace, pass count and
break -point program testing system with back-trace and histo-
Packed Decimal, EBCDIC, ASCII, floating, fixed point, expo-
nential, field justified, etc. etc. Even variable number of fields
per record! $25
gram utilities. When used with MAC, provides full symbolic
display of memory labels and equated values $85/515 Super Sort II - Above available as absolute program only
TEX - Text formatter to create paginated, page- numbered

and justified copy from source text files, directable to disk or Super Sort III - As II without SELECT /EXCLUDE
$200/
printer $85/$15 $150/525

DESPOOL -
Program to permit simultaneous printing of
data from disk while user executes another program from the
Word Master Text Editor -
one mode has super-set of
In
CP /M's ED commands including global searching and replac-
console 550/$1 ing, forward and backwards in file. In video mode, provides full
screen editor for users with serial addressable- cursor terminal
MICROSOFT $150/525
Disk Extended BASIC -
New version, ANSI compatible
with long variable names, WHILE/WEND, chaining, variable
Corresponder - Mail list system, supporting torm letter
generation with personalized greetings. Reference fields per-
length file records $300/$25 mit sorting and extraction by name, address fields or reference
FORTRAN -80 -
ANSI '66 (except for COMPLEX) plus
many extensions. Includes relocatable object complier, linking
data using Super Sort. Requires CBASIC
SOFTWARE SYSTEMS
$95/525
loader, library with manager. Also includes MACRO -80 (see

below) $400/525 CBASIC-2 Disk Extended BASIC -
Non -interactive BASIC
COBOL -80 -
ANSI '74 Pseudo -compiler with relocatable
object runtime package. Format same as FORTRAN -80 and
with pseudo -code compiler and runtime interpreter. Supports
full file control, chaining, integer and extended precision var-
iables etc. Version 1 users can receive Version 2 and new
MACRO-80 modules. Complete ISAM, interactive ACCEPT/ manual for $45 with return of original diskette. Standard CP /M
DISPLAY, COPY, EXTEND $625/$25 and TRS -80 CP /M versions available $90/515
MACRO-80 -
8080/Z80 Macro Assembler. Intel and Zilog
mnemonics supported. Relocatable linkable output. Loader, STRUCTURED SYSTEMS GROUP
Library Manager and Cross Reference List utilities included
$149/$15
General Ledger - Interactive and flexible system providing
proof and report outputs. Customization of COA created inter-
MACRO-80 plus FORTRAN subroutine library available. Li- actively. Multiple branch accounting centers. Extensive check-
brary includes ABS, SIGN, EXP, DLOG, SORT, DSQRT, ing performed at data entry for proof, COA correctness etc.
ATAN, DATAN etc. etc. $219/515 Journal entries may be batched prior to posting. Closing pro-
EDIT -80 -
Very fast random access text editor for text with or
cedure automatically backs up input files. All reports can be
tailored as necessary. Requires CBASIC 5899/520
without line numbers. Global and intra -line commands sup-
ported. File compare utility included $89/515 o
°
Accounts Receivable -
Open item system with output for
internal aged reports and customer -oriented statement and bill-
ing purposes. On -Line Enquiry permits information for Cus-
XITAN (software requires Z -80 CPU) tomer Service and Credit departments. Interface to General
Disk BASIC -
Fast powerful interactive interpreter. PRI-
VACY password security. Can dynamically open a large
Ledger provided if both systems used. Requires CBASIC
$699/S20
number of files simultaneously for random or sequential I/O
$159/520
Accounts Payable -
Provides aged statements of ac-
counts by vendor with check writing for selected invoices. Can
Z -TEL - Text editing language. Expression evaluation itera- be used alone or with General Ledger and/or with NAD. Re-
quires CBASIC $699/$20
tion and conditional branching ability. Registers available for
text and commands. Macro command strings can be saved on
disk for re -use $69/520
NAD Name and Address selection system -
interactive mail
ASM Macro Assembler -

Mnemonics per Intel with Z -80 ex-
tensions. Macro capabilities with absolute Intel hex or relocat-
list creation and maintenance program with output as full re-
ports with reference data or restricted information for mail
labels. Transfer system for extraction and transfer of selected
able linkable output modules $69/520 records to create new files. Requires CBASIC $79/520
LINKER -
Link -edits and loads ASM modules $69/$20 ()SORT - Fast sort/merge program for files with fixed record
Z -BUG debugger -
Trace, break -point tester. Supports dec-
imal, octal and hex modes. Dissassembler to ASM mnemonic
length, variable field length information. Up to five ascending or
descending keys. Full back -up of input files created. Parameter
file created, optionally with interactive program which requires
set. Emulation technique permits full tracing and break -point CBASIC. Parameter file may be generated with CP /M assem-
support through ROM $89/520 bler utility $95/$20
'CP/M is a trade name of Digital Research
120 null lone 1474

Software for most popular 80801Z80 computer disk systems, including
NORTH STAR, MICROPOLIS, iCOM, SD SYSTEMS, DYNABYTE DB8 /2,
HELIOS, ALTAIR, TRS -80, 8" IBM and OHIO SCIENTIFIC formats.
Software
Manual with /Manual
Manual
GRAHAM -DORIAN SOFTWARE SYSTEMS

Manual Alone
WHATSIT? - Manual Alone
Interactive data -base system using associa -
PAYROLL SYSTEM - Maintains employee master file.
Computes payroll withholding for FICA, Federal and State
live tags to retrieve information by subject. Hashing and ran-
dom access used for fast response. Requires CBASIC
$1251$25
taxes. Prints payroll register, checks, quarterly reports and W -2
forms. Can generate ad hoc reports and employee form letters
with mail labels. Requires CBASIC. Supplied in source code.
XYBASIC Interactive Process Control BASIC - Full disk
BASIC features plus unique commands to handle bytes, rotate
$605/$35 and shift, and to test and set bits. Available in Integer, Ex-
APARTMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
management system for receipts, disbursements and security
-
Financial
tended and ROMable versions.
Integer Disk or Integer ROMable
Extended Disk or Extended ROMable
$295/525
$395/$25
deposits of apartment projects. Captures data on vacancies.
revenues. etc. for annual trend analysis. Daily report shows
late rents, vacancy notices, vacancies, income lost through
SMAL/80 Structured Macro Assembled Language -
age of powerful general purpose text macro processor and
Pack-
vacancies, etc. Requires CBASIC. Supplied in source code. SMAL structured language compiler. SMAL is an assembler
$605/$35 language with IF- THEN -ELSE, LOOP- REPEAT -WHILE, DO-
INVENTORY SYSTEM -
Captures stock levels. costs.
sources, sales, ages, turnover. markup, etc. Transaction in-
END, BEGIN -END constructs
Selector II -
$75/515
Data Base Processor to create and maintain
formation may be entered for reporting by salesman, type of single Key data bases. Prints formatted, sorted reports with
sale, date of sale. etc. Reports available both for accounting numerical summaries. Available for Microsoft and CBASIC
and decision making. Requires CBASIC. Supplied in source (state which). Supplied in source code 5195/$20
code. $6051$35 Selector Ill -
Multi (i.e., up to 24) Key version of Selector II.
Comes with applications programs including Sales Activity, In-
OTHER ventory, Payables, Receivables, Check Register, Expenses,
Z80 Development Package -
Consists of: (1) disk file
line editor, with global inter and intra -line facilities: (2) Z80
Appointments, and Client/Patient. Requires CBASIC Supplied
in source code $295/$20
Enhanced version for CBASIC -2 5345/520
relocating assembler, Zilog /Mostek mnemonics, conditional
assembly and cross reference table capabilities; (3) linking
loader producing absolute Intel hex disk file for CP /M LOAD,
CPM /374X Utility Package -
has full range of functions
to create or re -name an IBM 3741 volume, display directory
DDT or SID facilities. Standard CP/M and TRS -80 CP /M ver- information and edit the data set contents. Provides full file
sions available $95/$15 transfer facilities between 3741 volume data sets and CP /M
TEXTWRITER II - Text formatter to justify and paginate
letters and other documents. Special features include insertion
files
Flippy Disk Kit -
5195/510
Template and instructions to modify sin-
of text during execution from other disk files or console, permit- gle sided 51/4" diskettes for use of second side in singled sided
ting recipe documents to be created from linked fragments on drives $975
other files. Ideal for contracts, manuals, etc.
DISINTEL - $75/55
Disk based disassembler to Intel 8080 or TDL
BASIC Comparison - -
A comprehensive features and per-
formance analysis of five 8080 disk BASIC languages
Xitan Z80 source code, listing and cross reference files. Intel or CBASIC, BASIC -E, XYBASIC, Microsoft Disk Extended
TDL/Xitan pseudo ops optional. Runs on 8080. Standard CP /M BASIC, and Xitan's Disk BASIC. Itemizes results of 21 different
and TRS -80 CP/M versions available $65/510 benchmark tests for speed and accuracy and lists instructions
DISZILOG -
As DISINTEL to Zilog /Mostek mnemonic files.
Runs on Z80 only. Standard CP/M and TRS -80 CP/M versions
and features of each BASIC
TRS -80 FORTRAN PACKAGE
(send 200 S.A.S.E.) FREE
- Professional disk -
available $65/510 based language and utility package written by Microsoft,
creators of Level II BASIC. the package runs on a TRS -80
system with 32K RAM, one or more drives and TRSDOS. The
Fill it in.
software is supplied on diskettes and consists of a relocatable
machine code FORTRAN Compiler, Macro Assembler, a Link-
ing Loader, Subroutine Library, Text Editor $325
Macro assembler, loader and editor alone $165
Lifeboat Associates, 2248 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10024 (212) 580.0082
Software Price
O manual alone
Disk systems and for-
manual alone mats: North Star single or
double density. IBM
Shipping single or 2D/256, Altair,
Check U.P.S. COD Visa Master Charge Helios II, Micropolis Mod
I or II. 51/4" soft sector
boat Associates
Account # Exp. Date $1.00 for C.O.D (Micro ICOMiSD Sales
Total
Dynabyte). etc
Add $1. item shipping ($2
THE
Signature
min.). Add $1 additional SOFTWARE
My computer configuration (specifying disk system):
Name
for UPS C.O.D.
Manual cost applicable
against price of subse-
quent software pur-
SUPER -
chase. MARKET .
Address (No P.O. Box) The sale of each pro-

prietary software pack-
City State age conveys a license
for use on one system TM
EFFECTIVE APRIL 15, 1979 ...The Software Supermarket is a trademark of Lifeboat Associates only.
H l,r 121
Azimuthal Equidistant Maps
Figure 6 illustrates a map that is very

similar to the azimuthal equidistant (great
circle) maps shown in part 1. The primary
difference is that we have added a grid of
meridians and parallels to figure 6 to give
more meaning to geographic distribution.
This map projection is extremely useful
when applied to such fields as navigation
and radio communication, but you must
not forget the inherent distortions. The
grid system on this map helps dramatize
where these distortions lie.
Another azimuthal equidistant projec-
tion is presented in figure 7, but the cover-
age is limited to 90° of arc (half that of the
map in figure 6). This not only expands
the scale of the map, but it eliminates the
portion with the greatest distortion. The
example is of an Oscar satellite communica-
tions coverage map centered on a location
near Geneva, Switzerland. By taking ad-
vantage of the fact that radial distances
(and, hence, arc distances) from the center
are linear in this type of projection, it is a
simple matter to draw a circle that will
indicate the maximum possible communi-
cation range through a given satellite.
41:58N 106:47W
RIIRUTNRL EQUIDISTANT PROJECTION PREPARED ST WILLIAM D. JOHNSTON The central location (Geneva, in this case)
can then communicate to any location
Figure 6: This azimuthal within the circle, at some time or another,
equidistant map is basi- Text continued from page 114: depending upon the satellite's position.
cally the same as those was facing north to begin with). The pro- The map, in this example, has been over-
illustrated in part 1. We gram permits the view to be rotated by any laid with three different circles to show
have added a grid of me- amount and for any map, regardless of the maximum range for all of the currently
ridians and parallels to altitude. As mentioned earlier, this feature operational satellites (Oscar 7, Oscar 8, and
emphasize geographic dis- is particularly useful when the map is RS:1 -2, starting with the inner circle
tribution. being generated on a video terminal. and moving outward). Note the difference
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between this map and those in figures 3
and 4. The map in figure 7 shows all loca-
tions with which communication is possible,
irrespective of satellite position, whereas
the maps of figures 3 and 4 show where
communication is possible at some particu-
lar moment in time when the satellite is
over a given point.
Summary
In part 1 we discussed the fundamental

methods and resources required to produce
any kind of map on a computer. We also
presented several simple programs in BASIC,
each containing only about a dozen execut-
able statements, but which are capable of
producing a number of attractive and useful
map projections.
In this conclusion to "Computer Gener-
ated Maps ", we have shown both the need
and the means to develop a single, general
purpose, map projection program with the
flexibility to produce a variety of perspec-
tive and azimuthal equidistant maps. The
subroutine given in listing 1 is an efficient,
functional program which does just that,
yet it only contains about 60 executable
statements. All of the maps illustrated
in this article were produced by that pro-
gram, and they are only a sampling of its 46112N 6109E
total capability. Whether you plan to gen- AIIAUTHAL rOUIOI6TAN1 AOJECIION AEPAAEO !T NIIIIAN O. JOHNSTON
erate maps for use with communications

satellites, maps for the captain's console Figure 7: Another azimuthal equidistant projection is presented here, but we
of a spacecraft, or maps for the sake of have limited the coverage to 90° of arc. This expands the scale of the map.
having maps, the program presented here The three concentric circles that have been superimposed on this map show
can enhance your system's capability enor- the maximum possible communications range from the central location,
mously and give you many hours of enjoy- through all of the currently operational amateur radio communications satel-
ment. lites (Oscar 7, Oscar 8, and RS:1 -2).
IMMEDIATE DELIVERY
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132 -column tractor feed Simplified EIA -like interface
Standard serial interface INTERFACES
Parallel device interface TTL Serial
Communications
FEDERAL Corporation
EIA RS232 or DC20 to 60ma
103 -type built -in modem
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TELEX 732211 TWX 910 -860 -5529
Write faster in BASIC,
FORTRAN, or COBOL Text continued from page 6:
will be a more elaborate set of read only
memory code which interacts with the music
Document & modify more easily, too keyboard and a special function keyboard to
Human-engineered to do the job better. Yes, you really can get flawless code be defined. Limited timbre setups of the
faster, using the Stirling/BekdorfTM system of software development tools with synthesizer can then be made when it is
structured programming concepts. The 78F2, 78P4, and 78C1 are human -engineered played and isolated from the data base facili-
to reduce initial errors, improve debugging speed, and aid concept communication.
First. use the 7812 FlowchartrixTMto lay out your original concept blocks. Then ties of the Pascal machine.
use it to write a finely detailed flowchart. As for main software, capacity will be
54% more logic cells than other flowchart forms, put far more of your program
needed to execute some form of inter-
on each page. Each Flowchartrix has a full 71 logic cells. not lust 50. This saves
paper. and makes your finished flowcharts easier to understand. By seeing up to pretive real time control software, possibly
27 extra steps of a program on each page, you comprehend program flow more through the use of a threaded interpretive
clearly. You save money and storage space, too.
Every matrix cell in the 7 x 11 matrix has a specific label to help you track
language somewhat like Forth. Implemen-
branch points. When you write program documentation, having a separate reference tations of this sort of language abound:
point for each cell makes your program much easier to describe clearly. Forth, Urth, IPS, and numerous unnamed
With Flowchartrix, you don't need a shape template to draw remarkably regular
logic symbols. Guides for the most-used logic symbols are right in each matrix homebrew versions. Such interpreters, which
cell, to help you draw most standard flowchart symbols entirely freehand. are fairly simple to code in machine language
78P4 Print -Out Designers are next. When you finish flowcharting, lay out the without an assembler, provide an excellent
printed reports your program will generate. Then when you write code you blaze
through the report generation segments right along with the rest of your program. path to more significant software in a
Unique 70 z 160 matrix accommodates even proportional-spacing word processor homebrew situation with a new processor.
formats. The 160-column width can handle practically any printer format. The
/8P4 is big. 141/2 x 22 inches, because we've scaled the cell size to human writing
Everyone I know who uses them becomes a
comfort, not machine print. giving nearly twice the characterwriting area of other fanatic, so there are obviously some strong
printout design sheets. emotional arguments for flexibility and
Special 5-column area records the program line number of the code which
creates each printed line. It shows. at a glance, exactly which line of code creates power that get people addicted. Why not
each line of your report, saving hours of needless search time when you must try one?
change the report format (and don't you always have to, sooner or later';
Hardware reflecting this requirement will
Every sheet of 78C1 gives you 2 form uses for the price of one. Use 78C1's
full 28 line x 80 column grid area to code regular program steps. then for inter perhaps be 4 K bytes of read only memory
active or instructional sections, simply keep your characters within the appropriate for the kernel of the interpreter design.
CRT indicator lines. and you'll automatically know where every character will show
on your CRT screen
Software design and development will, of
28 line x 80 column coding capacity saves you 14 sheets out of every 100, course, be done in machine language using
compared to 24 line forms. 86 sheets hold more program steps than 100 sheets the Pascal machine as a filing and program
of any 24-line form. yet we offer full size 6mm x 3mm grid blocks to give you
comfortable writing room and visual space between lines. development tool.
Works with your CRT display, no matter what brand you own. Equipped for In addition to the 6809 processor, the
both 16 line x 64 column and 24 line z 80 column display formats.
hardware of the new machine will probably
Available in three versions (one for BASIC languages, one for FORTRAN, another
for COBOL), the 78C1 is so powerful we include a 7-page instruction manual with include 32 K bytes of programmable mem-
every order. ory in the low end of address space, 16 K
Every tool in the Stirling/Bekdorf system is surface-engineered to take both
bytes of 2708 read only memory sockets
pen & pencil without blotching. Our tough, extra-heavy. 22: paper is pure enough
to use with critical magnetic ink character readers. and gives you crisp. sharp char for the various segments of the detail low
asters with pencil or plastic -tip pen. level software, a serial port for the com-
Every part of our system uses eye-comfortable soft blue grids. All grid rulings,
lints. and Illvision rules are reproduced in a special shade of blue, easy on your
munications interface, a parallel port for the
eyes even after hour of continuous programming. If you're a professional pro synthesizer interface, a parallel port for the
grammer, you'll particularly appreciate our improvement over the green lines you've music keyboard and miscellaneous key -
been writing on.
A 3.ring binder is one more of our secrets for your success. All your notes.
switch inputs, several uncommitted parallel
logic. concepts, flowcharts. code. CRT layouts, printout designs, and documentation ports, and a parallel port for the Sykes flop-
can be kept together, in order, in one place. When everything you create stays py, borrowed from the older system to be
together. debugging and modification is much simpler.
Order your supply of the world's most advanced software development tools,
used as a mass storage subsystem.
ight now, before you hatch even one more bug. This new processor will reflect a number
78F2 Fio.charim 78C1 Comhmahon Coding /CPT layouts of the improvements that have been made in
7 2pads of 50 S790. 5795 ping 8 shpg ph,
o 10 pads of 50 = $3: 35 S6 45 ping 8 shpg
All ire the same
Iolmal sun *ant
e Our please ,neci A0,cn language
the experimenter's computer system art
lot BASIC FORTRAN for COBOL
7874 P,,nl-Ont Design Sheets
for
over the past few years. It will have a much
:pads of 50 $6 35 SIS' pinga LAPP
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of
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132 10
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$6 75 oing 8 shpg
IU pads al SO 57685 St 35 ping 8 shpg smaller parts count duc to the 16 K dynamic
feu m
,.dhphn.ada 55'. win.
o Io Base o .,,, we Ow memory parts I intend to use and will pay
I
3.hoie punched sinyl podels Inc 7874 Deign Sheets UPS pn
so PO Bo, address ens' pee pone meen Prices Noon
sel of 5 fol St 65 SI 35 ping 8 shpg for 01,.,50 a N'pp.ne ese a S a only Infnml,onel Nwpng ralo attention to packaging, as I want to be able
CJ sel of 17 to 00 SI RS ping 8 shop e, lope .moor anal,
S5
to carry the results around. It will be en-
Sample cil one sheet cil each loso Charge to ' ' Master Charge ^ Visa exp. date
tirely fabricated with convenient Vector
associated labels F. hlefatule $2 5U Card o
Enclosed is my check for Signature

Slit -N -Wrap interconnection, although I now
S
Name use the motorized tool to minimize the

Addfess Phone chance of open connections which occurred
City State lip when I used that method by hand. And, of
course, there is the thrill of experimenting
Stìrling/Bekdo rf
4407 Parkwood 0 San Antonio, TX 78218 0(512) 824-5643
with a new processor, the 6809 design de-
scribed by Terry Ritter and Joel Boney in
recent issues of BYTE.
. 191191nbry Leprl Pe pl alxle.. WA dp In,
124 Inns, 1979 'S nYTk Pubhratiuns inc Circle 352 on inquiry card.
L
1ML
"BOOKS OF INTEREST TO COMPUTER PEOPLE"
More BYTE BOOKS

in your future...
Circle 36 on inquiry card. BYTI. loor 1479 125
...And the future
THE BYTE BOOK OF COMPUTER MUSIC combines TINY ASSEMBLER 6800,
+ISIwvII
the best computer music articles from past issues of Version 3.1 is an enhancement
BYTE Magazine with exciting new material -all written
for the computer experimenter interested in this
of Jack Emmerichs' success-
ful Tiny Assembler. The origi- 0ó I
fascinating field. nal version (3.0) was described Vanlm.a.M
You will enjoy Hal Chamberlin's "A Sampling of first in the April and May 1977
Techniques for Computer Performance of Music ", issues of BYTE magazine,
which shows how you can create four-part melodies
ppflffflTM
and later in the
on your computer. Forthe budget minded, "A $19 Music book TINY ASSEMBLER
Interface" contains practical tutorial information -and 6800 Version 3.0.
organ fans will enjoy reading "Electronic Organ Chips In September 1977, BYTE
For Use in Computer Music Synthesis". magazine published an article
New material includes "Polyphony Made Easy" and entitled, "Expanding The Tiny Assembler ". This pro-
"A Terrain Reader ". The first describes a handy circuit vided a detailed description of the enhancements
that allows you to enter more than one note at a time incorporated into Version 3.1, such as the addition of a
into your computer from a musical keyboard. The "begin" statement, a "virtual symbol table ", and a
"Terrain Reader" is a remarkable program that creates larger subset of the Motorola 6800 assembly language.
random music based on land terrain maps. All the above articles, plus an updated version of the
Other articles range from flights of fancy about the user's guide, the source, object and PAPERBYTETM
reproductive systems of pianos to Fast Fourier trans- bar code formats of both Version 3.0 and 3.1 make this
form programs written in BASIC and 6800 machine book the most complete documentation possible for
language, multi-computer music systems, Walsh Jack Emmerichs' Tiny Assembler.
Functions, and much more.
ISBN 0- 931718-08 -2
For the first time, material difficult to obtain has been Author: Jack Emmerichs
collected into one convenient, easy to read book. An Pages: 80
ardent do-it-yourselfer or armchair musicologist will Price: $9.00
find this book to be a useful addition to the library.
ISBN 0- 931718 -11 -2
Editor: Christopher P. Morgan A walk through this book brings you into Ciarcia's
Pages: approx. 128
Price: 510.00 Circuit Cellar for a detailed look at the marvelous
projects which let you do useful things with your micro-
computer. A collection of more than a year's worth of
SUPERWUMPUS is an excit-
. MtIF the popular series in BYTE magazine, Ciarcia's Circuit
ing computer game incorpo-
Cellar includes the six winners of BYTE's On-going
rating the original structure of
Monitor Box (BOMB) award, voted by the readers
the WUMPUS game along
themselves as the best articles of the month: Control
with added features to make
the World (September 1977), Memory Mapped 10
it even more fascinating. The
(November1977), Program Your Next EROM in BASIC
original game was described (March 1978), Tune In and Turn On (April 1978), Talk
in the book What To Do After
To Me (June 1978), and Let Your Fingers Do the Talking
You Hit Return, published by
(August 1978).
the People's Computer Com-
pany. Programmed in both Each article is a complete tutorial giving all the details
6800 assembly language and needed to construct each project. Using amusing
BASIC, SUPERWUMPUS is not only addictively fun, anecdotes to introduce the articles and an easy -going
but also provides a splendid tutorial on setting up style, Steve presents each project so that even a
unusual data structures (the tunnel and cave system neophyte need not be afraid to try it.
of SUPERWUMPUS forms a dodecahedron). This is a
PAPERBYTETM book. ISBN 0- 931718-07-4
Author: Steve Ciarcia
Pages: approx. 128
ISBN 0-931718.03 -1 Price: 58.00
Author: Jack Emmerichs
Pages: 56
Price: $6.00
BASEX, a new compact, compiled language for micro- SIMULATION is the second volume in the Program-
computers, has many of the best features of BASIC ming Techniques series. The chapters deal with
and the 8080 assembly language -and it can be run various aspects of specific types of simulation. Both
on any of the 8080 style microprocessors: 8080, Z-80, theoretical and practical applications are included.
or 8085. This is a PAPERBYTETM book. Particularly stressed is simulation of motion, including
Subroutines in the BASEX operating system typically wave motion and flying objects. The realm of artificial
execute programs up to five times faster than equiva- intelligence is explored, along with simulating robot
lent programs in a BASIC interpreter-while requiring motion with the microcomputer. Finally, tips on how
about half the memory space. In addition, BASEX has to simulate electronic circuits on the computer are
most of the powerful features of good BASIC inter- detailed.
ISBN 0-931718 -13 -9
preters including array variables, text strings, arithme- Editor: Blaise W. Liffick
tic operations on signed 16 bit integers, and versatile Pages: approx. 80
IO communication functions. And since the two lan- Price: 56.00
guages, BASEX and BASIC, are so similar, it is possible Publication: Winter 1979
to easily translate programs using integer arithmetic
data from BASIC into BASEX.
The author, Paul Warme, has also included a BASEX
Loader program which is capable of relocating pro- RA6800ML: AN M6800 RELOCATABLE MACRO
grams anywhere in memory. ASSEMBLER is a two pass assembler for the Motorola
6800 microprocessor. It is designed to run on a mini-
03
ISBN 0- 931718 -05-8
Author: Paul Warme
mum system of 16 K bytes of memory, a system
Pages: 88 console (such as a Teletype terminal), a system monitor
Price: $8.00 (such as Motorola MIKBUG read only memory pro-
gram or the ICOM Floppy Disk Operating System),
PROGRAMMING TECH- and some form of mass file storage (dual cassette
NIQUES is a series of BYTE recorders or a floppy disk).
BOOKS concerned with the The Assembler can produce a program listing, a sorted
art and science of computer
Symbol Table listing and relocatable object code. The
programming. It is a collection
object code is loaded and linked with other assembled
of the best articles from BYTE modules using the Linking Loader LINK68. (Refer to
magazine and new material
PAPERBYTETM publication LINK68: AN M6800
collected just for this series. LINKING LOADER for details.)
Each volume of the series
provides the personal com- There is a complete description of the 6800 Assembly
puter user with background language and its components, including outlines of
information to write and main- the instruction and address formats, pseudo instruc-
tain programs effectively. tions and macro facilities. Each major routine of the
Assembler is described in detail, complete with flow
The first volume in the Programming Techniques
charts and a cross reference showing all calling and
series is entitled PROGRAM DESIGN. It discusses
called -by routines, pointers, flags, and temporary
in detail the theory of program design. The purpose
variables.
of the book is to provide the personal computer user
with the techniques needed to design efficient, effec- In addition, details on interfacing and using the
tive, maintainable programs. Included is information Assembler, error messages generated by the Assem-
concerning structured program design, modular pro- bler, the Assembler and sample 10 driver source code
gramming techniques, program logic design, and listings, and PAPERBYTETM bar code representation
examples of some of the more common traps the of the Assembler's relocatable object file are all included.
casual as well as the experienced programmer may This book provides the necessary background for
fall into. In addition, details on various aspects of the coding programs in the 6800 assembly language, and
actual program functions, such as hashed tables and for understanding the innermost operations of the
binary tree processing, are included. Assembler.
ISBN 0- 931718 -12 -0 ISBN 0- 931718 -10-4
Editor: Blaise W. Liffick Author: Jack E. Hemenway
Pages: 96 Pages: 184
Price: $6.00 Price: 525.00
to order books see next page

LINK68: AN M6800 LINKING LOADER is a one MONDEB: AN ADVANCED M6800 MONITOR-
pass linking loader which allows separately translated DEBUGGER has all the general features of Motorola's
relocatable object modules to be loaded and linked MIKBUG monitor as well as numerous other capabili- I
together to form a single executable load module, and ties. Ease of use was a prime design consideration.
to relocate modules in memory. It produces a load map The other goal was to achieve minimum memory
and a load module in Motorola MIKBUG loader format. requirements while retaining maximum versatility.
The Linking Loader requires 2 K bytes of memory, a The result is an extremely versatile program. The size
system console (such as a Teletype terminal), a sys- of the entire MONDEB is less than 3 K.
tem monitor (for instance, Motorola MIKBUG read Some of the command capabilities of MONDEB in-
only memory program or the ICOM Floppy Disk clude displaying and setting the contents of registers,
Operating System), and some form of mass file stor- setting interrupts for debugging, testing a program-
age (dual cassette recorders or a floppy disk). mable memory range for bad memory locations,
It was the express purpose of the authors of this changing the display and input base of numbers,
book to provide everything necessary for the user displaying the contents of memory, searching for a
to easily learn about the system. In addition to the specified string, copying a range of bytes from one
source code and PAPERBYTETM bar code listings, location in memory to another, and defining the loca-
there is a detailed description of the major routines of tion to which control will transfer upon receipt of an
the Linking Loader, including flow charts. While imple- interrupt. This is a PAPERBYTETM book.
menting the system, the user has an opportunity to
learn about the nature of linking loader design as well ISBN 0- 931718 -06 -6
as simply acquiring a useful software tool. Author: Don Peters
Pages: 88
ISBN 0- 931718 -09-0 Price: $5.00
Authors: Robert D. Grappel
& Jack E. Hemenway
Pages: 72
Price: $8.00 BAR CODE LOADER. The purpose of this pamphlet
Winter 1979
is to present the decoding algorithm which was de-
signed by Ken Budnick of Micro -Scan Associates at
TRACER: A 6800 DEBUGGING PROGRAM is for the request of BYTE Publications, Inc., for the PAPER -
the programmer looking for good debugging software. BYTETM bar code representation of executable code.
TRACER features single step execution using dynamic The text of this pamphlet was written by Ken, and
break points, register examination and modification, contains the general algorithm description in flow
and memory examination and modification. This book chart form plus detailed assemblies of program code
includes a reprint of "Jack and the Machine Debug" for 6800, 6502 and 8080 processors. Individuals with
(from the December 1977 issue of BYTE magazine), computers based on these processors can use the
TRACER program notes, complete assembly and software directly. Individuals with other processors can
source listing in 6800 assembly language, object use the provided functional specifications and detail
program listing, and machine readable PAPERBYTETM examples to create equivalent programs.
bar codes of the object code.
ISBN 0-931718-01-5
ISBN 0- 931718 -02 -3 Author: Ken Budnick
Authors: Robert D. Grappel Pages: 32
& Jack E. Hemenway Price: 52.00
Pages: 24
Price: 56.00
BYTE BOOKS Division 70 Main Street Peterborough. New Hampshire 03458
ryame I Ole t ,nnl,ni
Street
ri Check enclosed in the amount of $
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I 1 Exp. Date
Please send the books have checked. I
Computer Music $10.00 Simulation $6.00

SUPERWUMPUS $6.00 RA6800ML $25.00
Tiny Assembler (3.1) $9.00 Link68 $8.00
Circuit Cellar $8.00 El TRACER $6.00
BASEX $8.00 Mondeb $5.00
Program Design $6.00 Bar Code Loader $2.00
li1r( tir x)I%s _I11rt.BOl sI. up,.in.l 1,li1II Add 60e per book to cover postage
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and handling Vlr,).. allnw (, -H wrrh. Ires ,rtu rsanq çuw
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BYTENews
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
. . ..
N 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 I I I I I I I I III I
NCC /NYC TO BE THE BIGGEST COMPUTER SHOW EVER. The National Computer Conference (NCC) will
happen again June 6 thru 9. Last year 57, 224 attendees turned out for the show, held in Anaheim CA. This
year the NCC will be held in the New York City Coliseum. AFIPS, the sponsoring organization, expects attendance
to top that of last year. Approximately 400 companies have reserved 1,700 booth spaces on four floors of the
Coliseum, with overflow at the New York Hilton and Americana hotels. Last year 396 companies occupied 1,400
booths.
NCC will have a personal computing adjunct at the Americana Hotel, a few blocks away. It will probably be
played down, as it was last year. By way of example, the personal computing exhibitors and speakers were not
listed in the regular show program book handed out to each attendee; hence, many attendees last year were unaware
of the personal computing part of the show.
S -100 BUS STANDARD TO BE ADOPTED SOON. An IEEE committee has been working on a standard for the
S -100 bus for over a year, and adoption is expected very soon. Much of the credit for this standard goes to George
Morrow of Thinker Toys.
This standard will do two things. One, it will resolve the conflicts between the use of many bus pins by different
manufacturers and eliminate the lack of compatibility between many "S -100 compatible" plug-in boards. Two,
and possibly more important, it provides use of the S -100 bus for 16 bit processors for extended addressing of up
to 8 M bytes of memory and for master -slave multiprocessor systems. This will make the S -100 bus the most power-
ful bus around and will, no doubt, continue and increase its popularity.
TI AND HP PC SYSTEMS RUMORS. Texas Instruments and Hewlett- Packard continue to maintain tight lips on
their rumored personal computer systems. As TI has said, "TI will not discuss products that have not yet been
announced." However, information has leaked out on these units which are expected to have a tremendous impact
on the personal computing market. Several rumors have been reported in previous BYTE NEWS columns. The
latest is that TI will introduce their entry at either the NCC show in June or the Consumer Electronics Show
in July. In either event, it is expected to be ready for the 1979 Christmas market.
The HP computer is also expected to be ready by Christmas, and is anticipated to be a stripped down version of
their current table -top system. This means that it will use BASIC and be expandable.
Both HP and TI are expected to have $500 list prices for the basic unit. Key retailers have already been ap-
proached by both TI and HP to set up a selective distribution. It is rumored that they will favor selected personal
computing stores that can do justice to software requirements.
INTEL TO PRODUCE ANALOG MICROPROCESSOR AND SUPER 8 BIT MICROPROCESSORS. Real time
processing of analog signals by microprocessors has been severely limited by the slow speed of most microprocessors.
For example, an 8080 clocked at 2 M Hz can, at best, synthesize clean sine waves at about 1 to 2 k Hz, which is
the low end of the audio spectrum. This fall, Intel will introduce an integrated circuit which combines an analog -
to-digital converter, a digital -to- analog converter, microprocessor and read only memory on a single device. It will
be capable of processing analog signals up to 13 k Hz. Called the 2920, the integrated circuit will have a 9 bit
conversion register. It could be used in conjunction with an 8080 processor, where the 2920 does the signal pro-
cessing while the 8080 does the data processing.
Intel has done another clever thing. They have taken an 8086 and limited its data I/O (input /output) to 8 bits
and memory addressing to 16 bits. It is called the 8088 and will deliver five times the performance of the 8080
(2 M Hz). Actually, the 8088 is an 8086 split into two 8 bit microprocessors on one integrated circuit, one handling
I/O and the other data processing. It offers most of the features of the 8086 (eg: hardware multiply /divide).
NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR TO INTRODUCE NEW MICROS. It is nearly three years since National intro-
duced their last microprocessor. (Actually, we must give National credit for pioneering the 16 bit microprocessor
with the PACE and IMP -16 microprocessors introduced in 1975.) Now National is bringing out a new CMOS 8 bit
microprocessor that will be software compatible with the 8080, have added features and consume less power.
Further, they will introduce a 16 bit microprocessor that is a "cut above" the Z -8000 and 68000. Production is
expected by the end of the year.
MICROPROCESSORS FOR $1 APIECE? Maybe not this year.. .but it is approaching fast. Synertek recently
reduced the 100 lot price for the 6502 (used in the PET, Apple, OSI, etc ) from $10 to $7. In high volume they
have reduced the price from $4 to $2.50. I can still remember paying $350 for an 8080, just four years ago!

DOUBLE SIDED DISK DRIVES STILL IN LIMITED PRODUCTION. Despite advertising and promotion for
double sided disk drives, most makers are still having trouble gearing up from prototype runs to full production.
Shugart Associates, for example, does not expect to be in normal production until the end of the year.
COLOR VIDEO TERMINALS COMING ON STRONG. The prices of color video terminals, which until now have
been very expensive as compared to black and white video terminals, are expected to decrease substantially within
the coming year. Further, they will have more features. The reasons for the price decrease are cost reduction in
electronics and increased production, as demand increases. More businesses are finding that the difference in price
for color is worth it in many applications, an example being Management Information Systems. We can expect
low cost color video terminals on the market for under $1,000.
At the same time, manufacturers are developing driver software for video terminals which exploit the color
capability, in particular, combining graphics and alphanumerics. One example would be bit map routines allowing
the creation of multiple graphics regions on the video terminal while having alphanumeric regions.
PASCAL NOW AVAILABLE FOR 6800. All 6800 owners who have been envious of the Pascal that is available
to other processor users can now have their own Pascal. Control Systems Inc, Kansas City KS, has just introduced
a 6800 version of the UCSD Pascal, Version II.
HOW ABOUT A COMPUTER VACATION? Want to combine vacation and hobby? A group of 20 to 50 personal
computerists are doing just that during Christmas week. They have organized a weeklong workshop to be held at
a Caribbean resort. Families are welcome. If you are interested in participating, write either Dr Andy Bender,
400 Old Hook Rd, Westwood NJ 07675, or Dr Jeff Brownstein, 2 Tor Rd, Wappinger Falls NY 12590.
QUIP VERSUS THE DIP. The new 16 bit microprocessors and the 32 bit microprocessors on the drawing boards
have created packaging problems for integrated circuit makers. How are they going to get all addressing, data,
I/O (input /output) lines on an integrated circuit package? Anyone who handles 40 pin dual -in -line packages knows
the handling problem. Well, Intel and 3M have jointly developed a new 64 pin integrated circuit header called QUIP
(quad -in -line package). It will have two rows of 16 pins along both edges of the package and will shrink the package
from 3 1/8 inches, for a 64 pin dual -in -line package (DIP) to 1 5/8 inches for a QUIP. Further, internal lead paths will
decrease, reducing capacitance, resistance and inductance, and allowing higher operating speeds. Pins will still be on
0.1 inch centers and the QUIP will cost 15 percent less than the DIP.
4 K BYTE PROGRAMMABLE MEMORY INTRODUCED. As the size of memory circuits increases, integrated
circuit makers are going the byte -size memory route to afford easier interfacing to microprocessor buses. Zilog is
the first to introduce an 8 bit byte programmable memory. Called the Z6132, it is a 32 K bit memory organized
as 4 K words by 8 bits. It uses a one transistor memory cell and includes on -chip refresh control circuitry.
Pinout permits easy use in 16 bit systems. Hardware keeps getting easier!
DOD LOVES ADA. After years of trying to standardize a high level computer language, the United States Depart-
ment of Defense (DOD) has created a special group for this purpose. The final approved language will be called
ADA, after Ada Augusta, Countess of Lovelace, who is credited with being the very first programmer.
The DOD have narrowed their choice to two different Pascal -like designs. The preliminary design is due for
delivery in May of this year, with final approval expected at the end of the year.
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS IMPROVING. The graphics terminal marketplace is going to see some radical
changes within the next few years as new technologies develop to compete with the age old video type graphics
terminal technology. Plasma panel and liquid crystal display elements (LCDE) are examples of a new graphics
technology. The plasma panels offer higher brightness, no flicker, and touch sensing ability. The LCDE are created
by a scanning laser beam. The LCDE have their own memory, and do not have to be refreshed. Further, they offer
very high resolution, color and projection capabilities. Both Western Electric and IBM are doing developmental
work in this area.
DEC OPENS SECOND RETAIL STORE. Digital Equipment Corp recently opened its second store in Boston.
Their first store was opened in New Hampshire in July of last year. More stores are planned for "off the shelf"
purchases. Further, the stores will offer services such as mail list generation and word processing.
COMPUTER STORES' FUTURE APPEARS EXCELLENT. According to a recently completed study by marketing
research firm Frost and Sullivan, the main distribution channel for microcomputer systems will continue to be the
dedicated computer store, for many years. The hobby business will continue to increase, but at a lower rate. The
larger increase will come from small business purchases.
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WARLORDS KIDSTUFF BULLS AND BEARS

The Nature of Robots
Part 1: Defining Behavior
William T Powers A scientific revolution is just around the engineers tend to accept the basic concepts
1133 Whitfield Rd corner, and anyone with a personal compu- developed by biologists and psychologists,
Northbrook IL 60062 ter can participate in it. The last time this and to use control theory to explain cause -
happened, 250 years ago, the equipment -
effect relationships they are told exist but
was the homebrew telescope and the subject which in fact do not exist. We will start this
was astronomy. Now, astronomy belongs development by looking at something called
just as much to amateurs as to professionals. behavior, which biologists and psychologists
This time the particular subject matter is have assured engineers is very important,
human nature and in a broader scope, thereby leading the engineers astray.
the nature of all living systems. Some What is all this supposed to mean? A lot
ancient and thoroughly accepted principles is meant, though in different ways. Robotic -
are going to be overturned, and the whole ists, for example, are trying to develop
direction of scientific investigation of machines which will imitate human organ-
life processes will change. ization, and so are the artificial intelligence
The key concept behind this revolution experimenters. But from whence came the
is control theory. Control theory has been description of the system they are trying
developing for almost 40 years, and has al- to model? Basically, it came from the life
ready been proposed (by Norbert Wiener) sciences. If the life sciences are using the
as a revolutionary concept. It has not been wrong model, it would be essential to
easy, however, to see just how control know that before much more labor is
theory can be made part of existing scien- invested in imitating an imaginary creature.
tific approaches although many people have Perhaps the most general reason control
tried. Most of these attempts have tried to theory is interesting is that it concerns
wedge control theory into existing patterns people. There aren't many sciences left
of thought. To apply any new idea in such in which important discoveries can be made
a way, while ignoring the new conceptual by amateurs working at their own tables.
scheme made possible, is to deny the full Control theory opens up an entirely new
potential of the new idea. field of experimentation, a kind that has
Many life scientists who have tried to use never been done before in psychology or any
control theory have tried to imitate the other life science.
engineering approach, dealing with human All that is needed by amateurs who want
beings as part of a man -machine system to participate in these developments is a
instead of complete control systems in their basic grasp of control theory, an understand-
own right. Others have used control theory ing of the procedures that go with it, some
directly to make models of human and basic equipment, and curiosity about human
animal behavior, but have concentrated nature. I shall now provide the first two
on minor subsystems, failing to see that the items on that list. The rest is up to you.
organism as a whole can be dealt with in
terms of the same principles. The result has The Problem With Behavior
often been a strange mixture of concepts -
a patchwork instead of a system. The word behavior is used frequently -
Strangely enough, many engineers who we hear about behavioral science, behavior
do understand control theory haven't done modification, behavior therapy. For example,
much better. Here the problem is that these Science News now has a "Behavior Column ";

Get a
D
M
111=III
I3YT[' Bugs
A Negative Sine
The arcsine and arccosine routines

discussed in "Inverse Trig Functions" by
Alan Miller (March 1979 BYTE, page
Not just a machine
92) will not work for negative values of
X. For arcsine, I recommend (in Mr
Miller's notation):
that emulates one_
This powerful computer runs the full
DEF FNSN(X) = ATN(X/SQR(1-X*X)) UCSD Pascal Operating System and
and for cosine: includes all of the following items:
DEF FNCS(X) = Pascal microengineTM
1.570796327-ATN(X/SQR(1-X*X)).
64K bytes (32K words) of RAM ex
The constant 1.570796327 is, of expandable to 128K bytes. (64K words)
course, 1r/2. These routines give the cor-
rect principal value for any value of X Floppy disc CONTROLLER with direct
with an absolute value of less than 1.
memory access (DMA) is switch
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Complete UCSD Pascal Operating System
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BASIC compiler
I3YT[' His -GRAPHIC package
-File
Robot Information
--Debugger
Manager
Screen oriented editor
James A Gupton Jr, author of "Talk

Two RS -232 asynchronous ports
to a Turtle" which appears in this issue
of BYTE, has offered the following addi- (110 -19,200 baud)
tional sources for robot information:
Two 8 -bit parallel ports
International Institute for Robotics
POB 615 Auto test microdiagnostics
Pelahatchie MI 39145
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puter and a 21/2 foot working robot.
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Prices subject to change without notice
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Circle 74 on inquiry card. June 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc 133
it was formerly the publication's "Psychol- that in the example with Chip at the compu-
ogy Column ". An innocent bystander ter keyboard, we were simply attending to
might conclude that any word this import- various stages in that chain.
ant must have a universally accepted defini- How does that picture fit in with Chip's
tion, but that is not true. Behavior is a driving the car in a straight line? The direc-
slippery concept. tion in which the car is going is affected by
Here is an example of a person behaving. his movements of the steering wheel, and is
Chip Chad is seated in front of a teletype- farther out along the chain of causes and
writer pounding keys. What is he doing? effects. But the wind adds its effects on the
Is he alternately tensing and relaxing direction of the car after Chip's effects in
muscles in his arms? Yes. Is he moving his the chain. Somehow he is varying his actions
fingers up and down? Yes. Is he typing so that when their effects are added to the
strings of symbols? Yes. Is he adding a effects of the randomly varied wind, the
return instruction that he forgot at the result is something constant. If we had been
end of a subroutine? Yes. Is he writing a thinking of driving the car in a straight line
program for plotting stock market prices? as Chip's behavior, we have to revise that
Yes. Is he making a little extra money for idea: the direction of the car depends just
a vacation? Yes. Is he justifying his hobby as much on the wind as on Chip.
to his family? Yes. It may seem that we have simply moved
Clearly, each description of what Chip is our definition of behavior closer to Chip.
doing is, in fact, an accurate description of But consider how he moves the steering
the very same collection of actions. Which wheel. The wheel moves when the forces re-
one then, is Chip's behavior? Obviously, flected from the front wheels do not exactly
they all are expressions of behavior. balance the forces created by his muscles. As
Suppose Chip decides that he really the car goes along, the roadbed tilts and
doesn't need a subroutine, and substitutes various bumps and dips cause changes in the
a jump instruction for the return. Now, he reflected forces. The wheel may be turned
is writing the program - obviously the same far to the right, into the crosswind, on the
program - by using a different behavior. Or average, but maintaining the wheel in that
suppose he buys an input device, and con- position requires that his muscles be con-
tinues working on the subroutine by speak- stantly changing tension, as the reflected
ing letters into a microphone. Now he is steering wheel forces fluctuate. We have
using different muscles and movements, but the same problem as before: Chip produces
he is still doing the same behaviors farther a varying output that affects the steering
down the list. How could he be doing the wheel, but the steering wheel is also being
same thing by means of doing something affected by forces that are independent of
different? what Chip is doing with his muscles. Yet
Or consider Chip driving a car along a the sung of the muscle forces and those
straight road. He is consciously steering. extraneous forces is zero, except when the
This happens to be a gusty March day, and steering wheel is changing position.
every five minutes the wind changes speed Even if we back up another step and call
and direction. Chip is an experienced driver, Chip's muscle tensions his behavior, we have
and continues to steer the car down the trouble. Muscles are made to contract by
road in a straight line. If we look at what his signals from the nervous system, but muscles
arms are doing, however, we find that they don't respond the same amount to a given
are moving the steering wheel in an appar- signal every time they are used. They fatigue;
ently random pattern, now centered, now other muscles interfere with them; joint
far to the right, now far to the left. Some- angles change so that a given muscle tension
how he is managing to produce a constant can produce different amounts and direc-
steering- the -car behavior by means of a be- tions of force. The only behavior that
havior that is widely varying. The path of Chip produces which can be attributed
the car doesn't correlate with the position entirely to Chip and not in part to his en-
of the steering wheel at all. vironment consists of the nerve signals that
Scientists have always thought of be- leave his nervous system and enter his
havior as the final product of activity inside muscles.
the organism. The brain sends commands to If we want to be completely accurate
the muscles, which create forces, which about Chip's behavior, we should consider
produce movements, which generate the the output signals from his nervous system,
stable and repeatable patterns we recognize and leave everything else in his environment.
as behavior. There is, in principle, a chain That is what we will do, but by doing that
of cause and effect, with the events at the we create the biggest problem of all.
end of the chain being caused by the events A scientist studying a behavior hopes to
at the beginning. Such scientists would say learn enough about its rules to predict when

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it will occur. Under the old approach, this problem instead of just brushing it aside,
means varying factors in the environment we have to admit that the causal chain in
and looking for behaviors that correlate which people have believed for so long
with those variations. But if we try to simply does not exist, and never has existed.
describe behavior in terms of the output Figure 1 sums up the problem we are
signals from the nervous system, all correla- dealing with. At every stage of events follow-
tions disappear. Oh, maybe we have a knee ing the outputs from Chip's nervous system
jerk or a sneeze left over, but we have lost disturbances come into play, adding to the
all the regularities that give us some reason effects that can be traced to the neural sig-
to talk about behavior in the first place. nals. As we go farther to the right of the
We would never guess, from looking at figure, we might expect that any regularities
Chip's neural signal outputs, that the result in Chip's output signals would be lost (ie:
of them would be a straight path of a car that each successive variable would show
that is being forced one way and another more and more random variations).
by a variable crosswind. Exactly the opposite is true. The farther
When you pause and reflect upon what to the right we go in figure 1, the less ran-
has been covered so far, you will realize dom variation occurs. The variable farthest
that we are already deep into control theory, to the right, the relationship of the car to
even though we haven't discussed it by name its lane, can remain constant within a few
yet. We have dealt with the subject as inches for hour after hour. We find that this
such because the discussion concerns a is the most stable variable in the chain,
fundamental difficulty with the very con- and that as we go backward up the chain
cept of behavior, especially the concept toward Chip's nervous system, the random -
that behavior is the final product of an looking variations get larger and larger. At
organism's inner activities. As we see how the beginning of the chain the variations
this difficulty gets resolved, we will be become totally unpredictable.
forced into control theory no matter how Consider figure 2; we added the effects of
we approach the solution. One reason biolo- external events on a nervous system. Accord-
gists or psychologists have not developed ing to the old picture still fundamental to
control theory is that they have clung stub- most life sciences, external events act on the
bornly to the idea that behavior is part of physical structure of the nervous system
a causal chain that starts in the nervous (along with internal events such as changes
system (or in stimuli that cause activity in in body chemistry), and cause outputs to
the nervous system) and propagates outward occur. Those outputs have consequences
from there according to physical laws of which show up at the end of the chain as be-
cause and effect. That is why people design havioral patterns. To study the organization
robots in the same way, and why those of behavior, you manipulate the external
robots have yet to behave in a way that is events, and look for regular behaviors that
convincingly alive. In order to solve this result (of course, you find them).
CHIP'S
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
NEURAL SIGNALS
MUSCLE
CONTROL FORCES
WHEEL
LATERAL FORCES
CAR ^- CAR'S
POSITION
INLANE
FATIGUE BUMPS, DIPS

ENERGY SUPPLY WHEEL FRICTION WIND
JOINT ANGLE TIRE PRESSURE ROAD TILT
OTHER MUSCLES (REFLECTED FORCES)
Figure 1: The cause and effect chain leading to behavior. The behavior called "driving in a straight line" is anything but simple.
Some psychologists speak of behavior as simply being emitted by an organism, but this is clearly an inadequate concept. Be-
tween the nervous system and the stable pattern it appears to produce, disturbances come into play, having just as much effect
on the final outcome as the nervous system has. Nevertheless, the most regularity appears at the end of this chain, and the least
at the beginning.

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About the Author
William T Powers
FINAL
has been exploring the EXTERNAL CHIP'S NEURAL SIGNALS INTERMEDIATE BEHAVIOR
EVENTS NERVOUS
meaning of control (STIMULI) SYSTEM
PROCESSES PAT TERN
theory for studies of

human nature since
1953, when he was
working as a health
physicist at the Univer-
sity of Chicago. Since
that time he has spent a DISTURBANCES
number of years (to
1960) in medical phys-
ics, and then another Figure 2: The old model of behavior. In this old model of behavior, environ-
13 (to 1975) as Chief mental "forces" act on the nervous system to make it produce behavior. The
Systems Engineer for logic of this straight- through, cause and effect chain is spoiled by the presence
the Department of of disturbances which act after the last physical output of the nervous system
Astronomy at North- (ie: neural signals that activate muscles). This cannot be the correct model
western University. His for stable behavior.
occupation has been
designing electronic,
optical, and mechanical But in figure 2 we also see those random of Chip's actions, and the main source of
systems for science. disturbances. The only way to get away sensory information that could cause him
Powers' book, Behav- from them is to make sure that the environ- to act (see figure 3).
ior: The Control of ment remains absolutely stable (ie: that Psychologists have gone this way before.
Perception (Aldine, nothing happens which can interfere with They have tried to make sense of this situa-
1973) was quite well behavior). The standard approach requires tion by supposing that the behavioral vari-
received. At the mom- eliminating those disturbances, for the able is somehow different from the stimulus
ent he consults in one - simple reason that if they are not eliminated, variable. If the position of the car relative
of-a -kind electronics. the experimental results disappear into the to its lane is the behavioral variable, then per-
background noise. Thus by eliminating dis- haps the onset of a change in the visual
turbances as completely as possible, under image of the road is the stimulus variable.
the guise of establishing standard (ie: control) That leads to the idea of a chain of stimuli
experimental conditions, some scientists and responses. The car drifts in its lane;
have swept this basic problem under the that stimulates Chip's nervous system to
rug. They have also done away with the make a response, which affects the physical
principal tool we have for understanding position of the car in its lane, which causes
how these systems really work. If there are a new change in the stimulus, and so on
no disturbances, then the idea of a cause - around and around.
effect chain running from external events There are several severe difficulties with
through the organism to behavior seems to this explanation. In the first place, there is
hold up, more or less. As soon as natural no way to separate the visual image from the
disturbances are allowed to occur, we find position of the car; these are just two ways
that the overall connection from external of talking about one whole physical situa-
event to final behavior remains as clear as tion in which a certain collection of inter-
ever; but, the model of what happens in dependent variables changes simultaneously.
between falls to pieces with a loud crash. The alternation between stimulus and re-
sponse is completely imaginary, as anyone
Closing the Loop who drives knows. If causes and effects
really were sequential, and chased them-
There seems to be nothing wrong with selves around and around the loop, it is
figure 2; nothing, that is, except that it unlikely that Chip would keep the car on
cannot account for the regularities of the road for more than ten seconds. In part
behavior. There is something wrong; some- 2 we'll do a proper simulation in BASIC,
thing has been left out. Let's focus on the and you will see that when the system is
final variable in the chain, the position of designed to behave sequentially, the result
the car relative to the lane. What variable is most likely to be violent oscillations.
that could affect Chip's senses, do you There is no reason at all to make an
suppose, would have the most to do with artificial distinction between the position
his manipulations of the steering wheel? of the car on the road as a behavioral re-
The position of the car relative to the sponse and as the stimulus which causes
lane. This variable is both the consequence the response. Only one physical situation
138 June 1979 BYTE Publications Inc

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POSITION CHIP'S NEURAL SIGNALS INTERMEDIATE POSITION
OF CAR IN NERVOUS OF CAR IN
PROCESSES ITS LANE
ITS LANE SYSTEM
DISTURBANCES
Figure 3: A slightly different view of the old model of behavior. The principle
stimulus involved in driving a car in a straight line is the position of the car in
its lane. This is the same variable that is the measure of behavior. The variable
that is the final outcome of Chip's actions is the same variable that provides
inputs to the nervous system that is acting. The variable at the causal end of
the chain is the same variable found at the effective end of the chain.
exists, and there is no need to present it output of Chip's that is entirely due to
in two disguises. The position of the car on himself (ie: perhaps due to the neural signals
the road is both an effect of Chip's actions reaching his muscles or to some variable
and the sensory situation which leads (with farther down the chain of figure 2, revealed
a little help from Chip) to those actions. when disturbances are known or can be
There is a closed loop of cause and effect, legitimately eliminated).
and the position of the car is just one part of The input quantity is the variable that is
that loop. stabilized by the variations in Chip's output.
Now we begin to draw a diagram of a Thus we call the input quantity, here, the
proper control system. In figure 4, three position of the car relative to its lane. Of
physical quantities are shown, an output course, by that we mean whatever it is
quantity, an input quantity, and a dis- about that position that can be a sensory
turbing quantity. input to Chip (ie: probably a visual image
The output quantity corresponds to an of the hood of the car and the road beyond,
framed in the windshield).
Between the output quantity and the in-
put quantity is placed a feedback function.
This function expresses the physical links
CHIP'S OUTPUT QUANTITY that exist between Chip's output quantity
INPUT QUANTITY NERVOUS ( ANGLE OF
(POSITION OF SYSTEM STEERING WHEEL) and the input quantity. In the case of a
CAR IN LANE ) moving car, if the output quantity were
the angle of the steering wheel, which it
might be if the angle is also a controlled
quantity, then the effect of the wheel angle
would be a continual change of car posi-
FEEDBACK FUNCTION
tion, and the feedback function would have
to include at least one time integration.
The feedback function is simply a descrip-
DISTURBANCE FUNCTION J'
J
V DISTURBING QUANTITY
(WIND VELOCITY) tion of the physical processes which give
each magnitude and direction of the output
quantity a contribution to the state of the
Figure 4: Closing the loop. By rearranging the relationships shown in figure 3 input quantity.
and eliminating the redundant appearance of the car position, we create a In figure 4 we also include disturbances as
closed loop diagram. This is the general form of a control system diagram that an integral part of the diagram of the system.
will be used in this series from now on. The controlled variable is always the The disturbing quantity in this case would
input quantity; the output quantity is the means of control. The single distur- be wind velocity and direction, and the
bance shown represents the net effective disturbance if more than one is disturbance function connecting it to the
acting at the same time. The disturbing function is chosen to provide the input quantity would express the way in
proper net contribution to the input quantity. The feedback function repre- which aerodynamic laws convert wind
sents links external to the behaving nervous system through which outputs velocity into effects on the car's position
are transformed into contributions to the state of the input quantity. in its lane.

The state of the input quantity, there- would drift sideways at a rate proportional
fore, can be expressed in terms of all to A, for small deviations from the center
effects which contribute to it. We have of the lane. Designating the crosswind veloc-
shown only the output quantity and the ity as W, if W were the only influence acting,
disturbance due to wind. Many other dis- the car would drift sideways at a rate pro-
turbances - low tires, or tight wheel bear- portional to W (in this somewhat over-
ings, or gradation in the road - could simplified universe). In the BASIC program
also contribute to the state of the input we will assume that each iteration corres-
quantity at the same time. All disturbances, ponds to a fixed amount of elapsed time, so
however, can be reduced to a single one, the distance D that the car will drift during
since no matter what the cause of the dis- any one iteration is simply the sum of the
turbance, the only effect that matters is two influences acting on it (line numbers
the effect on lateral position of the car. correlate with listing 1):
Chip himself can be represented by a
function, a function that converts the sensed 7 D=K1 *W+K2*A
position of the car into a steering wheel
angle. This system function (system, being The position, I, of the car relative to its
short for behaving system) will surely con- lane will change by an amount D on each
tain delays, nonlinearities, and even varia- iteration:
tions of its parameters. At first glance it may
seem a terrible oversimplification to reduce 8 I=1+D
a whole human being to a simple input/
output box, but the situation isn't that Now I must introduce a detail: if we just
bad. We are centering this diagram around had Chip respond proportionally to the de-
the input quantity, not around Chip as viation of car position, we would have to
a whole; therefore the "Chip box" does make his muscles so flabby that hardly any
not wholly represent him, but only that response would occur, unless we wanted to
part which reacts to changes in the input demonstrate self -immolating oscillations. We
quantity by altering the output quantity. have to take care of two destabilizing factors.
Furthermore, the Chip box (ie: the system First, the feedback function is essentially
function) is not quite as simple as it seems
even after being simplified a great deal.
The functions connecting the variables in Your TRS 80 Apple Micropolis Vector MZ
I I
this closed loop can be extremely complex, Exidy Sorcerer Cromemco CBasic-CP/ M Microsoft Computer
and even to approach this system analyti-
cally will obviously require some approx-
imations. This is not the place to justify
WILL SAVE YOU
p THOUS NDS!
every simplification; sometimes complex
mathematics are required to reach a simple
conclusion. I'll drop some hints along the
way about how the simplified model is gen-
erated and why it works, but if you really
want to get into this, study a text on servo- D
mechanism design. WITH OUR A FLEXIBLE
BUSINESS STARTER
Simulating Chip SOFTWARE SY
Let us conclude by building a working EASY TO UNDER STAND & USE

simulator of Chip driving the car. This is
GENERAL LEDGER ACCTS. RECEIVABLE
just a hint of what this 4 part series of articles
ACCTS. PAYABLE INVENTORY PAYROLL
will develop. Building the simulator requires
building some special numbers into the pro- Buy simple, effective programs designed specifically for your
gram without any explanation at present. machine. Call us once for same week delivery on a product you
The point is to enjoy the simulation, and get can use the day you receive it, and two years from now when
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loop happens at the same time.
We will assume that the steering wheel TRS80: $100 /each. CBASIC -CP /M: $200 /each. Apple II, Mi-
angle to left or right of center is Chip's out-
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output quantity will be called A.
SOCIATES, INC.
Under the influence of A alone, the car [415] 321 -2881 505 Hamilton Ave. Palo Alto, CA 94301
Circle 53 on inquiry card. lune 1979 CO BYTE Publications Inc 141

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Circle 302 on inquiry card. BYTI lune 1979 143

an integrator, and so puts a lag into the con-
trol process. This alone would not cause a
problem, but Chip also contains a transport
lag; he cannot actually produce an output
at the same instant that the input occurs,
nor can our program since it is evaluating
1 INPUT "WIND, MPH: ",W equations one at a time. The integration lag
2 PRINT "WHEEL ANGLE, DEGREES ", we take care of by adding to the position I
3 PRINT TAB(25), "CAR DEVIATION, FEET"
4 FOR J =1 TO 10 (which Chip senses) the variable D, which is
5 PRINT %7F1," ",A10, approximately the first derivative of the in-
6 PRINT %7F1,TAB(251,1
7 D= .05W +A
put quantity. He senses the input quantity
8 =I+D
I with some emphasis on its rate of change,
9 A1=- 2(I+.8D) which is actually a realistic model of human
10 A =A +.200 (Al -A)
11 NEXT perception. This part of the stabilizing of
12 GOTO 1 the control action is done in step 9:
13 END
RUN 9 A1=K3*(I+0.8*D)
WIND, MPH: 20
WHEEL ANGLE, DEGREES CAR DEVIATION, FEET
.0 We have computed a variable Al, the
.0
-7.2 1.0 angle which the wheel would assume if Chip
-11.8 1.3
reacted instantly. But to handle the trans-
-13.3 1.1
-12.7 .8 port lag, we must slow his reponse, letting
-11.3 .5 only a fraction KS (between 0 and 1) of it
-10.1 .4
-9.5 .4 occur during any one iteration. That is what
-9.4 .4 step 10 does:
-9.6 .5
WIND, MPH: -30
WHEEL ANGLE, DEGREES CAR DEVIATION, FEET 10 A=A+ KS* (Al -A)
-9.8 .5
8.0 -2.0
19.3 -2.7 This slowing technique will be used in
23.1 -2.2 the larger simulator next time. To see how it
21.6 -1.4 works, set Al to 10.00, KS to 0.25, and A
18.3 -.8
15.4 -.4 to 0, and then simply keep doing step 10
13.8 -.4 with pencil and paper. A will gradually
13.6 -.5 approach the value of Al from any starting
14.0 -.7
WIND, MPH: 40 point.
WHEEL ANGLE, DEGREES CAR DEVIATION, FEET The program in listing 1 asks for a wind
14.6 -.8 velocity, and then proceeds to do ten itera-
-10.1 2.7
-26.0 3.7 tions of the control loop, printing wheel
-31.2 3.1 angle A and car position deviation I each
-29.2 2.0
-24.6 1.0 time. A positive number means the wind
--20.5 .6 is blowing, the wheel is cocked, or the car
-18.4 .5 has moved to the right. If you want to fol-
-18.0 .7
-18.6 .9 low the program for more than ten itera-
WIND, MPH: -50 tions, give it the same wind again. It always
WHEEL ANGLE, DEGREES CAR DEVIATION, FEET starts where it left off.
-19.5 1.0
12.3 -3.4 In part 2, we will begin exploring a model
32.6 -4.7 of the kind described in figure 4 and start
39.3 -3.9 the somewhat mind boggling task of retrain-
36.8 -2.5
30.9 -1.3 ing the intuition to think in closed loop
25.7 -.7 terms instead of straight through cause and
22.9 -.6
22.4 -.9 effect. There is a big difference. We'll see
23.2 -1.1 that, in general, control systems control
what they sense, not what they do. We'll
discover something called a reference signal,
which functions in a control system exactly
Listing 1: A rough simulation of Chip driving the car in a straight line. Each the way an inner purpose has always been
iteration is assumed to correspond to a fixed time interval. Therefore, the supposed to function. In part 2, we'll see
distance the car drifts away from straight line travel is the sum of the wind how perception figures into control. And
and steering wheel angle. The simulation shows Chip trying to arrive at the we'll start working with a more extended
wheel angle which will counteract the force of the blowing wind. If you BASIC simulator than the tiny one in listing
repetitively use the same wind value, you will see that a steady wheel angle 1. Parts of this simulator will be suitable for
is arrived at. fi found it interesting that this simulation seems to settle down building into the computer part of a robot,
within 60 time units to a consistent value. Even changing wind values from should anyone want to carry matters that
+1000 to -1000 units was compensated for within 60 time units.... RGACJ far.
144 June 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 97 on inquiry card
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The 1802 Op Codes
Henry Melton The RCA /Hughes 1802 is an 8 bit micro- gram counters, index registers, subroutine
2511 Dovemeadow Dr processor with a small but growing following. pointers, and general data storage registers.
Austin TX 78744 Its ease of interface and low CMOS power The interrupt and direct memory access
requirements make it attractive for many features of the 1802 also make use of
small applications. The accompanying chart specific registers for their operation. There
of op codes for the 1802 illustrates all is an 8 bit accumulator (D), and three
of the 255 variations. have used the I 1 bit flags: DF for the carry flag, IE for the
RCA mnemonics. interrupt enable flag, and Q for the direct
The 1802 is organized around sixteen output flag. There are also four 4 bit regis-
16 bit registers. These can be used as pro- ters: two to hold the current op code, one
- Input /output operations

- Branch and skip
tV - Immediate operand instructions
Low NYbbl
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 B 9 A B C D F
0 IDL LDN 1 LDN 2 LDN 3 LDN 4 LDN 5 LON 6 LDN 7 LDN 8 LDN 9 LDN A LON B LDN C LDN D LDN E LDN F
I I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 I I I I I I 1
INC O MCI INC 2 INC 3 INC 4 INC 5 INC 6 INC 7 INC 8 INC 9 INCA INC B INC C INC D INC E INC F
1 I 1 1 1 I 1 I I 1 1 I 1 1 I 1
2 DEC 0 DEC 1 DEC 2 DEC 3 DEC 4 DEC 5 DEC 6 DEC 7 DEC 8 DEC 9 DEC A DEC B DEC C DECD DEC E DEC F
1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 BR BO BZ BOF,BPZ B1 1112 B3 B4 NBR,SKP BNO BNI BNF,BM BN1 BN2 BN3 8N4
BFE BL
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 I 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 LDA 0 LOA 1 LDA 2 LDA 3 LDA 4 LOA 5 LDA 6 LDA 7 LDA 8 LOA 9 LDA A LDA B LOA C LDA D LDA E LDA F
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1
5 STR 0 STR 1 STR 2 STR 3 STR 4 STR 5 STR 6 STR 7 STR 8 STR 9 STR A STR B STR C STR D STR E STR F
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 I
6 IRX OUT 1 OUT 2 OUT 3 OUT 4 OUT 5 OUT 6 OUT 7 IN I IN 2 IN 3 IN 4 IN 6 IN 6 IN 7
I 1 1 ±eL 1 I I 1 1 1 t I
H
i
Y
h
7 RET
1
DIS
1
LXDA
I
STXD
1
ADC
1
SDB
1
SHRC
RSHC
1
SMB
1
SAV
1
MARK
1
RED
1
SEO
1. J
ADCI
' :
\'\\
:, 5081
A
SHLC
RSH L
SMBI
N
Y
GLOO GL01 GL02 GL03 01.04 0LO5 GL06 GLO7 GLOB GLO9 GLOA GLOB GLOC GLOD CLOE GLOF
1 1 1 I I 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 I I I 1
9 CHI O CHI 1 CHI 2 CHI 3 CHI 4 CHI 5 GHI 6 CHI 7 GHI 8 CHI 9 CHI A CHI B CHI C CHI D CHI E CHI F
1 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 I 1 1
A PLO 0 PLO 1 PLO 2 PLO 3 PLO 4 PLO 5 PLO 6 PLO 7 PLO 8 PLO 9 PLO A PLO B PLO C PLO D PLO E PLO F
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
B PHIO PHII PHI2 PHI3 PHI4 PHI5 PHI6 PHI7 PHIS PHI9 PHIA PHIS PHIC PHID PHIE PHIF
1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1
C LBR LBO LBZ LBOF NOP LSNO LSNZ LSNF NLBR LBNO LBNZ LBNF LSIE LSO LSZ LSDF
LSKP
3 3 3 3 1 1 1 I 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 I
D SEP 0 SEP I SEP 2 SEP 3 SEP 4 SEP 5 SEP 6 SEP 7 SEP 8 SEP 9 SEP A SEP B SEP C SEP D SEP E SEP F
1 1 I 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
E SEX 0 SEX I SEX 2 SEX 3 SEX 4 SEX 5 SEX 6 SEX 7 SEX 8 SEX 9 SEX A SEX B SEX C SEX D SEX E SEX F
LOX OR
1
AND
1
XOR
1
ADD
1
SD
1
SHR
1
SM
1
VAA.r
LDI;
A
1
V "I'W
1
ORI A
1
AVAV
ANI
\ \5\
AXRI
1
o
I
V AV
ADISDI
A
1
\
I
SHL
1
A`.A
SMI
Table 1: RCA /Hughes 1802 instruction set. The op codes and the number of bytes used by each are shown.

III I. .
I I
ILY OF DISK r
FOR THE TR
to designate which of the R registers is the

program counter, and one to designate O O
which of the R registers is the index pointer. [fil
Lastly, there are four EF external pins that
are sensed as conditional branch flags.
11 commands make up the bulk of the
1802 op codes. Each is 1 byte in length,
with the first nybble designating the opera-
tion, and the last nybble acting as a 4 bit We are the first manufacturer to offer
immediate operand. They account for 175 you a complete family of add -on disk
of the op codes (LDN does not operate on drives for your TRS-80. Select from
register 0) and allow data transfer to and single head or dual head units. Each
from the R indexed memory, incrementing comes complete with Power Supply
and Chassis.
and decrementing the R registers, and
setting the P and X registers. There are
four major operations (hexadecimal 80
through BF) that move bytes of data between SINGLE HEAD DRIVES
the accumulator and the two halves of the TF -1X Choose Pertec FD -200 or MPI $379
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There are three types of branches. The
short branch uses the immediately following
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The skip instructions skip over following
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6000 E Evan.. Ave. Bldg 2 2080 S. Grand Ave.
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The 1802 is a well- designed computer 303 -758 -7275 714-979 -9923
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The History of Computing
The IBM 7070
DEPARTMENT
184
7070 SYSTEMS FINALTESTS
1y
N
'
IBM 7070s undergoing

final checkout before shipment.
An IBM 7070 operator's console.

Oil
A typical IBM 7070

configuration. The engineering console
(for repair diagnostic information) is in the table in the foreground.

The second computer generation is significant improvements. Magnetic Keith S Reid -Green
said to have begun with the advent of tape units could read and write in low Member of Technical Staff
the transistor. An equally important ad- (200 bits per inch) or high density (556 RCA, David Sarnoff Research Center
vance was the realization that most pro- bits per inch). Data channels allowed Princeton NJ 08540
grammers would soon be programming overlap of data transfer and processing,
not in symbolic machine language but in and a priority I/O scheme allowed for
machine independent high level lan- simultaneous peripheral operation on
guages. This led hardware designers to line- spooling, as it is still called. The
build instructions that simplified com- idea behind spooling is that punched
piling of programs, such as editing, table cards may be read and lines printed dur-
lookup and string scanning instructions. ing times when the machine is simul-
Some of these instructions are found in taneously doing something else. The
the IBM 7070, announced in 1959. main program gets and puts records on a
The 7070, like the 650, was built faster medium, such as a disk, and is
around a 10 digit signed decimal word. therefore not forced to wait for the
Signs and digits were stored in a two -out- relatively slow card reader or printer.
of -five code; five bits were used to repre- File handling capability on the 7070
sent a digit, of which exactly two were was very sophisticated due to a feature
"on ". The five bits were assigned values called block transmission. A record
of 0,1,2,3 and 6, so a little fudging had to could be read into several noncon-
be followed in order to represent O. tiguous blocks of memory under control
Since 3 can be represented two ways, 0 -3 of RDWs (record definition words). The
or 1 -2, the former was used as the value programmer specified in a tape read in-
for 3 and the latter for O. Alphabetic struction the unit number of the tape to
characters were represented by digit be read and the address of the first of a
pairs; hence, only five letters could be sequence of one or more record defini-
stored in a word. To distinguish between tion words. Each definition contained
alphabetic and numeric representation, the starting and ending address of a
three signs were allowed: +, -, and @, block (set of consecutive words) into
represented by the codes for 9, 6, and 3, which data was to be read. Each record
respectively. definition word in the sequence had a
Two memory sizes, 5,000 and 9,990 positive sign except the last one, which
words, were available. The larger size was negative. If the physical record end-
could have been 10,000 words, but ad- ed before all definitions were exhausted,
dresses 9991 -9999 referred to addres- the remaining were ignored. If the last
sable registers, including three ac- record definition word was exhausted
cumulators. The small memory size was before the end of the record was reach-
seen as a drawback, but a remarkably ed, the remaining data were not transfer-
powerful instruction set tended to offset red into memory. When a record was
this problem. The 7070 might have been written, record definition words were
the start of a new decimal based family similarly used to gather data from
of computers if IBM had added a various parts of memory without actual-
memory paging feature to allow for ex- ly transferring them into one contiguous
pansion. memory block.
The instruction format used the sign Variable length records could also be
and first two digits as an operation code, handled easily through use of a tape
two digits for an indexing address, two read per record mark control instruction.
digits for field definition or instruction A record mark was a special character
augmentation, and four digits for an ad- having the keypunch code 0 -2-8, which
dress. Hence, 200 different instruction was written as a not equal sign (* ).
types and 99 index words were possible. When the tape was read under record
In fact, 190 instructions were imple- mark control, the normal sequence of
mented, and memory locations 0001 data transmission to storage via record
through 0099 could be used as index definition words was followed until a
"registers." Field definition allowed record mark was read. This caused the
arithmetic to be performed on parts of 7070 to cease transmission of data to the
words. If field definition 58 was speci- block specified by the current definition
fied in an ADD instruction, the contents and to move on to the next.
of digit positions S thru 8 of the address- For example, suppose a tape record
ed value would be added to the speci- contained:
fied accumulator.
I/O (input /output) units did not look ABCDEFGH # KLMI J NOPQR
much different from first generation
equipment, but in fact embodied several and a tape read per record mark control

Up Your instruction referred to the record defini-
tion words:
+ 0010001005 words 1000 thru 1005
Output.
+ 0014601480 words 1460 thru 1480
-0019992999 words 1999 thru 2999,
ABCDE would be read into location

1000, FGHI into 1001, JKLM into 1460
and NOPQR into 1999.
A major problem arose because of the
special nature of alphabetic data. In
first generation computers, conventions
had been established regarding coding
of alphabetic characters on tape, and
TEMPOS these conventions were carried on into

the 7070. Some means of differentiating
between alphabetic and numeric data
had to be established, however, since
the old- fashioned "overpunched"
numeric sign used in unit -record equip-
ment and early computers could not
MULTI -TASKING! always be distinguished from alphabetic
The TEMPOS Operating System is quickly becoming the standard in Multi -
characters. This problem was resolved
User, Multi- Tasking operating systems for 8080 and Z80 microcomputers. on the 7070 by assuming that a tape was
Multi- Tasking means that, even with only one user at one terminal, more alphabetic until a delta character was
than one job can be running on the system simultaneously! If you have ever read, whereupon the delta was not
had to go get a cup of coffee while you wait for your computer to print list
ings, you know the advantages of a system that will handle one job while
transferred into memory, but served in-
you are working on another. TEMPOS is a true time sharing system, and stead to change the mode of data
the maximum number of jobs is limited only by your memory. transfer to numeric. The next delta
flipped the mode back to alphabetic,
and so on. A delta on the seven track
MULTI -USER! BCD (binary coded decimal) tape (in
Want to share your computer with another user? With TEMPOS all it takes which the tracks were labeled CBA8421)
is another terminal ... up to seven interactive terminals are allowed! And consisted of the CB8421 bits. Thus the
with Re- Entrant programs, each user does not need a complete copy in
three words:
memory. We include three Re- Entrant programs ( the OPUS/THREE High -
Level Language, the TEXTED Text Editor, and FILES, a disc file
directory/manipulator) or write your own! In addition, we include an + 0123443210
assembler, a linking loader, over a half -dozen other utility programs and
over 60 system subroutines, callable by the programmer!
- 5678998765
@ 7461796368
PROVEN! would be written on tape as A01234-

432105678998765AMARCH. When re-
With TEMPOS, you get a package that has been tested in our facilities for
read into a 7070, a perfect translation
over two years, and in the field at over 50 different installations. We have
used this system ourselves for everything from writing high -level languages took place back into the three words
to developing applications to text editing to games. TEMPOS is undoubted- shown above. However, when read into
ly the most flexible software tool on the market ... and you can have it for any other computer, the delta char-
much less than you think! acters transferred into memory, giving
IBM 1401 programmers considerable an-
COMPATIBLE! noyance. Nevertheless, it is safe to say
that the 7070 represented a very large
TEMPOS is available for many different systems; pre- written drivers may step between first generation and
include yours. Or, using our interactive System Generation Routine, you
can add your own. Call or write now for our free catalog and the name of a modern computers. Most apparent
dealer near you. The TEMPOS Operating System is available for $787.00, among the second generation refine-
the manual set (price may be credited toward the purchase of the TEMPOS ments was the recognition that com-
package) for $21.50 (prices include shipping within the U.S.). puters did not have to be classified as
commercial or scientific machines but
ADMINISTR6TIVE in fact could be used to solve problems
SYS
I EMS
áó INC.
in both of the disciplines. On the one
hand, the record definition word con-
cept made sorting extremely fast, while
hardware implemented floating point in-
structions were available for calcula-
1642 S. Parker Road, Suite 300, Denver, Colorado 80231
tion.
(303) 755 -9694
150 tune 197') © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 2 on inquiry card.

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By lune l'l7'' 151
Circle 173 on inquiry card. I I
years of study to formulate and understand,
but in the last two years the verification of
this new thermodynamic concept has been
achieved by a small but convincing number
of chemical experiments (see reference 3).
Simply, the new thermodynamic regime is a
regime far from equilibrium where semi -
Artificial Intelligence steady state modes of collective interactions

can self -organize in complex systems. In this
collective mode of self- organization, far
from thermodynamic equilibrium, the
entropy of the system drops dramatically;
and Entropy the information content rises. The increasing

entropy dictum of the second law is no
longer valid because the system is not in
equilibrium.
The key features of systems that can
support such entropy- decreasing modes are
R M Kiehn Although this article is written with a that:
Physics Dept sense of science fiction creativity and
University of Houston
1. They are not isolated systems: they
speculation, the concepts involved are based
Houston TX 77004 draw energy and material from their
on sound ideas that recently won for Ilya
surroundings: that is, they feed.
Prigogine the 1977 Nobel prize (see refer-
2. They are complex systems of many
ence 1). No longer can it be said that the
interacting parts, and the interactions
laws of thermodynamics prohibit the
must be nonlinear.
creation of artificial intelligence.
Computer intelligence has long been a These conditions seem to be necessary
hazy dream in many enthusiasts' eyes, but but not sufficient. A complex system that
so often that gleam has been glazed over by has these properties need not self- organize
a rational response from the scientific corn - into an entropy decreasing mode, but if
munity: "You can get out of any computer these conditions are met, the low entropy
only what you put in. The computer, after modes are now scientifically recognized
all, has to be told what to do. It can't think." possibilities.
These valid scientific arguments are Theoretical models of complex chemical
based, essentially, on the laws of thermo- systems have indicated that the minimum
dynamics, especially the second law, con- number of subparts that will form a collec-
cerning entropy. The second law says in tive mode far from equilibrium is measured
effect that for all (isolated) systems at or in the thousands. This result is striking; it
near equilibrium, any process will have a could have been that it would take statisti-
tendency to increase the system's entropy. cally large mole numbers (1023) of parts to
Shannon has developed the idea that form self- organized systems, but no, it
entropy is related to the inverse of informa- appears that thousands, or a few tens of
tion (see reference 2); so as entropy goes up, thousands, of subsystems interacting non -
information goes down. The second law of linearily can, for certain ranges of parame-
thermodynamics seems to demand that this ters, flip into self-organized modes of
decrease in information shall always happen decreasing entropy.
for mechanical or electrical machines. For the first time, thermodynamics
The conclusion that machines will never (albeit of the nonequilibrium variety) can
be capable of thinking seems irrefutable. be used to substantiate entropy decreasing
But man is a biological machine, and yet modes, biological systems, and thinking
he thinks. How can these two seemingly machines! Using these ideas as a basis, it is
contradictory ideas be reconciled with the conceivable that a collection of subsystem
second law? One of the greatest scientific computers linked together nonlinearly
puzzles of the last century was that the idea could, for certain ranges of coupling parame-
of a thinking biological machine cannot be ters, self- organize into a collective mode of
brought into accord with the laws of equilib- operation in which the entropy of the
rium thermodynamics! The paradox stands. complex system decreases.
The brilliance of I Prigogine lay in his The gleam in the young experimenter's
recognition that another regime far from eye need not be glazed over and extinguished
local thermodynamic equilibrium may exist by a thermodynamic "it's impossible"
for complex interacting systems. Exactly argument. The loophole in the law has been
what this new regime is all about took many discovered.

A few years ago such a project would
have been economically impossible, but now
with the advent of cheap small volume
microprocessors it is conceivable that, say,
REFERENCES
ten thousand computer subsystems could be
assembled and linked together in one com- 1. C Nicolis and Prigogine, Self- Organization in
I
plex. Moreover, following the theoretical Non -Equilibrium Systems, John Wiley & Sons,
advances pioneered by I Prigogine, such a New York, 1977.
complex might be arranged to operate in a
2. C E Shannon and W Weaver, The Mathematical
collective mode far from equilibrium in Theory of Communication, University of
which the entropy content drops dramati- Illinois Press, 1949.
cally, the information content skyrockets,
and the idea of artificial intelligence need no 3. J S Turner, Journal of Physical Chemistry (to
be published).
longer be squashed by thermodynamic
dictum. It indeed may be possible to create a 4. H Haken, Synergetics, Springer -Verlag, Berlin,
thinking machine. 1977.
Appendix: Collective Mode Systems of Low Entropy
After I submitted the above article to

BYTE, editor Carl Helmers asked if could
I
ENERGY
provide a tutorial example explaining the NIGH ENTROPY
INPUT
ideas of a collective mode system with low
entropy. Perhaps the most striking example
of such a system is given by the laser (see
reference 4).
The typical laser consists of an optical
cavity, a set of atoms - such as He -Ne-
connected to the outside world by means of
a power supply. Energy flows continually
into (and out of) the system so it cannot be
considered to be isolated. If the system gain
parameter is below a critical value, the gas
atoms may be excited by the energy source
and subsequently release their excess excita- RANDOM PHOTONS MIRRORS
tion energy through the emission of

photons. The photons all have random Figure 1: The He -Ne discharge glows in a disordered random fashion. The
phase, ie: the emission of photons by the emission of photons is random, disordered and associated with the notion of
various atoms in the gas is random, and not high entropy.
coherent. The system has a high entropy
content associated with the disorder and the
ENERGY
random emission of photons. The system LOW ENTROPY
INPUT
does reach a steady state, not a collective

mode state, and not a state of equilibrium,
because it continually receives energy across
its boundary.
If the gain parameter of the system is
slowly increased to above the critical value,
a dramatic transition takes place - far from
equilibrium. The system lases, ie: the gas
atoms no longer emit the photons in a
random manner, but instead they de- excite
in a coherent collective mode. The emission
of one photon from one atom stimulates the
emission of another photon from another PHASE LOCKED PHOTONS MIRRORS
atom, and so on. The photons are emitted

with the same phase; disorder has been Figure 2. For the system "gain" above the critical value lasing action takes
removed, and the system entropy drops place in the He -Ne gas. The radiation is phase locked into a collective mode
dramatically. associated with low entropy.

CP/ MrM
LOW -COST
The notions of disorder and randomness
are concepts associated with the notion of
MICROCOMPUTER entropy. The decrease of the laser's entropy

is due to lack of disorder in the lasing state.
SOFTWARE These ideas are described in figures 1 and
CP /MT^^ OPERATING SYSTEM: 2. Figure 1 represents a laser being supplied
Includes Editor, Assembler, Debugger and Utilities. with energy from the power source, but with
For 8080, Z80, or Intel MDS. the gain of the cavity below the critical
For IBM -compatible floppy discs. value. The photon emission is random and
$100- Diskette and Documentation. the system has high entropy.
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MACTM MACRO ASSEMBLER: factor of the system is above the critical
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$90- Diskette and Manual. entropy collective mode emitting highly
ordered radiation. The atoms radiate collec-
SIDTM SYMBOLIC DEBUGGER:
Symbolic memory reference. tively.
Built -in assembler /disassembler. The almost incredible feature of many
$75- Diskette and Manual. complex systems interacting nonlinearly is
TEXT"' TEXT FORMATTER: that they may se /f- organize into these low
Powerful text formatting capabilities. entropy modes. In particular, biological
Text prepared using CP /M Editor. systems appear to be of this type. Numerous
$75 Diskette and Manual. examples of collective mode systems appear
in the physical world, but most of them
i I1JE3TflL RESEARCH occur at low temperature; super conductors

and super fluids are examples. The self -
P.O. Box 579 Pacific Grove, California 93950 organization into collective modes far from
(408) 649 -3896 equilibrium at modest to high temperatures
is yet another idea.
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Circle 281 on inquiry card. 131'TE lune 1979 155

I cannot stand reading my own handwriting.
Second, I can type much faster than I can
write. Third, it was a convenient time to de-
sign an editing system. The reason for the
BASIC Text Editor latter was that had a video display, IMSAI
I
and North Star disk combination at home

and a very nice Diablo printer, Altair 8800B
and North Star disk setup available at work.
Thus there was basic compatibility between
the two systems via the floppy diskette. I
had taken care to assure that the two sys-

Like many an individual who uses com- tems were software compatible, particularly
puters at work and for personal purposes, with respect to IO.
have a tendency to write. At work, this The general idea was to use my personal
tendency is expressed in the usual ways as system to compose and edit versions of a
Fred R Ruckdeschel memos, project oriented documentation manuscript and then to bring the finished
773 John Glenn Blvd and more general papers. In personal life, form, on diskette, to work to be printed out
Webster NY 14580 this tendency is expressed by the existence on the Diablo. In practice it turned out to be
of this article and several others which more convenient to have listings of the vari-
preceded it. ous versions to work from. This made
After some considerable chicken scratch- the iterations much easier. There is no re-
ing it became apparent that my method for placement for hard copy when writing either
collecting ideas and creating a final manu- a program or an article.
script was not optimum. The problem One of the goals established for the even-
became clearly defined when one day I tual editor software was that it should not
looked up from my note pad only to see my be unique to my particular hardware con-
IMSAI arrogantly sleeping while I worked. figuration. Rather it was to be translatable
The literary approach I had been using to other systems with a minimum of change.
was reasonably conventional. First in the For this reason BASIC was chosen as the
procedure was the generation of an outline implementation language, though machine
which contained ideas organized by section. language would have led to a much better
Then a handwritten rough draft was corn - utilization of memory as well as higher
posed in which these thoughts were struc- speed. The particular BASIC used was North
tured within each section and expanded Star, Version 6, Release 3. This interpreter
upon. The draft was then reviewed and has string manipulation functions which are
changes made until legibility was threat- very convenient for developing editing rou-
ened. If the writing had been for "work" tines. These functions can also be translated
the next step would have been to have the into counterparts a la Microsoft BASIC. This
draft retyped. However, as writing for will be discussed more later.
microcomputer journals is a private pursuit, Text editors naturally require significant
a paid typist is used sparingly. computer storage capabilities. The one
The next step was therefore to go back shown in listing 1 is no exception. For those
through the draft and reedit, being very care- who have disk based systems other than
ful with es and is, and then to give it to the North Star, the conversion of this program
typist for final preparation. The typist's job for use with another system would be
was to take the grubby and somewhat illegi- through changes in the disk access subrou-
ble pile of paper and transform it into a tines which are clearly defined on the listing.
nicely typed manuscript suitable for submis- For those who do not have disk hardware,
sion. However, the last step was invariably but rather cassette IO, storage and retrieval
one of carefully applying correction fluid, can also be accomplished through the disk
scissors and tape in the proper proportions access subroutines after the appropriate
to assemble a truly final version. Usually the modifications are made.
alterations were due to my own errors, The program also has the ability to auto-
though my excellent typist often adds a few matically save and retrieve the text from
variations as part of her own editing contri- active memory. This is presently not in ef-
bution. As a result, I have never sent an fect in the version shown in listing 1, but
original to an editor, always a copy which can be brought to life by removing state-
hid the horrors of the manuscript's creation. ments 2000 and 2100. This feature is useful
After all, what editor wants flakes of dried if the computer is a little unstable and has a
correction fluid sprinkled on his or her tendency to crash; at least the latest text
clothes and desk? version might be saved in a protected mem-
A few further considerations convinced ory region if the program did not get as far
me that it was time to make a change. First, as saving the text on diskette or tape. The

\ /
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Listing 1: This BASIC program is the complete listing of the text editor. key disadvantages to using this feature are
that more memory is required and consid-
10 REM EDITOR, VERSION 6, AS OF 1600 HOURS, 1/31/78 erable time is consumed performing the
20 REM WRITTEN BY F.A. RUCKDESCHEL
30 REM 773 JOHN GLENN BLVD. extra storage function, which is relatively
40 REM WEBSTER, NEW YORK 14580 slow.
50 REM NEW PARAGRAPH CHARACTER= &
60 PRINT "ENTER MAXIMUM LINE LENGTH ", In the following sections the fundamental
70 INPUT M1
80 PRINT "ENTER LETTER LENGTH ",
features of the editor program will be dis-
90 INPUT M2 cussed in some detail. It will become appar-
100 DIM A$(M2),G$(M1 ),B$(2000),E(300)
110 PRINT "INPUT PEGINNING STORAGE LOCATION (DECIMAL):
ent that the program does not have many
"
120 INPUT Y9 frills, but still has considerable utility when
130 REM TEST TO CHECK IF LETTER IS NEW
140 PRINT "NEW LETTER (N) OR RESTART (R): ", one becomes practiced in its operation. A
150 INPUT 01$ sufficient number of examples are given such
160 IF G1$(1,1) = "N" THEN COTO 190
170 GOSUB 2010 that the user should not have to experiment
180 GOTO 380 much to determine how the program re-
190 A$ = ""
200 G$ = "" sponds when kicked in a particular way.
210 L =0 Following this are comments on software
220 B$ = ""
230 PRINT "GET LETTER FROM FILE? (Y /N): ", items which should aid in modifying the
240 INPUT H$ present program for use on other machines.
250 IF H$(1,1)< > "Y" THEN COTO 300
260 PRINT "INPUT NAME OF LETTER: ", The program as presented here suits my
270 INPUT 2$ needs, but is probably deficient with respect
280 GOSUB 1530
290 GOTO 630 to specific uses. However, the structure is
300 REM START OF NEW LETTER
310 L =L +1
sufficiently modular and sprinkled with
320 PRINT $4I,L, comment statements such that the addition
INPUT C$
330
340 IF G$ = "]" THEN GOTO 630
of new capabilities should be possible with-
350 A$ =A$ +G$ out a total revamping.
360 COTO 310
370 REM
380 REM ENTER EDIT MODE Editor Features
390 PRINT "EDIT SUBROUTINE"
400 PRINT "ENTER LINE NUMBER TO BE EDITTED ",
410 INPUT L The object of the editor program is to
420 REM L =0 IS ESCAPE EDIT generate a text oriented file which can be
430 IF L =0 THEN GOTO 630
440 REM ADDITION AT FRONT OF LETTER?
corrected and expanded with a reasonable
450 IF L<2 THEN GOTO 1680 level of ease. As mentioned earlier, the file
460 REM ADDITION TO END OF LETTER?
470. IF L>N -2 THEN COTO 1790 may be stored on diskette, tape, or in active
480 Z= 2'INT(L /2) memory. The file can be recalled and printed
490 REM INSERTION? F CHANGE IS DEFAULT
500 IF L< >Z THEN COTO 1900 out in two general formats, justified and
510 PRINT $4I,L,A$(E(L- 2)+1,E(L)) unjustified. In the justification mode, by
520 PRINT $31,L,
530 C$ = "" definition, lines are ended between words.
540 B$ = "" The chosen line length may be any size as
550 INPUT G$
560 E(0) =1 long as it is longer than the longest word in
570 IF G$(1,1)<> ")" THEN B$ =B$+0$ the text and shorter than the maximum line
580 IF G$(1,1) < > "]" THEN GOTO 550
590 IF E(L) +1>LEN(A$) THEN A$ =A$ +" " length allowed by the software. In the un-
600 A$= A$( 1,E(L- 2)) +B$ +A$(E(L) +1,LEN(A$))
justified format, printing fills the entire
610 GOTO 630
620 REM line, regardless of whether or not a word is
630 REM JUSTIFICATION ROUTINE
640 PRINT "COLUMN WIDTH ",
broken.
650 INPUT W In either justification format the program
6b0 PRINT "ENTER PAGF LENGTH:
670 INPUT P
",
will list selected line number groups using
680 C =0 only even numbers. This allows the user to
690 S= \N =2 \H =0
700
1
PRINT "WANT LINES NUMBERED? (Y /N): ", insert lines, when in the edit mode, by
710 INPUT H1$ giving them odd numbers. Inserted lines
720 IF H1$(1,1) = "N" THEN H =1
730 IF H =1 THEN J9 =1 can be any number of characters long with-
740 IF H<>1 THEN COTO 780 in the constraints of memory or dimension.
750 FOR K =1 TO 7
760 PRINT The program renumbers and reformats after
770 NEXT K \COTO 870 each editing exercise.
780 PRINT "LINE NUMBER RANGE: (LOW, HIGH) ",
790 INPUT N8,N9 Upon listing, it is the choice of the user
800 J9 =0 to have the lines numbered or not. If the
810 PRINT "WANT JUSTIFIED TEXT? (Y /N): ",
820 INPUT J9$ decision is not to number, the entire text
830 IF J9$ = "Y" THEN J9 =1
840 FOR K =1 TO 5
will be printed. Otherwise a line number
850 PRINT range can be chosen. In either case, the
860 NEXT K
870 T =S
program goes through the entire text, re-
880 IF T>LEN(A$) THEN GOTO 1220 formats and assigns line numbers. In the
890 S =S +W
900 REM NEW PARAGRAPH FLAG
justification mode defined above this may
910 F =0 consume a significant length of time as tests
920 IF S>LEN(A$) THEN S= LEN(A$)
930 IF J9 =0 THEN GOTO 1030
for the gaps between words and new para-
940 REM TEST FOR PARAGRAPH CHARACTER graph identifiers must be made. In the un-
158 June 1979 'U BYTE Pubbcations Inc

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Name Storage Buss Design Speed Configuration Unkit Assm CSC

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Econoram IX 32K X 8 Dig Grp static 4 MHz 2 -4K, 1 -8K, 1 -16K $649 N/A N/A
Econoram X 32K X 8 5 -100 static 4 MHz 2 -8K, 1 -16K $599 $649 $789
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'addressable on 8K boundaries "addressable on 16K boundaries Econoram is a trade mark of Godbout Electronics.
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With edge connectors pre-soldered in place for easy assembly, as well
11
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handling
Circle 150 on inquiry card. BY E lune 1979 159
BY I I tune 1979 161

Circle 306 on inquiry card. lune 1979 CO BYTE Publications Inc 1b3
justified mode the operation is very fast,
Listing 1 continued:
In addition, changing the first character in string length to 255 characters. However,
the text is a little cumbersome; it is suggested this limitation may be overcome by
that the very first character be a blank to string subscripts. Note that string dimen-
mitigate this problem. sions and subscripts are permitted in
When any of the above failures occur Microsoft BASIC, but not in North Star.
there is a good chance that recently edited Having to resort to subscripts is certainly
work may be lost. For example, when a an inconvenience and is a small pain to
program fails, most BASICs enter the direct program. North Star BASIC certainly
command mode. If the program is rerun, has an advantage in that respect.
most likely the string variables will be The most difficult editing function to
cleared. The temporary save and retrieval perform is the alteration of a text segment
subroutines were included to reduce the as the set of characters to be changed may
impact of such errors. If the error occurs extend over more than one text line. Gen-
during the edit mode, the last form of the erally it is best to attack the last line of the
text (before the edit mode was entered) modification first. The corrections should
may be retrieved by rerunning and answer- then proceed toward the lower line num-
ing the initialization appropriately (re- ber. The reason for doing this is that the
start: R). If the failure occurs during a disk text is reassembled upon each editing pass.
or a tape load, unless a large crash occurs, If a change is made in a given line, all the
the most recent text version may be re- lines above that point are altered, whereas
covered upon restart. all the lines below that point maintain their
Additional Notes structure if the same line width format is
chosen.
There are several statements employed in Inserting text is usually easy. As a re-
North Star BASIC which must be modified dundant word of caution, remember to
if the editor program is to be used with place a blank in the last character position
another interpreter. The following is a list in the file. Also, as there is some awkward-
of the types of changes required if this ness in changing the very first character in
program is to be translated into a BASIC the file, having a blank there is also helpful.
similar to that written by Microsoft and
distributed by M ITS: Conclusion
The limited capability editor program
FILL< >,<> same as POKE<>,<> presented in the previous sections has the
EXAM( < >) same as PEEK(< >) advantages of being easy to use as well as
being somewhat portable. It was really
% Denotes a printing format (for
meant to operate with the North Star Disk
example, nFm which is similar to the
System, but can be translated for use on
FORTRAN real format nFm). This can
other BASIC oriented machines. Its utility
be simulated using the INT function
is exemplified by the present article which
along with some multiplication and divi-
served as a test case. In this application the
sion. In the more advanced versions of
article was broken up into files of 12 blocks
BASIC there is usually an equivalent
(12 by 256 characters) or less to ease the
format statement.
strain on active memory. Thus, in effect,
, Denotes a continued print statement
there is no limit to the document length
without a carriage return and line feed. In
which can be handled. Incidentally, 12
MITS BASIC one would use a semicolon.
blocks corresponds to approximately half
A$(M,N) With respect to the editing
a typeset magazine page.
functions as implemented by the pro-
The true power of this program is ap-
gram, this is the most important differ-
parent when large portions of the text
ence between the North Star and Micro-
creation and editing are done on a video
soft interpreters. For the task at hand
display system (it is easy to get into the
the North Star form is preferred because
swing of rapidly typing additions and
of ease of use. In North Star BASIC
changes). However, occasional hard copy
A$(M,N) represents a substring of A$
listings are invaluable for leisurely review-
which runs from character position M to
ing. A near ideal combination would seem
character position N, thus having length
to be a video display for editing and a fast
N -M +1. To accomplish this in Microsoft
hard copy terminal for printing. The denser
BASIC one would use MID$(A$,M,
and faster the video display the better.
N -M +1). Although a little more cumber-
some, the Microsoft string function
would suffice if it were not for the Copies of the software shown on listing 1
important variance that North Star are available from the author on diskettes in
North Star format for $9.95 each (New York
BASIC allows arbitrarily long string State residents add sales tax).
lengths whereas Microsoft limits the

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TELEX NUMBER 951021, NEECO

ing or repelling the bubbles, as shown in
figure 1. This creates a shift register. The
Bubble Memories Texas Instruments TBM 0101 memory con-
tains 157 minor loops of 641 bubble posi-
tions for data storage, and a major loop of
640 bubble positions for reading and writing
data. This configuration is shown in figure 2.
A Short Tutorial In operation, data is written into the
major loop at the bubble generator. The bits
A I Halsema so written are shifted along the major loop
32014 Grenville Ct In the first quarter of 1977 Texas Instru- until they are adjacent to the minor loops
Westlake CA 91361 ments announced the availability of a where they are to be stored. The bubble
92,000 bit magnetic bubble memory, mak- transfer line is then activated and the bub-
ing bubble memories a commercial reality bles are shunted onto the minor loops. Of
ten years after the effect was discovered at the 157 minor loops on the device, 144 are
Bell Laboratories. The bubble memory pro- guaranteed to be good, so the user must
vides nonvolatile, medium speed data stor- avoid writing into any of the 13 minor loops
age at a price close to that of the floppy declared bad at the factory. Each memory
disk, but without either moving parts or device will be shipped with a map of the
the problems of reliability that moving bad loops written into the device at the
parts entail. Future memories will provide factory. This map should be written into
storage densities of up to one million bits programmable read only memory to control
per chip and faster data rates, as the tech- access of the minor loops. The controller
nology matures. integrated circuit offered by Texas Instru-
Update on Bubble Bubble memories are shift registers that ments will have an input to cause it to ig-
Memories move magnetic domains representing binary nore bubbles and may be driven by the read
data using rotating magnetic fields. The bub- only memory. To read data, the minor loops
In the third quarter ble memory integrated circuit is made of a are rotated until the desired 144 bubbles are
of 1978, after this magnetically reactive material such as garnet adjacent to the major loop. The transfer
article was written, and has implanted in it a bubble generator line is activated and the bubbles are shunted
Texas Instruments an- for writing data, bubble detectors for readout of the minor loops and onto the major
nounced a new mag- ing data, bubble annihilators for erasing loop. The bubbles are then shifted along the
netic bubble memory data and replicators to provide nondestruc- major loop until they reach the combination
which is capable of tive readout. Bubbles move in loops made replicator and annihilator.
storing 250,000 bits of small bars of permalloy. As the mag- If a replicate pulse is applied to the cir-
of information. The netic field driving circuit rotates, the permal- cuit, the bubble is duplicated. While one
new circuit has 252 loy bars change their magnetic bias, attract- copy goes on to the detectors and eventual
minor loops consisting
of 1137 bubble po-
PE RM AL LOY
sitions of which 224 PATTERN
are guaranteed.
The PHASE OF DRIVING
MAGNETIC FIELD BUBBLE
memory has an access
time of 7.3 ms for the
first bit of the 224 bit
page.
0)
Figure 1: Movement of a magnetic bubble through

0) a permalloy pattern in
response to a rotating magnetic field.
166 June 1979 g¡ BYTE Publications Inc

BUBBLE GENERATOR REPLICATOR E
ANNHILATOR
BUBBLE
DETECTORS
MAJOR LOOP FOR
DATA 1/0 (640
BIT POSITIONS)
JBUBBLE
7RNFER LINE
-- PAGE 0
PAGE I
PAGE 640 Figure 2: Logical layout of

157 the Texas Instruments TBM
157 MINOR LOOPS
0101 bubble memory. The
157 minor loops are used
for data storage. Each loop
destruction, the other bubble continues isapplied it may not be possible to locate contains 641 bit positions.
around the major loop until it is shunted page zero for proper addressing. This is be-
back onto its minor loop, thus providing cause there are no physical indices to mark
nondestructive readout. The bubble that is the beginning of the medium. If the TMS
passed on to the detectors activates dual 9916 controller is used, power failure detec-
Hall effect devices that vary their elec- tion circuitry will initiate data positioning
trical resistance with varying magnetic fields. automatically. This process requires 12.8 ms,
Two of these detectors are supplied in order so the system's power supplies should re-
to cancel noise through the use of a detector main in regulation for at least this long.
bridge connected to a differential amplifier. Considering the high price of the mag-
The detectors have a nominal resistance of netic bubble medium, it is unlikely that it
1100 ohms and are matched to within will be used in a removable form as is the
±10 ohms. A single bubble passing under the case with the floppy disk. Instead, they will
two detectors produces a 7 mV signal with probably be built into a cabinet (or even a
two positive and two negative peaks. Care mainframe) and used as a drum would be.
must be taken when laying out circuit An 11 K byte drum may seem small, but re-
boards to avoid long detector signal lines member that single circuits with 3 to 10
and cross -coupling of control signal noise. times the capacity of the TBM 0101 are on
The rotating magnetic field for shifting their way.
the bubbles is produced by driving the coils
built into the circuit with signals that are
90° out of phase at a maximum frequency CLOSED
OPEN
of 100 kHz. This technique is shown in fig- Figure 3: This simple cir- A
I I
ure 3. For standby low power operation, cuit is an example of how

B
the coil drive may be turned off with no loss the bubble memory field
of data. may be driven. c
Data in the memory is organized in the
form of 18 byte pages and 641 pages per in- D
tegrated circuit for a total of 11,538 bytes.

412v -IOµS- I
Using the TMS 9916 controller, any byte r -,

within a page may be randomly accessed, al-
though the pages are serially accessed. Each
minor loop contributes a bit to the forma-
tion of a page, so that the 144 bits of a page
are distributed over 144 minor loops.
Prior to removing power from the mem-
L J
ory system, the user must be sure that page
zero is rotated back into the page zero posi- -12V
tion. If this is not done, the next time power

Stacks in Microprocessors
T Radhakrishnan Introduction
Dept of Computer Science
The stack or the "last in first out" A
Concordia University N
Montreal CANADA
(LIFO) data structure has become an essen-
tial tool in computer systems. There are X
M V Bhat two major operations associated with this

A
Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, Canada data structure:
Engineering Computing EMPTY PUSH A PUSH X
Longuenil Quebec CANADA PUSH: places a new data item on PUSH K
top of the existing ones in

the stack.
POP: removes the topmost ele-
ment of the stack for suc-
ceeding operations.
X A
A spring loaded plate holder in a cafeteria

A
is a good example of a "stack," since addi-
tion and removal of items occur at the same
end in a last in first out sequence (see figure
POP POP
1).
When the capacity of a stack is "n"
items, then n +1 consecutive PUSH opera- Figure 1: A sample 3 word stack. A PUSH
tions will cause the stack to overflow. command causes one piece of data to be
Similarly, popping an empty stack creates "PUSHed" onto the stack; the resident
an underflow. Even though stack underflow data is pushed downward to make room.
may not occur intentionally, programmers Similarly, a POP command removes the
should account for this condition. Stack topmost piece of data and shifts the rest of
overflow is more probable when the stack the stack upward.
capacity is not large enough to accom-
modate all the occurring conditions
simultaneously. a portion of the main memory to accom-
Stack size is one of the major design modate the stack. Consequently, the stack
parameters in processor architecture. For capacity is determined by the free space in
instance, the earlier Intel 8008 processor the main memory and is more flexible. In
had a built -in 7 level subroutine control figure 2 the occupied portion of the stack
stack which was later increased to a more grows from low to high memory addresses.
general stack pointer which could range Hence, the PUSH operation increments the
throughout memory in the 8080. stack pointer and the POP operation decre-
In the software realization of stacks, ments it. It is not difficult to introduce the
a programmable memory location is used stack overflow and underflow conditions in
along with an address pointer, called the the above simulation.
"stack pointer" or SP. The stack pointer In another realization of stacks, a set of
points to the memory location that holds n registers constitutes a stack. Every POP
the top element of the stack; the pointer is operation takes the data item from the top-
updated (incremented or decremented) after most register; the data in each stack location
every push or pop operation (see figure 2). is then shifted upward. The PUSH operation
In this case the programmer must set aside shifts the stack contents down one place

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MICRO -AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO
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O -AP MICRO -AP MICRO -AP MICRO -AP MICRO
ICRO -AP MICRO -AP MICRO -AP MICRO -AP MICR
CRO -AP MICRO -AP MICRO -AP MICRO -AP MICRO
P MICRO -AP MICRO -AP MICRO -AP MICRO -AP MICR
MICRO -AP MICRO -AP MICRO -AP MICRO -AP MICRO
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MICRO -AP MICRO -AP MICRO -AP MICRO
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RO -AP MICRO -A' RO -AP MICRO -AP
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SELECTOR III ALLOWS automatically generate III -C2 is dedicated to Vers. 2
INSTANT RECALL OF ANY reports with control -break only, runs about twice as
RECORD USING ANY IN- summaries and unlimited fast, and costs $345.
FORMATION ITEM IN THE variety.
RECORD. That statement Both systems are available in
bring an application on-
deserves re- reading, be- a variety of CP /M, diskette
line in hours instead of size and density formats
cause that ability makes months.
SELECTOR III the most including IBM 8 "; North Star;
powerful Date Base Man- SELECTOR III comes com- Micropolis; TRS -80; Pro-
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With SELECTOR III And, since it's distributed in
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1 Available from computer stores nationwide
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create sorted pointers to SELECTOR III runs under MICRO -AP
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cif or range of requirements. priced at $295. SELECTOR nowilmilmiummimitmiwimmime
Circle 213 on inquiry card. BYTE fune 1979 169
and adds the new data item. In this ap-
proach, reading from and writing to the data
structure occur only with the topmost regis-
Pop: Operand M[SP]; ter. Inter -register transfers can be achieved in
SP SP -1. parallel during the same clock period. The
Push: SP 4- SP +1; stack facility available with IMP -8C micro-
M[SP] 4- Operand. processor, an example of this type, has a
capacity of 16 words. This method of
realization is known as the fixed top (figure
o K a
1) in contrast to the moving top approach
r explained earlier (figure 2). The flexibility
x a-I associated with the latter can be combined
with the speed advantage of the former as
A a-2
is done with PACE microprocessors (see
o-3 table 1).
Most modern processors provide one or
M MEMORY M: MEMORY
BEFORE POP AFTER POP more registers to hold stack pointers. For
example, there is one stack pointer register
Figure 2: A software simulation of the pushdown stack. Operation of the in the Intel 8080 and there can be as many
stack is identical to the hardware stack (see figure 1), except that there is as 16 stack pointers in the RCA 1802
no dedicated hardware involved. Instead, a program creates a stack pointer processor (see table 1). The pop and push
in memory which points to the current location of the top of the stack. instructions update the SP registers auto-
matically. The architecture and the stack
oriented instructions differ widely among
Hardware Stack or the various processors, and table 1 gives
Processor Stack Pointer Stack Oriented Instructions Remarks
details of some of the common ones.
1. 8080 16 bit stack pointer a) Push register pair into stack
b) Pop register pair from stack
c) Push /Pop processor status word Typical Applications of Stacks
d) Exchange stack top with
register pair IH,L) Suppose a routine A calls another routine
e) Load SP from register pair (H.L)
B at some point a in A. Similarly, let B call
2. Z -80 16 bit stack pointer a) All the instructions of Intel 8080
bl Push /Pop the (two) index C at point b. The addresses a +1 and b +1 are
registers
the return addresses where execution control
3. M6800 16 bit stack pointer a) Push /Pop the IA or BI accumulator will return from the called routine. It is
b) Load SP from memory
c) Store SP into memory evident from figure 3 that the return ad-
d) Transfer index register contents
to SP dresses are used in the reverse order of their
Transfer SP into index register
e)
f) Increment /Decrement SP
sequence of occurrence. The labels cl , c2,
c3 in figure 3 stand for the first, second and
4. RCA 1802 16 bit stack pointer a) Increment /Decrement the selected Any of the 16
register ISP) registers can third calling of routines, and rl , r2, r3 stand
b) Push /Pop the working ID) register be used as a SP
c) Load the D register into left or for the first, second and third returns from
right half of SP the called routines. This last in first out
5. PACE Hardware stack a) Push /Pop program counter Stack overflow (LIFO) nature of the use of return addresses
8 16 bit words b) Push /Pop the specified register Underflow
cl Exchange the contents of the Interrupts are in multilevel calling is commonly imple-
register with SP provided
dl Push /Pop the flag register mented with stacks. Simple extensions have
been devised to pass the parameters along
6. IMP -8C Hardware stack a) Push /Pop the selected accumulator No overflow
16 8 bit words into stack Underflow with these return addresses using the stack
b) Exchange the stack top with the Interrupts
selected accumulator structure (see reference 1).
cl Push /Pop the status flags into The calls shown in figure 3 could also be
the stack
considered as calls to service routines due to
asynchronous interrupt signals. In the latter
Table 1: Stack features of some common microprocessors. The stack is a case, the return addresses are not predeter-
storage place in a computer designed to hold pieces of data in serial order. mined address points, but are instead the
"PUSHing" an element onto the stack causes the existing elements in the contents of the program counter. However,
stack to be moved downward, in much the same manner as a spring loaded the last in first out nature of the return
plate holder found in restaurants. `POPing" an element from the stack re- addresses remains valid. The call due to an
moves the most recent addition to the stack for use. Because of these two interrupt creates a new process, and hence
features, the stack operation is often referred to as `last in first out, " or the status of the current process (process
"LIFO." status word, flags, etc) has to be additionally

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DIGITAL PATHWAYS
Stack Machines
Among the architectures with two stacks,
two broad categories are evident. The first
\rI kind of machine provides stack features
ROUTINE A along with conventional architecture. This
stack feature might be implemented through
ROUTINE B
\ r2
a hardware realized stack, a stack pointer
register with a set of associated hardware
\r3
ROUTINE C
\ instructions, or a complete software simula-
tion using a memory location as the stack
and its pointer. Some combinations of these
ROUTINE D
three approaches are also present in some
recent processor architectures. Most proc-
Figure 3: Diagrammatic representation of multilevel, or "nested," subrou-
essors have some sort of stack facility and
tines. The return address of each subroutine call must be remembered so that
instructions to manipulate data with stacks
the program can return to the right place after the subroutine is completed.
or stack pointers.
The `last in first out" nature of nested subroutines is such that the stack is
The second kind of machine with stack
a logical way to keep track of the return addresses.
facility can be called a stack machine. Its
architecture is completely centered on
stacks. The Burroughs B5500 and B6700,
saved. Some processors, like the IMP -8C,
HP3000 and ICL2900 are examples of this
have instructions to push and pop status
category. In these machines, the three basic
flags onto stacks. In other processors, this
functions of process management, memory
is done automatically when an interrupt
management, and data management of jobs
occurs. Stacks in microprocessors, starting
are all stack oriented. Most of these archi-
from the early Intel designs, have tradi-
tionally been used primarily for subroutine
control and interrupt handling. Contents of Stack
Another use of stacks, though one not Op Code (read left to right)
much used in the hardware of processors,
PUSH A A
is in the compiling arithmetic expressions.
PUSH B B,A
Consider the following arithmetic expression: ADD I A+B I
PUSH C C, ( A+B )
A +BXC -D /E MPY (A+B)C
PUSH D D,(A+B)C
In this form, the "operator" between the
is PUSH E E,D,IA+B) C
DIV (D/E),(A+B)C
two operands. This is known as infix SUB (A+B)C-ID/E)
notation. The form in which the operator
follows the operands is called postfix or Figure 4: Op code designed for use with
reverse Polish after the Polish logician Polish postfix notation on stack oriented
J Luckasiewicz, who investigated the prop- computers. Polish notation is a method
erties of this notation. The postfix equivalent for rewriting expressions unambiguously by
of the above expression, which does not systematically segregating operators and
require any parentheses, is as follows: operands. For instance, the expression used
AB +CX DE /- in this example appears as (A +B)XC -DIE
in normal, or "infix" notation; the Polish
Algorithms exist which use the stacks to postfix equivalent is AB +CXDEI. The latter
convert arithmetic expressions from infix can be directly used by a stack oriented
to postfix notation (see reference 2). Figure computer, which automatically performs
4 shows a sample code for the above postfix stack operations. (For example, a stack
expression; it is meant for a computer with ADD instruction takes the top two elements
stacks, and is used to evaluate arithmetic of the stack, adds them together, and pushes
expressions. Operations such as ADD and them back onto the stack. The MULT,
SUB take the top two elements of the stack, DIV and SUB operators work in the same
perform the operation, and then push the manner.) The algorithm for evaluating the
result back onto the stack. Such a system expression then reduces to examining each
is called a stack computer. Using this postfix element in the Polish notation string from
notation, it is not hard to generate code for left to right, pushing it onto the stack if
machines with single accumulators or for it is an operand and performing the opera-
machines with multiple registers. tion if it is an operator.

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BYTE lune 1979

r
'173
(a) noticeable in block structured programming,
which is becoming popular. As Doran points
(yl.y2,y3) Y N (n l) out (see reference 1), stack machines have
K
(kl,k2) proven to be successful. The increasing cost
of software and the flexibility available
through microprogramming indicates a trend
towards stack machines or, at least, toward
(:I) Z a greater use of stack features in computer
architectures.
tl Conclusions
y3 y3 Developments in software and program-
(b)
y2 y2 k2 ming techniques during the past decade have
y yl kl
proven the advantages of stack data struc-
x2 x2 x2 x2 tures. Microprocessors of recent origin
x x x provide adequate facilities to support this
data structure. The provision of stack
pointers is a compromise between the ex-
tectures support block structured languages pensive and inflexible hardware stacks at
(c) similar to ALGOL or PL /l. A program one end and the inexpensive and flexible
written in a block structured language can software simulation at the other end. Most
X: Begin
Integer x1, x2; be visualized as a tree structure; execution microprocessors have stack pointers and a
of the program traces some paths in this set of associated machine instructions.
tree structure. The relationship between tree Stack machines have certain advantages
Y: Begin structures and stack data structures is well in higher level block structured programming
Integer y1, y2, y3; known (see reference 4). An example is and the implementation of operating sys-
shown in figure 5 along with "snapshots" tems. At present, programming with micro-
of stacks holding the program variables. processors is done mostly in machine or
Because of the limited access points with assembly language level. Large in -house
Z: Begin
Integer z1; stacks, certain extensions are required in software systems for microprocessors are not
stack machines to implement the array data yet a reality. As a result, stack machine
structures. These extensions are of a dif- architectures are still in the realm of large
End; (Z) ferent kind, such as the use of index registers machines.
for addressing. Similarly, to facilitate process
and memory management, special software
End; (Y)
tools are used. Acknowledgement
Computer systems and architectures can
K: Begin We gratefully acknowledge the help
Integer k1, k2; be appraised from three points of view: the
languages available to users (application and of K Venkatesh, research assistant,
system programmers), the operating system, Computer Science Department of Con-
and the hardware. These three areas are cordia University, in the preparation of
End; (K)
highly interrelated, and it is difficult to this manuscript.
separate their capabilities. A few stack
machine architectures are commercially
N: Begin available with facilities for multiprogram-
Integer n1; REFERENCES
ming and timesharing. The architecture of
the Burroughs systems is such that the sys- 1. Doran, R W, "Architecture of Stack Machines"
tem software can be effectively written in in High Level Language Computer Archi-
a high level language. Stack machines have tecture, edited by Y Chu, Academic Press
End; (N)
good and bad points. Their advantages are 1975.
2. Gries, D, Compiler Construction for Digital
End; (X) Computers, John Wiley & Sons, NY 1971.
3. McKeeman, W, "Stack Computers" in Intro-
duction to Computer Architecture, edited by
Figure S: A block structured program. Programs written in block structured H S Stone, SRA Inc 1975.
languages can be visualized as tree structures (figure 5a). ALGOL and PL /I 4. Knuth, D E, The Art of Programming, vol 1,
are examples of this type of language. The tree in this illustration shows how Fundamental Algorithms, Addison Wesley,
Reading MA 1968.
the program is structured. Figure 56 shows how the stacks in a stack oriented 5. Organick, E I, Computer System Organization:
machine would look at various points of the program. Figure 5c shows the The 85700/86700 Series, Academic Press
block layout of the program. 1973.

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Designing
a Command language
G A Van den Bout Nearly every system, whether it is com- allows for both the experienced user who
929 Tower St posed of ten lines of code or ten thousand knows exactly what data the program needs
Raleigh NC 27607 lines of code, will perform three distinct at every instant and for the first time user
functions. It will receive input from the who requires some help from the system
user, it will process this input and it will now and then, but who will soon become
output the results. Of these three functions, familiar with the system and probably prefer
the one which undoubtedly receives the to avoid the repetitious prompting.
least attention from the system designer is Consider the following example which,
the communication from the user of the although hypothetical and not necessarily
system to the system itself. typical of chess playing programs in general,
Hours and hours may be spent per- illustrates problems which do exist in
fecting a processing algorithm and com- many systems. A superb chess playing pro-
puting field lengths so that the resulting gram has been designed after months of
output can be instantly understood, yet hard work. Along with this program, a
due to the lack of consideration put into graphics output system has been devised to
the input stage of the system, the user display the present formation of the board
may be forced to plow through a series after each move is made. When the user sits
of questions and answers directed to him down to test his skill against that of the
by the system. This is a situation which machine, he becomes a partner to the fol-
would try the patience of even the most lowing dialogue:
tolerant person. Sometimes a situation even
(C: COMPUTER; P: PLAYER)
worse than this series of questions may
C: DO YOU WISH TO MOVE(1), CAPTURE(2),
be caused by the designer who is very OR CASTLE(3)? ENTER 1, 2, OR 3.
familiar with the system. In an effort to P: 1
save time and memory space, the designer C: ENTER NUMBER (1 -8) OF ROW THAT
may decide to reduce or even entirely omit PIECE IS ON.
P: 2
any prompting by the program. This leaves C: ENTER LETTER (A -Z) OF COLUMN THAT
the decision of what information must be PIECE IS ON.
entered to the intuition of the user, or to P: D
a system manual which will probably not C: ENTER NUMBER (1 -8) OF ROW TO WHICH
YOU ARE MOVING.
be around when it is needed.
P: ...
A good solution to the problem would
be a well designed command language which No matter how well the machine plays
would allow the user to supply all of the chess, it is doubtful whether it will be used
information which is needed by the pro- by any particular person for more than a few
gram at one time, in a single command. games. Despite the thought that went into
Then, if any of the required data has not the rest of the program, no creative thought
been entered, the computer can prompt the was put into the command language for the
user for the remaining items. This method system.
176 June 1979 U BYTE. Publications Inc

Figure 1: A finite state
machine with one initial
state and three final states
that is capable of recog-
nizing the words: sat, sog,
sogs, hat, hog and hogs.
Now, consider the following conversation Consider the finite state machine shown
between the computer and the player. it figure 1. Each circle represents a state of
the finite state machine. In this example
C: ENTER YOUR FIRST MOVE.
P: MOVE FROM D2 TO D4 there are seven states: S, 1, 2, 3, F1, F2 and
C: I MOVE FROM H5 TO E2. CHECK. F3. The names chosen for the states are
P: CAPTURE E2 arbitrary. The directed lines between the
C: FROM WHERE? states are called state transition paths. The
P: H2
state transition path, labeled with an H,
C:
located between state S and state 1, is
This method not only cuts down on the named S -1(H). The parenthetical symbol
unnecessary chatter which was encountered will be omitted when there is no ambiguity,
in the first case, but gives the player credit such as the path 1 -3. The states which are
for possessing some knowledge of what is circled twice are final states. The final
happening in the game. By taking time to states in figure 1 are F1, F2 and F3. The
design an easy to use command language, the states which are pointed to by arrows which
designer can produce a game which will not lead from no other state are called initial
only play well but which will also be enjoy- states. The only initial state in figure 1 is S.
able to use. This finite state machine can be used to
The problem encountered when designing recognize several different strings, a string
a program which handles a set of commands in this case being merely a sequence of
such as these is that often no organized letters. For a particular string to be recog-
approach is taken to assure that the allow- nized, an ordered path must exist between
able commands are processed correctly. an initial state and a final state such that
Each input string may be scanned and re- every symbol in the string being recognized
scanned for the information which is needed exists (in its original order) along the path
by the program. This type of haphazard starting at the initial state. Using this finite
approach will very likely produce unreadable state machine the string HOG is recognized
code which is hard to debug and which may in the following manner. Starting at initial
contain hidden errors and ambiguities. To state S, the first symbol in the string, H,
avoid these problems, the theory of finite leads to state 1 along path S -1(H). The
state machines (FSMs) may be used to second symbol, the letter O, selects path
produce a recognizer program which can 1 -3 leading to state 3. Finally, the symbol
parse the input commands and produce a G leads to the final state F2 via the path
structured command which can be inter- 3 -F2. Since this path exists from the initial
preted by the system. state S to the final state F2, the string has
Finite State Machines
Since the aim of this article is to show Figure 2: Finite state machine that has a
how to use finite state machines to aid in state transition path loop.
programming a command language, not to
thoroughly cover finite state machine B
theory, I will give a rather informal descrip-
tion of the machines. The representation
used here has appeared in various places, and
was chosen mainly because of its simplicity
for this application.
June 1979 0 BYTE Publications Inc 177

been recognized. The other strings which Assume that there is a game which is
can be recognized by this FSM are SAT, played on a chess board. The columns of the
HAT, SOG, SOGS and HOGS. board are labeled with the letters A thru H
Figure 3: A lexical finite State transition paths need not proceed and the rows of the board are labeled with
state machine for rec- to a new state. A state transition path may the numbers 1 thru 8. The three possible
ognizing the entities that return to a previous state or may even removes which may be made by any player
will be accepted by the turn to the state from which it started. Fig- consist of moving a piece from one square to
game: <TO>, <TA KE>, ure 2 is an example of a finite state machine another, MOVE, moving a piece to another
<MO V E >, <CA P>, which will recognize any string which begins square and capturing the piece on that
<FROM >, <END>, and ends with an A and which has zero or square, CAP, or removing one of his own
<POS>. more Bs between the two As, such as the pieces from the board, TAKE. Some exam-
strings: AA, ABA, ABBA, etc. ples of commands which are to be accepted
by the program are:
Sample Problem
MOVE FROM Al TO C3
Now that the basics of finite state ma- CAP FROM 4H TO Hl
chines have been explained, a simple com- TAKE FROM E5
MOVE TO F6 FROM 6G
mand language will be defined and imple-
mented using them as a design tool. Using It can be seen that the commands are
this example, a similar procedure can be made up of six basic entities which must be
followed to produce a recognizing pro- recognizable. Three of these entities are the
gram for nearly any command language commands MOVE, CAP and TAKE. TO and
which might be chosen. FROM are keywords which must be identi-
fied in order to interpret a command. The
final type is a position which may consist of
a letter followed by a number or a number
followed by a letter and which will exist one
or more times in each command.
<TAKE>
<MOVE>
<POS>
<FROM>
178 June 1979 BYTE Publications Inc

Command Recognizers come clear when the symbols are grouped
When command is entered to be inter-
a together to form tokens. The tokens which
preted by the computer, it consists merely exist in this game are the six entities de-
of a sequence of symbols (letters, numbers scribed above. These tokens will be referred
and spaces) which have no syntactic meaning to as <MOVE >, <CAP>, <TAKE >, <TO>,
of their own. The meaning only starts to be- <FROM>, <POS >. A finite state machine
which will recognize each of these tokens is
shown in figure 3. Blanks are shown on this
diagram and in the following diagrams as
small squares. Note that one new token has
been added to the six types listed above.
This new token is <END> which is recog-
Figure 4: A syntactic
finite state machine for
<MOVE> <FROM> <POS> <TO> <POS>
accepting valid commands.
<END>
<TO>
>
S8 <POS> _ <FROM> _
_
<POS>
<TAKE> <FROM> <POS>

S3 <END>
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TEXAS INSTRUMENTS
01979 Texas Instruments Incorporated INCORPORATED 81679
5: Two example
Figure (b) together input symbols to determine the
(a) 3
COMMAND arrays. COM- tokens which have been input. The next
MA ND array A results process which must be performed is the
H A
after processing the com- process of syntactic analysis, checking the
mand MOVE TO Cl 6 7 order of the tokens which have been formed
FROM 1-16. COMMAND to see whether they form a valid command.
array B is the result of For example, the two "commands ":
processing TAKE FROM
MOVE FROM Al TO C3
A7. Al C3 FROM TO MOVE
are both composed of valid tokens for the
nized when an end of line (eol) delimiter is example language but only the first com-
found. mand is syntactically correct. To determine
Most of this finite state machine is self- the syntactic correctiness of a command an-
explanatory. Note, however, the two states other finite state machine must be designed.
L15 and L23 which are entered after match- This machine, rather than having paths la-
ing an initial C or F, respectively. These beled with symbols from a character set, will
states represent a point in the matching proc- have labels which are valid tokens of the lan-
ess where the token being recognized may guage being processed. Figure 4 shows a fi-
be either a command (<CAP> or <FROM >) nite state machine which will accept the
or a position (<POS>). When the next sym- valid commands of the language.
bol in the input stream is examined, the rec-
ognition of the token as a position (paths Semantic Routines
L15 -L20 and L23 -L20) or as a command
(paths L15 -L16 and L23 -L24) can be made. At this point two finite state machines
The finite state machine which has just have been produced which can be used to
been described performs the process known recognize valid commands for the game.
as lexical analysis, the process of grouping Before these machines are used to help
produce code to process actual commands,
the results of processing each command
must be defined. After a decision has been
Table 1: Semantics for the syntactic finite state machine.
made regarding these results, semantic
routines, routines to carry out the processing
S1S2(<MOVE>) : SET COMMAND(1) TO 1
S1-S2(<CAP>) . SET COMMAND(1) TO 2 of the various commands, should be associ-
SI-S3 SET COMMAND(1) TO 3 ated with each state transition path of the
S4-S7 SET COMMAND(2) TO COLUMN (A -H) finite state machines. In our system, each
SET COMMAND(3) TO ROW (1 -8)
S10-S13 : SET COMMAND(4) TO COLUMN (A -H) command will be converted to a set of codes
SET COMMAND(5) TO ROW (1 -8) and placed in an array called COMMAND
S8-S9 SET COMMAND(4) TO COLUMN (A -H)
:
SET COMMAND(5) TO ROW (1 -8) which will have five elements. COMMAND(1)
S 10 -S6 : SET COMMAND(2) TO COLUMN (A -H) will be set to a code describing the command
SET COMMAND(3) TO ROW (1 -8) operation (1 =MOVE, 2 =CAP, 3= TAKE),
S12-S13 : SET COMMAND(2) TO COLUMN (A -H)
SET COMMAND(3) TO ROW (1 -8) COMMAND(2) and COMMAND(3) will
OTHERS (NO SEMANTICS) hold, respectively, the column and the row
position associated with the FROM key-
word. COMMAND(4) and COMMAND(5)
Table 2: Semantics for the lexical finite state machine.
will hold the column and row position
These routines are used to set up the array TOKEN.
associated with the TO keyword. Figure 5
L1-L2 SET TOKEN(1) TO 0
shows the expected results of processing
SET TOKEN(2) TO 6 following two commands:
SET TOKEN(2) TO 4 MOVE TO Cl FROM H6
L8-L9 SET TOKEN(1) TO 0 TAKE FROM A7
SET TOKEN(2) TO 3
L13-L14 SET TOKEN(1) TO 0 For the finite state machine that is shown
SET TOKEN(2) TO 1
L17-L18 SET TOKEN(1) TO 0 in figure 4, table 1 shows the semantics
SET TOKEN(2) TO 2 which will produce the desired results.
Routines for paths such as S1- S2(<MOVE>)
SET TOKEN(2) TO 5
L1-L19 SET TOKEN(2) TO INPUT CHARACTER set the first element of the COMMAND
L1-L22 SET TOKEN(1) TO INPUT CHARACTER array to indicate which command was rec-
L19-L20 SET TOKEN(1) TO INPUT CHARACTER ognized. Path S2 -S3 is an implicit recog-
L22-L20 SET TOKEN(2) TO INPUT CHARACTER
L15-L20 SET TOKEN(1) TO INPUT CHARACTER nition of the word FROM and has no
SET TOKEN(2) TO "C" semantics associated with it since nothing
L23-L20 : SET TOKEN(1) TO INPUT CHARACTER
SET TOKEN(2) TO "F" must be done until the path 53 -54 is tra-
OTHERS : (NO SEMANTICS) versed. When this action occurs, the row and

INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE by Philip C HOW TO BUILD A COMPUTER -CONTROLLED ROBOT by Tod
Jackson Jr. Lo ofbourrow.
This book surveys the field beginning with Turing's test, the mathe- This book combines the dream of robotics -to create an intelligence
matical description of phenomena, finite state machines and limits to other than human -with the reality, by providing both hands -on experi-
computational ability, followed by chapters on problem solving, game ence with robotics and an application of a microprocessor. It details
playing, pattern perception, theorem proving, semantic information the step -by -step directions for building a robot, named "Mike," con-
processing, parallel processing, evolutionary systems, robots, and a trolled by a KIM -1 microprocessor, with the complete control programs
look at the future of the field. This thoughtful and unusual book will clearly written out. 132 pp. $7.95.
make a useful addition to your library. A 50 -page bibliography is in-
cluded. 453 pp. $18.50 hardcover (no photo).
ROBOTS ON YOUR DOORSTEP by NelsWinklessand Iben Browning.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE by Patrick Henry Winston. "This book will amaze you, frighten you, nauseate you, excite
This book is designed for use in a course on artificial intelligence, you. . .it will probably make you think about things you have never
but should prove invaluable to the newcomer to the topic, as well as contemplated before," states the introduction to this clever and well -
being useful to the experienced as a reference text. Part One is set up written account of robots: past, present, and future. Intelligence,
to be used as an introduction to the key ideas of the subject, including artificial intelligence, brain structure and simulation, and characteristics
the basics of elementary representation, symbolic constraint exploi- of robots are only a few of the areas explored. 179 pp. $6.95.
tation, search, and control. In addition, understanding natural language,
representing common sense meaning, computer vision, and expert
problem solving are covered. Part Two covers the programming lan- HOW TO SOLVE PROBLEMS by Wayne A Wickelgren.
guage LISP, its organization and uses. Profusely illustrated. Only Analyzes and systematizes the basic methods of solving
$17.95 hardcover. 444 pp. mathematical problems. The methods are described in terms of a
modern theory derived from research in computer simulation of think-
ing. Examples illustrating these methods include chess problems,
ADAPTIVE INFORMATION PROCESSING, AN INTRODUCTORY
logical puzzles, and railroad switching problems frequently en-
SURVEY by Jeffrey R Sampson.
countered in science and engineering. $6.50.
Even the most complex of today's computers is dwarfed by the ca-
pabilities of its designer's brain. Imitation of the capabilities and adap-
tive nature of biological information processing systems has long been a
goal of computer designers. Jeffrey R Sampson presents an introduc- THE THINKING COMPUTER: MIND INSIDE MATTER by Bertram
tory survey of this field. From the fundamentals of information and in- Raphael.
formation processing entities, he examines the richness of biological in- With a minimum of technical jargon, this book discusses the capa-
formation processing and goes on to cover the application of computers bilities of modern digital computers and how they are being used in
to artificial intelligence. His is a view which unifies the diverse aspects contemporary Al research. It discusses the progress of AI, the goals,
of the subject of artificial intelligence, emphasizing adaptive behavior. and the variety of current approaches to making the computer more
214 pp. $14.80 hardcover. intelligent.$8.50
COMPUTER MODELS OF THOUGHT AND LANGUAGE edited by COMPUTER POWER AND HUMAN REASON by Joseph Weizenbaum.
Roger C Schank & Kenneth Mark Colby. If you're presently a programmer by trade or skill, you'll see a philo-
Part of the current work in Al involves the modeling of human sophy of computer use and abuse propounded. If you're a novice, the
mental processes in computer programs. Here is a collection of articles, tutorial and explanatory chapters of this book serve as an excellent
which deal with natural language models, models of belief systems, and and eminently readable background source. This includes an out-
models of memory and cognition. Required reading for Al enthusiasts. standing, low level explanation of what an algorithm is, and how
450 pp. $24.95 hardcover. computers execute effective algorithms. $6.50
For your convenience in ordering, please use this page plus the
order form on page 200. You may photocopy this page.
DIAL YOUR CHARGE CARO ORDERSTOLL FREE
BITS"1 Books to erase the impossible (800) 258 -5477. Mon - Fri 9-5 PM
POB 428, 25 Route 101 West, Peterborough NH, 03458 "Artificial Intelligence Quotient
BYTE lune 1979 181

column are stored in the COMMAND array state machine just described to obtain
to indicate the FROM position. When a tokens from the input stream when they are
final state is reached, an entire command needed. The output from the lexical finite
has been parsed and the COMMAND array state machine will be a 2 element array
contains all of the necessary information to named TOKEN which will contain the
fully describe the command. following codes. If the token is <POS>,
The lexical finite state machine shown in then the first element of TOKEN will be
figure 3 will be used by the syntactic finite the row number and the second element
Listing 1: Routine constructed for the lexical finite state machine.
GO TO LEXERR;
LEX IS A SUBROUTINE WHICH EXAMINES INPUT *
CHARACTERS UNTIL IT FINDS A VALID TOKEN OR
AN INPUT ERROR. SUBROUTINE RCHAR READS THE
* -
STATE 8 HAVE FOUND <TAKE>
L8: CALL RCHAR();
NEXT CHARACTER FROM THE INPUT BUFFER INTO IF CHAR = ' ' THEN DO;
CHAR. ' #' IS THE END -OF- BUFFER CHARACTER. TOKEN(2) = 3;
LEX SETS TOKEN (THE TWO ELEMENT ARRAY) TO RETURN;
THE FOLLOWING CODES: END;
GO TO LEXERR;
TOKEN(1) TOKEN(2)
STATES 10 THRU 13 ARE VERY SIMILAR
<MOVE> 1 TO STATES 3 THRU 8 ABOVE AND ARE
<CAP> 2 NOT SHOWN.
<TAKE> 3
<TO>
<FROM>
4 -
STATE 15 HAVE FOUND 'C'
5 CALL RCHAR();
<END> 6 IF CHAR = '1' '2' '3' '4' '5'
I I I I I
ERROR 7 '6' '7' '8' THEN DO;

I I
<POS> COL: A -Z TOKEN(1) = CHAR;

TOKEN(2) = 'C';
SUBROUTINE; GO TO L20;
TOKEN(1) = 0 END;
*
IF CHAR = 'A' THEN GO TO L16;
* STATE 1 -
BEGINNING STATE GO TO LEXERR;
L1: CALL RCHAR( ); *
IF CHAR = ' THEN GO TO L1;
'
* STATES 16 AND 17 RECOGNIZE THE REST OF
IF CHAR = 'T' THEN GO TO L3; * <CAP> AND ARE NOT SHOWN.
IF CHAR = 'M' THEN GO TO L 10; *
IF CHAR = 'C' THEN GO TO L15;
IF CHAR = 'F' THEN GO TO L23;
* -
STATE 19 HAVE FOUND COLUMN LETTER (A -Z)
L19: IF CHAR = 'l' '2' '3' '4' '5'
I
IF CHAR = ' #' THEN DO;

I I I I
'6' '7' '8' THEN DO;

I I
TOKEN(2) = 6; TOKEN(1) = CHAR;

RETURN; GO TO L20;
END; END;
IF CHAR = 'A' 'B' 'D' 'E' 'G'
I I I
GO TO LEXERR;
'H' THEN DO; *
TOKEN(2) = CHAR;
GO TO L19;
* -
STATE 20 HAVE FOUND <POS>
L20: IF CHAR = ' ' THEN RETURN;
END; GO TO LEXERR;
IF CHAR = '1' '2' '3' '4' '5'
I I I I I
*
'6' '7' '8' THEN DO;
TOKEN(1) = CHAR;
I I
* -
STATE 22 HAVE FOUND ROW NUMBER (1 -8)
L22: IF CHAR = 'A' 'B' 'C' 'D' 'E'
I
I I I I
GO TO L22; 'F' 'G' 'H' THEN DO;

I I
END; TOKEN(2) = CHAR;

GO TO LEXERR; GO TO L20;
*
END;
* -
STATE 3 HAVE FOUND 'T' GO TO LEXERR;
L3: CALL RCHAR( );
IF CHAR ='O' THEN GO TO L4; * -
STATE 23 HAVE FOUND 'F'
IF CHAR = 'A' THEN GO TO L6; L23: IF CHAR = 'l' '2'
I '3' '4' '5'
I I I I
GO TO LEXERR; '6' '7' '8' THEN DO;

* I
TOKEN(1) = CHAR;
I
* -
STATE 4 HAVE FOUND <TO> TOKEN(2) = 'F';
L4: CALL RCHAR( ); GO TO L20;
IF CHAR = ' ' THEN DO; END;
TOKEN(2) = 4; IF CHAR = 'R' THEN GO TO L24;
RETURN; GO TO LEXERR;
END; *
GO TO LEXERR; * STATES 24 THRU 26 ARE SIMILAR TO OTHER
* * STATES WHICH RECOGNIZE KEYWORDS AND ARE
* -
STATE 6 HAVE FOUND 'TA' *
*
NOT SHOWN.
L6: CALL RCHAR( );
IF CHAR = 'K' THEN GO TO L7;
GO TO LEXERR;
* -
LEXERR AN ERROR HAS BEEN ENCOUNTERED
* IN THE INPUT STRING.
* LEXERR: TOKEN(1) = 0;
* -
STATE 7 HAVE FOUND 'TAK' TOKEN(2) = 7;
L7: CALL RCHAR(); RETURN;
IF CHAR = 'E' THEN GO TO L8; END LEX;

Microcomputer BASIC
UPDATES Software
Keeping up with the blizzard of new microelectronic Complete source listings
components is a formidable task facing any engineer. First with remarks
there are innumerable part announcements; next comes 76 tested, working programs
unreadable literature, hastily compiled by the vendor who
places more emphasis on selling you than telling you. And Standard BASIC
what about availability? Will a part be available within three Math, statistics
months of its announcement, or three years? personal finance and
Osborne & Associates' publications offer a solution to these general interest programs
problems. You can bypass the vendor announcements,
ambitious claims and incomprehensible literature. Some Common BASIC Programs, by Lon Poole and Mary
Borchers. Designed for people who can use a variety of prac-
An Introduction to Microcomputers:
Volume
Volume
2
3
-- Some Real Products
Some Real Support Devices
tical BASIC programs. 76 programs are published in the
book, which includes program descriptions, sample runs, and
source listings with remarks. The documentation is complete
contain complete, objective part descriptions of virtually so that a minimum of programming knowledge is required in
every microprocessor and support device on the market order to use the programs. 200 pp., softbound. ( #06 -3, $8.50.-)
today. 'Price increases to 59.50 July I. 1979;
Volume 2 and Volume 3 of contain descriptions of products For PET Users

through June 1978. To remain current, each book has a yearly
update series to which you can subscribe. The first is the
1978 -1979 Update Series.
the PETS Cassette
The updates provide descriptions of the newest products If you use a Commodore PET, you have probably realized
throughout the year. Each update series is bimonthly; you that many BASIC programs require modification in order to
receive six updates per year per book, or 12 updates if you run optimally on the PET. We have done the reprogramming
subscribe to both series. Volume 2 and Volume 3 sold loose - necessary for Some Common BASIC Programs' programs to
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and video display, and now offer these listings for purchase
Among the newest part descriptions appearing in the first year's on our PET Cassette.
update series:
If you don't already own a Some Common BASIC Programs
Z8, Z8000 book, we urge you to purchase one for program
A/D and D/A converters documentation and user instructions. ( #25 -X, PET Cassette,
Floppy Disk Controllers $10.00.)
Am9511
Sy6551, R6531
6801, 6809
COPs, PPS4
TM990 Bus
Heath H8 Bus ARANTEE
RS449- 422 -423
S2651, S2652
MC6854
Vn
Volume
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2 -Some Real Microprocessors Volume 3 -
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Listing 2: Routine constructed for the syntactical finite state machine. will be the column letter. If the token is
not <POS>, then the first element of
TOKEN array will be set to zero and the
SYN IS A SUBROUTINE WHICH EXAMINES INPUT second element will be a code indicating
TOKENS TO DETERMINE IF A COMMAND IS OR IS
NOT VALID. SYN USES SUBROUTINE LEX TO which type of token was recognized (1 for
OBTAIN THE TOKENS FROM THE INPUT STREAM. <MOVE>, 2 for <CAP >, 3 for <TAKE >,
A FIVE ELEMENT ARRAY NAMED COMMAND IS 4 for <TO>, 5 for <FROM >, 6 for
SET USING THE FOLLOWING CODES:
<END >). The semantic routines associated
COMMAND(1) : O= ERROR, 1 =MOVE, 2 =CAP, 3 =TAKE. with the lexical finite state machine to
COMMAND(2) COLUMN (A -H) OF "FROM ".
set TOKEN correctly are shown in table 2.
:
COMMAND (3) : ROW (1 -8) OF "FROM".

COMMAND(4) COLUMN (A-H) OF "TO ".
COMMAND(5) : ROW (1-8) OF "TO ". Implementation
SUBROUTINE; The first step in implementing, the com-
STATE 1 -
BEGINNING STATE mand language is the conversion of the
CALL LEX( ); lexical finite state machine into a sub-
IF TOKEN(1) =0 & TOKEN(2) =1 THEN DO; routine which locates the next token in
COMMAND(1) = 1;
GO TO S2; the input stream and places the necessary
END; codes into TOKEN as described above.
IF TOKEN(1) =0 & TOKEN(2) =2 THEN DO;
COMMAND(1) = 2; If at any time, an error is detected while
GO TO S2; attempting to recognize a new token from
END; the input stream, then TOKEN(1) is set to
IF TOKEN(1) =0 & TOKEN(2) =3 THEN DO;
COMMAND(1) = 3; zero, TOKEN(2) is set to 7 and this routine
GO TO S3; returns to its calling routine.
END;
GO TO SYNERR;
A program named LEX, written in a
* BASIC -like language, which accomplishes
* -
STATE 2 <MOVE> OR <CAP> FOUND these results is shown in listing 1. Prior to
S2: CALL LEX();
IF TOKEN(1) =0 & TOKEN(2) =5 THEN GO TO S3; the invocation of this routine, the input
IF TOKEN(1)=0 & TOKEN(2) =4 THEN GO TO S4; command must be obtained from the user
GO TO SYNERR; and stored in a buffer followed by a blank
*
* -
STATE 3 <MOVE ><FROM> FOUND and the end of line character. A routine
S3: CALL LEX( ); RCHAR is assumed to exist, which reads
IF TOKEN(1) >0 THEN DO; the next character from the input buffer
COMMAND(2) = TOKEN(2);
COMMAND(3) = TOKEN(1); and places it into the variable CHAR.
GO TO S4; Because of the way that the program has
END;
GO TO SYNERR; been designed, the flow of the program is
* easy to understand and modifications are
* STATE 4 -
<MOVE><FROM><POS> FOUND easy to make if necessary, especially if
S4: CALL LEX( );
IF TOKEN(1) =0 & TOKEN(2) =4 THEN GO TO 55; the corresponding finite state machine
GO TO SYNERR; diagram is available. The program is divided
*
* -
STATE 5 <MOVE><FROM ><POS><TO> FOUND
into sections which correspond to the
S5: CALL LEX(); states in the finite state machine. Each
IF TOKEN(1)>0 THEN DO; section determines which state transition
COMMAND(4) = TOKEN(2);
COMMAND(5) = TOKEN(1); pointer should be followed from the
GO TO S6; character which is being scanned. It then
END; performs the semantics associated with this
GO TO SYNERR;
* state transition pointer and moves along
-
STATE 6 ENTIRE COMMAND FOUND the path by means of the appropriate GO-
S6: CALL LEX();
IF TOKEN(1) =0 & TOKEN(2) =6 THEN RETURN; TO statement. If during the processing of
GO TO SYNERR; any state, the input character being ex-
*
* amined does not correspond with any
STATES 8 THRU 13 ARE VERY SIMILAR TO STATES
* 2 THRU 6 AND ARE NOT SHOWN. valid state transition pointer, the routine
* sets TOKEN to the error code described
* -
SYNERR INVALID COMMAND SYNTAX. above and returns to its caller.
SYNERR: COMMAND(1) = 0;
RETURN; Listing 2 shows the routine constructed
END SYN; from the syntactic finite state machine. The

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structure of this program is almost identical carried out, a very elaborate and easy to
to the structure of the previous routine. This use command system can be created.
time each section of the program examines
the next token which has been obtained by Other Representations
a call to LEX, performs the appropriate The finite state machine diagrams in fig-
semantics for the path to be traversed, and ures 3 and 4 have been chosen to illustrate
then moves to the next defined state. the techniques of using finite state machines
Again, if either an invalid token is encoun- for designing command languages and do not
tered or if the routine LEX returns an error represent the only way to implement this
code, this routine returns to its caller after sample command language. An alternate
leaving an error code of zero in COMMAND. finite state machine which performs lexical
Due to the way these routines were con- analysis for the example game is shown in
structed, a single error code is returned if figure 6. In this finite state machine all
any error occurs in a command. But, be- of the commands and keywords (MOVE,
cause the exact location in the state dia- CAP, TAKE, TO and FROM) map into the
gram is known whenever an error occurs, single token <KEYWORD>. Semantic rou-
more descriptive error messages can be tines associated with the paths L1 -L6, L1 -L7,
generated, or fix up action may be per- L6 -L7 and L7 -L7 would be used to save the
formed. If the command: symbols which have already been matched.
Then when path L7 -L8 is traversed, the
MOVE TO A8
semantics associated with this path would
is entered, then the syntactic routine would include a table lookup routine to identify
encounter the <END> token while process- the command or keyword and correctly
ing state S8. Based on the present form of fill in the TOKEN array.
the program, the error message printed To illustrate this technique, observe how
would most likely be "INVALID COMMAND the finite state machine in figure 6 would
Figure 6: An alternate SYNTAX - ENTER NEW COMMAND" recognize the capture command. Starting
solution for the lexical since no attempt is made to analyze the with state L1, the C would cause the tra-
analysis of the game pro- syntax error. versal of path L1 -L6 and would be saved to
gram. However, instead of merely returning later help identify the token being parsed.
the zero error code to its caller, the syntactic The A and the P would similarly cause the
routine could return a unique code to indi- program to move along the paths L6 -L7
cate that the FROM section of the command and L7 -L7, respectively, and again these
is missing. The calling routine could then letters would be saved by the semantics
prompt the user for the coordinates of the associated with these paths. Finally, the
piece which is to be moved. Depending on ending blank would cause the traversal
the extent to which this error checking is of path L7 -L8. At this time, the semantics
associated with path L7 -L8 would examine
the letters which had been saved, identify
the parsed word as either a valid token or
an invalid word, and correctly fill in the
TOKEN array with the code for the token
or the error code.
<POS>
<KEYWORD>
186 lune 1979 BYTF Publications Inc

Certain advantages exist for both the scanning and comparison. Of course, both of
method used in the finite state machine the routines may be written in any language
in figure 3 and for this method but as the desired, but because of the memory space
number of keywords increases, this method limitations of most small computers, assem-
becomes much more efficient in terms of bler language would probably be an asset.
memory used. As memory size increases, however, the
advantages of assembler tend to decrease.
Conclusion Whichever language is chosen, the finite
The purpose of this article has been to state machine method of designing a com-
show how finite state machine theory may mand language should produce a system
be applied to produce correct and well which runs correctly after less programming
structured code for command recognizers. effort, which can be more readily under-
I have used finite state machines to produce stood and changed as necessary, and which
both an information retrieval command can provide a series of error and prompting
language and a FORTRAN free format messages that help to make the system
input processor of character strings and easier and more enjoyable to use.
numbers; and methods similar to these
shown here have significantly speeded up
REFERENCES
the implementations. The efficiency of this
method will vary depending on which For examples of the use of finite state machines
language is used to program the procedures to identify tokens of a programming language I
and on the programming techniques used. refer the reader to the following:
The sample programs previously shown were Gries, David, "The Scanner," Compiler Construc-
designed with clarity in mind and are not tion for Digital Computers, John Wiley and Sons,
the most efficient routines which could New York, 1971, pages 64 thru 71.
have been written. would recommend I
More information on finite state machines and
that the lexical finite state machine be their theory can be found in many other books,
coded in assembler language if possible including:
since many techniques exist to improve Gill, A, Introduction to the Theory of Finite State
the performance of character by character Machines, McGraw -Hill, New York, 1962.
The
8100 by
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ANNOUNTHE
ADAPTER /MOTHERBOARD
M N 8100
AN S -100 BUS
FOR THE TRS-80

An S -100 Bus Adapter/Motherboard
for the TRS -80
plus a whole lot more!!!
MINI -SIZE!
\:r.
1d ,;
SERIAL RS232 /20ma I/O
MINI- PRICE!
but MAXI -PERFORMANCE!

PARALLEL INPUT AND OUTPUT HUH Electronics 8I011 is the est ubll.hca Ids am' ,,p n . up Ih.. .t unl Id Id 1 -Itxl IIUs
,
SPACE FOR 16K DYNAMIC RAM loader in SII1VrRS -811 interface running re-
, products to the TES -80 owner.
liably since November 1978 and giving you For those of you who already own an S IOO
CAN USE LEFT OVER 4K CHIPS the moat features for your dollar. But some mainframe or motherboard, the MINI-8100
S -100 BUS INTERFACE LOW COST - PRICES START AT 5185 folks durit need all the 81o1', versatility or may be purchased without the built -in
6 SLOT MOTHERBOARD AVAILABLE IMMEDIATELY want m+nselhing more compact. motherboard. IAIINI.8100SI. lust plug it in
and go
The MINI -8100 has the same high quality as
The MUM allow. a RA to Shuck TRMM/ computer to he Beau purchased an eupumion memory kit fur TRCrRI So we created the NIlN1.8100. The MINI - all HUH Electronics products -easy assem-
Interfaced to the poplar Slut Hu, for memo, aepnnnan sou rnitId M left with etmht II( RAM chop and nowhere no
and emended I O cnplulmn For example. you tun noon put them! 5.11. they can go nr. the RAM sockets metead' 11100 has the same proven reliable S -110 Bus Ely. fully socketed. milder mask and silk
eudy odd ma memory. Ikppy dim .+ .. PROM Thai. right. run can um either 411 m 16K chop and ad- interface circuitry as it's big brother coupled screen component legend comprehensive
_s.. porter mmAar.... of e I O M.! At' dress them .mcwhere cou Into wish a 4 skit shielded motherboard. It con- manual and design excellence that speaks for
erase romrollen. and a wMde
...hole Mat
host of other monad pen ph. The Moo has a full RSYIA Io ma renal Interface 'rho,
ul. feutu m. include. RS232 and lo ma memo loop ,,I.*m. nects to the TES -80 or lo the expanalon inter. nsclf.
The,,, has ItsownbananaMslot ml.herload which w.8w.are programmable baud rate from nL' Io Nil( baud.
a lte.i our unnyue card Rude system Ouch leepe the .Onan programmable Rudest mntml Iron. on Morand PRICES
boa The their DII -Ah mammas and much more
The rase hoe support Imelndyou
and
to .rckets eight The Ml1a ulna ha. an M En parallel input pon and MINI.MOO KIT includes all pans :red one S -IW connector SII5
I6K TIRAM alluwm, rmeepM any metI n M Ito parallel output port Ruth are latchad. hare Loth SIINI.8100 ASM assembled and tested, includes four S-110 connectors SIRS
n of ,our TR+'MU bh IMK ...ohms, Aacmg to buy any Sba ¡at-one and Iegatete strobe Input. and outputs .and hase TII11- N100 --$ KIT 5 -1181 aired board, plugs into mainfrume -5 95
RAM hoards pleins ordure capabdny V 11LMI00S ASAI came as above. but assembled and tested -$125
PRICES START AS LOW AS S185 (S-too BUS INTERFACE ONLY) ORDERING INFO: The MINI-8100 is araila-
1429 Maple St. hk from kading computer dealers or factory
1429 Maple St. CALL OR WRITE cOR COMPLETE PRICING direct. Pkase include S4 for shipping and
INFORMATION AND MORE DETAILS San Mateo, CA handling. CA residents include h ^r vues tas.
San Mateo, CA THE 8100 IS AVAILABLE FROM LEADING
94402 We accept VISA or hlustercharge or we can
COMPUTER DEALERS OR FACTORY DIRECT ship COD.
94402 (415) 573-7359
DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED LISA DOMESTIC PRICES ONLY.
(415) 573 -7359 E,,,, S08 connect,,. RAM soPpor. ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS O cawnry ostanal DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED
I
USA DOMESTIC PRICE ONLY 1 RS -ml is a Radio Slack` product.

proproduct.
Circle 169 on inquiry card. Circle 172 on inquiry card. lune 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc 187
Approximation
Technical FcPI%u Makes a Magnitude
of Difference
Bob Leedom
14069 Stevens Valley Ct
Glenwood MD 21738
enjoyed Richard Lord's article presenting

I
an assembly language FFT (fast Fourier

transform) program for the 6800 (February
1979 BYTE, page 108). Adaptation to my
PERCENT
ERROR IN 6502 (KIM) system should be fairly straight-
APPROXIMATION forward.
However, the author notes that obtaining
the magnitude of each resulting vector is
almost as time-consuming as the FFT process
itself, since this would involve taking the
square root of the sum of the squares of
each REAL /IMAG pair. Strictly speaking, he
is correct, but with very little trouble a
quite reasonable approximation to the cor-
r I
5
i
10 15 20 25
l
30
. I
35
-I
40 45K 0.375
rect magnitude can be found. The following
algorithm is often used for this purpose in
PHASE ANGLE BETWEEN REAL AND IMAG (DEGREES)
the processing of speech and radar data,
N. K0.3125 and may be implemented easily in either
hardware or software.
Figure 1: A plot of the percent error in the magnitude approximation for To find the magnitude of a vector, given
different values of K. We are approximating the square root of REAL2 + the orthogonal components (eg: REAL and
IMAG2 by the formula L + KS, where L is the larger and S is the smaller IMAG):
value of the absolute values of the real and imaginary parts of a vector.
take the absolute values of REAL
and IMAG;
compare the two absolute values,
place the larger in L and the smaller
K PEAK ERRORS VARY FROM ( %) RMS ERROR ( %)
in S - if they're equal, it doesn't
1 Oto 41 30 matter which goes where;
.5 (1/2) 0 to 12 9.1 multiply S by a constant (K), add
.414214(J2 -1) Oto8.2 5.9
the result to L.
.375 (3/8) -2.8 to 6.8 4.7
.3125 (5/16) -7.2 to 4.8 3.6
What is K? That depends on how much
accuracy you're willing to sacrifice for com-
Table 1: The accuracy of the approximation algorithm as a function of K. putation speed. To appreciate this, you
should understand that the error in the
magnitude computation will be a function
of the phase angle between the two com-
IMPLEMENTATION OF ponents. In his article, Mr Lord simply
K K x ABS (SMALLER) added L to S, thus letting K = 1. This
approximation gives an error of from 0 to
None Required. (Fastest) 41 percent:
1
.5 (1/2) Shift right 1.
.375 (3/8) Shift right 2, Let MAGN = L + S.

Store in TEMP,
Shift right 1, Suppose a vector actually has a magni-
Add TEMP.
tude of 100 units. If L = 0 and S = 100,
.3125 (5/16) Shift right 2, then MAGN = 100, or 0 percent error. But,
Store in TEMP,
Shift right 2, if L = 70.7 and S = 70.7, then MAGN =
Add TEMP. 141.4, or 41.4 percent error.
.414214 (f 2 - 1) Multiply. (Slowest) Table 1 shows several values of K, along
with the corresponding spread of the peak
errors. However, just looking at the peak
Table 2: A comparison of implementation speeds for various values of K. errors can be deceiving; what you really

want to do is minimize some measure of the

average error. Since the error function
"folds" at 45 degrees of phase angle between
Main/Frames $200 from
Ma n/Frames $200
from
L and S, I wrote a short program to compute ¡
the error at 1 degree intervals from 0 to 45 14 Basic Models Available
degrees. The root mean square of these Assembled & Tested
Power Supply:
errors is given in table 1 as a sort of quality 8v @15A, ±16v @3A
factor for a given value of K. 15 Slot Motherboard
As you can see, the computation of the (connectors optional)
Card cage & guides
magnitude can be improved from 3 to 8 Fan, line cord, fuse, power
times, simply by choosing the appropriate & reset switches, EMI filter
8v @30A, ±16v @10A Rack
value of K. The error reduction as a function mounted
option on some models
of K is shown graphically in figure 1; this is from $200
the accuracy part of the tradeoff.
The other side of the coin is speed of
implementation. Given the absolute values
of REAL and IMAG, and the fact that some
fraction of one will be added to the other, Desk top
it takes no extra time to perform the algo- from $235
rithm with K =1. However, with K= .414214,
you must multiply (after finding the smaller
of the two absolute values). The range of in- Write or call for our
between speeds is given in table 2.
The accuracy /speed tradeoff should be
brochure which includes our
evaluated for each user's application, either application note:
by analysis or by trying possible values of `Building Cheap Computers'
K. However, if you don't have the time or
energy for this, remember that an imme-
diate reduction of the root mean square
INf EGP4ND
8474 Ave. 296. Visalia, CA 93277.(209) 733 -9288
error to less than ten percent may be ob- We accept BankAmericard /Visa and MasterCharge
tained by a compare and a shift (ie, K = .5).
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10K PROM space
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6809 20 I/O lines
16 bit internal arithmetic
RS -232 level shifters
Hardware multiplication
Two stack pointers Real time clock
Two index registers DMA
18 addressing modes Parallel keyboard input
Fully relocatable code
Five interrupts
Memory- mapped video output
Up to three times the Fully S-100 compatible
throughput of a 4MHz Z -80 (including 8080 type I/0)
A complete system,
ready to use.
MD -690a Single Board Computer

$ 239 kit $299 assembled
Please rush the following
CPU Card (kit)
MicroDaSys, P.O. Box 36051
Compatibility.'
S -100 CPU Card (assembled)
Los Angeles, CA 90036
6809 Computability. q, 1 eanww (213) 935 -4555
City
State/Zits
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CA residents add 6%
Circle 220 on inquiry card. June 1979 V BYTE Publications Inc 189
Our MacroFloppy"
goes twice the distance. Introducing the Micropolis MacroFloppy'M:1041 and :1042 disk drive sub-
For $695. systems. For the S- 100/8080/Z-80 bus. Packing 100% more capacity into a
5%-inch floppy disk than anyone else. 143K bytes, to be exact. For as little
as $695.
The MacroFloppy:1041 comes with the Micropolis Mod floppy packaged
I
inside a protective enclosure (without power supply). And includes an S-100

controller. Interconnect cable. Micropolis BASIC User's Manual. A diskette con-
taining Micropolis BASIC, and a compatible DOS with assembler and editor.
The :1041 is even designed to be used either on your desk top, or to be inte-
grated right into your S -100 chassis.
The MacroFloppy:1042 comes with everything the :1041 has, and more.
Such as d.c. regulators, its own line voltage power supply, and, to top it off,
a striking cover. Making it look right at home just about anywhere.
Both MacroFloppy systems are fully assembled, tested, burned -in, and
tested again. For zero start-up pain, and long term reliability. They're also
backed up by our famous Micropolis factory warranty.
And both systems are priced just right. $695 for the MacroFloppy:1041
and $795 for the MacroFloppy:1042.
You really couldn't ask for anything more.
At Micropolis, we have more bytes in store for you.
4 For a descriptive brochure, in the U.S. call or write Micropolis
Corporation, 7959 Deering Avenue, Canoga Park, California 91304. Phone
(2131703-1121.
Or better yet, see your local dealer.
M !CROPQLISM
More bytes store for you.
in
excessive difficulty, is not of much practical

value.
Concerning In connection with another project, I
made a statistical study of the indices of the

User's Manuals nonfiction books available in a large public
library. I found that the average amount of
space devoted to indexing was approxi-
Coburn
H Edgar
In my opinion, many engineers are incom- mately 1.8% of the total number of pages in
Structural Engineer petent when it comes to transmitting infor- a book. Indices varied in size from 0 to more
3560 Albatross St mation to anyone not already trained in their than 7% of the book pages. While it is evi-
San Diego CA 92103 particular specialty. (I, myself, am wondering dently true that index length is no measure
if I'm getting this message across.) Engi- of index quality, it is equally apparent that
neers, who generally are not human ori- a short index is limited in the amount of
ented, excuse the obscurity of their com- information that it can transmit.
munications by charging that the other Engineering books, despite the complex-
person (not one of their compatriots, ity of their subject matter, have less indexing
obviously) is not too bright. Unfortunately, (at an average of 1.3 %) than nonfiction
there is just enough truth in this assump- books in general. On the other hand, science
tion to convince most engineers that there is books, properly reflecting the complexity of
no need to undertake the drudgery of learn- their subject matter, have more indexing (at
ing how to be lucid - nothing is so easy as an average of 2.4 %) than nonfiction books
adjusting facts to fit opinions. in general.
It is clearly apparent that if engineers are Unfortunately, many instruction manuals
no more obscure in discourse than other for computers have been written by engi-
people, then I don't have much of a point. neers. It may well be that the obscurity of
So, before plunging into the real subject of computer manuals has a substantial effect
this article, let's examine this question with on personal computer sales. It is even con-
respect to one particular feature involved in ceivable that literally thousands of intelli-
the process of transmitting information to gent, educated people, those who might
others - namely, indices. Information that is benefit from the possession of a personal
not accessible, or that is accessible only with computer, are "turned off" when they see
190 lune 1979 BYTE Publications Inc

MetaFloppy goes
The Micropolis MetaFloppy' gives you more than four times the capacity of
beyond.
anyone else's 5% -inch floppy. Because it uses 77 tracks instead of the usual 35.
The field-proven MetaFloppy, with thousands of units delivered, comes
in a complete family of models. And, like our MacroFloppy' family of disk
drives, MetaFloppy is designed for the S- 100/8080/Z -80 bus.
For maximum capacity, choose our new MetaFloppy: 1054 system. Which
actually provides you with more than a million bytes of reliable on -line stor-
age. For less money than you'd believe possible.
The MetaFloppy:1054 comes complete with four drives in dual config-
uration. A controller. Power supply. Chassis. Enclosure. All cabling. A new BASIC
software package. And a DOS with assembler and editor There's even a built -
in Autoload ROM to eliminate tiresome button pushing.
If that's more storage than you need right now, try our
MetaFloppy:1053, with 630,000 bytes on -line. Or our Meta -
Floppy:1043, with 315,000 bytes on -line. Either way, you can
expand to over a million bytes on -line in easy stages, when you
need to. Or want to
In other words, if your application keeps growing, we've got
you covered. With MetaFloppy.
The system that goes beyond the floppy.
For a descriptive brochure, in the U.S. call or write Micropolis
Corporation, 7959 Deering Avenue, Canoga Park, California 91304.
Phone (213) 703 -1121.
Or better yet, see your local dealer
MICROPOLIS"
More bytes in store for you.
some of the instruction manuals published cover, if they actually make such a test,
by computer manufacturers. If the reader that the choice of a specific word is highly
is skeptical on this point, let him compare significant in the transmission of informa-
the average personal computer user's manual tion. It makes a heap of difference whether
with a really good manual, such as the one one says, "Woman and child" or "Woman
supplied with Hewlett -Packard's HP -67 cal- with child." It also makes a difference
culator. whether an engineer writes, "...
has a direc-
Suppose that in a given year 10,000 tory entry" or ". . . requires a directory
people are turned away from personal entry."
computers by the paucity of lucid manuals. But most significant of all, many engi-
(I'm safe here because no one really knows neers seem to think that the reader needs
how many potential buyers don't buy.) And little or nothing in the way of orientation.
suppose that the average user investment in This, unfortunately, is not true. The reader
personal computers is (optimistically) of a manual needs to be led by the hand all
$4000. This means that the personal com- the way -good writing typically provides
puter industry, with at least a few manu- such assistance. What often happens in prac-
facturers and retail sellers on the ragged edge tice is that the reader is given the brush -off,
of solvency, may be needlessly driving no with the declaration that the manual as-
less than $40,000,000 per year into other sumes that the reader is acquainted with the
hands. subject. This is a luxury that the personal
If all computer manufacturers were to computer industry cannot afford.
test their manuals by having several intelli- Of course, it is perfectly reasonable to
gent, educated people try to operate the assume that the expectant owner of a per-
corresponding computer with nothing but sonal computer should do a little studying of
the manuals for a guide, the results might be BASIC, for instance. The user definitely
illuminating, or even startling to the manu- won't be harmed if he or she gets some idea
facturers. Then, instead of assuming that of the general organization of a computer.
these test users are clumsy, it might be help- But there is grave doubt that such training
ful to revise the manuals until they are lucid, will aid the user noticeably in learning how,
not invincibly obscure. for example, to manage the disk file of
I believe that the manufacturers will dis- some particular computer.

25 START -AT -HOME

Furthermore, such learning will be of no
COMPUTER BUSINESSES value at all in helping the hopeful beginning
In "Low Capital, Startup reader in remembering the casual comment,
Computer Businesses" appearing many pages earlier, which men-
tions that control C is necessary whenever
CONSULTING PROGRAMMING MICRO COMPUTER "2A00 hex" is transposed with M5700 in
OPPORTUNITIES
WRITING
SOFTWARE PACKAGES FREELANCE
SEMINARS TAPE/DISC CLEANING FIELD
the ... oh well, what does it matter? The
SERVICE SYSTEMS HOUSES LEASING SUPPLIES point is that the novice computer owner
PUBLISHING HARDWARE DISTRIBUTORS SALES needs guidance. Among other things, this
AGENCIES USED COMPUTERS FINDER'S FEES means examples, examples, and more
SCRAP COMPONENTS AND MORE .. t,t WWY(.Mat R
.
examples. Since the personal computer in-
Plus -ideas on moonlighting, going
full -time, image building, revenue
lOYE GAPRAt.STAATVP dustry has not been overwhelmed by stand-
coMPUttr su><*ESSCa
ardization, even the experienced computer
building, bidding, contracts, marketing,
user needs lucid, particular instructions
professionalism, and more. No career
-
tool like it. Order now if not completely when adapting to a new system.
satisfied, return within 30 days for full One way to improve the situation is to
immediate refund. have manuals written by those few engineers
8' x 11 ringbound 156 pp. $20.00 who have demonstrated a knack for putting
Phone Orders 901- 761 -9090 ideas across. And since behavioral phenom-
ena are complex, it is even better to engage
DATASEARCH the talents and specialized training of a
incorporated psychologist. It is obvious to a psychologist
4954 William Arnold Road, Dept. B, Memphis, TN 38117 that students need orientation and examples
Rush my copy of "Low Capital Startup Computer Businesses" at $20. in order to develop skill in a reasonable time.
Unfortunately, it's one thing to observe a
NAME /COMPANY
need and quite another to get action. I don't
ADDRESS
CITY /STATE /ZIP
imagine for a moment that it is possible to
get any action out of people without some
Check Enclosed VISA ['Master Charge
kind of motivation. However, it should be
a Exp. Date
noted that motivation techniques, like every-
thing else, have changed remarkably over the
years. In the 16th century, for instance, it
was fairly common practice when a king was
TRS -80 LEVEL II AND DOS offended by some luckless peasant (or even
by a nobleman) to have the offender bodily
COMMAND PROCESSOR'COMPROC' ***NEW PRODUCT'
Automatically load and execute any sequence of System and /or pulled apart by teams of Clydesdale horses
BASIC programs and data from power up. (the kind that pull beer wagons). This sort of
Command files created, saved, and edited in BASIC. example was supposed to ensure a certain
Sophisticated options include interactive prompting and substitutional
amount of respect for His Majesty. It was
parameters. Allows non -computer personnel to easily execute programs.
RENUMBER WITH 'REMODEL - MERGE WITH 'PROLOAD' motivation that everyone could understand.
REnumber any section or an entire program. Sadly, we're so civilized now that we can't
MOve program segments. DELete program lines. use any of the old -time, sure -cure methods
All line references readjusted as required.
COMBINE programs with renumber and merge.
of motivation.
LOAD or SAVE any portion of program from tape. If engineers knew that the penalty for
GENERAL SUBROUTINE FACILITIES 'GSF' failure to be lucid was to be pulled apart by
Collection of fast easy -to -use machine language routines.
teams of draft horses, it might have a salu-
IN- MEMORY SORT with multiple variables and keys.
SORT1000 Element array in 9 seconds.
-
tary effect on the writings of engineers. (If
ARRAY read /write to tape, compress /uncompress /move data. some computer engineers now think that I
SCREEN scrolling, save screen displays, and more should be pulled apart by teams of draft
QISK SORT PROGRAM'DOSORT
horses, it clearly indicates that my writings
SORT /MERGE multi- diskette sequential files.
MULTIPLE variables and keys. User input/output sort exits.
are lucid. The readers get the message.
Includes GSF machine language in- memory sort, etc. 32 or 48K. Therefore I should not be pulled apart.
COPY SYSTEM TAPES WITH 'COPSYS' Q.E.D.)
Dealer Inquiries Invited If a user's manual confuses intelligent
REMODEL Order TS21D at $24.95 people, it is not only unsatisfactory to the
REMODEL + PROLOAD Order TS22D at $34.95
GENERAL SUBROUTINE FACILITIES Order TS25D at $24.95
user, but damages the fortunes of manufac-
DISK SORT PROGRAM Order TS26D al $34.95 turers and retail dealers also, because poor
Must specify 16, 32, or 48K on above. System house discounts. documentation inhibits sales. Why should
COMMAND PROCESSOR (DOS ONLY) Order TS270 at $19.95
the manufacturers pay for full page color
COPSYS (Not DOS) Order TS24D at $14.95
For TAPES that TEST best Order 10 ea at $14.95
advertisements featuring their products, only
Check. VISA. M /C. C.0.0. to throw the benefits away by offering
RACET COMPUTES Calif. residents add 6 °i° obscurely written manuals? There must be a
702 Palmdale, Orange CA 92665 17141 637 5OI6
better way..
192 lune 1979 CU BYTE Publications Inc Circle 313 on inquiry card.
Double Sided Notes If the power runs are left until last,
poor design takes over, making the de-
Jonathan A Titus signer seek ground and power connec-
TYCHON Inc tions wherever they are available.
POB 242 Potential differences often occur, and
Blacksburg VA 24060 the circuit doesn't function. Ground
loops are also a problem unless proper
David Lamkins' article about printed cir- layout of power runs is observed early
cuit layout techniques "Designing With in the design.
Double Sided Printed Circuit Boards" (March
1979 BYTE, page 94) described some tech- Although the use of one colored pencil
niques that shouldn't be used in good printed per side of the double -sided printed circuit
circuit board designs. The main problem is board is noted, designers should try to keep
the strategy of designing the power and the runs on one side oriented in a right -left
ground runs as the last step. Don't do it. fashion and those on the other side oriented
The power and ground runs should be in an up -down fashion. If this course is
designed first in the printed circuit board followed, problems such as those in Lam kins'
layout, and not last. Here is why. figure 4 are avoided. Use of this technique
also simplifies problems such as those shown
Power runs should be as wide as possi- in Lamkins' figure 3 design.
ble. It is difficult to make them very The article also mentions the use of a
wide if you have to make them fit dedicated through -hole. This is a new one to
between signal runs, pins, etc. me. Ialways thought that the holes on a
It will be almost impossible to add printed circuit board were dedicated to some-
decoupling capacitors to power runs thing. If they weren't dedicated, there
that snake through signal runs. Re- wouldn't be any need for them. What is a
member, you will need one decoupling through -hole? thought that holes went
I
capacitor per 7400 series integrated through something. Who knows, maybe
circuit in a good design. some computerist will come up with a
nested -hole; a small hole inside a bigger one.
Best wishes.
Statistical
Computations Retro- GraphicsTM
Recomputed
J G Bliss
2141 Cumberland Av S
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
CANADA S7J 1Z2
Alan B Forsythe, in his article "Elements

of Statistical Computation," (January 1979
BYTE, page 182) states:
Several books of BASIC programs in-

clude the calculation of the standard or Our i úmb Terminal. The Retro-
deviation. Those checked give the
I Graphics PC card mounts easily in the Lear
wrong answer for this set of data. Siegler ADM -3A to provide you with an afford-
able graphics computer terminal.
This is probably a result of the formula Features:
used in the article: Z -80 Based Point Plotting
1
512 by 250 Automatic Vector
E (X -X)2 . Dot Matrix Generation
N - 1
j
Simple Plug -in Optional TEKTRONIX
The usual formula for standard deviation is: Interconnect Software Compatibility
1
You will be impressed with the packaging, per-
a E (X -X)2 formance and price of the Retro- Graphics card.
Write or phone today for complete specifications.
The version given in the article is used when
calculating standard deviation from a sam-
DIGITAL ENGINEERING, INC.
1787 Tribute Road, Suite K
ple. (See for example Handbook of Sampling Sacramento, CA 95815
for Accounting and Auditing, 2nd edition, (916) 920 -5600
by Herbert Arkin, McGraw -Hill.)

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EIACH WITH CASSETTE AND MANUAL
The first place prize of $1000 went
SEND SELF- ADDRESSED STAMPED ENVELOPE FOR
COMPLETE SOFTWARE CATALOGUE. to Alan Kaniss, Vincent DiChristofaro,
SEND CHECK OR MONEY -ORDER TO: and John Santini for their APL in-
H. GELLER COMPUTER SYSTEMS terpreter written in Pascal. This was
DEPT. B, P.O. BOX 350
NEW YORK, NY 10040 the most complete interpreter we re-
INL II' YORK RESIDENTS ADD APPLICABLE SALES TAX) ceived.
The second place prize of $500 went
to two groups: the APL Committee of
31111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111i Texas A &M Microcomputer Club which
submitted a club entry, and Stephanie
Charles and Normand Berube who sub-
mitted a jointly written program. Both of
ED SMITH'S SOFTWARE WORKS these programs were for 8080 processor
machines.
ANNOUNCES smi m r ° la We thank all the people who entered
AN M6800 SYSTEM RELOCATABLE RECURSIVE the contest for the time they spent
MACROASSEMBLER & LINKING LOADER writing their interpreters, and we hope
that they learned a great deal from the
ATTENTION ALL PROGRAMMERS: If you have experience.
been looking for an assembler with real macro capabilities, then
is the one for you.
Character replacement is the crux of macro expansion.
allows unlimited character replacement in any field of a macro We used Michael Wimble's flowcharts (see
model statement. 's argument notation can specify replace-
ment from any field, subfield, sublist or substring of the macro call "An APL Interpreter for Microcomputers,"
statement. 's set of macro directions supports both global August, September, October 1977 BYTE) as
and local set symbols. Set symbols can be based on either arithmetic
expressions or character expressions. Macro model statements can generalized guidelines for our APL interpre-
determine attributes of set symbols or macro arguments. ter, rather than coding directly from them.
allows macros to define new macros and to call other macros. Macro
calls can be recursive, that is, a macro may call itself. We used most of his ideas on function imple-
contains a mini co- resident editor, allows spooling if mentation, table storage, input scanning, and
desired, supports insert files, retains TSC Text Editor source code statement parsing. There were a few minor
compatability, plus many other programmer convenience features.
errors in logic, but for the most part the
can be furnished on cassette or mini -floppy in either SSB flowcharts were clear and easy to work
or Mini -Flex format. Comes complete with linking loader, Instruc-
tion Manual/Programmers Guide 8e an extensively commented with. We expanded the interpreter to include
assembly listing.
functions to which Wimble made reference
MBBRR .... cassette .... $ 150.00
M88RR-D ...SSB disc . $ 150.00
A 8800 to 8809 cross assembler
version of ,.. ...,. will be
but did not flowchart - inner product,
M88RR-F .. FLEX disc .. $150.00 available in June. outer product, catenate, and index -of. We
made the interpreter extremely portable by
Order directly by check or MC /Visa. California residents add BR
sales tax. Customers outside of U.S. or Canada add $5 for air postage having the character set machine (as well as
8e handling.
keyboard) independent. We accomplished
Dealer inquiries welcome.
this by having the program read in the
Ed Smith's SOFTWARE WORKS installation's character set from a file at
P.O. Box 339, Redondo Beach, CA 90277, (213) 373 -3350 the start -up of the program.
194 lune 1474 11111 l'abbi allons Im Circle 327 on inquiry card.
THE TRS -80
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
DEVE WPMENT SYSTEM.
(A STEAL AT TWICE THE PRICE)
A short time ago, edit individual lines; LINK -80 Loads your
Microsoft introduced TRS-80 renumber lines in a file; and relocatable assembly
FORTRAN- a complete find or substitute text. language modules for
ANSI -standard FORTRAN execution and automatically
with macro assembler, linking MACRO-80 The best resolves external references
loader, and text editor, all for Z80 assembler anywhere. between modules.
only $350. The response MACRO -80 supports a
has been overwhelming. complete Intel- standard CREF -80 Gives you a
Many TRS -80 users even macro facility plus many complete dictionary of
told us, "The assembly other "big computer" program symbols, showing
language development assembler features: comment where each is defined and
software alone is worth that blocks, octal or hex listings, referenced.
price." We think they're right, 8080 mode, titles and The Microsoft TRS-80
of course, but we've made it subtitles, variable input radix FORTRAN Package is still
an even better deal. (base 2 to base 16), and a available for $350. Or, for
complete set of listing HALF PRICE, get the TRS -80
ANNOUNCING: controls. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
THE TRS -80 DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM.
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE Either way, it's a steal.
DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM
FOR $175.
For half the price of the
TRS -80 FORTRAN Package, TO: Microsoft, 10800 N.E. 8th, Suite 819, Bellevue, WA 98004
you can buy the TRS -80 Send me the works! TRS-80 FORTRAN Package for $350.
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE Send me half the works! TRS-80 Assembly Language
DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM, Development System for $175.
including:
EDIT -80 A fast, random El Check enclosed Master Charge VISA
access text editor that's easy
to use and loaded with CARD NUMBER EXP. DATE
features. Lets you insert, CARDHOLDER'S SIGNATURE

replace, print or delete lines;
NAME
ADDRESS
CITY STATE ZIP

JJ MICC,'050Ff
Dealer Inquiries Invited
195
Tables certain operations such as index generation
(monadic iota) and reshaping (dyadic rho).
Rather than using Wimble's method of Numbers are checked to be Boolean for such
storing tables in arrays (variable table, operations as logical negation (tilde), ANDs,
value table, function table, token table), and ORs.
we took advantage of one of Pascal's data
structures, the linked list. This offers two
big advantages to the design of the inter-
preter: The Nybbles Library is an inexpensive
means for BYTE readers to share some inter-
Array sizes do not have to be declared esting but specialized forms of software.
elsewhere in the program. There is no These programs are written by readers with
way of telling which tables will grow small computers and printer facilities, and
very large and which ones will stay are therefore designed for particular systems.
small; this is dependent on the calcu- The algorithms and programming techni-
lations being performed with the inter- ques in these programs can be directly used
preter and will vary from one terminal by readers with similar equipment, or can
session to another. With linked lists, serve as an inspiration for improvisation
storage allocation is dynamic and can on computers of different characteristics.
be used for each table as needed (stor- Potential authors of such programs
age is taken from a common pool of should send us a self-addressed stamped
storage reserved for linked lists). envelope, with a request for a copy of our
It is a simple procedure to de-allocate "Guidelines for Nybbles Authors. "Payment
storage (using the standard function for Nybbles items is based on sales and
"dispose" in Pascal) so that it can be length of the item. Rates are set at the time
re -used by the program as needed. This of acceptance.
helps to keep the size of the running Nybbles Library programs are sent in
program to a minimum. listing form, printed on 8.5 by 11 inch paper
on both sides. The Nybbles Library pro-
Values grams are 3 hole punched for collection in
loose leaf binders, and come in an attractive
We store all values as real numbers. We folder which serves as a cover.
decided to do this based on the fact that This month Àn APL Interpreter in
although APL's data structures are weak Pascal" (document # 109) has been added
(cg: reals and integers can be stored in the to the Nybbles Library. Use the coupon
same array), Pascal's data structures are below to order your personal copy, at
very strongly typed. Numbers are checked $10.00 postpaid in USA or $12.00 for over-
to be whole numbers (nonfractional) for seas orders.
Please send copies of BYTE Nybble # at S postpaid.
Please remit in US funds only.
Check Enclosed
Bill my BAC # Exp Date
Bill my MC # Exp Date
Name
Street
City State Zip Code
BYTE Nybbles Library, 70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458
You may photocopy this page if you wish to keep your BYTE intact.
196 lune 1979 V BYTE Publications Inc

TRS-BO SOLUTIONS !
**** LI = Levell ***** L I I = Level 11
** -V- * ** D=Disk * * ** ALL THIS AND MORE!!! ****
BUSINESS NEWDOS Star Trek 111.3 by Lance Micklus One of the most
advanced Star Trek games ever written. Level II, 16K
Appointment Log by M. Kelleher Perfect for the Apparat $14.95
professional. Accepts name and address, meeting DISK ERROR SOLVED! Stop blaming your
start and endings, subject matter, derives elapsed End Zone by Roger W. Robitaille, Sr. Authentic
drive, fix your DOS with NEWDOS: an football simulation, right down to the 2- minute
time. For Level II, 16K $9.95 enhanced disk- operating system capable of warning. Level or II, 16K $7.95
Payroll by Stephen Hebbler Comprehensive 24 pg. correcting over 70 errors in TRSDOS 2.1 to I
manual with step -by -step instructions included in the improve reliability, end key bounce, enable Cribbage by Roger W. Robitaille, Sr. You versus
package. Supports W2 and 941 information. D, DOS commands to be called from BASIC and the computer cribbage played by standard rules.
$59.95 much more! Available NOW for 16K systems Level I or II, 16K $7.95
with a minimum of disk drive. $49.95
1 Bridge Challenger by George Duisman You and the
Mail List by Michael Kelleher is the economy model
I
dummy play 4- person contract bridge against the
of disk -based mailing list programs. Uses a single computer. Level II, 16K $14.95
drive and handles up to 1400 names per disk, plus ACTION GAMES
provisions for sorting options. 16K, D $19.95 'Round the Horn by Rev. George Blank You're the
Slalom by Denslo Hamlin Choose between Slalom, captain of a clipper ship racing from New York to San
Giant Slalom and Downhill. Level II, 16K $7.95 Francisco. Level II, 16K $9.95
X -Wing Fighter by Rev. George Blank Put yourself Concentration by Lance Micklus One of the most
BIZ -80 into the cockpit of this fighter. Extensive use of popular television games L or II, 16K $7.95 I
The Business Software People.' "_

INKEY function puts all ship controls at your Safari by David Bohlke You're in the running for a
fingertips without hitting ENTER key. Long range
Just about everything you need ... within 1
sensors warn of approaching aircraft prior to visual
film contract at a major Hollywood studio. To qualify,
year, participants receive programming for you must photograph the most wild animals in their
contact. Level II, 16K $7.95
Inventory, Accounts Receivable, Accounts natural habitat. Level II, 16K $7.95
Payable and General Ledger systems, plus Air Raid by Small System Software High speed Pork Barrel by Rev. George Blank Places you in the
Sales and Payroll. Complete documentation machine language program with large and small shoes of an aspiring Congressman. L II, 16K $9.95
and software on diskette, $200.00 aircraft flying at different altitudes. Ground -based
missile launcher aimed and fired from keyboard. Backgammon by Scott Adams Level II, 16K $7.95
Q
l Planes explode when hit, cause damage to nearby
aircraft. Score tallied for hits or misses. Level or II, I
Chess Companion by M. Kelleher Combines chess
clock features with ability to record your moves while
Mall List II by BIZ -80 Complete mail list system for 4K $14.95 action is fast and furious. Level II, 16K $7.95
dual disk. Enter, update, merge, sort, and print Batter Up by David Bohlke Level II, 16K $5.95 Sargon Chess by Dan & Kathe Spracklen Winner of
mailing labels. D, 32K $99.95 Ten Pin by Frank Rowlette A game of coordination, the 1978 San Jose Microcomputer Chess Tournament
Small Business Bookkeeping by Roger W. Robitaille, the scoring is true to the rules of the sport. Level II, Level II, 16K $19.95
is based on the Dome Bookkeeping Journal, sold for 16K $7.95 Mastermind 11.2 by Lance Micklus Lets you and the
years in stationery and discount outlets. Level II, 4K
with ($22.00) or without ($15.00) Dome journal.
Inventory System II by BIZ -80 Proper inventory
\r\+'\-\\\+\
ADVENTURES
^+rr+r computer take turns making and breaking codes.
Level II, 16K $7.95
management is the backbone of a profitable business,

4 PERSONAL
Scott Adams
yet it's very difficult to keep current on price Feel as if you're manipulating HAL from 2001 RPN Calculator by Russell Starkey A self -
increases, shrinkage, low -on -stock items, profitable documenting calculator program. Uses Reverse
when you play these games. Hardly any rules,
items versus losers, without an efficient and prompt finding out is part of the fun. Two adventures
%
Polish Notation with 4 -level stack, 100 memories,
method of surveying your inventory levels at any on 32K disk, $24.95 Tape, one adventure on scientific functions. Level II, 16K $9.95
given time. This program can help you to achieve
optimal management -
it can handle up to 1,000
items on one disk; each additional disk can handle
each tape - pirate or land - Level II, 16K $14.95 Home Financial Management by M. Kelleher Turns
your computer into a personal financial advisor. Level
DOG STAR ADVENTURE II, 16K $9.95
another 1,000 items. With Documentation, $150.00
Lance Micklus Tarot by Frank B. Rowlett, Jr. Probably the best
Inventory S by Roger W. Robitaille, Sr. 240 stock
You're trapped aboard an enemy battlestar .. future -gazing type program ever written.Try it -
\"
items can be contained using the full 6 data areas and
can you find the gold, rescue the princess, you'll like it! Level or II, 16K $9.95
I
2 pieces of alpha information. Level or 11,16K $25.00

I
discover the plans and safely escape? Level II, Ham Radio by M. Kelleher Amateur frequency
Inventory 11.2 Disk based program allows for 18K $9.95
creation, maintenance and review of over 2,000 items Allocations, ID Timer, Q- signal File, Amateur Log
per clean diskette. Operates under Disk BASIC,DOS
0.. Routine, Propagation forecasting. L II, 16K $9.95
2.1 with minimum memory allocation. D, $59.95 Special Disk -enhanced version, 32K $24.95
Amazin' Mazes by Robert Wallace Ever -changing
maze situation Level II, 16K $7.95
Educator Assistant by Steve Reisser Five programs
1 of value to educators. Compute percentage,
Sink 'UM by Rev. George Blank L II, 4K $4.95 individual student averages, class averages, standard
ST 80 - SMART TERMINAL test scores, final grades. L II, 16K $9.95 D, $14.95
Breakaway by Lance Micklus Level or 11, 4K $4.95 I
Lance Micklus Treasure Hunt by Lance Micklus Explore caves in Electronic Assistant by John Adamson A group of 8
Turns your TRS -80 Into a computer terminal. search of twenty hidden treasures. L or Il, I subprograms designed to solve problems such as
Features include CONTROL key, REPEAT key, 16K $7.95 tuned circuits and active and passive filters. L II,
ESC key, RUN key and a functioning BREAK 16K $9.95
Kamikaze by Russell Starkey Command your ship
key. Lets you list Incoming data on line printer. against attacking suicide planes. Machine language Personal Finance by Lance Micklus 33 different
Reprogram RS -232 -C switches from keyboard, graphics make this fast and fun! L II, 16K $7.95 budgets can be easily adapted by user to fit his
making baud rate changes simple. Level II, 16K individual needs. A 2 -part program, entry and
$49.94 MISCELLANEOUS search. Level II, 16K $9.95
Diskettes Dysan 10411 Box of five, $24.95 + $1.00 Advance Personal Finance by Lance Micklus Same
shipping Verbatim, box of ten, $34.95 + $1.00 as above with advanced analysis routine. Supports
Text -80 by Frank Rowlett Fully- documented text shipping /handling Disk Files D, 32K $19.95
processing system for disk. Create, edit, move,
delete, insert, change, print words or lines. D, 32K Z80 Instruction Handbook by Scelbi Publ. $4.95
$59.95 The BASIC Handbook by Dr. David A. Lien $14.95 + ,r SOFTSIDE Your BASIC software magazine `1
$1.00 shipping/ handling Regular year subscription - 12 issues - $15.00
KVP Extender by Lance Micklus Corrects keyboard 1
bounce, upper case lock, permits use as a terminal,

screen printing. On tape ($24.95) or disk ($29.95) SIMULATIONS PROG /80 For the serious programmer, from
8080 -Z80 Conversion by M. Kelleher Permits you to 3-D Tic Tac Toe by Scott Adams Three skill levels
author warns you to practice before tackling
- beginner to professional
- 4 issues - $10.00
1 year regular
enter 8080 codings and returns the Z80 equivalent. L
II, 16K $15.00 computer's third skill level. L or II, 16K $7.95
I
Basic Statistics by Steve Reisser Pearson product

movement correlation coefficient, chi -square, Fisher
T -test, sample analysis of variance, Z- scores and
standard scores, with a random number generator
built in to simulate data. L II, 16K $20.00
Renumber by Lance Micklus Complete user control
over which lines are renumbered, and how, including
TgE I.603.673.5111
all GOSUB's and GOTO's. Specify 4, 16, 32, or 48 K
version when ordering. Operates in Disk mode. L II, 4 03, TRS -80 software Exchange
Milford, New Hampshire 03055
VISA
through 48K, $15.00 Source Listing, $20.00 All 4 17 Briar Cliff Drive
versions on disk, $25.00
Circle 374 on inquiry card. It -

book Reviews
The BASIC Handbook: An Encyclopedia of A problem arises, however: not all fea-
the BASIC Computer Language tures and differences between BASIC sys-
by David A Lien tems occur in the keywords. For example,
CompuSoft Publishing, San Diego CA, 1978 the BASIC compiler offered by North Star
360 pages, paperback Computers has several characteristics which
$14.95 differ from other BASIC systems. These in-
clude reversed use of commas and semi-
colons, and accessing of single characters
The title of this book really should read from a string by subscript notation. The
A Dictionary of the BASIC Computer Lan- book could address the punctuation symbol
guage. It is laid out in a self- indexing format usage, but it does not. The format does not
as an alphabetic listing of BASIC keywords provide a good section to discuss the sub-
(such as PRINT, GOTO, and INT) accom- script notation for strings or other differ-
panied by a detailed explanation of the ef- ences of a similar nature.
fect that the keyword has when used in a The book in this edition is incomplete.
program. Operator symbols are also dealt Certain keywords do not appear. Notable by
with. their absence are the string usage statements
The description given for each keyword CHANGE and LINPUT; the special forms
includes the following: introductory and RESTORE$ and RESTORE #; the matrix
descriptive remarks, a test program with a arithmetic operations (MAT C = A + B); the
sample run to show how the machine should matrix initialization keywords (MAT C =
respond, helpful hints, variations in usage ZER or CON or IDN); the matrix manipula-
between different brands of computers or tion statements (MAT C = TRN(A) or
different implementations of the BASIC INV(A), etc.); and most of the various state-
language, and cross -references to related ments for handling data files on mass storage
keywords. Also included is a section called devices.
"If Your Computer Doesn't Have It." This Part of the reason for the above men-
section is of great value to readers who may tioned omissions is that most of the informa-
have BASIC interpreters that lack certain tion presented in this book concerns micro-
features. computer BASIC systems. In particular, the
In many cases this section gives a subrou- various Microsoft (MITS, Apple, Radio
tine which performs a function. These sub- Shack, Commodore, Ohio Scientific) inter-
routines are similar in design to those which preters are well covered. Implementations of
are found in the Radio Shack User's Man- BASIC on minicomputers and large main-
ual for Level 1 TRS -80 Microcomputer Sys- frames are somewhat neglected, however.
tem. In some cases a slightly modified They appear in the list on the inside back
algorithm is used for better accuracy. cover, but most of the more unusual fea-
These subroutines are written in a form tures, those which are most likely to cause
which transports well between different sys- trouble, have not been included in this book.
tems. (The similarity to subroutines in the The result of all this is that a person who
TRS -80 manual, and a slight emphasis on wishes to convert a BASIC program from a
TRS-80 BASIC, is not surprising. Dr Lien is large computer system to a small computer
the author of the TRS -80 Users Manual.) system will need to determine if the more
The BASIC Handbook is good within its specialized features of the "large" BASIC
limits. It will be a help to the beginning pro- have been used. If they have, the program-
grammer, especially one trying to convert a mer will need to consult the user's manual
BASIC program from one microcomputer for the BASIC language as it works on the
system to another. When this novice pro- large source computer. Dr Lien recognizes
grammer encounters a word with which he this, as he states in the introduction, "The
or she is not familiar in a program, the BASIC Handbook is not a substitute for the
chances are that it is in this book, along with manufacturer's manual which accompanies
supplementary information. each computer. It is a supplement."
198 lune 1979 BYTE Publications Inc

T
...SHOOT
or MOVE?
ISBN 0- 931718 -03 -1
$6.00
Buy this book at your favorite
computer bookstore or
order direct from
BYTE BOOKS.
Send 60c per book for
postage & handling.
It's Jack Emmerichs' new

book, Superwumpus', an exciting
'
adaptation of the Wumpus' game for

'
computer programmers. The cave system of the

Wumpus is a dodecahedron, and you're the lost hunter
who has to capture the Wumpus to lead you out. You'll have to
hurry before your supplies are depleted, or before you're caught in
a bat migration, a rock slide, or some other catastrophe.
Superwumpus is outstanding in the realm of computer games
as being both challenging and enjoyable.
Superwumpus is programmed in both 6800
assembly language and Basic, and comes
complete with source listings and
bar codes.
Watch out for Superwumpus-
It's addictively fun! ,
-RINKS OF INTEREST TO COMPUTER PEOPLE"

70 Main Street, Peterborough, New Hampshire 03458

FINALLY....
FREE SOFTWARE!
PRACTICAL MICROCOMPUTER PROGRAMMING: THE ZBO
by W.J. Weller
Here from W.J. Weller and Northern Techno- it uses the universal standard 8080 mnemonics.
logy Books is the third in the Practical Microcom- This is of great help to users who are upgrading
puter Programming series. It is a comprehensive their machines and software to utilize the Z80
text covering assembly language programming processor.
for Z80 based microcomputers. The first 16 chap- The last part of the book is software; an editor/
ters cover Z80 programming comprehensively, assembler which will run on any 8080 or Z80 ma-
from binary operations to interrupt handling. In- chine and a debugging monitor.
cluded are chapters on moving data, logical and Hardcover $29.95 a quality assembler for the TRS -80*
arithmetic operations, use of the stack, commu-
nications with the terminal, floating point arith-
metic and graphic output. All programming tech- Send in the coupon supplied with the book and
niques are illustrated with formal tested ex- receive FREE the object programs of the editor/
amples. An important feature of the book is that assembler and debug on either paper tape or on
cassette tape for the TRS -80 microcomputer.
(Loads in Level with 16K RAM or Level II.)
I
Both the book and software for only $29.95!

AN EDITOR /ASSEMBLER SYSTEM
Also available is the editor /assembler object code for the Z -80
FOR 8080/8085 BASED COMPUTERS
on diskette for North Star disc systems. Only $14.00
by W.J. Weller and W.T. Powers
In addition, the editor /assembler and debug source code for the
This 148 page book contains complete intormation for initializing Z 80 are available on diskette for North Star disc systems.
and using a powerful new editor /assembler and debugging monitor Only $14.00
system, and the full SOURCE text of both. The assembler fully sup- Or both for $26.00!
ports all Intel instruction mnemonics as well as the entire language
used in Practical Microcomputer Programming '':The :The Intel 8080. The
editor /assembler is resident in less than 8K RAM and will run on T.M.
25 Route 101 West,
any 8080, 8085 orZ80 based computer with peripherals which trans-
fer on a character basis or can be made to do so by buffering. The us- PO Box 428,
er supplies his or her own I/O drivers.The text editor is extremely
simple to use and does not require irrelevant line numbers. Also in-
nc
Inc I
Peterborough,
603-944-3355
NH 03458
cluded is a program to convert Processor Technology T'" format tapes

to a format usable by the editor /assembler. Books to erose the impossible
This system is not the usual "quickie" software, riddled with er-
rors and limitations, but a professionally created, thoroughly tested Please send me the items checked below.
and debugged system. At $14.95 it is the best software bargain you
are ever likely to see. Practical Microcomputer Programming The Z80 -
(with choice of either FREE paper tape or FREE TRS -80 cassette
AND BY THE WAY...paper tape object copies of all this software when mail coupon supplied with book) $29.95
I
are sent FREE to book purchasers when the coupon at the back of the Editor /Assembler System for 8080/8085 Based Computers
book is returned to Northern Technology Books. 81/2" x 11". $14.95 (with paper tape object copies of the software sent FREE when mail I
coupon supplied with book) $14.95

8080/8085 editor /assembler object code on diskette for North
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8080/8085 editor /assembler and debug source code for North
Practical Microcomputing Programming
Practical Microcomputing Programming
--
The Intel 8080 $21.95
The M6800 $21.95
Star disc systems. Only $14.00 Editor /assembler object code for the Z 80 on diskette for North
Or both for $26.00! Star disc systems $14.00
Editor /assembler and debug source code for the Z 80 on diskette
PRACTICAL MICROCOMPUTER PROGRAMMING: for North Star systems $14.00
THE INTEL 8080 [1 SAVE $2.00! Both object code and source code for the Z 80 $26.00
by W.J. Weller, A.V. Shatzel and H.Y. Nice Editor /assembler object code for 8080/8085 on diskette for North
Star disc systems $14.00
Here is a comprehensive source of programming information for O Editor /assembler and debug source code for 8080/8085 on disk-
the present or prospective user of the 8080 microcomputer, including ette for North Star disc systems $14.00
moving data, binary arithmetic operations, multiplication and divis- SAVE $2.00! Both object code and source code for 8080/8085 $26.
ion, use of the stack pointer, subroutines, arrays and tables, convers-
ions, decimal arithmetic, various /O options, real time clocks and
I
Total enclosed $ (Please enclose 7512 shipping /handling
interrupt driven processes, and debugging techniques. for each item ordered)
This 306 -page hardcover book is well worth its $21.95 price and
CI:1:111111 wsa
should be in every 8080 or Z80 user's library. 7 Check Charge Card Master Charge Visa
Card #
PRACTICAL MICROCOMPUTER PROGRAMMING: THE M6800 Expires Signature__
by W.J. Weller
This second volume of the Practical Microcomputer Programming Name
series addresses the problems of applications programming at as-
sembly level for the M6800. In 16 chapters and more than 100 formal Address
examples the fundamental techniques of assembly level programm-
,
ing are applied to the solution of specific problems with the 6800. No- City State Zip
where theoretical, it is a thorough and detailed methods text for the
beginning and intermediate application programmer using the 6800. I Dial your charge card orders toll -free: 800-258 -5477 Mon. -Fri 9 - 5 PM
$21.95 hardcover. I (In New Hampshire dial 924 -3355)
I-
'A trademark of Tandy Corporation You may photocopy this page Dealer inquiries invited
200 IiY IL Iune 197'1

Dr Lien treats the END statement in a NO FRILLS! NO GIMMICKS! JUST GREAT

way dislike. He describes it only as a means
I
of terminating program execution; whereas

many computers use END as a means of in-
DISCOUNTS
dicating the end of the program text, and MAIL ORDER
ONLY
some systems use END as a marker for the
physical end of file when a program is stored HAZELTINE DIGITAL SYSTEMS
on a disk. Programmers treating END only as 1400 S 679.00 Computer $4345.00
an execution terminator scatter ENDs 1500 995.00 Double Density
Mod 1 1495.00 Dual Drive 2433.00
throughout the program. If an unsuspecting
CENTRONICS IMSAI
user types in such a program on a system 954.00
779-1 VDP 80/1000 $5895.00
using END for end of file and saves it on a 779.2 1051.00
VDP40 3795.00
disk, he may lose the result of hours of 700-2 1350.00
VDP42 3895.00
work. prefer the use of the STOP state-
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could truly require the appellation "encyclo- Most items in stock for immediate de ivory. Factory.fresh, sealed canons.
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Structured Programming and

Problem -Solving with Pascal
Expand your TRS80.
by Richard B Kieburtz
Prentice -Hall, Englewood Cliffs NJ 1978
365 pages paperback
$10.95
Save $100.
Meet the Vista V80 Mini Disk System. The perfect way
to upgrade your TRS-80* system. Inexpensively.
(Our $395.00 price is about $100.00 less than the
Good habits appear to be in vogue for manufacturer's equivalent.) Here's how it can help you.
1979. In programming, the good habits that
23% more storage capacity. Useable storage
we are suddenly hearing about are docu-
capacity is increased from 55,000 to 65,000 bytes on
mentation, top -down design and bottom -up drive one.
coding techniques, and the Pascal language. 8 times faster. While electronically equal to the TRS-
Richard B Kieburtz's book demonstrates 80 Mini -Disk system, track -to -track access is 5ms
the necessity of a firm grounding in the de- versus 40ms for the TRS -80.
sign and implementation of programs in Better warranty. The V80 carries a 120 day warranty -
order to cope with the complexity of longer than any comparable unit warranty available.
today's programming problems. The Vista V80 Mini Disk System comes complete with
The book is divided as follows: 45 per- Minifloppy disk drive, power supply, regulator board
cent Pascal, 45 percent structured design and and case. And it's ready to run - simply take it out of the
programming techniques, and 10 percent box, plug it in and you're ready to go.
theory (introductory material on computers
that qualifies the book for use as a college
textbook).
Pascal largely defined and taught by
is
the context of its use in solving problems
Vista
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such as determining the intersection of two

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simulation. Although there is an index of TRS -80 ©Tandy Corp.
'TINY' PASCAL
for Pascal terms pointing back to the text, many
TRS-80® & NORTH STAR® of these terms are not defined in sufficient
Now you too can have Pascal! The Chung/Yuen'Tiny' Pascal has detail to help debug a Pascal program. The
been specially designed for TRS -80 & North Star owners. The full book is readily understandable to anyone
power & elegance of 'Tiny' Pascal is at your command. Programs unacquainted with the language, but it
written in 'Tiny' Pascal run at least 4 times faster than the same
program in BASIC! 'Tiny Pascal is also a great way to learn should not be used as the sole reference
Pascal Programming, & fun too. book on Pascal as it describes a generalized
The minimum system requirements are: Level II, 16K for TRS -80, Pascal that manipulates both character and
& 24K for North Star (specify single or double density). numeric variables. Specifically, it does not
SOURCE TOO! mention some of the more advanced UCSD
But most important, you also get source to 'Tiny' Pascal written (University of California at San Diego) ex-
in Pascal with each purchase! You can even compile the com-
tensions to Pascal.
piler! (Requires 36K for North Star systems, & 32K, Level II for
TRS -80). You can customize your own version, or just use it the The concept that is the cornerstone for
way it is. both the theory and implementation of
'Tiny' Pascal is a subset of Standard Pascal & includes: structured techniques in this book is known
RECURSIVE PROCEDURE /FUNCTION, IF- THEN -ELSE, as "design by stepwise refinement." This
REPEAT/UNTIL, 'PEEK & POKE', WHILE, CASE, & MORE!
automatically implies two techniques that I
Also you can save & load programs. find best for problems of any complexity:
You get all this & more, plus a user's manual for $40.00. top -down design and bottom -up coding.
available from: Top -down design (breaking a problem into
manageable subproblems) produces a mod-
ular program that can be easily modified.
fuDeßfÚrr
P.O. Box 1628
Bottom -up coding (writing the code for every
subproblem before writing the code that
Champaign, IL 61820 uses them) avoids the problem of having to
(217) 344 -7596 rewrite the high level routines to add some-
All orders pre -paid, Illinois residents acid 5% sales ta\ thing that you found you needed at a later
date. Kieburtz uses a relatively new flow-
chart -like notation that depicts the funda-
mental structured programming constructs
(do- while, repeat-until, sequence, if
-then-
else, and case) in a way that is both graphic
At last a and intuitively understandable. For example,
the body of a do -while clause is a rectangle
DICTIONARY bordered on the left and top by an L- shaped
piece that describes the while condition for
,o repeating the block.
The book also introduces several of the
IRS 80 better known algorithms and ideas in com-

puter science: the linear interpolation and
binary search methods of extracting roots,
6000 words in 12K! Gaussian elimination to solve simultaneous
equations, backtracking trial and error
methods (to solve the eight queens prob-
lem), and several simulation examples. The
A selection of 6,000 words (no definitions!) up to 9 final chapter, "How Does the Computer
letters long, with an average length of over 5 letters.
vital question -
Indexed by first, second and last letter. Answers the
what word has a first letter of U, a
third of G and a last of T? Great for Scrabble or cross-
Work ?," deals with binary numbers, ma-
chine language, and computer architecture.
It is obviously there to catch a larger slice
words or your own word games. Each word has a two
byte code; handy for text compression too. Requires of the textbook market.
16K Level II. All in all, this book is reasonably priced
and well worth the money. It is a good
introduction to Pascal (but only that), and
$14.95 u.s. ($17 CDN)
it exposes the reader to good programming
habits on all levels. wish that I had been
I
exposed to this kind of book when I was

VISA learning to program.
HEXAGON SYSTEMS
Gregg Williams
P.O. Box 397, Station A 1605 Eastmoreland #3
Vancouver, B.C. V6C 2N2 Canada Memphis TN 38104.
202 June 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 161 on inquiry card.
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Revolution in Miniature is a must as a his-
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FILE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (32 K) $60.00 when tubes "went miniature," and who have
It's used to create, add, change or delete data records on disk. tried to make equipment smaller by simply
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WORD PROCESSOR (32 K) $60.00
As the authors state, at one time it was
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STEP by STEP (16 K) $39.95 density of 1000 per cubic foot, but in prac-
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by William Barden Jr
Trans -Data Corp. Howard W Sams and Co, Indianapolis 1977
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á909Q190o0409090Q044999Q10Q00Q90949999944449464449t994909994149994Q4934QYQQQPQQQQQQQQQo How to Program Microcomputers is an

introduction to machine language program-
TRS- 80means business! ! ming for the 8080, the 6800, and the 6502
microprocessors. The only other book have
...with CP /M, CBASIC2, seen that attempted to teach programming
I
& applications software. for a group of microcomputers did so by

presenting all problems in a superset of the
('P /M ("the software pus ") & CBASIC2 (the stan- PL /M language. This book takes a different
dard for business software) bring new power and approach, and uses the assembler mnemonics
versatility to the TRS -KO for practical use. for each of the processors discussed.
The book begins with an introduction to
CP /MOperating System (w /Editor, Assembler,
Debugger, Utilities & 6 manual set) microcomputers: what they are, how they
S150
CBASIC2 Compiler (w /manual) S 95
operate; and an introduction to alternative
DESPOOL Print Spooler (w /manual) S 75 processor architectures. The structures of
the 8080, the 6800, and the 6502 are
*Osborne & Assoc. PAYROLL W /COST
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*Osborne & Assoc. ACCTS. RECEIVABLE & memory access, stack manipulation, I/O
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APH - Self- administered Automated Patient
microprocessor.
History $115 The next part of the book deals with
programming techniques. Data movement,
Write /call for additional software available & FREE arithmetic operations, multiple precision
"CP /M Primer ". arithmetic, branching, indexing, subrou-
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list processing, bit manipulation, decimal
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amples are given for each processor.

The last part of the book provides stan-

dard algorithms for each machine. Twenty
different building blocks (most of which If you need Business Reports with fancy
belong in any good monitor) are given for frills you have the wrong company. We
each processor. Appendices summarize the don't put these in our Software or our Ads.
instruction sets. Both cost * ** You * ** Money.
There are three groups of people who
might be interested in this book. The first But if you need solid, Down -To -Earth
group is composed of anyone becoming Software for your North Star, Imsai, or
acquainted with microcomputer technology other low cost Data Processing System
who wants an overview of the main pro-
written in Microsoft Basic or Cbasic in-
cessors in present hobbyist use. The second
group is composed of people who already cluding GL, AR, AP, Inventory, Payroll,
have a machine and who want good stan- Mailing List and Fixed Asset Accounting
dard routines. The third group (in which then you * ** Do * ** have the right
am included) consists of those hobbyists
company.
who have a machine and who would like to
see how other processors operate. While I GIVE US A TRY - WE KNOW YOU'LL BE GLAD YOU DID
would certainly never trade my Z -80 for any
of the processors illustrated in the book, it We honor Visa and Mastercharge
is good to know how the rest of the world
operates.
John A Lehman 102 Avenida Dela Estrella

716 Hutchins 2 Suite 208
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(714) 492 -7633
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Circle 135 on inquiry card. lune 1979 O BYTE Publications Inc 205
BASIC Factorials
PPogPamcniag Cuickies
Alan R Miller Here's another function to add to your
New Mexico Tech BASIC, a factorial calculator. The factorial
Socorro NM 87801 of a number X is equal to X times X -1 times
X -2 etc down to one and is represented by
X! Thus 4! is 24. For large values of X,
10 REM TEST FACTORIAL SUBROUTINE Stirling's approximation can be used to find
20 INPUT "FACTORIAL OF ";X:GOSUB 5000
30 PRINT "THE FACTORIAL OF ";X;" IS ";G
the gamma function which is readily con-
40 GOTO 20 verted to the factorial by the relation:
5000 REM GAMMA FUNCTION G(X)
5010 Y0= X +1:Y= Y0 +5: Y2= Y "Y "30: Y1= SQR(2 "3.14159/Y *YTY
5020 G= Y1 "EXPI(1- 1/(30 "Y2)) /(12 Y) -Y
/Y0 X!= I'(X+1)
5030 FOR =1 TO 4: G= G/ (Y0 +1): NEXT: RETURN
1
OK
To find the factorial of X with the BASIC
program shown in listing 1, execute a jump
Listing 1: BASIC program for determining factorials using
to subroutine at line 5000. On return, the
the gamma function.
factorial of X will be in G. If for some
reason the gamma function itself is wanted,
RUN remove the first statement from line 5010
FACTORIAL OF ? 2 and GOSUB 5000 with the argument in YO.
THE FACTORIAL OF 2 IS 2.00001
FACTORIAL OF ? 3 The subroutine works by finding the
THE FACTORIAL OF 3 IS 6.00003 gamma function of a number six values
FACTORIAL OF ? 4 larger than the argument:
FACTORIAL OF ? 5
FACTORIAL OF ? 8
X!= r(X+1)
FACTORIAL OF ? 12
(X + 5) = r (N)
THE FACTORIAL OF 12 IS 4.79001E +08
FACTORIAL OF ? 16 = 27r/N NN
FACTORIAL OF ? 20
exp
(1 2X 30X,
1 2
X
Listing 2: Sample run of the factorial r (x) = r (N)/(X(X + 1) (X + 2)

program. Notice that the answers are not (X+3) (X+4))
exact. The truncated integer portions of the
smaller results are exact factorials; as the This function is only approximate, as can
factorials grow in size, the result quickly be seen in the sample run of listing 2. The
exceeds the precision of the floating point returned value should be rounded to the
representation of the numbers. nearest integer.
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MPRINT 6800 Driver software in 2708 for Malibu the user to mix drive sizes. DM-85 allows ware development and debugging prior to
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Since my computer system is continually
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the addressing for the various memory MEMORIES

boards. To eliminate the hunt -and -seek
method of locating unprotected memory
blocks, I put together the routine in listing 1 S -100 - $695.00 SBC 80/10 - $750.00
(see page 208) to examine all memory space
from hexadecimal 0000 to FFFF and report
LSI 11 - $750.00 6800 - $750.00
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Plugs directly into the IMSAI, MITS,
A memory location exists and is not pro-
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However, since any given memory location Z80 at 4Mhz. Addressable in 4K in-
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the 8080 processor), some care must be CI-S100 64K x 8 Price $695.00.
exercised in declaring a location as existing
and available.
CI -1103 -
8K words to 32K words in a
single option slot. Plugs directly into
To address this problem, use a double
I
store routine in which the processor first

LSI 11, LSI 11/2, H11 & PDP 1103.
stores one arbitrary number and then an-
Addressable in 2K increments up to
other different number. If the processor 128K. 8K x 16 $390.00. 32K x 16 $750.00
reads back the correct number for both
CI-1103 32K x 16 qty. one.
stores, that location is a valid unprotected
memory cell. [This could also be used as
CI -6800 -16KB to 64KB on a single
board. Plugs directly into Motorola's
a memory failure check if the two values
EXORcisor and compatible with the
used were hexadecimal 0000 and FFFF ... .
evaluation modules. Addressable in
RGAC]
Two notes are needed relative to listing 1. 4K increments up to 64K. 16KB $390.00.
CI-6800 64K x 8
64KB $750.00.
First, the line with the pound sign ( #) is the
link back to the calling routine. If the
FMAR routine is called as a subroutine, this i7i&T i
CI -8080
board.
-
Plugs
16KB to 64KB on single
directly into Intel's MDS
line should be replaced with a return instruc- i
j iriii 800 and SBC 80/10. Addressable in
tion. Second, note that upon exiting, the to 64K. 16KB $390.00.
4K increments up
DE register pair points to the next address
CI-8080 64K x 8 64KB $750.00
past the last address pair from the routine.
The pointers for start and end of free mem-
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POP instructions.
Also, the routine itself should be located
in protected memory (along with the oper-
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will self- destruct if located in unprotected
memory. Be sure to provide sufficient room Circle 47 on inquiry card.
for the DE register pair to expand.
Total memory requirements for this
routine are 66 bytes plus the stack area
for the DE register pair storage of free mem-
ory boundaries.
If desired, the FMAR routine may be
used to simply output the addresses to a
Teletype or terminal.
lune 1979 0 BYTE Publications Inc 207

Listing 1: 8080 assembly language program for finding areas of memory that The 5 byte code that does the same trans-
are free and unprotected. Modifying the command on line 6 allows the pro- lation is as follows:
gram to start looking at any point in memory.
DAA
0000 *Free Memory Allocation Routine ADI FOH
0001 A locates available unprotected memory ACI 40H.
0002 A
0003 A coming in: DEE point to location
0004 A where results are to be stored The latter assumes that the carry and the
0005 A
auxiliary carry are reset, which is the case in
0006 FMAR: LXI H,0 ;SET HEL TO 0000
0007 FMAR1: CALL LOOK ;LOOK FOR FIRST FREE LOCATION all applications that I could find of this
0008 JZ REP1 ;FOUND IT, REPORT IT translation.
0009 FMAR3: CALL CHECK ;LOOK FOR END OF MEMORY
0010 JNZ FMAR1 ;NOT YET, LOOK SOME MORE
0011 # JMP EXEC ;END OF MEMORY, RETURN TO EXECUTIVE
0012 REP1: CALL REPOR ;REPORT FIRST FREE LOCATION
0013 FMAR2: CALL CHECK ;SEE itAT END OF MEMORY
0014
0015 FMAR4:
JNZ
DCX
TRYON
H
;NOT YET, CONTINUE LOOKING
;REPORT LAST LOCATION
Checkbook Balancing
0016 CALL REPOR
0017
0018 TRYON:
JMP
CALL
FMAR3
LOOK
;AND USE CHECK TO EXIT
;LOOK FOR A FREE LOCATION
Routine
0019 JZ FMAP2 ;VALID LOCATION Loring
C White
0020 JMP FMAR4 ;NOT VALID, LOOK FOR START OF NEXT FREE MEMORY 26 Boswell Rd
A
0021 Reading MA 02119
0022 LOOK: MOV C,M ;SAVE MEMORY IN REGISTER C
0023 MOV M,H ;WRITE H INTO MEMORY
0024 MOV A,M ;READ MEMORY INTO A
0025 CMP ;SEE IF A AND H AGREE
H
Every month the bank statement arrives
0026 RNZ ;NO, NOT VALID MEMORY
0027 MOV M,L ;OK PASS 1, THIS TIME PUT IN L and we have to go through cancelled checks
0028 NOV A,M ;READ BACK INTO A and the usual mathematical ritual to recon-
0029 MOV M,C ;PUT C BACK INTO MEMORY
0030 CMP L ;SEE IF A AND L AGREE cile our figures with those of the bank. Here
0031 RET ;RETURN WITH FLAGS SET is some software the computer enthusiast
0032 A
can use to balance a checkbook. The pro-
0033 CHECK: SUB A ;SET A TO 0
0034 INX H ;INCREMENT HEL gram in listing 1 is written in MITS 8 K
0035 CMP H ;SEE IF H =0 BASIC Revision 3.2 (used on my Altair
0036 RNZ ;NOT YET, RETURN
0037 CMP L ;SEE IF L =0 8800 computer). [Since the MITS 8 K
0038
A
RET ;AND RETURN BASIC language was written and imple-
0039
0040 REPOR: MOV A,L ;GET THE LOW ADDRESS mented by the Microsoft Company, this
0041 STAX D ;STORE WITH DEE POINTER same listing should work with minor changes
0042 DCX ;DECREMENT POINTER
on a number of computers besides the
D
0043 MOV A,H ;GET HIGH ADDRESS
0044 STAX D ;STORE WITH DEE POINTER Altair. These include the Apple II with the
0045 DCX D ;DECREMENT POINTER "Applesoft" BASIC, the Radio Shack
0046 RET ;RETURN
TRS-80 with Level II BASIC, and the
Commodore PET computer. ...CHI If you
have printer or Teletype, you can get hard
copy of all pertinent information for later
references.
The program has the following features:
The initial printout is a listing of all
5 Byte Hexadecimal outstanding checks by check number,
date and amount.
to ASCII Converter A list of all cancelled checks as they
are entered as well as a final summary
list is given.
A new, updated list of outstanding
Ashwin L Doshi I was recently challenged by a colleague checks is provided to update the list
5830 Green Valley Cir 105 to find the most efficient 8080 code to trans- of checks appearing in the data state-
Culver City CA 90230
late hexadecimal 0 thru F (stored in the ac- ments. Provision is made for this list-
cumulator) into ASCII 0 thru 9 and A thru ing to be in data format so that it can
F (also in the accumulator). After I came up be punched on tape to make the pro-
with a 5 byte translation, he showed me a gram update easier.
well -published 6 byte translation (of which The computer will search for each
I was unaware) which is as follows: check listing as it is entered during
the program run.
AD 90H
I Input statements are provided for en-
DAA tering the bank statement balance;
ACI 40H service charge and deposits not entered
DAA. on the statement.

HEAVY PROGRAMS
3 DIM P(100)
WITH A LIGHT TOUCH
4 DIMN( 100), D(100) ,A(1001,NRIi001,DR(100),AR(100) PDI educational software teaches
5 PRINT "PROGRAM TO BALANCE CHECK BOOK"
7 PRINT "ONLY CHECKS NOT RETURNED SHOULD BE LISTED IN DATA 600" with lively, interactive, motivating
8 FORX= 0TO70:PRINT " -"; :NEXT:PRINT programs. PDI programs and games
9 PRINT" CHECK # ", "DATEIMDY) ", "AMOUNT" can teach you new skills and help
10 FORN= 1TO100
20 READ N(N),D(N),A(N) your kids learn essential math, read-
21 IFNIN)=OTHEN50 ing, and language skills. The light,
25 S =S +A(N) direct, and entertaining style makes
26 PRINT NIN),DINI, "$ ";AIN)
40 NEXT the software ideal for home use.
50 PRINT "LIST ALL CHECKS RETURNED: CHECK #,DATEIMDY,AMOUNT($)" See Program Design educational
55 PRINT "LIST '0,0,0' AS LAST CHECK IN LIST"
60 FORN= 1TO100 software for PET, Apple II, and
61 INPUT NR(N),DRIN),AR(N) TRS -80 at your local computer store.
65 FOR X= 1TO100
67 IF NRIN)= OTHEN130 Product list available.
70 IF NRIN)= NIX)THEN80 Available at participating Computerlands
75 GOT095 And at these dealers .. .
80 IF DR(N)= DIX)THEN90
85 GOTO95 ALABAMA MICHIGAN
Byte Shop Computer House
90 IF ARIN)= A(X)THEN100 untsville Jackson
95 NEXT X ARKANSAS MISSOURI
97 NEXT N Data Cope Computer Country
100 PRINT "CANCEL CHECK #: ";NRIN); "DATE: "; "AMOUNT:$ ";AR(N) Little Rock Florissant
102 PIY) =N CALIFORNIA Forsythe Computers
Byte Shop Bridgeton
103 Y =Y +1 Santa Clara MONTANA
110 T= T+AR(N) Byte Shop Computer Store
120 GOT097 Westminster Billings
130 PRINT "TOTAL AMOUNT IN $ OF CHECKS RETURNED FROM BANK =$ ";T Computer Components
Burbank
NEVADA
PRINT "LIST OF CANCELLED CHECKS" B e Shop
134 Computer Components Reno
135 PRINT " CHECK # ", "DATE(MDY) ", "AMOUNT $" Van Nuys NEW JERSEY
136 FORY= 0TO100:IFN(P(Y))THEN140 Computer Components Computer Encounter
Westminster Princeton
137 PRINT NRIP(Y)),DR(P(Y)),AR(P(Y)) Computer Forum
La Mirada Computer Mart
139 NEXT Iselin
140 PRINT "TOTAL CHECKS NOT RETURNED= $ ";S -T omputer Forum Computer Nook
ante Fe Springs Pinebrook
150 INPUT "ENTER BALANCE PER STATEMENT FROM BANK $ ";B World Shore Computers
160 INPUT "TOTAL OF DEPOSITS NOT CREDITED ON STATEMENT $ ";D Norrtthr
166 INPUT "ENTER SERVICE CHARGE INDICATED ON BANK STATEMENT $ ";SC Santa Rosa Comp. Center Toms River
Santa Rosa Tvpetronic Comp.
168 Z= B- S +T+D +SC COLORADO
Ramsey
170 PRINT "CHECKBOOK BALANCE SHOULD BE= $ ";INTIZ "10 +2 +.5)/10f2 AMPTEC NEW YORK
PRINT "REM TO DELETE ALL RETURNED CHECKS FROM DATA LIST" Denver American Peripherals
180 Lindenhurst
190 PRINT "REM TO SUBTRACT SERVICE CHARGE FROM CHECKBOOK BALANCE" CONNECTICUT Computer Corner
191 PRINT "IF YOU WANT LIST OF CHECKS OUTSTANDING FOR NEW DATA" Computer Place White Plains
Stamford Computer Factory
192 PRINT "LISTING THEN PREPARE TELETYPE TAPE LEADER AND TYPE 'YES'"; Computer Store New York City
193 INPUT V$:IF V$= "YES "THEN200 Hartford Computer General Store
GOTO500 Computer Store Lynbrook
194 Windsor Locks Computer Mart
200 FORN= 1TO100 Computer Works New York City
210 FORY= 0TO100 Westport
FLORIDA NORTH CAROLINA
220 IFNINI= OTHEN500 Byte Shop
230 IFN(N)= NR(P(Y))THEN250 Grice Electronics Greensboro
Pensacola Byte Shop
240 GOTO280 Gulf Coast Computers Raleigh
250 IFD(N)= DR(P(Y))THEN270 Milton
Tampa OHIO
260 GOTO280 Micro Mini Comp. World
O. Henry's Bookstore
270 IFA(N)= AR(P(Y))THEN290 Davie Columbus
280 NEXTY Tomorrow Today 21st Century Shop
Fort Richey Cincinnati
285 GOTO300
Trans Data TENNESSEE
290 NEXTN Coral Gables Computerlab
300 PRINT600 +L;" DATA ";N(N) ", ";D(N); ", ";A(N) HAWAII Memphis
310 L =L+1 Land of Light Computers TEXAS
320 GOTO290 Paia Computer Center
500 END ILLINOIS Wichita Falls
DATA 100,12876,18.75 Appletree Stereo Computercraft
600 DeKalb Houston
601 DATA 3,3177,2.6 Kappel's Comp. Store Computer Patch
602 DATA 6,3177,16.2 Belleville Odessa
Computer Shop
603 DATA 7,3177,48 INDIANA an Antonio
604 DATA 8,3177,16.75 Home Computer Center
Indianapolis UTAH
605 DATA 10,3177,251 Computer Concepts Group
LOUISIANA
606 DATA 13,32177,70 Computer Shoppe Salt Lake City
607 DATA 14,32877,70 Metairie WASHINGTON
608 DATA 15,31477,70 MARYLAND Ye Olde Computer Shoppe
609 DATA 16,31577,15 Computers Etc. Richland
Towson CANADA
610 DATA 17,3777,12 Computer Workshop Computer Shop
611 DATA 18,3977,5 Rockville Calgary Alta.
612 DATA 19,3977,5 MASSACHUSETTS Kobetek Systems
613 DATA 100,31077,88.4 Computer Store Wol vi le, N.S.
614 DATA 100,31177,15.62 Listing 1: Checkbook bal- Burlington ENGLAND
Computer Store Petsoft
615 DATA 20,31177,20 ancing routines for Micro- Cambridge Birmingham
616 DATA 100,31077,8
617 DATA 21,31277,47 soft (MITS) BASIC. The
618 DATA 1,31277,52 data statements contain
619 DATA 2,31277,150
620 DATA 100,31477,9.93 all outstanding checks
700 DATA 0,0,0 that will be checked. PROGRAM DESIGN, INC., 11 Idar Court. Greenwich. CT 06930
tune 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc 209

A final summary is provided giving line uses up more memory, but there are
the total of all outstanding checks, good reasons for doing this that become
checkbook balance and the checks apparent when you run the program.
returned from the bank.
Using the Program
How It Works
After all the checks are listed in the data
To implement the program it is necessary statements, as shown in the program, you
to provide a list of all checks written by are ready to run the program. Take the can-
number, date, and amount in the data state- celled checks you get from the bank and
ments at the end of the program. When I input the check number, date and amount
first started writing the software I included the same way you entered the information
the name of the company but later discov- in the data statements. Then hit carriage
ered that this information is not really return. The program will search the data list
needed. for the check and deduct it from the
The first data statement in the program balance, printing for example:
of listing is:
1
600 DATA 100, 12876, 18.75 "CANCEL CHECK #: 100

DATE: 12876
The statement says that check number 100 AMOUNT: $18.75"
was written on December 8, 1976 for the
amount of $18.75. (I usually carry a number If the check is not located in the data, the
of blank checks in case need to write a
I computer types a question mark meaning
check. I always number this type of check that either the check isn't there or you have
with 100. At the end of the month I may not entered the data correctly.
have several checks with number 100 but After all the checks have been entered,
this is no problem, because they are also type 0,0,0 for the last check and hit carriage
identified with the date and amount.) return. The computer will give you a com-
The computer, when searching for each plete list of all the cancelled checks just
check, looks for all three pieces of informa- entered plus the total of all the outstanding
tion before assuming that the check has been checks. You will be asked to enter the bank
located. Listing each check on a separate statement balance and any deposits not
shown and the service charge, if any. Using
this information, the program calculates
List Our the balance in your checkbook. In this way
CROMEMCO 20% DISCOUNT Price
you can reconcile your arithmetic with that
System III 5990 4800
System II 3995 3200
of the bank.
16K Ram 595 480 Normally at this point it is necessary to
change the data statement list by eliminating
NORTH STAR 16% DISCOUNT
Horizan -DD kit
I 1599 1344 all the cancelled checks received from the
Horizan -SD kit
I 1599 1299 bank. This would mean searching and typing
Horizan -DD asm
I 1899 1590 some of the line numbers. When I developed
Horizan II -DD kit 1999 1679 the program I decided to let the program
Horizan II -DD asm 2349 1973
16K Ram kit
do this work, so you will be asked if you
399 335
16K Ram asm 459 385
want an updated "data" list of the outstand-
ing checks.
VECTOR GRAPHICS 20% DISCOUNT
Vector M 315k disk
1
If you have a mass storage device, you
Vector MZ 2 315k disks can store the data statements. The program
Intertube CRT 874 725 lists all the outstanding checks in the re-
LA -36 DecWriter 1795 1444 quired data format, including new line
Escon Selectric Interface 496 422 numbers. The program can then be updated
Integral Data IP125 799 699 by entering the information back into the
Integral Data IP225 949 834
Compu Cruise
program. All data statement numbers not
199 164
Radio Shack 5 % Discount stored will have to be deleted by hand. This
Professional A /r, A /p, Ledger, Payroll, Medical Billing soft- is now an easier job because these numbers
ware with customization available. Send for our catalog - are at the end of the program and no search-
Some prices are too low to quote.
ing by the operator is required. Also, don't
SARA TECH forget to deduct the service charges from
COMPUTERS your checkbook balance.
P.O. Box 692 Before developing this software I used
400 Base to dread receiving "that envelope" from
Venice, FL the bank, but now I actually look forward
33595 to it in spite of the fact that it requires a
(813)485 -3559 bit of effort to enter the required informa-
tion into the computer.
Attention Computer Dealers and Booksellers!
BITS Inc.'s ENTIRE BOOK INVENTORY AT WHOLESALE PRICES!
More than 200 books to choose from

More than 50 publishers represented
Small press and self -published authors
All books professionally reviewed
Exclusive distributor for the BITS PROGRAMMER PAD
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Exclusive from the BOSS 6502
Because the BOSS is concerned with the needs

Z-80
of your customer, the microcomputer user, we
have developed the BITS PROGRAMMER PADTM
- an ingenious form custom tailored to the
8080A, 6800, Z -80, 1802, or 6502. Architecture is
laid out with contiguous memory spaces to allow 1802
for critical memory allocations, data movement,
tables, and stack manipulation.
The other side is for the program - with pre -
numbered lines and columns for addresses, ob-
8080A
ject codes, labels, instructions, and comments.

BITS PROGRAMMER PADS TM are time-sav-
ing helpers for hand assembling programs.
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Each 50 page pad is of durable stock that will
hold up to erasures, and is punched for a 3 ring
for the Reverse side
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understand. Retail is $2.50 each pad. BITS PROGRAMMER PAD'
he impossib4
PO Box 428
25 Route 101 West
Peterborough, NH 03458
TOLL FREE NUMBER:
800 -258 -5477
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VISA
BYTE lune 1979 211

THE A Peek at Poke

CRITICS'
CHOICE M Parris
Users of TRS -80 Level II BASIC will find
the POKE function handy for the occasional
Dept of Chemistry manual patching of object programs. How-
U of Victoria ever, it's frustratingly slow and annoying to
POB 1700 be forced into decimal notation. Listing 1 is
Victoria BC a Level II BASIC program residing in upper
CANADA V8W 2Y2 limit statement numbers for a 16 K byte
65509 CLS:PRINTCHR$114):L%=32767
65510 GOSUB65512
65511 POKEL%,D%:L%=L%+1:GOT065510
65512 GOSUB65528
65513 IFA$=": "THEN I%=1 E LSE I%=0:1 F I%=0GOT065522
65514 GOSUB65528
65515 GOSUB65529
65516 D%=A%'4096
65517 GOSUB65528
65518 GOSUB65529
65519 D%=D%+A%"256
65520 GOSUB65528
65521 GOT065523
65522 D%=0
A CONSUMER'S GUIDE TO 65523 GOSUB65529
65524 D%=D%+A%'16
PERSONAL COMPUTING 65525 GOSUB65528
AND MICROCOMPUTERS 65526 GOSUB65529
by Stephen Freiberger and Paul Chew 65527 D%=D%+A%:IFI%=0 THENRETURNE LSE L%=D%:GOT065512
Chosen by Library journal as one of the 65528 A$=1NKEY$:IFA$=""THEN65528ELSEPRINTA$;:IFAS=
100 outstanding sci -tech books of " "THEN65528E LSEA%=ASC(A$):IFA%=10THEN65528E
1978 for general library collections! It LSEI FA%=13THEN65528ELSERETURN
offers both an introduction to personal 65529 A%=A°i6-48:IFA%<0 THENSTOPELSEIFA%<10THENRETURN
computers and a product review of the
ELSEA%=A%-7:IFA%<16THENRETURNELSESTOP
available equipment. #5680 -X, $7.95
Listing 1: Level ll BASIC program for the TRS -80 which allows hexadecimal
THE FIRST BOOK OF
data to be loaded into memory.
MICROCOMPUTERS: The
Home Owner's Best Friend by Robert
Moody "...excels in the quality of its
cartoons, illustrations, diagrams, and 10 X= 32 +RND(159):REM GET A RANDOM NO. BETWEEN 32 AND 191
layout. These supplement ... the 20 FORJ= 0T01023:POKE15360 +J,X:NEXTJ:REM FILL THE SCREEN
author's gift for lucid description and 30 FORT =1 TO1000:NEXTI:GOT010:REM WAIT AWHILE AND DO IT AGAIN
hands -on experience with personal
computers." Library Journal Listing 2: Example of a program to fill of the
the screen TRS -80 with graphic
#5121 -2, $4.95
characters.
STANDARD DICTIONARY
OF COMPUTERS AND
INFORMATION PROCESSING, ORG 16526D ;LOCATION OF USER FUNCTION ADDRESS
Second Edition by Martin H. Weik DW START ;USER FUNCTION ADDRESS
"This volume, with its concise entries and ORG 32000D ;THIS LOOKS LIKE A NICE PLACE
extremely helpful cross -references, DS 1 ;DATA TO BE TRANSFERRED TO USER FUNCTION
offers a compact overview of concepts START: LXI H,32000D
MOV C,M
;GET THE DATA TO BE TRANSFERRED
;INTO C
-
in the computer field. "Booklist
LXI H,3COOH ;VIDEO DISPLAY STARTS HERE (HEX)
#5099 -2, $17.95 LXI D,0400H ;SIZE OF DISPLAY (HEX)
See these and other NXT: MOV M,C
DCR E
;LOAD THE DATA FOR DISPLAY
;COUNT THE -
Hayden titles at your JNZ EOK ;REMAINING -
DCR D ;LOCATIONS IN -
local computer store. RZ ;VIDEO DISPLAY -
EOK: INX H ;AND FILLTHEMALL -
JMP NXT ;WITH THE DATA
HAYDEN BOOK END
I 1
COMPANY, INC. Listing 3: An assembly language program which can be called by the modified
50 Essex Street version of listing 2 to fill the screen quickly. Use the hexadecimal loader to
Rochelle Park, NJ 07662 put the object code of this program into memory.
212 lune 1979 is, BYTC Publications Inc

TRS -80 system, which enables fast keyboard
entry of hexadecimal code.
The starting address is entered as :HHLL
followed by the successive data bytes, which Clubs and Newsletters
may be spaced as appropriate for clarity in
on- screen checking. An invalid character
causes a return to the COMMAND mode. Attention: Buffalo NY Apple II Owners monthly newsletter. Contact Ed Avelar,
The following trivial example illustrates its president, at (415) 583 -2431 or David
use. Gary Weir has written from Buffalo Wilkerson, secretary, at (415) 482 -4175.
NY with information about a new
Apple II users group in his area. Called Mexican Computer Club
Example the Apple Byters Corp, they are highly
motivated to provide new owners of the We have been notified of the exis-
The BASIC interpreter is too slow for Apple lI with the help they may need to tence of a Mexican computer club.
successfully program and utilize their Called the Microcomputer Club, this
dynamic graphics, as the program in listing 2 investment. A booklet is currently being group is primarily concerned with the
illustrates. Run it and see how slowly the prepared combining insights and solu- Apple Il and OSI products. They are
screen loads. Now replace statement 20 by: tions to bugs previously encountered by interested in exchanging information
the club's members. A copy and its up- and experiences with other computer
dates are included in the $5 member- groups. Contact Alfredo Buzali, fte de
20 POKE32000, X:X= USR(0):
ship fee. Apple II owners or potential Quijote #5, Mexico 10, D F or call
REM FILL THE SCREEN FASTER, owners should contact Gary at 225 Wal- 5- 89 -22 -79 between 7 and 8 PM.
ton Dr, Snyder NY 14226 concerning
which calls the machine language subroutine meeting times and locations. Central Alabama TRS -80 Computer
in listing 3 to do the same job much faster. Society
Apple Bay Area Computer Users Society
Insert the assembled object code using the Several TRS -80 users in Montgomery
hexadecimal loader, noting that memory size ABACUS (Apple Bay Area Computer AL have formed the Central Alabama
must now be less than 32000: Users Society) meets the second Monday TRS -80 Computer Society. They are
of each month at the Hayward BYTE planning a club library, a local newsletter
Shop, 1122 B St, Hayward CA. They and a club computer. Another aim is to
: 408E 01 7D
have an active membership of 40 and provide each new member with a mem-
: 7D01 21007D4E21003C110004711DC2127D15
have developed a club library of 200 bership package which would contain
C823C30B7D
programs. They are negotiating to trade magazine subscription blanks, addresses
libraries with several other clubs. Mem- of hardware and software suppliers, and
Now run the program again. bership is $12 a year which includes a other information pertaining to the TRS-
OVERBYTES AND UNDERPRICES THE COMPETITION

Introducing
the pelas y Exam
PASCAL OPERATING SYSTEM: The smoothest, most convenient
operating system available, featuring a powerful screen oriented
text editor, the fast PASCAL compiler, file and library handling
system, linker, library, BASIC compiler, and more.
Z -80 MICROCOMPUTER: Northstar based 4 MHz S -100
microcomputer with 64k RAM, serial and parallel ports, dual
Micropolis quad density (630 kbytes formatted) disk drives.
60 cps DOT MATRIX PRINTER: Centronics model 779 with trac-

tor feed and paper stacker.
FULL FUNCTION INTELLIGENT TERMINAL: Microterm ACT -V,
with addressable cursor, protected fields, erase to eol, erase to
eos, reduced intensity, protected fields, much more.
RETAIL ibs PRICE

$5885. Microcomputer /Dual Drive /64k /Pascal $4695 $3995
Complete with the Printer /tractor feed /paper stacker $1250 $1095
fantastic UCSD Pascal Terminal $880 $795
$6825 $5885
Operating System
Buy complete system and receive all cables and box of disks free .
independent business systems, inc. 5476 Cleo Ct. Livermore, CA 94550 (415) 443 -3131
80. The meetings are held on the third Mart of Massachusetts Inc, 1395 Main St, CPE services for $10 per year. This
Tuesday of each month at various loca- Waltham MA 02154. entitles members to a catalogue, news-
tions around Montgomery. Contact letter and up to ten CPE programs as
Walter F Bray, 2073 Rexford Rd, Mont- North American Computer Association listings or paper tapes. As the personal
gomery AL 36116. element expands, CPE also proposes
The North American Computer Asso- to offer cassette versions at a small
Newsletter for Sorcerer Owners ciation (NACA) recently began its third extra charge. Contact Dr G Beech,
year with a membership of approximately Central Program Exchange, Dept of
Orders are now being accepted for an 20 independent businessmen in the com- Computing and Mathematical Sciences,
independent user newsletter dedicated puter systems field. One of the objectives The Polytechnic, Wolverhampton, ENG-
solely to the Exidy Sorcerer. The $15 of the organization is to increase the LAND WV1 1LY.
subscription price includes all ten issues efficiency of each member's individual
of volume one, and the first issue will be organization by pooling all the dif- Software Magazine for Microcomputers
available around July 1st. The Source ferent programming developments and
will include items of general interest to the selling and servicing techniques used The Software Exchange magazine
Sorcerer owners, such as program listings, by the various members. NACA meets provides information about the latest
how- to -do -it articles, and hardware and once a month in Dallas TX, and in- software that has been developed. In-
software reviews. Contact ARESCO, terested businessmen are welcome to cluded are reviews, abstracts and articles
POB 1142, Columbia MD 21044. attend. Contact Torn Crites, Suite 811, about software for today's microcom-
1001 Main St, Lubbock TX 79401. puters. The Software Exchange is
Sorcerer Users Group published bimonthly. Subscriptions are
Small Computer Users join England's $5 per year in the US, Canada and
Computer Mart of Massachusetts has Central Program Exchange Mexico. International subscriptions are
announced the formation of the Sor- $19. Contact The Software Exchange,
cerer Users Group. The purpose of the The Central Program Exchange (CPE) POB 55056, Valencia CA 91355.
group is to setup a channel of communi- at The Polytechnic, Wolverhampton, is
cation between Sorcerer owners and to opening its doors to users of small com- Free Newsletter Features Computer
provide information on hardware and puters in an effort to coordinate the Product Marketing Information
software developments to the Sorcerer free interchange of programming. The
user. The group has a membership of Exchange has 72 members, and cur- Crossroads is a free periodic news-
about 30 people. The $5 membership rently holds a library of over 200 pro- letter which highlights tools and tech-
fee includes the monthly newsletter, grams in BASIC, FORTRAN and AL- niques in selling software, data services
The Exidy Monitor. Contact Computer GOL. Individual members can obtain and turnkey systems. Crossroads pro-
vides helpful hints, insights to trends,
results of experiments and generally,
the successes and failures associated with
development, sale and support of com-
READ THE MAGAZINE puter based products. Contact Editor,

Crossroads, Cross Associates, Suite 530,
9000 Keystone Crossing, Indianapolis
IN 46240.
THE PROS READ. 6800 Users Newsletter
The Chicago Area 6800 Users News-

For over 20 years DATAMATION has Edition, the Industry Profile featuring letter is a monthly publication aimed at
been the magazine for the data processing
professional. Now DATAMATION
the " DATAMATION 50"
U.S. DP companies.
-
the top providing information and assistance to
those users of the 6800 microprocessor.
magazine is available to hobbiests, busi- For further information, contact Phillip
ness men, accountants, engineers, pro- TECHNICAL PUBLISHING COMPANY Schuman, 1354 Finley, Lombard IL
grammers ... anyone with a deep curiosi a Dun & Bradstreet Company 60148.
35 Mason St.. Greenwich. CT 06830
ty about the real world of data process- a (203) 661 -5400
ing.
Written by the data processing pro- EFOR A ONE YEAR SUBSCRIPTION
fessional for the data processing profes-
sional, DATAMATION magazine's arti-
(13 ISSUES) SEND $32. lBYT[' Bugs
cles cover a wide range of subjects ... TO: SUZANNE A. RYAN
DATAMATION magazine
industry trends, "how to do it better"
666 FIFTH AVENUE
articles, budget and salary surveys, new A Computer by Any Other Name
NEW YORK, NY 10019
computer applications, advanced tech-
nology, new products and services as Name A typographical error in "Build a
well as a monthly department on person- Computer Controlled Security System
al computing. Address for Your Home: Part 3" by Steve Ciarcia
Whether your interest in computers is (March 1979 BYTE, page 150) may have
for fun or profit, DATAMATION maga- City caused some head scratching among our
readers. The caption for figure con-
zine has a world of information for you 1
State/ Zip tained the following sentence: "Op amp

every month ...
plus an annual Special L IC2 is used as a computer to convert the
output accordingly." The sentence
13 gt 1A PI TI0Ns
Plmagazine should have read as follows: "Op amp
IC2 is used as a comparator to convert
the output accordingly." Mr. Ciarcia did
not attempt to construct his circuit using
a programmable op amp.

SHOULD it be a Heathkit' ?
Whether you are considering the purchase of an
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Heathkit) has a continuing commitment to selling
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SIERRA CYBERNETIC SYSTEMS
PO Box 20175
Reno, Nevada 89515 (702) 322 -4563 The Independent Newsletter
11
of Heath Co. Computers
C /PM SOFTWARE TOOLS

R
PET WORD PROCESSOR

ED -80 TEXT EDITOR
-
THE PROGRAMMER'S MOST IMPORTANT SOFTWARE TOOL
WHY NOT MAKE IT YOUR BEST?
ED -80 enc' rn passes the features found on large mainframe and minicomputer editors.
such as the IBM 370, CDC 170, UNIVAC 1100, and the DEC PDP -11 series computers,
plus additional features designed for floppy disk based operating systems. It is a
context editor which is compatible with C /PM and its derivatives, including IMDOS,
DOS -A, CDOS, etc.
Over 50 commands are provided, including forward or backward LOCATE, CHANGE,
and FIND commands; INSERT, DELETE, REPLACE, APPEND, PRINT, LIST, MACRO,
upper and lower CASE. SCALE, TABSET, and WINDOW commands: and GET and PUT
This program permits composing and printing letters, commands for repositioning. duplicating, concatenating, and managing text files and
libraries. Sophisticated search and change techniques are provided for managing
flyers, advertisements, manuscripts, etc., using the BASIC. FORTRAN, COBOL, PL /I, ALGOL, APL, PASCAL, ASSEMBLER. TEXT
COMMODORE PET and a printer. FORMATTED, and other file types.
Script directives include line length, left margin, cen- The WINDOW command allows instantaneous full screen displays of both the current
and surrounding lines for further editing, and provides for forward and backward
tering, and skip. Edit commands allow the user to scrolling in the full screen mode. Designed for today's high speed CRT's and video
insert lines, delete lines, move lines and paragraphs, monitors, the WINDOW command separates ED-80 from all other available editors,
and is not hardware dependent.
change strings, save onto cassette, load from cassette, Up to three MACRO commands may be defined for iterative execution of concatenated
move up, move down, print and type. editor commands. Once defined, they may be subsequently executed, or recalled for
observation. A MACRO may also be defined and executed In a single operation.
The CmC Word Processor Program addresses an RS-
Configurable parameters for tailoring the editor to the user's keyboard and environment
232 printer through a CmC printer adapter. are provided through the use of the C /PM Dynamic Debus Tool (DDT). The WINDOW.
WINDOW NEXT, WINDOW PREVIOUS, NEXT LINE, and PREVIOUS LINE commands
The CmC Word Processor program is available for tall in this category. These commands are considered so important to text editing that
$29.50. Add $1.00 for postage and handling per order. only one key has to be depressed to cause any one of them to execute.
A CURRENT LINE NUMBER is internally maintained by the editor for displaying when
prompting for input and with certain other commands. Line numbers are dynamically
Order direct or contact your local computer store. adjusted as the result of line inserts and deletes, and may be used for positioning within
the file. They are not stored or associated with the text in any manner.
ED -80 is thoroughly documented with a User's Manual of over 35 pages describing each
command and feature, and includes numerous examples. It .5 9 5K bytes in size, and a
minimum C /PM operating system of 20K is recommended A User's Manual and standard
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languages
Forum
Comments on " A High Level Glen Newton
Sperry-Univac
Language for 8 Bit Machines " Roseville MN 55113
"A High Level Language for 8 Bit Ma- evaluated from left to right until parentheses
Languages Forum is a
feature which is intended as an chines," by Ted Williams and Steve Conley are encountered. In order for evaluation to
interactive dialog about the (July 1978 BYTE, page 152) discusses the begin within the innermost parentheses, in
design and implementation of interpreter for a simple language. If we the language described in the article, each
languages for personal com-
take the language as given and ignore minor binary operator except the last would have
puting. Statements and
opinions submitted to this errors in the examples and flowcharts to be followed by a left parenthesis. Since
forum can be on any subject (such as pushing a variable "near operand the programmer cannot define his own
relevant to its purpose of stack" rather than onto it), several sub- functions, the result of evaluation will be
fostering discussion and com- stantial errors remain. the same as if evaluation had begun in the
munication among BYTE
readers on the subject of lan-
First, evaluation is claimed to start innermost parentheses if the language's
guages. We askthat all corres- "in the innermost parentheses." Following intrinsic functions have no side effects.
pondents supply their full the flowchart in figure 2 or table 2 or the Second, the claim that although in-
names and addresses to be example in listing 3 shows that this is not terpretation provides some advantages, "the
printed with their commen- true, despite the incorrect annotation price paid for this feature is memory" is
taries.
accompanying listing 3. Expressions are misleading. The combination of source code,
* North Star DOS and BASIC now fully supported on double density 8" drives.
More than 500K storage per disk now possible.
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Supports as many as four 51," drives, PROGRAM LIBRARY.
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FOR SALE
The following issues are available:
DCF -10 is currently supported by two
operating systems. For information or July, November, 1976; March, May thru September,
manuals, contact XCOMP. November and December, 1977; February thru October,
1978; and January, February and May, 1979.
Cover price for each issue thru August '77 is $1.50 plus
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data, tables, and the interpreter program is
often smaller than the compiled code and
data, particularly if the source language is
a powerful one, like APL, or contains space
THE consuming operations not supported by
BIONIC EAR hardware, such as MB, where A and B are

floating point numbers.
Third, the language presented in the
article allows nested DO loops, but the use
of UNTIL in this context can lead to prob-
lems since an UNTIL within two or more
loops is not syntactically connected with a
A landmark book by John L. Stewart, with technical
specific loop. For example, the second
information never before available. Based on years of UNTIL statement in example 1 could
express the programmer's intention to leave
research with partial support through the original Air either the inner or the outer loop when the
Force Bionics program of the 1960's. condition is satisfied. Defining the UNTIL
statement semantics to require exit of the
innermost enclosing loop when the condi-
Now you can understand and build devices that behave tion is satisfied solves this problem but it
does not correct the flaw in the DO routine
like the human ear -or a thing called "Hal ".
in figure 5 of the article. When an UNTIL
condition is satisfied, the interpreter seems
Speech recognition for the robot to search for the first available ENDDO,
rather than the matching one. In general
Aids for the deaf and deaf -blind this will not work properly, as illustrated
by considering the first UNTIL statement
Reliable voice control in example 1.
Speech bandwidth compression
DO
Speech security
Binaural localization
UNTIL conditionl
Bat -like echoranging
Sonar target recognition DO

Control of animals with sounds
Language training UNTIL condition2
Speech enhancements
ENDDO
and much, much more...
ENDDO
Hardware representations give new understanding of
man -not only how, but also why the ear works as it does. Example 1: Nested DO loops.
A far -reaching new theory- complete -sophisticated- Fourth, the authors claim that "the lack
powerful - destined to influence not only computers, but of statement labels excludes the possibility
of errors caused by not nesting DO loops
also concepts in physiology for decades to come. within each other (which is possible in a
language like FORTRAN)." In fact, the
This new and invaluable information for only $35.00 plus post- possibility exists; just take any appropriate
age and handling. ($1.50 regular or $4.00 priority or UPS Blue
FORTRAN nonnested, overlapping DO
in USA and Canada. Other countries add $12.00 for air or $3.50
surface, all U.S. funds.) California residents also add 6% sales loop example and remove the statement
tax. Send check, money order, or VISA or Master Charge num- numbers to see how the error is possible.
ber (and expiration date). Phone orders accepted. Credit only The difference is that with statement num-
on approval.
bers or labels the compiler or interpreter
would have sufficient information to detect
COVOX PublishiNq P.O. Box 2342 the error; without them the error must go
undetected because the resulting program is
Orcutt, CA 93454 Tel.: (805) 937 -9545 syntactically correct.
218 lune 1979 ti BYTE Publications Inc Circle 82 on inquiry card.

Fifth, like the factorial function which is sented has only standard arithmetic opera-
presented to illustrate recursion in program- tions plus functions. Thus the claim that the
ming primers, the use of recursion to find use of precedence in this language would
matching ENDIFs during interpretation is lead to confusion is probably unfounded.
unnecessary overkill. The nonrecursive use Probably the best justification for the
of an "unmatched IF" counter is adequate decision to have no precedence is that it
and conceptually simple. Furthermore, it simplifies implementation somewhat. How-
avoids the problem that "care must be ever, the authors' claim that "this procedure
taken in allocating and preserving local data minimizes the size of the stack" is incorrect,
within SEARCH during recursion." as shown by example 2. The FORTRAN
Finally, although APL, like the language
presented in the article, does not use oper-
expression A -
B * C requires parentheses
to be expressed in a precedenceless language.
ator precedence within expressions, APL The parentheses, in turn, require an extra
expressions are evaluated from right to left, level on the operator stack (in general, one
not left to right. Furthermore, APL has for each level of nesting). Example 2 shows
numerous nonstandard operators, providing that a precedenceless language can, for some
some justification for its no precedence expressions, require more, not less, stack
evaluation; in contrast, the language pre- space than a language using precedence.
Operator Operand Stack

Language Expression Stack (Maximum) (Maximum)
C
FORTRAN A -B C B
A
precedence - C
less A -(BC) B
language A
Example 2: Stack size comparison.
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languages
Forum
power and great elegance with its implicit
SNOBOL Conquers All? looping and other simplifying features. And,
finally, I get to SNOBOL4, by far my
favorite.
Bruce Burns
I feel that SNOBOL4 is one of the most
3852 Amundson Av
Bronx NY 10466 powerful languages in existence. Like APL,
it is loaded with elegance and implicit
looping, and, also like APL, it lacks the
In my experience (at the Bronx High standard structures for repetition of BASIC,
School of Science and at home with my own FORTRAN, PL/I, and Pascal such as the
6502 system) the most enjoyable part of FOR -TO or DO loops. These structures are
computing is the coding of algorithms. I not needed as much in SNOBOL4 programs.
know several languages, and I find some In addition, the language is powerful enough
beauty in almost every language. The lan- to permit user defined functions which are
guages I know are BASIC, FORTRAN, implementations of these structures. An
LISP, APL, PL /I, and SNOBOL4. BASIC example of the powerful implicit looping
has simplicity, FORTRAN has the virtue coupled with some explicit looping is the
of speed (FORTRAN compilers have deve- following statement, which will (in the full
loped quite a bit over the years), LISP scan mode) permute the characters in the
has a straightforwardness unparalleled in string S so that they are in increasing lexical
most other languages; PL /I has the virtue order. This is useful in certain applications
of strong structure, and while I know almost which involve set operations:
no Pascal, it is obvious that it, too, shares
this virtue. APL has sheer array processing LEX_ORD S LEN(1) $ A LEN(1) $ B
*LGT (A,B) = B A :S(LEXORD)
SNOBOL4's major feature is its dex-

terity with string manipulation, particularly
IMMEDIATE the operation of pattern matching fie:

the language is good at scanning strings;
looking for patterns; and processing them
DELIVERY when found). But in addition to these capa-
bilities, SNOBOL4 yields considerable
Domestic & Export power with respect to data manipulation.
know of no other language (not even APL,
I
which specializes in array manipulation) that

DEC LSI-11 allows an array to have an integer in one
element, a real number in the next, a string
COMPONENTS in the next, another array in another, itself

in still another, etc. One may put any data -
A full and complete type into anything, and one may also create
user defined datatypes if desired. The
line with software reaction of some people to all this is in-
support available. difference, but they are missing the point;
the best part is knowing you can do it.
Besides, one of the most important appli-
cations of a language of SNOBOL4's string
Mini Computer processing capabilities is implementation
Suppliers, Inc. of experimental languages, and with these
other abilities, one may create all sorts of
25 CHATHAM ROAD arbitrarily complex languages.
SUMMIT, NEW JERSEY 07901 While all these abilities may seem con-
SINCE 1973
fusing at this time, when they are fully
understood they are simple to use and the
(201) 277 -6150 Telex 13-6476 good programmer will soon master them.
Opponents to the language say they feel
that the language's power invites unstruc-
220 June 1'179 l7 ISYTE Publications Inc Circle 236 on inquiry card.
its
tes
oks,
tured programming because facilities such as
run time symbol tables and run time
argains
SNOBOL4 code compilation are easy powers
to get carried away with. But if programmers
IMSAI 8080
take the time and care to know the lan-
guage they are programming in, they will be
in full control. It is possible to create well -
structured functions which even redefine
------
1111111111111FOISai`
.....
.
-
-r. - --
themselves during execution. This can

simplify a program considerably, but it must
be done carefully or the program will be an
IMSAI Cromemco SWTPC
undebuggable mess.
Lear- Siegler Problem Solvers
I recently wrote a function in SNOBOL4
RCA North Star Verbatim
that takes the inner product of arrays of
arbitrary dimensions -that is, of any size ALPHA Micro Systems and others
and any number of dimensions. In APL,
this function is a primitive (built -in) func-
Fast, off the shelf delivery.
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the same in BASIC, FORTRAN, or PL /I. 800/523 -5355
Like APL's generalized inner product, my
function allows any two operations to be
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array. The definition in SNOBOL4 is easily 215/947 -6670 800/523 -5355
followed. Upon call, the function goes Dealer Inquiries Invited
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as for vectors, and verifying it for vectors CHEAP VIDEO
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example of the freedom with which
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I cannot deny that SNOBOL4's powers
may be easily abused, so I must warn that it
is a language only for programmers who can
discipline their own thinking and don't need
a computer language to force them to do so.
For those people, SNOBOL4 will perform
amazingly well.
SNOBOL4 has remained a language found
only in large batch computers for too long. Don Lancaster's "Cheap Video "concept allows almost
unlimited options, including:
It is time to introduce it to the personal
* Scrolling. Full performance cursor.
computer enthusiast, who can use its great
* Line /Character formats of 16/32, 24/80, 32/64....
powers to his or her own ends. (It has been or almost anything.
found that SNOBOL4 is extremely good * Graphics -up to 256X 256 B &W; 96X 128 COLOR
for game programming.) And so, any fellow (requires low -cost option modules)
BYTE reader who knows and loves * Works with 6502 , 6800 and other micros.
SNOBOL4, please join me in my crusade for SPECIAL OFFER: Buy the Kit (upper case alpha-
SNOBOL4 on microcomputers. I am aware numeric option included) & get the Book at 1/2 price.
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look into the language. You won't be sorry. city: state: zip:
OM ELECTRONICS DEPT. 6-13. 1020 W. WILSHIRE BLVD.. OKLAHOMA CITY, OK 73116
than one. As far as I can tell, the refresh
Random Comments counter is incremented every time an in-
struction fetch occurs, which makes it
rather deterministic, although if a vari-
able delay is imposed (such as waiting
David Thornley for an entry from the keyboard) it could
2600 Bryant Av S, #205 be used.
Minneapolis MN 55408 For outside randomness, just look around
you. Plug your computer into your stereo
In the September 1978 BYTE ( "Letters," receiver, set the selector to AM, find a
page 17), Scott Johnson inquired about frequency away from any broadcasts,
the production of random numbers, par- and fiddle with the volume until you get
ticularly hardware -generated ones. The first random bits from the static. (To even
and foremost consideration in generating out the distribution of low and high bits,
and using random numbers is to access take the transitions from low to high and
Donald E Knuth's The Art of Computer high to low as your bit input in other -
Programming: Volume 2, Seminumerical words, take 2 bit signals, throw out 00
Algorithms. Most of what am going to
I or 11, and treat 01 as 0 and 10 as 1.) This
say is derived from there. may or may not work, but if it does work
First, beware of assuming that a process, it is a quick way to randomness. Give
whether hardware or software, produces some thought to encouraging noise in
random numbers simply because the process the system. Read random numbers off
by which it produces numbers is incom- the cassette of your favorite rock group ...
pletely understood. If you wish to use such be creative.
a source, test the results for randomness For those, like myself, who know some-
using every test you can think of. There thing about programming but are lost
are many good ones in Knuth's book. with hardware, this formula is taken from
The Z -80 refresh register, by the way, Knuth's book cited above:
can be a good source for one random num-
ber, but is not recommended for more "Xn +f = (a x Xn + c) mod M"
where M is the word size you are using

(probably hexadecimal 10000), a is between
At Last! hexadecimal 300 and 7C00, and has 5 or
D as its last digit, and c is odd and some-
HIGH RESOLUTION where in the neighborhood of hexadecimal
3800. The calculation must be performed
S -100 GRAPHICS exactly, which is much easier in assembler
than in BASIC; in the former, one merely
disregards the inevitable overflow. Starting
with X0 at any initial value, this will give a
long series of good pseudorandom numbers.
Finally, for people with RND functions,
here are several tips: Generating random
numbers until the user hits the BREAK key
(or otherwise inputs something) is a great
way to get a random seed as long as the sys-
tem does not somehow reinitialize the seed
before the program uses the random num-
bers. Or, to make an intrinsically question-
Unretouched photograph able generator work, throw out a random
$925 number of numbers as follows:
Complete interface LIGHT PEN LET =INT (10 *RND(0) +1)

J
Assembled and tested HIGH RESOLUTION
Onboard memory FOR =1 TO J
Standard video output
512 X 640 MATRIX 1
S -100 PLUG-IN LET X= RND(0)

Monitor extra
FOB Cambridge HIGH SPEED NEXT I
SOFTWARE
Send for brochure and data This would fit well in a program as a sub-
CAMBRIDGE DEVELOPMENT LAB routine, to be called whenever a random
number was desired.
CD 44 Brattle Street. Cambridge. MA 021 38
Call 161 7) 5473894 I
some
hope this information will be of use to
people.

Event Oueue
June 2, University of Wisconsin -

Park -
side Computer Fair III, Kenosha WI.
Contact Don Piele, UW -P Computer Fair
III, University of Wisconsin -Parkside,
Kenosha WI 53141.
June 3 -6, 1979 International Summer

Consumer Electronics Show, McCormick
Place, Chicago IL. This show serves as
the marketplace for the entire consumer
electronics industry. Contact Consumer
Electronics Show, 2 Illinois Center,
Suite 1607, 233 N Michigan Av, Chicago
IL 60601.
June 4-5, Computer Cryptography,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge MA. Instruction in the Data
Encryption Standard and the new public
key cryptographic systems will intro-
duce a working knowledge of the use of Paper hags may be fine far htnches. But, they Carry media in-specially-engineered En Route cases
cryptography in computer applications. offer poor protection for your programs and data. They guard data against contaminants and impact
Managers and operators of computer
systems will also become acquainted
with economic and implementation If your data merits more care
issues as well as techniques for using this
new science in communication networks. than your lunch does, consider
Contact MIT, Center for Advanced Engi-
neering Study, Cambridge MA 02139.
an En RouteTM case from Inmac.
June 4 -6, Laser Beam Information Around town or around the world, to Inmac (formerly Minicomputer
Systems, New York NY. This semi- you can't cart media in a paper bag. Accessories Corporation).
nar will cover the application of laser But what else is there? Have you
technology to image and data manip- ever tried to jam a multi -platter Metal handle, riveted on.
ulation in the form of scanning, trans- pack or 10 tapes into a suitcase? Foam lining and removable
mission and reproduction. It will lead Four reasons why En Route cases dividers resist impact.
the student through the principles and help defend your data in transit. Lock for more security.
practices of laser beam information 1. Rugged high -impact housing is Top ribbing adds strength.
systems in preparation for direct appli-
ribbed on top for rigidity, strength
cation to such fields as facsimile, corn-
and fast identification. And the in- 2721 -X: For disk cartridges, packs. Holds up to 5
outer memory and display, target identi-
side foam resists sudden impact. front -loading cartridges, 3 top -loaders, or one single,
fication, reconnaissance, photo com- multi -platter disk pack.
position, and image manipulation. Con-
2. Security of a lock and alumi- 2722 -X: For disk
num tongue -in- groove valance that 2721 -X 2722 -X
tact The University of Chicago, Center cartridges, packs.
For Continuing Education, 1307 E 60th keeps out moisture and debris. Holds up to 7 car-
St, Chicago IL 60637. 3. Compact enough to take on a tridges or one i- platter

pack.
plane and easily store under your seat. 2711 -X: For mag
June 4 -7, 1979 National Computer
Conference, New York Coliseum, New
York NY. NCC '79 will feature a premier
showcase of the state of the art in
computing and data processing. Leading
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mimmminumm=
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organizations, large and small, will show Name
the latest equipment and services in
approximately 1500 booths. More than
800 -543 -3000 Company
(in Ohio 800-582 -1364)
100 program sessions are planned, em- Address
phasizing the four major areas of man- 2721 -X @ $67.00*
agement, applications, science and tech- 2722 -X @ $52.00* City
nology, and social implications. In 2711 -X @ $52.00*
conjunction with NCC '79, a Personal State Zip
For free catalog, circle reader service
Computing Festival of commercial ex- number below. Check enclosed (we pay freight).
hibits, application demonstrations, and
technical sessions on microcomputer *Freight charges extra unless check accompanies order. Bill my company, P.O. no
In CA. VA and NJ. add sales tax.
inmae
systems and applications will be held Charge my VISA M/C acct.
at the Americana Hotel. Contact NCC
'79, c/o American Federation of Infor- I Dept. W number
-- - - - - -- tata--------- - - - - --
mation Processing Societies Inc, 210 130 S. Wolfe Rd. Sunnyvale, CA 94086 expiration date
Summit Av, Montvale NJ 07645.
937 =I
June 6 -8, Twelfth Annual Association June 20 -22, The 1979 Symposium of instruction with one microcomputer
of Small College Computer Users in the Wilmington Section of the Instru- laboratory station for each two partic-
Education Conference, Denison Univer- ment Society of America, University of ipants. Contact Prof Philip Peters, Dept
sity, Granville OH. Sessions will include Delaware, Newark DE. The symposium of Physics, Virginia Military Institute,
the presentation of papers, demon- theme: "Measurement Technology for Lexington VA 24450.
strations of the educational use of the 80s," is being programmed by three
microcomputers, computer text book of ISA's divisions: Process Measurement July 19 -20, BASIC: A Computer Lan-
surveys, discussions with authors of and Control, Analysis Instrumentation, guage For Executives, New York NY.
computer texts, administrative uses of and Water and Waste Water Industries. Executive computing will be discussed,
computers in small colleges, and a Contact A H Straightiff, E DuPont
I including problem solving, planning,
tutorial on microprocessors. Contact de Nemours and Co Inc, (302) 366 -3810. forecasting and database systems. Also
Douglas Hughes, Computer Center, to be covered are programming funda-
Denison University, Granville OH 43055, June 25 -26, Forum on Information mentals, the mindless computer, se-
(614) 587 -0810. Resource Management, Drake Hotel, quence, decision and iteration, com-
Chicago IL. Addressing the theme: puter languages and BASIC. Contact
June 6 -8, Eighth Annual Conference of "Information Resource Management in American Management Associations,
the MUMPS Users Group, Marriott the Years of Change," the forum will 135 W 50th St, New York NY 10020.
Hotel, Atlanta GA. Papers will be provide an outlook for the next decade
presented on all aspects of MUMPS in terms of information systems technol- July 23 -27, Finite Element Method In
development, implementation, and use. ogy. Contact Ken Burroughs, DBD Sys- Mechanical Design, The University of
Contact Judith Faulkner, Program Com- tems, 1500 N Beauregard St, Alexandria Michigan, Ann Arbor MI. This course is
mittee, Department of Psychiatry, Clin- VA 22311. intended for engineers working in
ical Sciences Ctr, 600 Highland Av, mechanical design where knowledge of
Madison WI 53792. June 25 -29, Applied Numerical Methods, stresses, displacements, or vibratory
The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor motion is important. No previous ex-
June 6 -8, Computer Contract Negotia- MI. This course is intended for individuals perience with finite elements is assumed.
tion, New York NY. This three day in industry and branches of the govern- The course will familiarize the attendee
course is designed to give participants ment who wish to acquire a working with finite element modeling concepts
sound answers to the complex ramifica- knowledge of fundamental numerical and will review the fundamentals on
tions of preparing and negotiating com- methods. Emphasis will be placed on which the method is based. Contact
puter contracts. Contact Brandon Con- computer solutions to practical engineer- Engineering Summer Conferences, 400
sulting Group Inc, 505 Park Av, New ing and scientific problems. Contact Chrysler Ctr, North Campus, The Uni-
York NY 10022. Engineering Summer Conferences, 400 versity of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI
Chrysler Ctr, North Campus, The Uni- 48109.
June 11 -13, Minicomputers and Distrib- versity of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI
uted Processing, Chicago IL. This semi- 48109. August 1 -3, Microcomputer Applica-
nar will examine the uses, economics, tions, Southern Technical Institute,
programming, and implementation of June 27 -29, Data Processing Operations Marietta GA. The emphasis of this semi-
minicomputers. Contact The University Management, Toronto Canada. This nar will be on the applications of micro-
of Chicago, Center For Continuing seminar will emphasize the management computers in industry. Software, hard-
Education, 1307 E 60th St, Chicago skill and techniques applicable to the ware and interfacing techniques will be
IL 60637. data processing operations function. discussed. Contact Dr Richard L Castel -
Contact The University of Chicago, lucis, Southern Technical Institute, Elec-
June 13 -15, Computer Applications in Center For Continuing Education, trical Engineering Technology Dept, 534
Industry, Grenoble FRANCE. This sym- 1307 E 60th St, Chicago IL 60637. Clay St, Marietta GA 30060.
posium is intended as a forum for the
discussion of recent advances in the June 27 -29, Machine Processing of August 6 -8, Pattern Recognition and
applications of computers to industrial Remotely Sensed Data, Purdue Univer- Image Processing, Hyatt Regency O'Hare,
processes. The symposium will cover sity, W Lafayette IN. The symposium Chicago IL. This conference is sponsored
basic problems in computer science will focus upon the theory, implementa- by the Machine Intelligence and Pattern
as related to industrial applications. tion and novel applications of machine Analysis Committee of the IEEE Com-
Contact ALPES Congres, Avenue processing of remotely sensed data. puter Society. The program will consist
d'Innsbruck, 38029, Grenoble-Cedex, Contact Purdue University, Laboratory of submitted and invited papers and a
FRANCE. for Applications of Remote Sensing, large trade show of graphics and image
1220 Potter Dr, W Lafayette IN 47906. processing equipment. Contact PRIP 79,
June 19 -21, International Microcomput- POB 639, Silver Spring MD 20901.
ers /Minicomputers/Microprocessors '79, July 9 -20, Computing Systems Re-
Palais des Expositions, Geneva SWITZER- liability, University of California, Santa August 8 -10, SIGPLAN Symposium
LAND. Focusing on the changing state Cruz CA. Contact Institute in Computer on Compiler Construction, Boulder CO.
of the art in mini /microcomputers and Science, University of California Exten- This symposium will consider methods
microprocessors, the 1979 conference sion, Santa Cruz CA 95064. of constructing compilers and experiences
program will probe advances in systems with them. The emphasis will be less on
and equipment with emphasis on prac- July 11 -13, Microcomputer Applications, theoretical methods and more on tech-
tical applications and uses of minicom- Southern Technical Institute, Marietta niques applied to real compilers. Contact
puters and microcomputers as well as GA. See August -3 for description. Con-
1
Prof Leon Osterweil, Dept of Computer
the techniques important to their tact Dr Richard L Castellucis, Southern Science, University of Colorado, Boulder
development. Technical Institute, Electrical Engineer- CO 80309.
ing Technology Dept, 534 Clay St,
June 19-23, First Annual Meeting of Marietta GA 30060. August 8 -10, First Annual Conference
The American Association of Physics on Research and Development in Per-
Teachers, New Mexico State University, sonal Computing, Hyatt Regency O'Hare,
Las Cruces, NM. The theme of this meet- July 16 -27, Introduction to Digital Chicago IL. This conference is sponsored
ing will be the use of microcomputers Electronics and Microcomputer Inter- by the Association for Computing Ma-
in physics teaching. Contact American facing, Lexington VA. This hands -on chinery (ACM) Special Interest Group
Association of Physics Teachers, Grad- laboratory course is for academic and on Personal Computing (SIGPC). A
uate Physics Building, SUNY at Stony industrial personnel. There will be large trade show of personal computer
Brook, Stony Brook NY 11794. approximately 60 hours of laboratory and graphics equipment is planned to

accompany an assortment of papers, Pictures from Space?
panels, user group meetings, work-
shops, and person to person poster
booths. Contact Bob Gammill, Com-
EYT[t His People interested in receiving satellite
picture images (such as weather maps)
puter Science Div, Dept of Mathematical would do well to read the 1968 NASA
Sciences, 300 Minard Hall, North Dakota Call for Papers document number NASA SP-5079. The
State University, Fargo ND 58102. document, entitled Constructing Inex-
The Thirteenth Meeting of the pensive Automatic Picture- Transmission
August 13 -15, Conference on Simula- Hawaii International Conference on Sys- Ground Stations by Charles H Vermil-
tion, Measurement and Modeling of tern Sciences will be held January 3 thru lion, was possibly the first report aimed
Computer Systems, Boulder CO. This 4, 1980 at the Ilikai Hotel in Honolulu at inexpensive receivers. As stated in the
conference will feature performance pre- HA. Papers on either theory or practice report summary:
diction techniques employed during the in the broad areas of computer hardware
design, procurement and maintenance of and software, and advanced computer This report describes how one
computer systems. It will provide a systems applications may be submitted. can procure or build the antenna,
forum for both applied and theoretical Special emphasis will be placed on medi- FM receiver, and other compo-
work in the disciplines of performance cal information processing and decision nents for an Automatic Picture
monitoring, modeling, and simulation support systems for upper level managers Transmission (APT) ground sta-
of computer systems. Contact Gary in organizations. The papers will be tion. Detailed drawings and parts
Nutt, Xerox PARC, 3333 Coyote Hill refereed and printed in the proceedings lists are included. Installation,
Rd, Palo Alto CA 94304. of the conference. Three copies of the alignment, and operation of the
full text of each paper should be sent APT ground station are also de-
August 13 -16, Q -GERT Network Model- to Dr Ralph H Sprague Jr, College of scribed.
ing and Analysis, Ramada Inn, Lafayette Business Administration, University of
IN 47905. This course will provide the Hawaii, 2404 Maile Way, Honolulu HA When the report was published in
attendee with the information neces- 96822 and must arrive by July 13 1979. 1968, compatible satellites were expected
sary to model complex systems using Notification of acceptance and those to be operational until 1972 although
Q -GERT. Emphasis will be on the papers to be presented will be mailed future extension programs were planned.
procedures for modeling and analysis. by September 15 1979. The conference The information contained within
Contact Pritsker and Associates Inc, is sponsored by the Department of the report gives enough background to
POB 2413, W Lafayette IN 47906. Decision Sciences, the Department of get the serious hobbyist started on a cur-
Electrical Engineering, and the Depart- rent set -up if updated information can
August 13 -17, High Speed Computation: ment of Information and Computer be found. We would be interested in
Vector Processing, The University of Sciences at the University of Hawaii hearing from anyone with current in-
Michigan, Ann Arbor MI. In this course, in cooperation with the ACM. formation.
the architectual, software, and algorith-
mic issues of vector architecture are co-
ordinated through the discussion of con-
cepts in computer architecture, and by
detailed study of current vector process-
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_ DEALER INOUIRIES INVITED _ J
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Sixth Colloquium on Microwave - Trends and Applications." Key pro- papers in clinical care; administrative,
Communications Offers Proceedings fessionals and industry leaders will educational and public health applica-
give a comprehensive overview as well tions; information technologies and
The Sixth Colloquium on Microwave as reports on the latest developments research; and available systems and
Communications was held in Budapest in this area. A commercial and scien- products. If you are interested in sub-
between August 29 and September 1 tific exhibition will illustrate and sup- mitting a paper, write to Morris F
1978. The organization was undertaken plement the technical presentations. Collen MD, Chairman of MEDINFO '80
by the Scientific Society for Telecom- The conference theme will be Program Committee, Director, Medical
munication and the Research Institute for covered in approximately 160 papers Methods Research, Kaiser -Permanente
Telecommunication of Hungary by spon- under four main headings: technology Medical Care Program, 3700 Broadway,
sorship of the International Union of of microelectronics; microelectronics in Oakland CA 94611. Final instructions
Radio Sciences and the Hungarian telecommunications and data processing; for preparation of papers and special
Academy of Sciences. The following electronics in electrical power systems master typing forms will then be sent to
principal subjects were on the agenda and control; and electronics and micro- you. The deadline for papers is Decem-
of the meeting: communication sys- electronics in other fields. Papers are ber 10 1979.
tems -trends and foundations; circuit invited to be submitted to: Professor
theory and computer aided design; Dr W Kaiser, Chairman Program Com-
Call for Papers: The Eighth World
electromagnetic fields and antennas; mittee EUROCON '80, University of
microwave circuits and devices; and Stuttgart, Brcitscheidstrasse 2, D 7000 - Computer Congress
materials for microwave applications. Stuttgart GERMANY. Abstracts are
1
The proceedings containing all papers limited to 500 words and should arrive The Eighth World Computer Con-
have been issued in two volumes of 944 no later than June 30. The completed gress (I FIP '80), sponsored by the
pages in English, and are available at text of accepted papers must be received International Federation for Information
a price of $30 plus postage. Contact by December 31. Processing (IFIP) will be jointly held
OMKDK Technoinform, Budapest, VIII in Tokyo Japan on October 6 thru 9
Reviczky u 6 HUNGARY. 1980 and in Melbourne Australia on
The 3rd World Conference on Medical October 14 thru 17 1980. The Congress
Informatics Issues a Call for Papers
will feature presentations on state -
Fourth European Conference on of- the-art developments in technology,
Electrotechnics Announcement The 3rd World Conference on Medi- equipment, and applications prepared by
and Call for Papers cal Informatics will be held in Tokyo information processing professionals
Japan, September 29 thru October 4 from around the world. In order to
The fourth European Conference on 1980. Medical informatics is the appli- identify and schedule these speakers
Electrotechnics, EUROCON '80, will cation of computer technology to all and topics, the Program Committee
be held in Stuttgart Germany on March fields of medicine - health care, medical has recently issued a formal call for
24 thru 28 1980. The conference theme teaching and medical research. The papers. Those papers accepted will
is "From Electronics to Microelectronics organizers of this conference are seeking be delivered in either Tokyo or Mel-
bourne, and in some cases at both
locations. Potential authors should con-
tact AFIPS, 210 Summit Av, Montvale
NJ 07645 to receive a copy of a bro-
NEW FROM MOUNTAIN HARDWARE. chure which explains all requirements
and necessary qualifications.
THE APPLE CLOCK. IEEE Conferences and Meetings
1! r
New utility for
your computer.
i'e An extensive listing of IEEE Com-
puter Society sponsored conferences
and meetings through 1981 is available
by writing Harry Hayman, Executive
Secretary IEEE, POB 639, Silver Spring
MD 20901.
Now, there's a real time clock
for the Apple II *: the Apple More Cryptographic Notes
Clock from Mountain Hardware.
It keeps time and date in ImS Anyone looking for an in -depth
increments for one year. On -board article on data encryption should read
battery backup keeps the clock two papers brought to our attention by
William Flynn. One is a reprint of an
running in the event of power article by Ehrsam et al which appeared
outage. Easy to use with BASIC in the IBM Systems Journal, Volume 17,
using routines carried in on -board Number 2, entitled "A Cryptographic
ROM. That means you can time events, Management Scheme for Implementing
the Data Encryption Standard." The
put time and date on printouts, create games in which elapsed cost is 504 per reprint and the IBM
time is important...and many more. Mountain Hardware offers order number is G321 -5066. For $1.75
a complete line of peripheral products for many fine computers. you can obtain a copy of the issue which
is devoted entirely to cryptography.
Available at your dealer's. Now. Write to IBM Systems Journal Reprints,
Armonk NY 10504.
Mountain Hardware, Inc. The other paper, FIPS Publication
46, is available from the US Department
300 Harvey West Blvd. of Commerce, National Technical Infor-
mation Service, 5285 Port Royal Rd,
Santa Cruz, CA 95060 (408) 429 -8600 Springfield VA 22161, at a cost of
'Apple II is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. $4 for a paper copy and $3 for a micro-
fiche copy.
226 lune 1979 K' BYTE Publications Inc Circle 257 on inquiry card.
TM
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BYTE June 1979 227

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Squeezing the Most from your Micro
Table 1: An example of a quick relocation scheme designed with a 6800 Although one normally thinks of time -
processor in mind. This set of instructions would be stored along with the sharing as only working on large computer
program on the auxiliary memory to direct the loader as to how to reinsert systems, it is possible to run even on small
the data into main memory each time the program was run. The point of this systems. Many of the newer large scale time-
scheme is to provide a minimal amount of computation when a program is sharing systems use virtual memory and
loaded from a library into memory prior to execution. Similar schemes can be swapping, which is not possible or practical
chosen for any particular computer's architecture. on smaller machines. Virtual memory
requires mapping hardware (a machine with
Command to Run Time Loader Explanation interruptable instructions, such as an
IBM 370). Swapping requires a reasonably
Start absolute loading: The header code is followed by the absolute start
address. In this case, the loader behaves as any fast disk, which will cost at least $2000.
other loader. There is no relocation of the data What we are left with is an in core system
and instructions that follow. Loading starts at the that keeps everything running in real mem-
address given.
ory at all times.
Start relative loading: The header code is followed by an address.
Loading begins at the first available address, as The first consideration is the assembler
determined by the operating system. From this and loader. In your current system, a pro-
point on, a relocation factor will be added to all gram's location can be assigned only at
instructions and data flagged for relocation.
assembly time. On a timesharing system, the
Skip bytes: This code is followed by a number designating
the number of bytes to be skipped. This is useful programmer may not know where the pro-
in defining uninitialized buffers and is more gram will be located in memory. The reason
efficient than repeated uses of code to reserve knowledge of this location is conditional is
one or two bytes (see below).
that a decision point in the design of the
Define absolute start address: The header code is followed by the absolute
start address. If the routine is a subroutine, this system has been reached. If the system is to
code would not be used as the module has no be nonrelocatable, the programmer may
start address. When this code is used the program define the location of the program. The
will be started at the specified address once
loading is completed. problem that arises here is that if, at the
Define relative start address: Similar to the preceding code; however, program time the program is to run, the place in
execution will start in a position relative to the memory that the program was supposed to
first location. run in is already occupied, it cannot be
One byte: The header code is followed by one byte. This loaded. On the other hand, if the system is
code gets no relocation, because it is either an
instruction without an address, or data which is capable of relocating, the program can be
too small to be an address. put anywhere in memory. This produces the
Two bytes absolute: The header code is followed by the two bytes. additional benefit that subroutines do not
This code also receives no relocation because it have to be assembled with the program. To
is either an absolute address value, a one byte
immediate instruction with its data byte, or it is perform this relocation the assembler leaves
a relative address instruction which is self - offset information in the object tape or file
relocating. which the loader will interpret as it goes.
Three bytes relative: The header code is followed by the 3 byte One possible relocation code scheme is
instruction. This code will receive a relocation
factor. shown in table 1. Of course, all sorts of
Three bytes absolute: The header code is followed by a 3 byte instruc-
schemes are possible. Note that relocation
tion with an absolute address value which is alone will take some amount of coding and
unchanged in loading. execution time.
Two bytes relocatable address The header code is followed by the address data. The second consideration is the allocation
values: The address data is always relocatable.
of system resources. In most cases this
End: At this point, control returns to the program that should concern only 10 devices, although
called the loader if no starting address was given
in the loading module. If the loading module con- there may be some systems with interrupts
tained a start address that address is called. not associated with IO devices. There are

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Table 2: Minimum routines that are required for handling a timesharing sys- using the disk. When a task requests the use
tem. The end task routine should return control to the supervisory program of a disk or other shared device, it must get
with information that the task is totally finished. The last thing you want to a return code stating whether or not the
do is encounter a halt instruction in the program code and halt the machine. device is busy. Otherwise, the system must
queue its request (make the program wait
Attempt to allocate a particular device. This routine must give a return code stating and handle the request whenever it can).
whether or not the device is already being allocated. A third consideration is scheduling. Each
Free a device.
task has a status: ready to run, running,
Read a character from a particular device.
Write a character to a particular device. running with an interrupt pending, or
Read a particular disk block. waiting. At some point, the system must
Write a particular disk block.
Wait. stop running one task and begin running
End a task. another.
We will require the operating system to
basically three types of 10 devices. The first reschedule the tasks every time a task asks to
and most common type of device is the wait. Since that task cannot proceed, we will
single owner. This is a device which can only perform a task that is not in a wait state.
be used by one task at a time. (A task is a There are three other times when we may
program running in the timesharing system.) optionally reschedule the tasks: every inter-
An example of a device which must be single rupt, every clock interrupt, or every inter-
owner is a cassette recorder. It would just rupt and system call. These methods are
not do to have someone else's data in the called demand scheduling, event scheduling,
middle of your program. time slicing, and quick scheduling, respec-
The second type of 10 device is the tively. The fastest method is to wait for
shareable unit. The most common example WAIT calls. The other three methods are
of this is the floppy disk. For a disk to be fairer, depending on how you look at things.
correctly shared, the operating system rout The actual method of scheduling leads to
tine which is handling the disk must reposi- another decision point. The scheduler may
tion the heads every time the disk is used. be foreground- background, round robin, or
Most systems already use this method, but priority scheduling. Foreground- background
there are those that have a call to position is the fastest. In this type of scheduling, the
the head and another set of calls to read, system scans down the list of tasks and runs
write and verify. Separate calls cannot be the first nonwaiting task. When this method
used because a second task might reposition is used, the position on the list is the impor-
the heads before the first task had a chance tant factor.
to read or write. Round robin scheduling starts the search
The third type of IO device is the device for an executable task after the last task
that is the system's alone. An example of running. The search starts at the top of the
this is the clock interrupt, a solitary inter- list when it hits the bottom. This way gives
rupt device. It must be the system's job to every task its chance to run.
keep track of time. It is also the charge of Priority scheduling requires a list of
the system to keep track of which devices priorities. This scheduler runs the task with
are owned by which tasks. The system must the highest priority which is not waiting.
place all of the task's allocated devices back This is the fairest method because each task
on the available list if a "cancel the program" is given exactly what it deserves. When you
function is executed. run off the bottom of the list, using either
When a task wants to perform input or the foreground- background or priority
output, it might use a considerable amount scheduling method, you have the option of
of system time monitoring status lines, starting over or executing a WAIT instruc-
thereby making timesharing impossible, tion. Although it will cost a byte of program
unless all, or at least some of the devices are memory, it will save considerable time on a
interrupt driven. The best way to handle 6800 or similar machine, since the interrupt
things is to have a routine which will cause a vectoring will be half done by the time you
task to wait until an interrupt is received for get the interrupt.
that task, then let the task handle the inter- The above covers most of what you need,
rupt, including polling. So far, the routines but there are a few more minor considera-
required are summarized in table 2. (This is tions:
not to say that these are the only routines Creation of tasks: A task has to get into
you will ever need. Table 2 is probably the the machine somehow. Two possible meth-
minimum set of functions you will ever ods come to mind. One is the typical time-
need.) sharing method with each terminal getting
When handling disk interrupts, it is neces- its own task. The other is to add a system
sary to keep track of which task, if any, is call which adds a new task.

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Memory: You can set things up so that There are other methods of going about
each task has a fixed amount of memory this completely, which mention only in I
(which may or may not be reset between passing. Many BASIC systems will have one
tasks) or use some sort of a system where BASIC interpreter in memory along with
the tasks can acquire and free memory multiple programs, and will execute one line
dynamically. of BASIC code and then go on to the next
Niceness: Programs must be nice to one pseudotask. This will also work for APL,
another, as very few of the machines around although long matrix operations will tend to
have any sort of memory protection or extend the intervals between transitions
privileged instructions. from one process to another. (Of course, it
Machine considerations: When an inter- is a debatable point whether or not a time-
rupt occurs, or a task is otherwise stopped, sharing APL and two workspaces will ever
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Reentrancy: Programs which can be run processor handles everything with inefficient
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reentrant. You may wish to set up some way picts a resource sharing setup. This requires
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as having a null task, into which may be put links. In this setup, each peripheral processor
reentrant subroutines; or by having various does the computing while the central proc-
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About the Author
C Brian Honess is currently assistant professor of management science in

the College of Business Administration at the University of South Carolina.
He reports that he has been an active "building" radio amateur (ham) for 20
years; his interest in computers goes back to programming scientific business
applications on an IBM 1620. He learned about what was inside computers by
buying a surplus IBM 704 from the government, and slowly taking it apart
(donating, selling and scrapping the parts as he went). Another 704 was
eventually purchased, and this time it was built back up, from the inside out.
This is not exactly a typical personal computer.
C Brian Honess
Three Types Asst Prof of Management Science

College of Business Adm
University of South Carolina
Columbia SC 29208
of Pseudorandom element, molecule or compound, and a

particle introduced at random and collisions
counted. Suppose further that you had a
Sequences photograph of some obscure planet, covered

in an extremely irregular way with areas
you assumed to be water. You could divide
the photograph into small squares, or maybe
overlay with a piece of graph paper, and
then "take shots" at the grid with a random
number generator, wherein the random
Random numbers are extensively used in number would determine the coordinates of
virtually all areas of data processing, from the "shot" and you could then tally the
the simplest games for a hobby microproces- number of "hits" and "misses" and thereby
sor, up to the most complex business and determine the number of hits out of the
scientific applications. Deterministic games total number of shots, and get an approx-
programmed without the benefit of some imation of the percentage of the surface
random parameter soon become boring and covered by water.
easy to "beat," so it would seem that ran- Before reading on, let me suggest that
dom number generation and testing should you try a short experiment. Consider the set
be of interest to even the neophyte proof integers from 0 to 99, and quickly write
grammer or computer hacker when trying to down a list of random 2 digit numbers. Use
get a simple game up and running. Random whatever your current idea of random is,
numbers are used extensively in various and make a list of 100 numbers. Later we'll
business applications. For example, random see several methods for determining how
numbers would be used by an auditor faced random your numbers are, but I'll hasten to
with a large number of transactions to audit, guess that they won't be very random.
and using a sampling technique to only look Psychologists repeatedly show that the
at a certain percentage of representative average human just cannot think up random
transactions. The number of checkout numbers. Upon inspection, there might be
stations at your local discount department too many 4s compared with 6s, or maybe
store may have been determined by using very few Os and an abundance of Ss.
a mathematical model of the store, wherein While it's true that a machine can pro-
the arrival and departure of "customers" duce a much better selection of truly ran-
was simulated using random numbers. dom numbers than a human, the problem is
Market research makes extensive use of that the numbers produced by the machine
random numbers, in selecting the people, aren't really random either. If you could
streets, blocks, households, etc, to inter- build a perfect roulette wheel, you'd get
view or to mail questionnaires. A math- truly random numbers, but the mechanical
ematical model can also be "built" of an considerations of such a device are, of
234 June 1979 [MI Publications Inc

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Random
into your system as many numbers as you
Square of
number number want from the Rand table. This is a formal
table used by statisticians entitled A Million
4321 starting seed
Random Digits and published by Rand
Corporation. There are a million of them,
18671041
,-.--- 6710 so this could take quite a while. Of course,
you're assured that these numbers are
6710Z thoroughly tested and as unbiased as
45024100 ---241 possible, but assuming you have the time
and perseverance to do the job, unless you
work out some scheme for using different
00058081 0580 parts of the table or different orderings,
--.-- you'll always get the same string of digits.
0520` You might find an abbreviated table in the
00336400 3364 back of some statistics book and use the
numbers therein, but the problem here is
that you'll probably need more numbers than
appear in the table. Of course you could
always go through the table more than once,
Figure 1: Operation of the center squared method of random number
generation can be illustrated by this example. Here we use 8 digit decimal but this doesn't multiply the size of the
table. In some applications it might be
numbers, and assume the ability to extract the center four digits as the
desirable to be able to use the same random
4 digit random number for each cycle. [In principle this algorithm could be
numbers, in the same order, more than once.
done on a binary basis by picking the middle 16 bits of a 32 bit product, or
For example, you may want to duplicate
the middle 32 bits of a 64 bit product ... CH] All versions of this algorithm
the results of an experiment, an audit, a
are subject to the problem of degeneration, since if the middle digits happen
market research test, or a game. But usually,
to become 0, the square will continue to be 0 through successive generations
you'll want a new string of numbers, and
of the algorithm.
this can be secured by selecting starting
values or other parameters in the math-
course, impossible, to say nothing of the ematical algorithms that follow.
costs, speed, maintenance, testing, and so
forth. There is really not much need to strive The Center Squared Method
for such a device for the usual application of The earliest computer oriented method
random numbers, because there are some for producing pseudorandom numbers was
mathematical methods which produce what probably the center squared method. In this
are called pseudorandom numbers. Im- method we begin with a 2n digit number,
plemented on a computer, they are quite square it, and then extract the center 2n
fast, easy to implement, and just as much digits from the 4n digit result, and this
fun to play with as a roulette wheel! becomes the next random number, and also
Before looking at some of these becomes the number which is squared in
methods, might mention that there are a
I the next iteration. For example, suppose
couple of other ways to get random numbers you want some 4 digit random numbers. In
for your games, experiments, or business this case, of course, n = 2, and let's assume
applications. You could always punch or key we start off with the number 4321 as our
"seed" value. Figure 1 shows the process
through three iterations.
BASIC Program Sample Results This method makes a good little pro-
gram to assign to a beginning programming
100 PRINT "INPUT A 4 -DIGIT SEED "; class because it is easy to explain, easy to
110 INPUT N 4321 determine what the answers "should be,"
120 LETN =N *N 18671041 but it has several problems which arise as
130 LETN =N /100 186710.41
you get deeper into the problem. In
140 LET N = INT(N) 186710
18.6710 FORTRAN or BASIC, lacking any specific
150 LET A = A / 10000
160 LET A = INT(A) 18 digit manipulation instructions, the hard
170 LET A = A * 10000 180000 part comes when you try to strip off the
180 LETN =N -A 6710 digits either side of the center. Listing 1
190 PRINT N 6710 shows a simple BASIC program which

200 END will generate one random number. /This
program assumes an interpreter with
Listing 1: A BASIC program which accomplishes one generation of the center greater than eight digits of arithmetic
squared method of calculation. Note that this program assumes an interpreter precision]. Here,we see that we desire four
with at least eight decimal digits of accuracy. digits, and enter the seed 4321. Squared,
236 June 1979 6 BYTE Publications Inc

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100 PRINT "HOW MANY NUMBERS DO YOU WANT ? "; for most applications, so let's put in a loop
110 INPUT J and get "n" numbers. Listing 2 shows the
120 PRINT "INPUT A 4 -DIGIT SEED "; modifications necessary. Also, we'll combine
130 INPUT N lines 120 to 140, and lines 160 to 170 in
140 FOR I =ITOJ listing 1.
150 LET N = INT(N *N /100) I remember when I first coded this
160 LET A = INT(N /10000) 10000 method in a beginning FORTRAN class. I've
170 LETN =N -A forgotten what 4 digit seed the instructor
180 PRINT N
190 NEXT I used at the time, but it was a revelation
200 END when found out about something he called
I
"degeneration." I'm sure a simple program

Listing 2: A BASIC program which will generate a list of random numbers can be written to discover any and all of
using the center squared method. The program embeds a revised form of the the 4 digit seeds which will cause this
calculation of listing 1 within a FOR -NEXT loop. program to degenerate to zero, but let's
assume that there is at least one, and that
Murphy's Law will guarantee that this
this becomes an 8 digit number in line 120. particular one is the seed you choose for
Line 130 divides by 100 in the first step of your first run. It is not difficult to imagine
several necessary to get out the four center that there is a 4 digit number, which, when
digits. Of course if you wanted 2 digit squared, will have four zeros in the middle.
random numbers your seed would have Maybe your number squared will be
been a 2 digit number; you'd have a 4 digit 12000034, or 65000025, etc. This being the
square, and you would change line 130 to case, you'll get 0000 as your next random
divide by 10. For 6 digit numbers, you'd number until you discover what is going on
change it to divide by 1000, etc. Line 140 and get out of the loop. Listing 3 shows how
completes the removal of the right -hand we'll test for that problem and perform an
two digits by integerizing the number. ad hoc fix; we'll just call for another seed
This resulting 6 digit number is then set when a random number of zero is obtained.
aside, and you start removing the front Our final try at the center square program
two digits. This is done by dividing by still doesn't solve one of the worst problems
10000, integerizing the result and then with this method. The method doesn't give
multiplying by 10000. In line 180 you very long periods for many seeds, and you
subtract this number from the one pre- really can't predict what the results will be
viously set aside and out come the center until you try it. The method starts repeating
four digits, the new random number. If numbers, and even the place where it starts
you are working with 2 digit random num- repeating can't be determined without trying
bers, the divisor in line 150 would be it. For example, you may print out 722 dif-
changed to 100 and you'd then multiply ferent numbers, and then it will start
by 100 in line 170. repeating the last 34 of them. The method is
One number isn't going to be enough easy, and it is fun, and it may just produce
all the pseudorandom numbers you need
for your application.
100 PRINT "HOW MANY NUMBERS DO YOU WANT? "; Fibonacci Series Technique
110 INPUT J
120 PRINT "INPUT A 4 -DIGIT SEED "; A second method for generating random
130 INPUT N numbers makes use of the Fibonacci series,
140 FOR I = 1 TO J so named for its discoverer Leonardo of Pisa,
150 LET N = INT(N *N /100) known as Fibonacci (meaning son of
160 LET A = INT(N /10000) *10000 Bonaccio). Leonardo was perhaps the
170 LETN =N -A greatest European mathematician of the
180 PRINT N
Middle Ages, and if not for him you might
190 IF N <> O THEN 230
200 PRINT "DEGENERATION AFTER "; N "NUMBERS" be programming your machine using Roman
;
210 PRINT "ENTER ANOTHER 4-DIGIT SEED "; numerals, because it was Leonardo who
220 INPUT N recognized the enormous superiority of the
230 NEXT I Hindu -Arabic decimal system with its
240 END positional notation and the zero symbol,
over the much clumsier Roman system.
Listing 3: The program of listing 2 will occasionally produce examples of Table 1 shows several numbers in the
degenerate cases. The center squared method is prone to such degeneration Fibonacci series, and you'll notice that each
with an unpredictable frequency, so for purposes of illustration this version number is simply the sum of the previous
incorporates an ad hoc fix to ask for a new seed when degeneracy is detected, two numbers. Actually, we could make up
and report on how many cycles were required to reach degeneracy. any number of series by starting with any
238 June 1979 © BYTF Publications Inc

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Circle 400 on inquiry card. BYTE fune 1979 239

(a) The Fibonacci Series
n Fn Some Characteristics of the Fibonacci Series

(b)
1 1
2 1
Final digit (LSD) repeats in cycle of 60
3 2 Last 2 digits repeat in cycle of 300
4 3 Last 3 digits " 1500
5 5 Last 4 digits " 15000
6 8 Last 5 digits " 150000
7 13 etc.
Every 3rd Fn is divisible by 2

19 4181 " 4th " Note: this is also
20 6765 " 5th " the Fibonacci series.
21 10946 " 6th "
22 17711 etc.
Table 1: The Fibonacci series is a numerological phenomenon which is generated by the

following definition: the next term in the series is the sum of the previous two terms, with the
first two terms defined to be a value of 1 as a starting point. At (a) are listed several representa-
tive sections of the Fibonacci series, and at (b) are shown several miscellaneous characteristics
of the Fibonacci series abstracted from the mathematical literature. This series can be used as a
basis for a random number generator, as described in the text.
two numbers and letting their sum be a new Listing 4 shows a BASIC program for
random number, and repeating this for our calculating and printing "n" random num-
desired number of iterations. The reason bers of five digits each. Notice that the
that we'll use the Fibonacci series specif- generator is seeded with two seeds from
ically, and not any other series, is that the table 1. These could have been INPUT, of
characteristics of the Fibonacci series have course, and in that way a different series
been studied, and we know several facts of random numbers could be produced.
about it that will be of interest. Table 1 I've chosen the first two 5 digit numbers
for example shows that if we want more in the sequence, but there is nothing special
than 60 single digit random numbers, the about them. Also, you might consider having
Fibonacci series isn't going to work. Of the generator run through the loop a number
course we could start extracting 2 digit of times before it starts printing the output.
numbers from different parts of the num- This could be easily implemented with
bers produced, but here we're on our own as another INPUT statement and another FOR
far as statistical characteristics are ... NEXT loop, or maybe by just adding the
concerned. number of unwanted numbers to J, and then
putting in an IF to suppress printing of the
first J -N numbers. Listing 4 is straight-
100 PRINT "HOW MANY NUMBERS DO YOU WANT ? "; forward: after determining how many num-
110 INPUT J bers you want, it takes the two seeds and
120 LET A = 10946 calculates the first number. It is possible that
130 LET B = 17711 the result will be over five digits when the
140 FOR I = 1 TO J two previous numbers are added, but it can
150 LETN =A +B never be greater than 199998 (99999 +
160 IF N < 100000 THEN 180
99999), so we check for this condition in
170 LET N = N - 100000 line 160 and simply subtract 100000 if the
180 PRINT N
190 LETA =B number is larger than 99999. Lines 190 and
200 LET B = N 200 serve to shift the second number into
210 NEXT I the location previously holding the first
220 END number, and the new random number into
the location previously holding the second
Listing 4: A BASIC program which implements a Fibonacci series random number, and we're ready for a new iteration.
number generation technique. The program works machines of finite In order to find the nth Fibonacci
precision (even though the Fibonacci numbers eventually get infinitely large) number, you needn't go up to "n" one at a
because only the low order digits are kept as part of the pseudorandom time. There is an easier method, although
number. Since the high order portion of a Fibonacci number has no effect you might not think so when you see the
on the low order portion during calculation of the next number, it is possible formulas in figure 2. You might try to find
to completely ignore the high order part. the 20th Fibonacci number with your

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Circle 96 on inquiry card. Circle 232 on inquiry card. BYTt lune 197') 241
n
which will make the Golden Ratio to the kth
(a) 1 V5 n
power relatively large. Figure 2c is the
F
2 required formula. If this modification is im-
plemented, and k is large, your calculating
time for each random number that is to be
4)n used will greatly increase, but you'll have
(b) l(1 +NA1/2)n
_ rounded to nearest numbers that are about as good statistically
Fn =
V5-y \g- integer. as any other method.
Power Residue Calculations

(c) k A third general class of pseudorandom
(Golden ratio)k = 1.61803k...
\ 1 +V5-/
2 k number generators is called the Power
Residue Method. It is this method that is
Figure 2: The program of listing 4 was an iterative calculation. It turns out usually favored by hardware manufacturers,
that there are several ways to calculate Fibonacci numbers directly which do software writers and mathematicians,
not involve iteration. Formula (a) is an exact calculation of the nth Fibonacci because long periods prior to repetition
number. Formula (b) is also an exact calculation if the result is rounded to can be assured, and the numbers generated
the nearest integer. Formula (c) defines a criterion for making the Fibonacci hold up well to statistical tests for
sequence pass various statistical tests which would otherwise fail: pick every randomness. The method is, however,
kth number where k is chosen so that the "golden ratio" to the kth power is machine dependent since it relies on the
relatively large compared to the low order portion of the Fibonacci numbers word size of the machine. The Power
which is used as a random number output. Residue Method is the method employed
in RANDU, an extremely popular random
number generator appearing in the "Scien-
pocket calculator (or maybe your tific Subroutine Package" (IBM publication
computer ?) using formula a of figure 2. We number H20-0205) for the IBM System 360
know the answer is 6765, from table 1. This and 370 computers. The publication gives a
formula produces the exact answer, but we FORTRAN listing of this subroutine and
can get it with a little less calculation by documentation on how to use it, and also
using formula b in figure 2. The term delineates a FORTRAN listing and instruc-
(1 + Ng) / 2 is known in the mathematical tions for use of GAUSS, which is a program
literature as the "Golden Ratio" and is often for producing a normal distribution of
symbolized by the Greek letter 4 (phi). random numbers. The methods can easily
If formula b is evaluated and then rounded be extended to distributions other than the
to the nearest integer, it will produce Fn. normal. Background on the number theory
You might try this, again, with n = 20. aspects of the Power Residue Method can
The Golden Ratio assumes importance be obtained in another IBM booklet,
when using the Fibonacci series random "Random Number Generation and Testing"
number generator, because it is used as a (IBM publication number (C20-8011).
"correction factor." The results of the Listing 5 shows a BASIC version of a
generator, aside from being somewhat pre- program to produce one random number on
dictable as shown in table 1, fail many of the a 32 bit machine. The program can be easily
statistical tests usually applied to random modified, of course, along the lines we
number generators. A big improvement can followed for the center squared and
be made in the results if we use only every Fibonacci methods covered earlier. The
kth number, where k is almost any number multiplier in line 130 is 2 -31 and of course
you'll be rounding it to fit your particular
BASIC compiler. Line 130 simply trans-
forms our new random number X into a
100 PRINT "INPUT ANY ODD INTEGER ";
110 INPUT N floating -point version between 0 and 1,
120 LET X = N * 65539 which is a more usual way of delineating
130 LET Y = X * 0.4656612873077392578125E -09 random numbers. With a 32 bit machine
140 PRINT X Y ; (1 sign bit) we use 2 -31, and this would
150 END be changed to correspond to the particular
machine upon which the method is
Listing 5: A BASIC program to calculate one cycle of a pseudorandom implemented. The multiplier in line 120 is
sequence using the power residue method. This particular program is the also machine dependent. It has the form:
algorithm used for a 32 bit machine as found in the IBM System 360 and 8i ± 3, where i is any integer. The trick here
370 "Scientific Subroutine Package," IBM Publication Number H20-0205. is to choose i, such that the resultant multi-
In the source document cited, this algorithm is given as a FORTRAN sub- plier is close to 2b/2. Since b = 32 for this
program named RANDU. example (b is the number of bits), then we
242 lune 1979 rÿ BYTE Publications Inc

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doesn't count, so we'll have 231 -
2 or between 0 and 1. Obviously the low order
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machine assumed. choose high order bits, or possibly the bits
Let's assume a 6 bit machine. This should you discarded when you cut the product
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2b/2 = 26/2 = 23 = 8. If i = 1, we'd have the whole list to a distribution between 0
8X7 +3 =11 and 8 X 7 -3 = 5. Both of and 1.
these possibilities are equally 3 away from
our desired value of 8, so let's try both. Testing Randomness
Table 2a shows how we get started using
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the whole cycle of all 16 numbers produced. numbers usually fall into one of two major
Table 2 also shows that if we had chosen a categories, those that examine the digits
multiplier of 11 the procedure would appearing in the numbers and those that
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Circle 78 on inquiry card. June 1979 0 BYTE Publications Inc 243

(a)
The Chi -square (symbol X2) statistic
1. Choose an odd integer starting value. We'll choose the 6 bit number 100001 (simply looks somewhat formidable, but in reality
because it'll be easy to multiply). is easy to work with. The formula is:
2. Choose the multiplier. (We've already decided on 5, binary 101.)
3. Compute the product. (100001) (000101) = 000010100101
4. Cross out the first six bits, and you have the new number.
000010100101 = 100101 k (oi - ei) 2
5. (100101) (000101) =8090+9111001 = 111001 X2 = E
6. (111001) (000101) = etc. i=1 e.
1
- e1)2 -
(b)
Starting seed
n(1)
n (2)
) Multiplier
(0001012)
100001
100101
111001
= 5 Multiplier
(0010112)
100001
101011
011001
= 11 _ (ol
el
(02
e2
e2)2
2
n(3) 011101 010011 (°k
- ek)
n(4) 010001 010001 + +
n(5) 010101 111011 ek
n(6) 101001 001001
n(71 001101 100011
n(81 000001 000001 where ei is each expected frequency, and of
n(9) 000101 001011
n(10) 011001 111001 is the actual observed frequency. If we had a
n(11) 111101 110011 generator which produced 250 digits we
n(12) 110001 110001
n(13) 110101 011011
would expect each of the digits 0 through 9
n(14) 001001 101001 to appear 25 times, although the digits might
n(15) 101101 000011 actually appear more or less than 25 times.
n(16) 100001 100001 Assume that your random number generator
has just produced a series of 500 digits. You
Table 2: The power residue method, adapted to a 6 bit example with two count all the zeros, ones, etc, and tabulate
possible multipliers. The algorithm is shown at (a), and the complete set of these observed frequencies (as in table 3)
16 pseudorandom output states is listed in this table at (b). Note the devia- along with the expected frequency in each
tions from randomness apparent in the regular patterns seen in the two low case of 50. You have counted 58 zeros,
order bits of each number. 28 ones, etc. You next put these observed
and expected frequencies into the X2
treat the numbers as points in the interval formula and arrive at an answer of 46.45 as
0 to 1. Some tests can handle either case, of shown. At this point we need to turn to a
which the Chi -square test is one. It can be Chi -square distribution table, which can be
applied directly to the digits produced, or to found in the back of almost any statistics
groupings of the digits, or we can divide the book. Table 4 shows a portion of such a
interval 0 to 1 into subintervals and see how table and will suffice for most of our needs
many of the random numbers fall into each for uses like this application of the Chi-
of the subintervals and apply the Chi - square statistic. The table is entered after
square test to see if the distribution is you calculate the "degrees of freedom" in
biased. the column labeled "v" and after you
Digit O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Sum
Observed
frequency 58 28 40 34 70 62 72 36 40 60 500
Expected
frequency 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 500
x2
(58 - 50)2 (28 - 50)2 (40 - 50)2 + .
+ (60 - 50)2 46.56
50 50 50 50
Table 3: A random number sequence can be tested with various statistical measures. One
excellent test is the Chi-square test, here illustrated with a hypothetical single digit decimal
random number generator with the observed frequencies shown in a trial of 500 cycles of
calculation. If the result were truly random, of course, the expected frequencies of each digit
would be uniform. The Chi -square test involves calculating the characteristic number shown
by the formula here (using this table's data). This characteristic number is then used with a
statistical reference table of the Chi -square distribution and the number of degrees of freedom
allowed by the statistics (here v =9), to check the quality of the pseudorandom sequence.

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X2995 X299 X295 X?90 X275
1 7.88 6.63 3.84 2.71 1.32

5 16.7 15.1 11.1 9.24 6.63
9 23.6 21.7 16.9 14.7 11.4
10 25.2 23.2 18.3 16.0 12.5
19 38.6 36.2 30.1 27.2 22.7
Table 4: An abbreviated 24 45.6 43.0 36.4 33.2 28.2
portion of a standard
Chi-square table used as
described in the text to
check the quality of a determine the level of significance you look for specific combinations of digits.
pseudorandom sequence. want to test. The degrees of freedom in our For example, suppose we are generating
case are 10 - 1 = 9. This simply means that 5 digit integer random numbers in the
after we have determined nine of the ob- interval 00000 to 99999. Probability theory
served frequencies, the 10th one is fixed. tells us the number of numbers we should
The frequencies have to add to 500, so we have where all digits are the same, like
have "nine degrees of freedom." Tradi- 22222 or 66666 etc. We can also calculate
tionally, the Chi -square statistic is used to the expected number of pairs, three -of-a-
test the hypothesis that the numbers are kind and full houses, etc. The Chi -square
randomly distributed. If the computed test can be applied to the analysis of the
value of Chi -square is greater than the results.
critical value read from the table, we would A very similar test, called the "gap test,"
then conclude that the observed frequencies can be applied in like manner to the dis-
differ significantly from the expected tances separating two like digits or two like
frequencies and we would reject the hy- groups of two or more digits. Again, Chi -
pothesis of randomness at whatever level of square is a useful statistic in the analysis of
significance we select. The levels of signi- these findings. The power residue method
ficance often used are 0.05 and 0.01, corres- satisfactorily passes the poker test, the gap
ponding to the X2 .95 and X2 _99 columns test and the usual frequency test; however
respectively, in the table. Going back to our it often fails to pass tests which consider
example, we calculated a value of 45.56, runs of numbers. We've already seen how
but in the table for nine degrees of freedom the power residue method produces certain
and at the .01 level of significance, we predictable results, so this should not come
see that the critical value of Chi- square is as a surprise. However, if we are generating
21.7. Since 46.56 > 21.7 we therefore random numbers instead of random digits,
conclude that the observed distribution of this is not a big problem. A study of the
numbers produced by our generator differs runs up and down is often a good test to
significantly from the expected distribution determine which multipliers are better than
at the 0.01 level of significance, and we others when you use the power residue
therefore cast considerable suspicion on our method, and the "run test" will also con-
random number generator. As previously sistently prove that the Fibonacci series
mentioned, we could take our list of gener- method will not produce the predicted
ated numbers in the 0 to 1 interval and set number and lengths of runs. Taking, for
up some subdivisions of this interval. Next, example, a long string of random generator
we could see how many of the numbers fell produced bits, we would count the num-
into each subinterval, calculate the ex- ber of strings of zeros bracketed by ones
pected frequency for the subintervals, and for each length, from one, on up to the
apply the Chi- square test in the same longest string length. Number theory helps
fash ion. us determine the number of total runs we
A second test frequently applied to should have for both the ones and zeros.
random numbers is called the "poker test," Figure 3 shows how to calculate these
Figure 3: Several formulas but is in reality similar to the frequency test lengths, assuming "n" bits. There are several
for the run test of a already considered. In the poker test we special tests similar to the run test, for
pseudorandom sequence. example: "runs above and below the mean,"
etc. And, as usual, the Chi -square test is
frequently applied to see if the actual results
Run length Formula are reasonable.
(5n + 1) / 12
Ican't guarantee all of the above will help
2 (11n- 14)/60 you program your computer to play inter-
esting Star Trek or sophisticated One -
k (for k<n-1) 2 { (k2 +3k +1)n- (k3 +3k2 -k -41 } /(k +3)! Armed- Bandit games but at least you'll be
n-1 2 / n! able to come up with generators that are
biased in your favor.

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Whit's New?
The Physicians Microcomputer Report Complete Microcomputer System
from Gimix
The Physicians Microcomputer Re-
port is a monthly publication for doc- Gimix Inc has announced its com-
tors who wish to become better informed plete System 68 microcomputer. It
about the computer and its application features the following: a ferro- resonant
in the field of medicine. Some of the constant voltage power supply; an SS -50
features include: software news, cal- motherboard (15 50 pin and eight 30
culator corner, computers in patient pin gold plated slots); a 6800 processor
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news, the bargain market, and computer independently programmable software
articles of special interest to the physi- timers; the Gimix 16 K byte software
cian. Additionally, the report contains readdressable static programmable mem-
articles on nonmedical applications such ory boards organized into four sepa-
as linking your computer to a stock rately controllable 4 K byte blocks,
portfolio information center. Another which allows the user as much memory
intent of this publication is to facilitate as can be contained in the mainframe.
the exchange of information between Dual -in -line package switch features
physicians who own computers. For this allow use of existing SwTPC and MSI
purpose the magazine has a listing of compatible software. The system is video
user groups. based using the Gimix video board and
The Physicians Microcomputer Re- advanced GMXBUG 3 K byte read only 2, 8 K byte static programmable mem-
port is available for $25 a year and memory monitor that contains the stan- ory, 2 port parallel I/O (input /output)
$12.50 for students. Contact Dr Gerald M dard utility functions plus routines that board, cable and two disk regulator
Orosz, POB 6483, Lawrenceville NJ facilitate software development. board. For further information, contact
08648. The price of $1395 includes the Gimix Inc, 1337 W 37th PI, Chicago IL
Circle 591 on inquiry card. motherboard, switches, fan, power sup- 60609.
ply, video board, 3 K GMXBUG version Circle 590 on inquiry card.
-
Attention Readers, and
TRW LSI Products Introduces New
Vendors...
Generation of Multipliers
Where Do New Products Items
A new series of monolithic mul-
Come From?
tipliers, designated the MPY/HJ series,
The information printed in the provide n by n bit multiplication of ---
:(tttKtitttt(tttt(K(t(t{t'.Á".
new products pages of BYTE is 24, 16, 12 and 8 bit numbers. All four
obtained from "new product" or multipliers have improved input registers
that feature simplified clocking so that CCítCüttí;t".
"press release" copy sent by the .:(CÜiCCCit
no data -hold time (clock overlap) is
promoters of new products. If in
necessary. The three largest multipliers
our judgment the information
(MPY -24, -16 and -12HJ) feature im-
might be of interest to the per-
proved output registers that can be pliers. Like the MPY -24HJ, it can be
sonal computing experimenters
who read made transparent for asynchronous expanded to operate on 32, 48, 64 and
and homebrewers
output. They also feature a program- larger numbers. The MPY -1211] multi-
BYTE, we print it in some form.
mable selection of output product plies a pair of 12 bit numbers and yields
We openly solicit releases and
formats and can intermix two's comple- their product in 80 ns. It is ideal for
photos from manufacturers and
ment numbers with numbers in absolute digital signal processing applications
suppliers to this marketplace. The
magnitude in the same operation. such as fast Fourier transforms and
information is printed more or
All the new circuits are plug compat- digital filters. The MPY -8HJ produces
less as a first in first out queue,
ible with their first generation counter- a 16 bit product in 65 ns. A fast version
subject to occasional priority
modifications. While we would parts. Inserting one into a socket wired of the 8 bit multipliers called the MPY -
for an /AJ device automatically masks 8HJ -1 is being offered. It produces
not knowingly print untrue or
out the new /H J features while still a 16 bit product in 45 ns and is intended
inaccurate data, or data from
unreliable companies, our capa- providing faster operation and reduced for use in digital television systems.
power consumption. Prices are $59 for the MPY -8HJ;
city to evaluate the products
The MPY -24HJ contains a new shift $71 for the MPY -8HJ -1; $103 for the
and companies appearing in the
and normalize feature, and yields a 48 MPY -12HJ; $157 for the MPY -16HJ
"What's New ?" feature is neces-
bit product in 20ü ns. The MPY -24HJ and $310 for the MPY -24HJ. For
sarily limited. We therefore can-
is supplied in a standard 64 pin dual -in- more information, contact TRW LSI
not be responsible for product Products, POB 1125, Redondo Beach
line package. The MPY -16H J produces
quality or company performance.
a 32 bit product in 100 ns and is pin CA 90278.
compatible with the older 16 bit multi- Circle 592 on inquiry card.

What's New? MISCELLANEOUS
Zilog Announces Availability of 16 in -line package. The 40 pin Z8002, 28 Page Brochure on Computer Graphics
Bit Z8000 Microprocessor designed for smaller, less memory in- and Imaging
tensive applications, is compatible with
the 48 pin Z8001, but the 40 pin pro-
cessor's addressing is limited to 64 K
bytes in each of its 6 address spaces.
A scaled N /MOS depletion load sili-
con gate device, the Z8000 processor
densely packs 17,500 transistors on a
device which is 238 by 256 mils. The
Z8000 is designed for both minicom-
puter and microcomputer applications.
The Z8000 contains 24, 16 bit registers
that reduce the number of memory
references needed in programming. Six-
teen of those registers are general pur-
pose. The Z8000's problem solving
instruction set supports seven different
data types from single to 32 bit words,
has 8 addressing modes, and 418 usable
Zilog Inc has announced the availa- op code combinations. Lexidata Corporation, 215 Middlesex
bility of a Z8000 microcomputer pro- Pricing for the Z8001 is $195 for 1 -9 Turnpike, Burlington MA 01803 offers
cessor circuit that offers users the archi- pieces, $162.50 for 10 -99 quantities a free 28 page brochure describing the
tectural resources of mini and large and $140 for lots of 100 and up. The relative advantages of various display
mainframe computers in a single circuit Z8002 sells for $150 for 1 -9 quantities, technologies and comparing them to its
device. The processor is available in two $125 for 10 -99 pieces, and $107.10 for new System 3400 Video Image Processor.
versions: the Z8001 in a 48 pin ceramic lots of 100 and up. For further infor- Interfacing, system software, application,
dual -in -line package that allows the user mation contact Zilog, 10340 Bubb Rd, and hardware options are covered in
to address up to 8 M bytes of memory; Cupertino CA 95014. detail.
and the Z8002 in a 40 pin ceramic dual- Circle 615 on inquiry card. Circle 618 on inquiry card.
New Software Compatible With Any Graham -Dorian Software Systems has A Powerful Disk Based Operating
Z -80 or 8080 CP /M System developed four complete software pro- System for 6800 Microprocessors
gram packages for payroll, inventory,
cash register, and apartment management. The CP /68 operating system for the
All programs are compatible with any 6800 family of microprocessors furn-
Z -80 or 8080 CP/M system, and can be ishes big system features and capabil-
ordered in eight inch (double or single ities for microcomputers. A combination
density) or five inch floppy disks. Each of memory resident and transient com-
program package contains a disk with mands provide the system's flexibility.
CBASIC -2 compiler, CBASIC -2 run With the CP /68 operating system it is
command, the Graham -Dorian software possible to add your own commands to
program in INT and BAS file form, plus the system. PIP (Peripheral Interchange
a users manual and hard copy source Program) allows transfer of data be-
listing. The four programs sell for $695 tween physical devices. Wildcard opera-
each. One CBASIC -2 is free with a tion of all disk commands lets the user
program order, others cost $89.95 each. specify files either ambiguously or un-
For further information contact Graham- ambiguously.
Dorian Software Systems, 211 N Broad- Other features of the operating
Circle 616 on inquiry card. way, Wichita KS 67202. system are complete device independent
I/O (input/output); sequential and
random file access methods; dynamic
Text Processing Software The text processing system will auto- allocation and expansion of files; com-
matically loop for repeated formatting mand files; and chaining and overlaying
Digitan Systems Inc has announced a applications such as form letters. A pre- of user programs. It fits in less than 8
text processing system which uses special processing program is able to select a K bytes and can be relocated anywhere
commands for text formatting appli- subset of the extra text data according in memory; the extended instruction
cations. It is intended for use with 8080 to a user specified matching pattern. The set includes 19 new 6809 -type instruc-
and Z -80 microcomputer based systems. output of the text processor can be tions (PSHX, PULX, etc); all disk
The commands include multiple line directed to either the console terminal, operating system services are available
spacing; left and right margin control; line printer, or a disk file. through a single supervisor call; and it
indenting; paging; optional right margin The source code of the text for- easily interfaces to new devices and peri-
justification; centering and underlining matter has been written in CBASIC and pherals.
text; no-frill modes; automatic page runs under the CP /M operations system. The operating system supports func-
numbering; page and line length control; It is available on eight inch floppy disks tions that STRUBAL+ used to provide
and the printing of left, right and center with a comprehensive manual at a cost in its runtime package. The operating
header titles and footer titles with of $250 per copy. A well documented system runs on Percom, ICOM, MSI,
optionally different titles based on even source code is also available for an addi- Smoke Signal, Micropolis and SwTPC
and odd pages. Also included is the tional fee. For further information con- systems. For further information contact
ability to input extra data from a file or tact Digitan Systems Inc, 5001 16th Av, Hemenway Associates Inc, 101 Tremont
the console terminal during the format- Brooklyn NY 11204. St, Suite 298, Boston MA 02108.
ting process. Circle 617 on inquiry card. Circle 619 on inquiry card.

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STATIC RAM BOARDS APPLE /EXIDY / EXPANDO MICROPROCESSORS STATIC RAM HEADQUARTERS
sites
SOCKETS
ww BPn.
TRS 80 18K- UPGRADE KIT ZOO J2
I3
240A 1695 1.24 2599 100 la wW 37 1 Ana
32K (uses 2114) 17n1 * 16K with Jumpers & Instructions re 130501
2650
16
1895
95 21103 450n.
21102250144
130
159
25
155 4
1
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36
BO
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ASSEMBLED Kit °r/a9P" for either Level or Level II $89.95 I

CD1802 1995 2102 125 11S l lo 1.15' W 90 20 Pm5 T 34
450ns. 599.00 450ns. 539.95 * 16K for Apple II Upgrade $89.95 80805 995
19 95
2111 375
205
365
285
3
265
S Pm 1V W
WW
93
85
2: P. 5
24P,S 7 41
250n5. 699.95 250ns. 599.95 Special: TRS80 Schematic $ 4.95 6090AJMHZ
ISM
21121
ww115 2OP.nS 7 49
SALE 8085 2101.1 200 270 255 0
Bare Board 49.95 Expansion Interface Schematic S 4.95 13008.1 a 95 21141:250es 12 95 10 95 4 9'. r'0 WIN 149 aO Pns T 63
Bare Board w /all parts less mem. 99.95 2901 Ie95 2114100119. 695 795 545
2901. 2495 apee- 750 615 4.75 TEXTOOL ZERO
$. 1001óK (uses 2114) KIT (exp. to 32K) TRS 80 TO S-100 WS 9900J3
CP1600
49.95
3995
4044/4041 300n5
4095 /4041546.
995
750
5.75
675
195
4.15 INSERTION FORCE
ASSEMBLED 450ns. 279.00 PET TO S-100 ADAPTER 65020
11
1995
ro EIA1.14200A 975 8.75 795 SOCKETS
250ns. 299.00 E50,44402 795 725 625
45ons. 325.00 Allcws Pet/TRS 80 to be Interfaced to 046100 2995 EMM4904 l'.ß0 1150 095
16 Pin
40 Pm 41025
S 5 50 24 P,rl 51.50
250ns. 375.00 popular S-100 Bus. 6800 1695 010E 9S 795 725
;4s5
.
Bare Board 49.95 6e0.P 00410,4200, 1095 1025 925

Pet to S100 Kit $189.95 8035 50 1095
$269.95
7 AMD9140 At 1025 325 CONNECTORS
LO I Assembled 00450130 31 12 95 11 95 10 25
0125P IRS2321 325
ASSEMBLED TRS 80 t0 S100 HUH 5100 Kit $275.00 Slds s9é5 ESC 460 464160 CCD O.I 5169' Earn 375
of 85 5 , 25 09255 Female
450 ns. 189.95 KIT 45ons. 125.95 Assembled $355.00 1
P2125 93425,45 n., 195

1
735 175
Hood 1.25
SUPPORT DEVICES *MCOd. Sale 5050
250ns. 189.95 250ns. 149.95 6508 Iv I CMOS 795 795 725 See
22/44 W/W, 572 NIM 295
6518 III 725
.
Aus51I Aran Proaewor 519500 CMOS 195 795 650

Bare PC Board w /Data 521.95 KEYBOARD ASCII ENCODED 43/06 WAY. ST. MOT
1
MA na516964 Sor Ram 395 375 250 Connect°, wee 4 25

Now over year successful held experience
1
Coned
DMA Conedbr
AM9ass117 .
.24500 81551/0 w/Ram 2195 100S-1W Cornrow en 325
"Special Offer" Buy 141 BK 450ns. Kits 4117.00 One time purchase of 449519 Umemu me.r ual 24 95 2147 Low Power 40 5tatc 1 a 9S u.
NEW Surplus key - Mel 1260 PIO, 5
CTS DIPSWITCHES
^".y:d:s.e.
1t....e... boards. From the Singer sear 414.04o
38821x60 CTCI
14
O 95
10 as
CHARGE COUPLED DEVICES
0752054 51 75 C152064 5105
FLOPPY DISK DRIVES Corporation, The 160 CCD F...l lane nnered Fa,r000 460 CCD
"key
35132.4 $41.00t a 95 cT5206S 5175 C152064 5t55
FFr1 ; ,, n-; i keyboard features 128 8205' 745138 Decoder ' 2 95
165 Memory mow vw can Moenmenl *n15 CCD
íe49110 yr al a reason.de once 17 page ALC6cr cT52064 S 175 C1s20610 SI 95
.j .,ASCllcharactersina63 8213edllo 250 w.e, oa.4ny 1medl CTS207 s1 75
3 format, MOS
40f---.T
8214 P.01,01111 95 Non Role 4001014.,01 each
1. VISTA MINIDISK
encoder circuitry "N" key
8216 Bas Derer
822. Gock Gee
250
295
$18.95 each (reg. 43.00) LIVERMORE BASIC
FOR TRS-80 rollover, lighted shilt lock, control, escape and 822440MHD 975 O 650 ROM
* 23% More Storage repeat functions. Ltd Oty 63 KEY $59.96
8326 Bug deer
era 13.4 13..
395
239
CRYSTALS
Mi TV Owe
THAT S RID 07 ON ROM"
OUR PRICE 0011 595 00
Capacity 40 Tracks
- 5220597 Comm. 595
Prc
* Faster Drive -
UV "Eprom1e Eraser 8251
Srs
ito 895
Frequency
r 0508 5.85
1 FregVency
6051H 5
Pace
495
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Up to 8 Times Faster 925301 Tamp 1950 rtli.12 95 6144
Model 1E564.96 M. 6 50 UMH7 65561 495 NAKED PCIOAIIDSALE
2 Drive Cable Add $29.95 9255 CO
11IAHe 795
5
O0MHr 495
0257PO0 DMA 1950 2420 CPU 1550501. SW 95
4 Drive Cable Add $39.95 Holds 4 Eprom 's at a time. 9259 Int 19 SO 2 013715:511-0 585 1309ÁN! 95
2. VISTA V -200 MINI -FLOPPY SYSTEM Backed V -1 years CO.... 585 1431016 495 asa
sSlc RAM LNo
95
8275 CRT 74 95 21 95
* 204K Byte Capacity * w /CPM, Basic "E" experience. 6279 Pr09 Wow.. 19 9S .:9SISMHr 1SO
495
113
000
0M714 495
S95
160SMtc RAM 12114 2995
4995
* One Single Sided, ModI S-52T... $219.96 6810.1 128 8 RAM 75 320 51äc RAM 12t 141
+1
ÇMHr
3MMIN 595 20 H!
014140 495
6820 PIA 650 595
ROMP 1/O 111,601 39 95
Professional Industrial Model v1120MHr 270Mo: r 595 Gsxne I/O nw17R 29.95
Double Density Drive V-E00 wank SUMHr 495 22 0501: SOS
* One Double Density 696.00 6688íe
611381 512
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11.00
12 95 H1
a.IMlr: 5 9S
360M01
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595
595
80 Eynon 127061
702 Ewom 60118.
21 95
300C
Controller w /Case 8 P.S. TARBELL FLOPPY INTERFACE úB50 ACM 7 20
1005C 1295
2108/2718 Foram 15560.1 34 95
5552 Mewl Adapter 9 95 2708 /2716 ENOMM'MCI 3000
Add to your EXIDY, e Z80/8080 5100 Compatible * Uses CPM 6645 ND.e505CR11-nn 3995
DISPLAYS /OPTO/LED'S
Ruhene Clock. 34 95
5560 Modem 995 ACP Moto 8013M Conn 2195
HORIZON, etc. Assembled for 5508910.... BALE 6229.00
assembled Other Doom S269.95 ... 6562 Modael Iles 7 mason OALC CLOCKS Veclw 9800 Pao
I
19 96
3. VISTA V -1000 FLOPPY DISK SYSTEM KO 517995 047101010114050 2595 OL 700001 OL 7071CA1 30G Red 99 Versa 6803 11 aka MB 29 95
* ACP E.Iender er/Conn 95
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5875 5 25 550 3511cc1 35T Red 15

(2) Shugart 800-R 8" Floppy Disks Bare Board 236.95 (Doc. Add 510.001 239 99 %Woo Interlace 155611
* Controller Card. Cable. V1000 vote Double Density sve ConlydNr
6800 Bus dryer
MC69485
1821 SCO I1( RAM
Ie95
2500
FND 500 /5031001 500- Rea
END 507/5101C4 500' RM
99
99
Parallel Interface 155M, 2195
13 Slat Molheraord MVMCI 32 95
27 95
Case 8 P.S. 5299.00 END 80090031CC1 600 Red 175

954 MomerePar015VMCI 2995
* CPM & Basic "E", 1699.00 Assent
SD Veraa FlooOV KR
5D Versa FIpp,v Assembled
5159.95
518995
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1524
SCD 25
CD 3355 RAMM '995
95 040807 /810104 900" 055
U,N 3062 500" Green
175
15 BSbl 40NolePardoWI 34 05
Instructions& Manual
1
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Tarbel Cassette I/O 141 5115.00 1654 Uae.... 10.96 9 Dge 8955'.. Mm G0. 05044*
1
4. MPI 851.51/4". 40 tracks 279.00 Sale * 177101 Floppy Cmp 527.95 1556CDr.0 895 909.1 Panade. DSday 400-
99
WAVEFORM
99
5. Shugart SA4O0-51/4 ", 35 tracks 295.00 1857 CO LO 895 9 Dg,I F1o164em 3110' 99 GENERATORS
6. Siemens/GS] FDD100-8 8" 375.00 BYTE USER 8K EPROM BOARD 5520 PM 7 SO MA1003 121 Auto Caeca Module S LIS 8038 funcuen Gen 395
7. Shugart 800/801 R 8" 495.00 * Power on Jump Reset Jump * 6522 Mdl
6530-002
9 25
15542
Bezel for MA 1003 w /Red Fate,
MA1002. LED 12 le Clock Module 1095
4 95 MC4024 VCO 245
8. PERSCI Model 277 Dual 1195.00 Assembled & Tested $94.95 6530.003 LS/566 VCO 75
.826 6 F unc1.00 Generator 57S
Byteuser Kit $64.95 6538004 Is 50 MX DISPLAYS NCODID O1/PLAYS
6530.005 1,540 11P5082.2340 Red He.,dec'Mal 15 95
Bare PC Board $21.95 3051 76 Amp S.0 r FLOPPY DISK I/O
EXPANDORAM MEMORY KITS Special Offer: Buy 4 kits only $59 95 each 853 19 Mpmow 1'O re 95
HP 5062.2300 Red Nymerc
nl 306 Numerc w /LOpc
. 14
695
95
01 B" 8041.lbpey
* Bank Selectable * Uses 4115 or 4116 MR -8 8K w/I K Ram $99.50 NI 300 Number w /LCOC
TL 309 taverner 00 rgc
695
695
u172
Po Nec FloMy
t 781 5al F1wmy
2/95
49 95
200 es. MR-16 16K w /114 Ram $99.50 DYNAMIC RAMS 1791 Dr. Ropey
* Write Protect *Power 8VDC, *16VDC EPM -1 4K 1702 $59.95 16/4116 1814116 Pnl 1245
nL 311 HaeadeclmS
in 320 Red AIpn4 Nurnmc
. 1295 95
* Phantom *
Lowest Cost /Bit EPM -2 2708 or 2716 Eprom $69.95 Set ca B ale's
115 95116 P911
B995
995
MAN
MAN 10A 270- Red aphnNume.x
595
6 95 TV INTERFACES
Expando 32 Kit (41 15) Expando 64 Kit (411.61 OPTOIBOUnR 85o
16K $248.95
Z- 801Z80Á/8080 CPU BOARD 4050 40
4060 45
7 116 Mel
pep
4 25
95
LION
5.100
TV.I wdeprinterne. 9 95
8K $179.00 122 LEO5Ra9 0111,41. Green 165
* 2708 included (450ns.)
1
16K $229.00 32K $369.00 * On board 2708 4096 4K 1 Ile Pnl... + 95 MCI 2 Photo %SIR NFE 250. 30V o9 McrnMmter 35 00
Power on jump * completely socketed
Man M0d116l0r
24K $299.00 48K $469.00 * 2104
.027.. 1116 P,1
1116 Peg 75
4 95
4025 Phono 05TR HFE 250. 30V
41133 Plan 0admplon
1
175
29 :1500
32K 5349.00 64K 5565.00 Assembled and tested $185.00 5261 95 1103 .
t95 FIN 1108Pnole%STR FUI L esse SALE a /100 ATTENTION
Kit $129.95 5252 1 95 40081 4 95
5270 495 6605. 795 ATTENTION KIM USERS PET USERS
Bare PC Board S 34.95 5280 495 5604 ass BEI55011 e.Pen0on to 5100
IMS STATIC RAM BOARDS S69p aP * For 4MHz Speed Add $15.00 5290 1245 6002 1 no KIMS4l.8N4on lo 5.100
1(1615110 SIM Connaclw
2500Kó /16500
764e 110500 M /16000
* Memory Mapping * Low Power 8080A Kit $ 99.95
PROMS KIM 1 6502 Su90 Board Gmplbr
5
17900 PET Connecta Oda. tal
* Phantom * Cenn.clon
.
8080A Assembled $149.95 101 memory 6Remove.

Assembled & tested KIM Power 5uppry 59.95
0.0
2708 995 1 . .
IME. pumas
48 0 1/O.
se /O and
22066 )50 MM Memory Rus (consists of 55 Ram.
Recommended by Alphamicrosystems 802716 Ewom, Programmer IIO etc 1 Ml uaw pod 795/x1
250 es. 450 ns. 5-100 MOTHERBOARD SPECIAL 1792 795
M SOFTWARE
245 00
va.a 1301er
8K Static $209.00 $189.00
8 slot expandable
reg $69.95
w/9 conn.
NOW $52.95
17020
271ó.5V
350
59 95 e pack ape IG 15451 12 0.01136
Please
Help Edam 01ä40e lusxel
16 95
16 95 .
Pelur e IMus.c Boards
Std 01 2595
29 95
271ó5V 12V 4000 Rea p0 108.116 1695 4995
16K Static $449.00 $399.00 2756 SV 2995 Help
Hall Ml.
Cano°N0130ó Palomar
Beeper Is.91414 lape Ned,
5203.0 Kaosellel 16 95 24 95
32K Static $799.00 $699.00 11
995
95
Mc,o.,a Kassaltel 1695
520400 Mc10Md Aource
MIN, 1295 27.95
M4ptas Source M 810611
ANADEX PRINTER TARBELL FLOPPY CONTROLLER IM 55IÚ
SALE Sß35 SS e
J.
LN
95
Tiny BMK iw SIM Iwpal lapel.
22 95
0 95 ATM TRS 80 USERS
Card assembled and tested for use with Shugart 825115512. 6 n51 16.95 20/40 Pm Memory E.: i.
Model DP8000 compact, impact. parallel or Drives S SALE PRICE only 522900 52512332.5 2 50 COMPUTER SPECIALS 45.
160 Memary Add on w,in..
AOserial. Sprocket feed, 80 cols, 256..
025126 3 50
NLE
09 55
8251292ó6n51 350 LIST Ow V80 M'n/I0my 39500
84 lines/min., bidirectional. 928130 512 ..0x1 5 n.7lol Poller 1095
New only $895.00 NSC 0M757e 32 B
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2.
H,Plo10çl.ze, qr. 'B95 W B25 W
401,eca DOSPalcnon05k
4 Owe Cade Re Vó0 3990
EPd, w/3214 139500 11950C Cenilone1779wnracbr t 17900
ACOUSTIC MODEM 0001e II w/165 119500 104500 CeNfoncs 70184//01 157900
NOVATION CAT CHARACTER GEN 169500 159500 ÁNADE %078000 99500
VERBATIM' DISKETTES eco$ 0.300 Baud 2513-0011511 UN., 550 tÉÌPT209n lavall l/K 09500 309500 MOloC Irme es Ouck melee
* 51 /.'r Minidiskettes * \C Boll 103 2513005 ISM Lowe.
2513.0M315V1Lname
1095
1095
fiomenlc0 Sys III
Commodore PM
599000
19500
53950C
7500
5
39500
C1801o0l91E.nnaalIII 3900
Sohsector, 10 Sector, 16 SectorlIg -\-t Answer, Originate $198.00 MCM65)1 1075
1075
5010510/120 I 99500 69500 Power SI11p 16 n4IMlsl 1795
* MCA/6571A 59500 82900

401430A402111
10/39.95 ACOUSTIC COUPLER SPECIAL
8" Standard loppy Disks * 14C1.18574
MCM8575
I450
1450
7W1y7e43 1.4900 115000 on,an oon0dsk
IACPomo18,1 32500
h
AJ MODEL A30 Ebel'¢ Penca on Gamete 9000
Soft Sector, Hard Sector 0 etw o
CM1ro01mc.S1 59500 52500 505115 Penca on SOS 150 00
$4.50 Each, 10/41.95 SPECIAL PURCHASE CP,Mlor TRS on Osa 15000
OF SURPLUS UNITS UARTS /USRTS MONTHLY IC SPECIALS 49 25
Aed 4.95 for 10 Pack in Deluxe Disk Holder AVAILABILITY LIMITED $29.95 501603545V. 1211 J 95 Mew IOLt01Ma t'i et
LF 13509 JFET Anlop Mdti 5 dl 95
W51013 NV
6800 7201
17 .9 14 V,
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605
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Counter
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Cont..
1795
6 95
DATA BOOKS COMPUTER BOOKS 45 51014416
0154186/ 41, 6 95 1C1A7045 PrKnwn SruM1Valcn Tare, '295
MOTOROLA EXORCISER COMPATIBLE 1978 IC Master 4995 Intel MCS 60 Manual 7.95
TM56011151 171.5 5 50 IC17107 3', 0.1,0
MED1 95
TV CHIPS
"9.a
9600 MPU Module w/6802 CPU
9601 16 Slot Mother Board
$495.00
175.00
NSC TTL Data
NSC L,neal
3 95 lnep MCS 40 Manual..
95 A610 60800 Manual
a,ó
..506
616403
186303
7
995
96 ICLe2111000e Reference
IM390 BFltery OP AWa Amp 3/l
I 93
00
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2350050? 95
95 9 LA/1130 Flud D.laclw all 00 a.-.
9602 Card Cage (19- Retina Rook Mount)
9603 8 Slot Mother Board
9604 Swltchmode System PowerSupply
75.00
100.00
250.00
NSC Lamar App Notes., 395 AMO Schottky OMabook
NSC CMOS
NSC Mnmery
395 AMI MOSLS,
305 CI M0ß1510.1.
(Ws ..396
491
671, .Mm.
SALE 7614728 N
N 95 LA/1850 Ground raue IC
LM 1100 PnA.0 Las Loop FM Memo
U41620 AM Raper
3/1 00
ïiW
.36143, Wanwo
,ó G'w. x,r.
1 OWbmk a its Hama 4uIop IMNPook... 495 BAUD RATE GEN
9610 Utility Prototyping Board
9616 Ouad 8K Eprom Module
38.00 MC585 Manual
Se131
ll
7 50 TI Lona. Cbnnd D.M
099099E NOKS
305
SAL!
.
; C144 1105
D53625 Dual Moo Sense Amp
14 9 P5101.7Ef1/n. --936
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;9wy
9623 16 Channel Parallet I/O Module.... 295.00 Rear Oele wó9r 1401:1389 2/199 how sm emsr..:m:' 9i5
9622 Serial /Parallel I/O Combo Intro to McrOO Vol 0 1.76 PS9osSe110/100 LF360NEIFM.. 0(1.99
9626 BK Static RAM Module 295.00 Intro to Mcroa Voi I ... 7.76 KEYBOARD ENCODERS Bit]
9331.1 Pont
0955 e
9627 16K Static 450e, 49500 8060A PWrammyg 776 a*52311 1'.1r5
1
101.90
68.00 MOOPm/peewee, _... 776 6105014 C.k 2,1 99 541011 Mee
9630 Card Extender
9640 Multiple Programmable Tuner 280 Programmrg ... ... ...... . .
YS
700165
h,p0 75
741410 311 55 16e670
6/1 99
00130
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II Soma Reel M WOWS, 7090 19.60 995 LM2917
395.00 Vol
74C922 _905 2 25 7411414 1001.90 All 5h.preenn ECM or UPS Urar.,
(24 Timers) Vd eI Some Rea Suwon Dermas w/9.091 1599 16.50 .. ..
877918129 d1.M .6113, 5100.00 ade
9650 8 Channel Duplex Serial I/O 395.00 Miro I0 Macros Va.
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96103 32/32 I/O Module 275.00 SALI OIL/THICK CONPUTE9 95096 SALE A/D CONVERTERS 61 6 he0aek
96702 32 Poret Reed Relay Module 35000 Tres. 196 rard/CODacc
' wí25 Ostrom
UrMe,arandrg Computers
6080MC,acomwler EaronmnU. ills. 11.95
8700 I.I B.nary
:Ib 15r1 ATTENTION C aReudaadd 611a ormir
8600 BARE BOARDS ee0mrv BASIC 114 69s
8701 101nt 13n.1n
APPLE II USERS Order. Me 6x ó
870'I81.rI5
9620-0
9626-0
545.00 9603-0
45.00 9600
27.00
55.00 Peanut .ñr Comwbl
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55F 505
POS. 695
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45.00 96103 55.00 L.nap. .798. 695 D. II w/IrOPd.v n
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9650-0 8080 Machm9 1411e16 61.t 01,.pp0 595 00
9601-0 50.00 96702 55.00 Hardware 7-95 bes 141181n 81.1 DM II 495110
Also AMI EVK System in Stock Slwenm Smubtw
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.98- 69s DACDI un
5 Irr.
waeCard
fom,PV 14000
Irvine, California 92713 Phone (714) 558 -8813

Retail Store Open Mon. Sat. -
P. O. BOX 17329 Located at 1310 "Brr E. Edinger,
TW X: 910 -595 -1565 Santa Ana, CA 92705

What's New? PERIPHERALS
S -100 Single and Double Density the IBM System 34. Like the original TRS -80 Serial Input /Output Board
Disk System single density DISCUS I, DISCUS 2D
comes fully assembled with a control-
ler board and a Shugart SA800R full -
size drive mounted in a cabinet with a
power supply.
The S -100 controller board utilizes
the Western Digital 1791 dual density
controller device and also has power on
jump circuitry, 1K bytes of program-
mable memory, 1K bytes of read only
memory with built -in monitor, and a
hardware universal asynchronous re-
ceiver- transmitter with a data rate
generator to simplify I/O (input /output)
interfacing. It is capable of handling up
to four drives.
Software includes BASIC-V virtual This board is RS -232 compatible and
disk BASIC, DOS and Disk /ATE as- can be used with or without the expan-
sembler and editor. Extra cost optional sion bus. There are on -board switch selec-
software, including CP /M Microsoft Ex- table data rates of 110, 150, 300, 600,
tended Disk BASIC and FORTRAN, is 1200 and 2400 bps; parity odd, even,
available. The price is $1149 for the or null; 5 to 8 data bits and 1 or 2 stop
completely assembled single and double bits. It has a data terminal ready line.
DISCUS 2D is a full -size, single and density system, and $795 for each addi- The board alone sells for $19.95 (with
double density floppy disk system tional drive. For further information, parts $59.95). Assembled, it is $79.95.
capable of storing up to 600 K bytes of contact Thinker Toys, 1201 10th St, Contact Electronic Systems, POB 21638,
data on each side of an 8 inch disk. This Berkeley CA 94710. San Jose CA 95151.
disk is formatted to be compatible with Circle 585 on inquiry card. Circle 587 on inquiry card.
Light Pen Complements Apple II X,Y Plotter Unit from Sylvanhills software program is included in the
Computer Laboratory owner's manual. Applications include
architectural, mechanical, and schematic
drawing; printed circuit board artwork;
positioning of small objects; computer
generated art; games; and others.
The plot driver software is available
as ASCII source files on paper tape and
CP /M small disk formats. TEI and
Cromemco small disk formats are also
available. Both the BASIC and assembler
source are provided, and contain com-
ments which guide the user in making
This X, Y plotter includes a plotter, source modifications.
drawing surface, electronics, and power Unit -1 with an 11 by 17 inch drawing
supply completely assembled and ready area is $1,049; Unit-2 with a 17 by 22
for interface to any 8 bit transistor - inch drawing area is $1,249. The plotters
Symtec Inc, POB 462, Farmington transistor logic parallel port. The pen are also available in kit form with
MI 48024 has announced a low cost holder accepts any writing instrument console and power supply priced sepa-
light pen for microcomputer use. The
or stylus 7 to 11 mm in diameter, rately. The owner's manual can be pur-
Symtec light pen is supplied complete encoded for 0.01 inches per pulse chased for $5. For further information,
with interface and provides an X, Y
(0.005 inch optional). The maximum contact Sylvanhills Laboratory Inc, POB
coordinate number to the bus when pen travel speed is 2.5 inches per sec- 646, Pittsburg KS 66762.
the pen is activated by a touch sen- ond with a 24 V supply. A basic 8080 Circle 588 on inquiry card.
sitive switch or from software control.
The pen can provide up to 255 Y values
and 511 X values and is software divid- TRS -80 Expandable Interface low power Schottky circuitry, the
able to fit any screen size. standard Radio Shack 40 pin bus, and
The Apple version of the light pen provides the following features: two
can resolve a single high resolution joysticks for games, screen editing and
point and can with all of the
be used educational instruction; stereo sound
Apple graphics features and text. This using two RCA 1863 programmable
version is provided with a demonstra- integrated circuits; parallel printer inter-
tion cassette written in integer BASIC face. At an introductory price of
for easy modification by the user if $129.95, the interface may be ordered
desired and allows use of the pen in
the user's own programs. A complete
listing of the light pen routine and
suggested uses is included in the appli-
cations manual. The light pen is priced
at $249.95.
Microtronix introduced an ex-
has
pandable interface for the Radio Shack
_ with a $29.95 optional real time clock.
Joysticks and music may be controlled
directly from the user's BASIC program,
using the INP and OUT commands.
For further information, contact Micro-
tronix, POB Q, Philadelphia PA 19105.
Circle 586 on inquiry card. TRS -80. The basic interface unit uses Circle 589 on inquiry card.

a CASSETTE SOFTWARE
-
For 8080/Z -80 µCs
BASIC ETC
.. .
Developed by the co-

authors of the original Tiny BASIC, BASIC
ETC is easy to use yet includes com-
PERCOM SAMPLER mands and functions required for power-

ful business and scientific programs as
well as for hobby applications. 9.5K bytes
of RAM. 1200 -baud cassette and 42 -page
user's manual
Cassette Operating System - $35.00
EPROM
(2708) COS for the Percom CI -812 dual
peripheral interfacing PC card $39.95
If you're programming on a 6800 µC,

TERMINAI
ßAEE
NE
you'll want these development and de-
300 bugging programs written by Smith of
ft Ed
1300
pEFCOM
000
lOrAl
the Software Works:
Disassembler /Source Generator
assembles SWTP Resident Assembler,
- Dis-
For your SS -50 bus computer

CIS -30+
- the
0 TSC Mnemonic Assembler/Text Editor or
Smoke Signal Mnemonic Assembler/Text
Editor and produces compacted source
code suitable for re- editing. Prints or dis-
Interface to data terminal and two cas- plays full assembly -type output listing.
sette recorders with a unit only 1/10 4K bytes of RAM.
the size of SWTP's AC -30. For your data storage -Pilon3OTM and
Select 30, 60, or 120 bytes per second
cassette interfacing, 300, 600 or 1200
baud data terminal interfacing.
Pilon -10'M data cassettes
Orders -of- magnitude improvement in

(Order M68SG)
Disassembler/Trace -
Use to examine
(or examine and execute) any area of
$25.00
data integrity over ordinary audio cas- RAM or ROM. "Software- single- step"
Optional mod kits make CIS -30+ work settes. through any program, change the con-
with any microcomputer. (For MITS Pilon- coated pressure pad eliminates tents of CPU or memory location at any
680b, ask for Tech Memo TM -CIS-
lint- producing felt pad of standard time, trace subroutines to any depth.
30+-09.) audio cassettes. 2.3K bytes of RAM.
KC- Standard /Bi- Phase -M (double fre-
quency) cassette data encoding. De-
pendable self -clocking operation.
Smooth pilon coating minimizes erra-
tic tape motion.
Foam pad spring is energy absorbing.
(Order M68DT)
Support Relocator Program
on
-
$20.00
Supplied
EPROM, this program relocates a
Ordinary functions may be accom-
Superior to leaf spring mounted pad program in any contiguous area of RAM
plished with 6800 Mikbug'0 monitor.
which tends to oscillate and cause flut- or ROM to anywhere in RAM. Use to
Prices: Kit, $79.95; Assembled, ter. assemble and test programs in RAM, ad-
$99.95.
Five -screw case design virtually pre- just programs for EPROM operating ad-
Prices include a comprehensive instruction cludes deformation during assembly. dresses and then block move to your
manual. Also available: Test Cassette, Re- Price: $2.49. EPROM burner address. 952 bytes of
mote Control Kit (for program control of RAM. Loads at hex 1000.
recorders), IC Socket Kit, MITS 680b mod
(Order M68EP) $20.00
documentation, Universal Adaptor Kit
(converts CIS -30+ for use with any com- Relocating Assembler & Linking Loader
puter). MIKBUGG Motorola, Inc. (M68AS) $50.00
flkftWPA4..
I I FT
Ilt
s
:z; Relocating Disassembler & Segmented
t+
Source Text Generator (M68RS) $35.00
44 11 r;,
In the
Queue .
Product Development
ri Americana Plus -14tunes for the New -
tech Model 68 Music Board in machine
. .
Coming PDO. Watch for announce- I !l.li 1, language ready to load and run. Cassette
compatible with Percom CIS -30+ and
ments.
6809 Processor Card -
With this SS -50 For your S -100 computer -the CI -812
SWTP AC-30. Order MC -1SW .. $15.95
HARDWARE
bus PC board, you'll be able to upgrade
with the microprocessor that Motorola
designers describe as the "best 8 -bit
Both cassette and data terminal inter-
facing on one S -100 bus PC board.
Newtech Model 68 Music Board -Pro-
duces melodies, rhythms, sound effects,
Interfaces two recorders. Record and morse code, etc. from your programs.
machine so far made by humans."
The Electric CrayonTM This color
graphics system includes its own µP and
- playback circuits are independent.
Select 30, 60, 120, or 240 bytes per
Includes manual with BASIC for writing
music scores and assembly language
interfaces to virtually any microcomputer second cassette interfacing, 110 to routine to play them. Installs in SWTP I/O
with a parallel I/O port.
Printer Interface -
For your TRS -80TH
Interface any serial RS232 printer to your
9600 baud data terminal interfacing.
KC- Standard /Bi- Phase -M (double fre-
quency) encoded cassette data. De-
slot. Assembled & tested
The Percom ELECTRIC WINDOW"'
Memory-resident and programmable,
$59.95
-
pendable self -clocking operation. this video display character generator
TRS -80TH with this system.
Optional firmware (2708 EPROM) board for your SS -50 bus displays up to
Operating System available. 24 80- character lines. Features dual
''ELECTRIC WINDOW. ELECTRIC CRAYON. Pilon - Prices: kit, $99.95; assembled, character generators, dual- intensity
30 and Pilon -10 are trademarks of Percom Data $129.95. high -lighting. One programmable regis-
Company. Inc.
TRS -80 is a trademark of Tandy Corporation and Radm ter controls scrolling. Compatible with
Shack which has no relationship to Percom Data Company Prices include a comprehensive instruction standard video monitors $249.95
manual. In addition to the EPROM Operating
Orders may be paid by check or money order, SS -50 Prototype Cards:
System, a Test Cassette, Remote Control Kit
or charged to Visa or Master Charge credit (for program control of recorders), and an IC Large card (up to 70 40 -pin ICs) $24.95
account. Texas residents must add 5% sales Socket Kit are also available. I/O size card $14.95
tax.
order products or request additional lit-

PERCOM
To
erature, call Percom's toll -tree number:
PERCOMTM 'peripherals for personal computing' 1 -800- 527 -1592. For detail technical in-
PERCOM DATA COMPANY, INC
211 N. KIRBY
DEPT. B
GARLAND, TX. 75042

formation call (214) 272 -3421.
BYTE fune 1979

i
253
Computer Terminaks Directory Western Digital System Speeds Up Pascal BASIC With Style
A user- oriented directory of com- A set of integrated circuits which

puter terminals has been published by directly executes the object code from a
the Association of Time- Sharing Users Pascal compiler has been developed by
(ATSU). This guide contains photo- Western Digital Corp, 3128 Red Hill Av,
graphs and full page information about POB 2180, Newport Beach CA 92663. 5T'1!1
11IAC01111
each of 120 terminals. In addition to The 16 bit processor, which forms
1
the latest pricing information, the the basis of the Pascal Microengine prod- 4'Uyüíe
directory lists each terminal's lease costs uct line, executes Pascal programs at
(when available), the number that have least five times faster than conventional
been installed, and information about system software. The system uses the
whom to contact at each supplier. The version of Pascal which was developed at
Computer Terminals Directory is avail- the University of California at San
able for $45 in bound form. It is avail- Diego (UCSD). The UCSD Pascal soft-
able as part of a membership in ATSU ware system includes a complete operat-
for $85, in loose leaf form, as it is part ing system with the Pascal compiler,
of the Association's three volume BASIC compiler, file manager, screen -
Interactive Computing Directories. Or- oriented editor, debugging program, and
ders for the Directory or for Association graphics package; all written in the
membership should be sent to ATSU, Pascal language.
POB 9003, Boulder CO 80301. The four integrated circuits are the
Circle 593 on inquiry card. following LSI metal -oxide semicon-
ductor components:
BASIC With Style by Paul Nagin and
The Slavemaster 2650 Multiprocessor an arithmetic device containing Henry Ledgard is intended for BASIC
System arithmetic and logic unit, micro- programmers who want to write carefully
instruction decoding, and the constructed, readable programs. This
register file; 134 page book offers short rules and
a microsequencer device con- guidelines for writing more accurate, er-
taining macroinstruction de- ror free programs. These simple elements
coding, portions of the control of style enable the programmer to focus
circuitry, microinstruction count- creativity on the deeper issues in program-
ers, and I/O (input /output) con- ming.
trol logic; Chapter 1 is an overview. Chapter 2
two MICROM devices containing is a collection of simple rules, called prov-
the microinstruction read only erbs. The proverbs summarize the major
memories and microdiagnostics. ideas of the book in terse form. Chap-
ter 3 is an introduction to a strict, top-
The Slavemaster 2650 5 -100 bus Direct execution of the p -code (pseudo - down approach for programming prob-
multiprocessor system Is based on the code) produced by the Pascal compiler lems in any programming language. The
Signetics 2650 microprocessor. The eliminates the previously required host approach is oriented toward the easy
system is composed of two identical operating system and p -code interpreter. writing of complete, correct, readable
S -100 cards interconnected by one Additional features of the Micro - programs. Chapter 4 gives a set of strict
ribbon cable. One is identified as the engine system include user-defined bus program standards for writing programs,
slave and the other the master. The configuration, four levels of interrupts, and Chapter 5 elaborates on several im-
only functional difference is that the single and multibyte instructions, hard- portant and sometimes controversial
master has the ability to reset, reset - ware floating point operations, stack ideas discussed in the chapter on pro-
jump, or stop the slave. architecture, a 3.0 MHz 4 phase clock gramming proverbs.
Both processors operate at full speed (75 ns per phase) and a transistor -tran- The cost of the book is $5.95. It is
with fetch and execute cycles interleaved sistor logic compatible three -state inter- available from Hayden Book Co Inc, 50
in such a way that precise single process- face. Essex St, Rochelle Park N J 07662.
or timing is maintained. Once synchro- Circle 595 on inquiry card. Circle 596 on inquiry card.
nized, there is no interaction between
the two processors. Communication
between the two processors is through Stand -Alone Microprocessors
a common data base in the S -100 mem-
ory. Three stand -alone microprocessors,
Some of the features of the Slave- the /JPD8048, µPD8748, and pPD8035,
master card include Kansas City cassette have been announced by NEC Micro-
interface, RS- 232/20 mA serial I/O computers Inc, 173 Worcester St, Welles-
(input /output), keyboard interrupt on ley MA 02181. The 1PD8048 contains
serial input, real time clock interrupt, the following features normally found in
power fail interrupt, eight vectored external support devices: 1025 by 8 bits
interrupts decoded on board, 4 K byte of read only memory; 64 by 8 bits of memory, while the 1PD8035 is scheduled
2708 erasable read only memory sockets programmable data memory; 27 I/O for applications using external program
with dual -in -line package switches to (input /output) lines; 8 bit interval timer memory. The functional power of the
select reset and power -on jump address. and event counter; and oscillator and units can be expanded using standard
The kit is priced at $198 per board. clock circuitry. 8080A/8085A peripherals and memory
For further information, contact Victoria The µPD8748 (available late 1979) products. The microprocessors are avail-
Micro Digital, 401 Dundee St, Victoria differs from the /1PD8048 only in the able in a standard 40 pin, plastic or
TX 77901. use of an 1024 by 8 bit ultraviolet eras- ceramic dual -in -line package.
Circle 594 on inquiry card. able read only memory for its program Circle 597 on inquiry card.
254 June 1979 CJ BYTE Publications Inc

-!!171h.
ittri'mt, HOBBY WORLD`''
CALL TOLL FREE: (800) 423-5387
CA, HI, AK: (213) 886 -9200
TRS-80 CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS
\\
.ddventiaeesd, ! prbedu. 1
n aSn roe?. a
BUY 7,
FORTRAN
XVI 16
2K System with one disk
drive. Wrilten by Microsoft,
PLUSdesigner of Level II and Level
III. Includes Fortran compiler.
GET 1 FREE! STATIC RA
-80 macro assembler, lest Buy of one type,
7
$340
Z dilor, and linking loader
Adds speed and versatility get the eighth of
that type free!
<IT $285
A true static ram board designed IEEE Y-100 Compatible.
lop the 5,100 bus. Bank switching
Order by type no. capability, addressable m 4K blocks.
True static operation
17020 Si SO FR4 ,ilk screened PC board with Requires only +5 volts
ANADEX PRINTER 2708
4116
to 00
II 00
solder mask on both sides' The
lowed price TOUT stai,s tam bnatd
450 ns
11101.150 I.20 Fully buffered
Model DP -8000 $99g 11LO2-450
11L02650
I 00
65
ip Rs class.
Bareboard $27.00
1114.450 00
Connects easily lo most popu- characters. Original plus S101Q 125
lar computers including TRS -BO. up to 3 copies. Skip -over
3 basis ASCII compatible in- perforation control, double
terface configurations are pro-
vided. 80 columns, 112 cps.
width printing, 8 program.
mable vertical lab positions
New! From California Computer Systems!
84 lines per min, bi directional Escellenl readability. Superior
prinlin{. Out-of-paper detector. to other printers coslinR Ihrer WIRE WRAP &
uses standard loocosl papers. times as much. COMPUCRUISE
96 character sel, 987 dol mal.
$165
SOLDERTAIL PROTOTYPING
Navigalinal computer
for mobile or marine
BOARDS
use! Features
cruise
nage.
your choice $27
TRS -80 LEVEL III lue)
ment, hilt computer, All 5.100 signals labeled o Double sided. plated Ihru FR4
limer /counter. Warns hoard. All circuitry n PC board. Accepts 14. 6, I8.1
BASIC $42 low fuel! Compensates wiled a repl y for 4 tmultiple 24, 2B, 40 pin IC's.
As advertised In March
DATA CASSETTES Tor lire sire, u erls In regulator a pads. High density
hole co lip ration, over 1600 Cat No. Wirewrap 27
metric! 44 lunclions. holes. Onboard ground bus.
Interlace. Loads on top
of level II, turns your
10 for $17 Mounts easily on dash. Cal No. Solderlail $27
Easy lo read brighl blue
TRS -B0 into a powerlul Highest qualily, leader-
digits. With installation
system. Salves loading less! Wilh proleclive instructions.
problems, cures keyboard plastic case. Cal No 1166
"bounce'- Software cas- Cal No 1142 8f1 DISKS SHUGART SA -400
sette, has the power of
ahardware modification! Single density MINIFLOPPY DRIVE
Guaranteed satisfaction! IBN Compalrble
Cat No. 1332
$40 box of 10
Cat No Type $295
CaIltOrn,a Computer Systems 1145 32 sector holes. Hard and soll sectoring,
TRS -80 ELECTRIC PENCIL MEMORY ADD -ON 1146
indes hole
IBM 32, 3740, 3540.
1 single density, 35 track.
Requires power supply.
Character o. enled word pro. and lilting. and mans corn- 3770, 3790 Cat No 1154
cessina system Produce mail-
ing lists, business forms, large
hinalions of line length. page
length, etc. For TRS -80 Ieel
16K $ 70
numbers of original c espo n 1 or 2. 16K, and virtually ant or APPLE TRS-BO EXIDY
danc Cady ocop, for printer
printin rag.allr on Your TRS -80.
No carriage returns or hyphe-
Everything
Installs i nute,
need!
no TRS -80 SOFTWARE
nali ns, line lormatting is
doe by the Electric Pencil!
Also features righl margin
justifying, page u bering.
$95 special tools, no
ing! 250 user.
Cal No. 1156
Ider-
Cat No.
1093
Description
CASSETTES
SARCON CHESS, O
Pdre
19.95
1041 STAR NERO 14.95
1036 SCI H GAME SAMPIEL I 0 5.95
1042 TAROT I 0 5.95
1179 CRIBBAGE I. N 995
1192 RIAI TIME LUNAR LANL34RL 795
CCS= California Computer Systems
S -100 COMPUTER WMC = Wameco
IA= Ithaca Audio
1195
1186
BRIDGE CHALL$NGER II
AIR RAID I' B
1495
14.95
55M =Solid State Music 1187 PILOTI II 14.95
BOARDS SOS =SD Systems

SPI.= Speechlab
1047
1043
OTHELLO I 1
SMALL BUSINESS 10ORKEEPING VI
S95
14.95
HUH =HUH Electronics 1051 DAILY BIORHYTHM PROGRAM L'O 595
1h01 CCS /M XVI 16K STATIC RAM MODULE 1049 MICRO TISI IDITOR II 995
KIT 5285 Mai= Mountain Hardware I
a/11= assembled d lasted 1038 INVENTORY MODULAR I II 19.95

1602 as above, aßt 053 1011 -80. Iesl editor 11(32K) 39.95
1603 as above. bareboard
1500 HUH /5100 MPA but
1432 SSM /MT1 15 SLOT MOTHERBOARD.. 8 39
1503 MH PROPROM, 8K EPROM 1433 SSM /MBBA 16K 127081 EPROM BOARD
BOARD .. 6214 KIT 388
1436 SSM /MB9 4K STATIC PROM /RAM
1501
1505 MH
6834 EPROMS for above
100,000 DAY CLOCK, aRI
S 10
3219 BOARD KIT 3 64 VERBATIM SEND FOR FREE
1506 MH INTROL, 64 chan remote 1438 SSM/VB2 SIDED BOARD KIT 1139 SPRING
control aRt 8329 1511 IA 2708/2716 EPROM BARE.
BOARD
51/4" DISKETTES
1507 WMC /QM1 12 SLOT MOTHERBOARD .. 3 39
1512 IA ZOO CPU BAREBOARD
s 28
S 32
CATALOG
1508
1509
as above, with connectors
WMC /MEM1 BK STATIC RAM BOARD
S 80
S 28
.
1513 IA OK STATIC RAM BARE -
BOARD s IB
$27 box of 10 FEATURING:
1510 parts only for above s 80 Cat No Type Use
1401 SSM /CB1 8080A CPU BOARD KIT. 3134
1514 IA 5.100 WIREWRAP BOARD S 28 IAC1011I InisM. PIOMI if S. lIDS.
1600 CCS 5.100 WIREWRAP BOARD S 29 1147 Solt sector TRS -80, Apple RIADOUTS. RICTIIIIRS. ZIIRS.
1408 SSM /SB1 MUSIC SYNTHESIZER KIT S 145 1516 VERSAFLOPPY KIT LOS-80 AOD.ONS. 5.100 BOANDS,
1411 SSM /104 2 PARALLEL + 2 SERIAL
SDS 8159 1148 Hard, 10 hole North Star
1517.0505 EXPANDORAM KIT SIBS PC AIDS. /1St IQUIPMINI. 0015.
PORTS KITS 1139 1149 Hard, 16 hole Miveppolis SOrTW ARI, AND MORI'
1517.16 an above, with 168 RAM 6249
1414 SSM/lO2 10 UNIVERSAL -BOARD KIT 3 48
1517 -32 as above, with 32K RAM $330
1417 SSM /VBIB VIDEO INTERFACE KIT 3129 1517.48 as above, with 48K RAM 3425
1425 SSM /MB3 1/4K EPROM BOARD KIT S 54
1517.64 as above. with 64K RAM 1.500
1420 SSM /MB4 2 MHZ STATIC RAM KIT S 89
NEWTECH MUSIC BOARD a81.
1417 55M ALTAIR IMSAI EXTENDER
.
1165 157 visa, or Masterrharge.

1518 SPL 32 WORD SPEECHLAB aRI .3189 Pay by check, COD,
BOARD S 10
64 WORD SPEECHLAB a81 Order by phone or mail. Please include phone
1428 connector for above
1520 SPL 8299
S 4
1222 uSOUNDER SOUND EFFECTS BOARD no. USA add 81.50 for shipping /handling. or
1429 SSM /OB1 VECTOR JUMP R PROTO- aRt 8149 S2.S0 for a Foreign add 52.00 for surfacer
TYPING CARD KIT S 47 for air. COD's add 85, All items guaran
leed salislaclion for 120 days!
19355 BUSINESS CTR DR 6B6 NORTHRIDGE, CA 91324

7400 TTL TELEPHONE/KEYBOARD CHIPS
557470
51474729
29
29
i117j EXCITING NEW KITS! Thermomleter Kit
AY -5 -9100
AY- 5.9200
AY- 5.9500
Push Button Telephone Bailer
R Dory Dialler
CMOS C7oa Generator
:14
14
4
95
95
95
5974009 16 58717314 15 59711606 89
59740111 19 5974746 35 56741619 89 Regulated Power Supply AY- 5.2376
HD0165
Keyboard Encoder 88 keys
Keyboard Encoder 16 keys
14
7
95
95
5%7402N
5974039
16
18
5674756
51474166
49
35
59741629
58741639
195
49 5to15VDC 74X922 Keyboard Encoder 16 keys 595
5974001 18 5611799 5 00 56711614 89 ICM CHIPS
5M7106N 2C 59/4806 50 59741856 B9 ICM7045 CMOS Pr9a51on Timer 24 95
5674069 29 56748214 99 511741669 I 25 Full 1.5 amp st 5.10V ICM7205 CMOS LED Stopwatch/Timer 1995
5674079
$971066
29
20
57074836
5974859
59
79
55711675
59741706
195
159
output -
Up to .5 amp ICM7207
ICM7208
O1alltor Controller
Selen Decade Counter
7
19 95
50
$974096 70 5974869 35 51041726 6 00 at 15V output ICM7209 Clock Generator 6 95

5N7410N 15 5117090 175 5117417311 I 15 Heald duty transformer 4
5674116 5074908 45 941417114 99 NMOS READ ONLY MEMORIES
25
56741759
terminal I.C. Volt. Rap.
3 Dual sensors -twitching control for In.
56741211
9174139
25
10
5874976
56149214
59
43 58741754
79
79 Hat sink provided for door /outdoor or dual monitoring
MCM6571
MCM6574
128 X 9 X 7 ASCII Sndted wrth Greek
128 X 9 X 7 Math Symbol 6 Pldures
13 50
13 50
5117495 70 5974936 47 08741776 79 Doling efficiency COntInuOU. LED .6" ht. dle4pplay
Range: 440F to 1984 / .40 to 100C MCM6575 128 X 9 X 7 AlpMnumenc Control 13 50
59711611
5971179
25 S61191N
5674959
65 59741796
08711804
1 95 PC Board construction Accuraev: S1 nominal Character Generator
25 65 79
120 VAC input Sa for Fahrenheit or Celsius reading
5974709
5971279
20
29
57474941
50/4976
65 91741918
5147/1828
1 95
79 Size: 315 "W x5 "Lx2 "H
SIM. walnut as
- AC well adaptor Incl.
51ta: 3.1 /4 "14 a 6.6/B "W a l.3 /e"D
MISCELLANEOUS
3 00 1L074CN Quad Low Noise bl -ld Op Amp 2.49
0x74119 39 59741008 89 511741616 1 95 TL494CN Switching Regulator 4.49
5974119 25 56741070 35 511741059 195 1L496CP Single Switching Regulator 1.75
5874254 29 56141099 511741169 9 95
59742611
5974179
29 514741169 I 95
59
011741889 3 95 JE210 5 io 15 voc $19.95 JE300 $39.95 11C90
95690
Divide IOIlI Pressler
MI-Speed Divide 10/11 Pre4aler
19.95
11.95
25 56741264 35 5117419014 1 25 4033 Photo-Darlington Opin- IsolalOr 3.95
59713011 79 56711229 39 58741916 1 25
MX50240 Top Octave Fr Generator
5974309
904319
20
25
59741239
50747158
49
49
514741929
5147419374
79
79
DISCRETE LEDS TIMEX T1001 DS0026CH 5Mhz 2 -phase MOSclu k driver 13.75
.200 dU. 111308 27 red num display w/AMeg logé chip 10.50
5674379 25 59741269 49 94711916 89 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY MA15320 TV Camera Sync Generator 14.95
5674189 I5 511741326 75 56741956 69 X05568 red 541 .125' dl.. i lt LO Err[CT ISpctd)
5974391
5974406
25 514/11399
56141/16
75 59711966 89
89
XC556D
XC556Y yellow 441 XC209fl
OC209G
red
gran 4ÁS1 IN a at
MM5330
LD110/111
415 Digit DPM ogic Dock
314 Oqd AID Convener Sel 25
3
001,9
95
-
20 79 567119774
5471418 49 55743429 56717994 49 X05560 clear 441 XC209Y yellow 4/91 SN 79477
2 95 1
R1} LITRONIX I110-LR 1
5N71479
5574439
5574449
49
75
75
59741439
587414/6
56741456
2
2
95
95
79
56741996
56745200
551/2519
4 95
I
179
19
XC22G
.200' dig.
peen 4491
XC526R
005260
.156' 119.
red
gran
5/31 4 = Photo Tranvslor O910-15041or
(Same as MCT 2 or 0125)
SOUND GENERATOR
Generates Complex Sounds
Low Power Programmable
5974456 yellow 441 -
5671166
75
69
55741475
59741499
195
1 29
55742795
59712839 2 25
79 XC22Y
.9W dÌ9.
%C526Y
XC526C
yellow
clear
4151
431
.It
6 CHARACTERS 2/990 3.95 each
5674476 59741506 5117/2816 THREE ENUNCIATORS
5174199
59
79 55141578
89
59 56712859
3 95
3 95
MV106 red
.065- dÌ9.
4/91
dl9. 00
seo - PACTS ACE TV GAME CHIP AND CRYSTAL
5974501 20 59741529 567136511 69 901111 red 5/51 INCLUDES CONNECTOR AV- 3.8500.1 and 2 01 MMZ Crystal (Chip 6 Crystal
59 MV50 red 6,51
5874516
5874536
20 55741536
56741549
59 614713694
514743616
69
INFRARED LED
XC711G
%01117
green
yellow
431
441
1100l- Tran9mhaive 57.95 includes score display. 6 games and select angles, 9c. 7,99Iset
20 99 69
1/Ì41/4'41/16' IMt T1001ARell etive 8.25
5974546 20 56741554 79 5147438814 89 Xcn1c clear 4/51 X0205 58.40 XR2242CP 1.50
5M7159A
5174909
25
10
514741566
567/15/9
79
85
56743909
94713936
I
I
95
95
541
DISPLAY LEDS
)(solo
X0215
08320
4.40
4.40
155
EXAR
2022066+ 14.95
X02266
082556
002567
4.25
120
2.95
Ttp, POLARITY PT P1112 TYPE P00AR1IY PRICE XR -1555 1 50 36220969 19.95 X03403 1.25
C)4000 23 Co1070 55 MASI Common Anodereo 270 2 95 MAN 6730 Common Modeled X0555 39 0111000 3.20 )097176 1.25
Cw001 23 C/MOS C04011 23 MAN
I
5 7 Dal Maln-ltd 300 495 LAN 6140 Com.Twn Cathode /m, OD

I 99
99
X0556 99 082206 4.40 054151 2.95
104002 a 004028 89 CE/4072 19 MAN 3 Common Cathode -ltd 125 25 MAN 6750 COmrnon Ca151w -red , I 99
XR567CP 99 X82207 3.95 084191 4.95
C0/006 1 19 C04029 19 C01016 19 MAN 4 Common CathwMered 187 195 MAN 6760 Common Anode -red 99
XR567CT 1.25 X02209 5.20 X04202 7.90
001007 25 C01030 49 CD1081 23 MAN 7G Common Ana/loan 700 1 25 MAN 6180 Common 111node red 99
001310P 1.30 X82209 1.75 X94212 2.05
CM009 49 CD4035 99 C04082 23 MAN 79 Common Anode-yeooe 300 99 DÌ701 Canon Mode rid I I 99 X8146806 3.85 082211 5.25 1114559 .75
104010 49 C04040 I 19 C04093 % MAN 7 Common Anode-ma 300 99 00704 Cornmon limbo. led 99 081458 139 X82212 4.35 X94739 1.9$
001011 27 C0.011 1.5 C0409B 2 49 MAN 74 Common Cathode -red 300 125 DL707 Common Anode-lea 99 X61489 1.39 XR2240 3.45 X91741 1.17
154012 25 C04041 99 MC1u69 .95 MAN 51 Common Anode-Wow 300 99 0011e Common Camooe-red 49 TIFF 50115 PRIM
C04013 19 C51013 89 MCI4110 14 95 MAN 11 Common Camode-yelbe 99 Common An0Ured DIODES
C04914 179 CM51l 89 ACI4111 11 95 MAN 3630 Common An0de0rarpt
300
300 99
D1741
DL746 Common Anode rid
25
49 Typ, VOLTS PRICE
194932 IX PM I AMP 12/1 9
I W 1144003 200 RVI AMP 1211 00
C04015 19 C04a6 119 MC14419 4 95 MAN 3630 Common Mode orarpt - 300 99 01717 Common Anmleltd 149 III 100 P10
I
16746 3 3 400m 00 154004 AMP 1211 CO
004016 49 C04041 50 MC14433 19 95 MAN
2 3610 Common CaIllodI-olanpe 300 99 00749 Common Calno1Ared . 7 I 19 11751 5 I 400m III 00 1144005 600 RV 1 AMP 10/1 00
C040A 19 Co4ae MCI4506 75 Mode-oran5
C04018 99 CDla9
35
49 MCI15p/ 99
MAN
MAN
4610
4610
Common 300
eel
99 01750 Common Clmode -reo 149 5752 5 6 400m Ill 00 1114006 609 PIO 1 MAP 1011.00
Common Calendt-oranpr 99 01339 Common Calnoda.nd 35 16753 10571 III 00 1111007 1000 PIS 1
8 2 AMP 10/1 00
1D4019 49 CD1050 49 1.4114562 11 50 MAN 1710 Common ModAreO 400 99 76070 Common Ginode 59 174754 6 8 40011 11100 143600 50 200m 6/1.00
104020 19 CD/%1 19 MC115B3 1SO MAN 4730 Common Anode-red 400 99 190358 Common Calnne I I 99 111757 9 0 1001 411 00 191148 75 1077 15 /1 CO
CD4021 19 C04053 19 CD150B 1 95 MAN 4110 Common Calnoda-ltd 400 99 195359
1
Common Cathod. 75 16759 12 0 400m 411 CO 1114151 35 IOm 12/1 00
CD1022 I 19 C04056 2 95 CO1510 119 MAN 4810 Common AnaMmilm 400 99 160503 Common C4lnodeIF6D591 99 76959 8 2 400m 411 00 1111305 75 15m 1511.9
CD4a73 7) C04059 9 95 CD1511 1
29 MIN 4810 Common Camode-yenma 170 99 190501 Common Anode 111105101 99 111965 15 403m 4Ì1 00 141734 5.6 Ito 70
C04024 29 001060 49 C04515 2% MAN 6610 Common Arode.orang4.0 0 50417730 Common Modered
l
560 99 30 166231
104025 104516 129
I
5 6 500m 28 1144735 62 10 28
23 C04066 79 NAN 6630 Common AnnOe-orançe r I 560 99 NDSP -3100 Common Anodered IO
C01026 CM068 129
2 165234 6 2 500,1 28 164736 88 to 26
2 25 39 CO4520 MAN 6640 Common Cllnoa- Panpe-O 0 560 99 620F -3403 Canon C1mo0a red 2 10 155235 61 59m 28 141739 1 2
C04027 89 C04069 45 29
CD1566 2 25 MAN 6650 Common CamoM-orarpe - I 560 99 50827300 sot Not 0RNOP 19%
MAN 8660
4 a 7 165236 7 5 59m 26 1114742 11 In 28
Common Anode-orange 560 99 50821302 551 DpniMOP 19 %
74[00 39
4 a 7 145212 12 59th 29 197744 Is Io 29
74[02 39
74C00 740163
74C111
2 19
2 49
MASI 6680
MAN 6710
Common
Common
Cathode-mange
Anodured.0 0
560 % 592.7301 Overran9e character II 1
- 1500 1115245 15 503m 20 181163 50 RV 35 AMP I.60
71[51
560 99 5012.7340 4 a 7 591 Dpd- Neadeamal 2250 11145e Ì0n 6/1 00 141184 100 RV 35 AMP 170
39 74195 219 74073 2 60
25
74001 49 14C90 95 74092 16158 150 7m 6/1 00 191165 150 PTV 15 AMP 170
7 2 49
RCA LINEAR
7410
74011
74120
1 39
74193
74195
/1CIO7
195
I
125
95
74093
71C195
741922
1/9
2
5%
49
CA3013I 2 IS CA7082N 19
CALCULATOR
CHIPS /DRIVERS
CLOCK CHIPS
485309
MOTOROLA
6495 MCII08t7 II 95
164854
1111001
ISO Win
50 RV 1 AMP
571
12/1 00
00 141186
11111M
100 RV 35 AMP
400 Ply 35 AMP 300
1 80
CA20237 2 5e CA30e141 160 4185725 46311 4 95 1.4C1108L8 5 75

74070 39 740151 290 741923 62 45 SCR AND FW BRIDGE RECTIFIERS
71512 I% 740154 000 710925
6
e%
25
CA30357 2 4 CA10e111 85 8415176 2 95
64.15311 1 95 MCI439l 295
1360 I SA 6m ROY 5C512518491
CA70391 135 pp MM5314 4 95 41010117 295 91 95
cA39e9N 3 15 DM186.1 2
7414e 119 741157 2 IS 74[926 1% 105316 M13061P 03814 354 7, 800V SCR 195
CA30466 1 30 CA11301 1 39 DM8965 100 6 95 3 SO
71013 09 74C160 2 49 90C95 50 252328 16A to 300V
1
CA705911 3 25 GA31407 125 01/161/17 /5 140531e 995 41C40151741161 750 509 50
71074 e9 711161 249 9997 1 50 9745269 295 8010247 39 MCA 910-1 124 n, 50y M1001
CA7060N 3 25 CA7197 125 DM8869 7S FW REC 1%
7814 175 IS 845301 1999+ 4 95 41510100 6 95 9903
011060 99 LINEAR 11171011 79 CA70B07
CA7915
EA3101x 19 9374 7 419
41415111 MC4041P
9704 12A 6, 200V 1W 80100E REG 195
-
1071111 39 2 O9 CA76009 3 50 C A LEO Onver 9 95 4 50
1611006 20 1143408.18 35 10723X.11 5S 01%81 TRANSISTORS 39 411 00
IN
211211390/
1M30119.14 1117339 100 IC SOLDERTAIL LOW PROFI E (TIN) SOCKETS AIPSACH
103408.24 135 144 50100
89 2639% 411 CO
LM302N S 101391 119 25-49 12 25-49 50.100 MPSA06 5/100
11/1401/5 125 W97055 100 253906 4/1 00
11A301N 107110125 35
1pnLP 111 16 IS pal LP f .7
36 35 71597 611 00
1.183101.6 125 293392 S/1 00 294013 3,1 00
1.03056 so 043401 .8 125 10711501 39
MPisIP 20 19 11 Mont) 39 37 3/ 11598 6r1 00 193303 5/1 00 114123 6/1 CO
164307114,11 35 LM310112 le Pn LP 21 .20 2e pm Le 4
44 10109
25 09747869 79 43 1 75 P113567 3/100 041249 411 00
1.143011046 1 00 LM310I-15 25 14171984/14 39
11 pin LP 28 .22 36 an LP .e0 lam 175 P113588 1/1.00 044250 Ill 00
103090 20 an lP 34 37 10 Pn LP e3
SOLDERTAIL STANDARD (TIN) .él 40673 175 9
OM imp
I 10 LM3401.1B 125 19113109 2 % 30 .6i°1 P93569 111 00 2114100 111
L13098 Ill 00
LM310cN
I
115
35 1.03401 .14
LM35eN
125
19
LMIISBCNM
80111911
59
I/ con ST i.21 15 .21 26 on 5T 5 99 9 $1
20918
21122194
111 00
2/1 00
MP57876A 5/1.00 2141401
1 39 38 On ST 139 120 I.15 MP53701 5/1.00 2144402 4/1 00
1.14311101 90 16 pin SI 30 21 25 III
107100 195 MCH69% 139 40 an 5T 59 45 1.30 21422211 00 293704 S/I 00 2114403 Ill 00
5 le 91 ST 1
195 .35 32 30
1031211
101178 S 103739
0.13179
3
49
25 1M14966
i5
95
24p1n$T 49 45 12 SOLDERTAIL STANDARD (GOLD)
2522220
P62222 Plato
5Ìl 00 0953704 5/1.00 2114109 5/1.00
I/I
Mil MI
1015560 1 711 00 2977% 5/1 299008 CO
1M318C4M 150 1413904 125 24 on 5G { 70 63 57 162169 511.00
MC171ISCP 3.00 MP53705 5/100 295087 4 /1.00
L431% 19 LM360CN
5 an 04 { 30 27 24 25 on SG 10 100 90
%
1
99 LM2111N 1 21(1359Á 411 00 287799 5/I 00 195098 4/1 CO

14 an SG
1.03206 -5 1 35 11839111 179 LM29019 2 % 18 on 50
35 31 29 36 a.% 1 65 104 1.20 MP52369 5/1 00 0953706 511 00 285099 Ill CO
1.03201 -6 2 135 LM3B2N 179 1070591 I SO
le an SG
35 35
0
32 48 Pn SG 1 15 159 I 45 252484 1/I 9 2143707 5 /1.00 265719 5/1 9
1M32p.12 1 15 96501N 89 MOWN 149
52 43
WIRE WRAP SOCKETS 252976 Ill 00 293711 511 00 P45134 SII CO
LM320%IS 135 141390011134011 49 252907 51100
04320814
116510.4 6 00
191 WW S 39 38 3' (GOLD) LEVEL e) nanWW1 95 $5 75 24372M 65 P85Ì39 5119
35 885251 1039059 152907 Flamm 111 00
4 95 89
10 an WW 45 11 77 2IanWW 05 95 % 293715A 1 00 295139 511.00
14320R44 I 15 71L531H,y 3 95 1M39099 I 25 152925 5/1 00 2%3772
0131075 4 an WW 39 38 37 28pnWW 140 1 25 1.10 2 25 1x5210 571 00
25 1105767 6 00 015558v 59 Mh2955 115 243123
1660 WW 43 42 36 pin VAN 1.59 145 I.30 I 00 2145419 371 00
!
L4720T 125 41
6 2 1185101 80318 1 % 40pnWW 1.75 65 40 293057 2100 263913 5100 2975 %1 00
1.513201.11 1 25 NE544N I[995 10751509 19
18 On sow 7s 59 62 1 1 311
10320172
LM320115
10320171
I 25
1 25
NE550N
70E5555
1 30
39
75451CN
7515206
39
39 1/4 WATT RESISTOR ASSORTMENTS -5%"CAPACITOR Irti = CORNER
10720121 1
1 25
25
NE556N
8156011 5
99
00
75153CN
75154110
39
39
ASST.
.'-I,6
;' NAM
1 7 r1N4.1 I S OHM 16 961M 7, 0141
e
10 of
9
19%
.%
03
.9
001777
0317.1
Ip OS 07
a
103231.5 595 9E5618 5 00 7549119 79
1 5 ea 13 0111 19 OHM 17 {IHM 56 0401 50 PCS $1 .75 22 Cu OS 035
1.143201 180 NE5618 5 00 75192CN B9 se OHM I7 OMI 100 OHM 110 mu
47 pi % 51 9 OIPf % 04 075
LM339N
150 OHM 19 pl 05 .01 03 .02271 06 05 01
99 6E565NM 125
1M31011-5 1 35 5056604 175
754939
75491CN 89
09 ASST. 2 5 se. 1500111 220 1211 Ì7001a 130 OHM 19013HÁ1 60 PCS 1.75 220 or % a 03 a/yf .06 OS 04
470 0101 550 040.0 680 OHM
410 of % .11 0.75 lyF .12 09 015
1M3108.8 35 NE567VIH 99 901136 125 570 0497
ASST. 3 199 VOLT 0I110 Fall GAPADT01A1
1.031011.0 1 75 NE570N % 1101151 165 Sea .M .54 1.18 2.2e 1,76 SO PCS 1.75 001mí 12 10 07 022ml 73 II 0e
043401 72 139 1M703C9'11 19 R191 595 3.31 0022 10 07
103406.1S
1.91 4 74 5.6.. 6.0 12 347111 21 17 13
1 35 1187096111 29 PC41% 449 ASST.4 544. 128 Ì0r 1111. 158 ú. 50 PC5 1.75 .0047m1 11 10 07 Iml
nml
27 23 17
74LSOOTTL 01111 12 10 07 33 27 72
7405138
1L501 ñ 1405139
89
297 276 53x 191 J,T 21k 0IP110 TAMTM4M1110U01 comma
711502 29
741547 89 7415151
89
39
ASST. 5 S a 56P 146 174 100e 11a S0 PCS 1.75 1/336 28 23 17 1 5/350 .30 2e .21
.15/35V .24 23 .17 1255V 31 27 77
741503 711551 2g 7405155
710504
21
741554 29
69 1508 1101 120e 1701 .22/359 29 23 II 3 3125V .31 21 .22
35 7115157 89 ASST. 6 5 so 39% Dar 5608 MP 1.o.
20 55 Pcs 1.75 331359 20 23 17 171259 32 28 27
741505 35
711555 29 7115190 15 47/351 20 23 17 6 8/231/ 36
70500 tel 70.517 45 IM Ì.7M I SM 1.941 2.24 11 25
7415181 15 .95359 18 23 I7 10125V 40 15 79
710509 37
741574 15 7415162 IS
ASST. 7 5aa 2.74 3.3M 3941 Ì7M 5.60 50 PCS 1.75 1.035V 76 23 17 751355 63 50 40
711510 741575 59 7415193 AlOM9eDM 118C1110LR1C d8D7015
74.511
29
740576 IS 7409164 ri ASST. BR Includes Resistor Assortments 1.7 (350 PCS.) $9.95 ea. 1011111311E
And laal
--
75 New
741513 741578 49 411505 ÿ 4N 3
111514 1
59
20 740583 a
7415175
745111
%
$10.60 MINIMUM ORDER U.S. Funds Only Spec Sheets 25! - 1.0/505
IS
16
.13
II
.10
II
117255
.17301' 10 .14
10
11
741585 3501
Add 6% Sall Tax
3 09
711515 35 4 25 7410190 15 Celllomla Residents 1979 Catalog Available end 41C stamp 4 7a5V .15
14 12 I 0/16V .15 13 .ID
741520 711596 45 7415191 13 10 101259 .15 .14 .11
29 15
IIIS
arreco
741571 35 711590 59 7405192
10125 .15 13 .10 I 0150V .14 It
IS
101509 .16 14 12 1.7/16V
710522 35 711591 75 7400197 IS PHONE n55V .17 IS 12
.13 10
111526 74593 75 1115194 15
4 7125V IS .13 10
740527
35
35 74E595 % 7415195 IS
ORDERS n/50v 24 20 le I 7150V .I6 .14 11
74052e 3s 7415% 1 IS 7415253 WELCOME

47,050 .19 17 IS 10108 14 .12 .9
47250V .25
741530
741532
29 7405107
7400104
.5
45
7405257
7415259 175
ELECTRONICS (415) 592.8097 100455
102/501/
.24
.35
21
20
19
78
10129V
1015014
IS
IS
.13
.14
.10
12
35 30 271 1/1509 .21 .21 .19
10.537 15 7405112 45 1115280 220251 191190
69 32 25 19
- .16
28 .14
711510
740542
'5 7415123
7115125
1 25 1415279
7405397
15 ;41A /L OR/)ER ELECTRONICS WORLDWIDE 220/50Y
470a5V
.45 41 38 7001055
1915w
.24 .20 .11
If9 19 75
1021 HOWARD AVENUE. SAN CARLOS. CA 94070
33 29 27 .>s .1D .2/
7405132 99 7115389 75 19%1160 55 50 15 220/195 .n 17 .I!
7415136 19 741%70 2 49 ADVERTISED PRICES GOOD THRU JUNE. 219110 70 62 55 170555 31 28 2V

% Transistor
-
Checker
- Completely Assembled sow CPU
MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS
999EAIENOA SUPPORT ounces
9 95 M260
MICROPROCESSOR MANUALS
Use Manual
The Incredible
"Pennywhistle 103"
- -
17 50
S
Battery Operated 11212 6.Bd IoW: Osepd 3 25 M 1pP1602 UM, Manual 7 50

6214 Prom, int./Not Contid 5 95 M2650 User Menu., S00
The ASI Trentiato, Checker is Dap,
able of checking wide range of
trenrinor types, either "In circuit"
or out of circuit- To operate,
t246
1224
6226
B.Or.aonal tan Crcer
ode Gmer00mrmer
Bus ornar
319
3 95
3 49 25131211111
RON -8
Purace Generanrtupper awl 59 95
$139.95
TM Peettrehslls 105 opale
Kit Only
of rec0rgp data to and Iron aedro tape Mile
arN Segos Controller/Bus Drnr 5 95 25,3130211 Character Gnernonawer is
limply plug the transistor to be 6236 Srnem Cunlnlr 5 95 2516
cUM1 9 95
1995 neat Mega rpurremenit for retarlar ana it If able to communaile duedh wen
Rie
checked Into the front panel Chalada, Generator
socket, or connect It with the e111-
1251
tea
909 Conv,
hop morel
it 1USARt1
Trnre, a
7 95
95
MM5230N 2010 31 Read Only Memory 1 25
another modern end terminal for telephone '' hamming and commumonons In
aWl5on, It is Tree of moat 101slmenn and is burp will ranp,epsan. only av01156
peter clip ten lead. provided. 8255 hop Person 1: 01Ph1 9 95 RANI Pans
The unit solely and eutOmetiCNly 8257 Roo DMA Control 1995 alts TMNehW.n WON Frequenty.SXXn temp_ lulldupae (haM.dupk,
Identifies low, medium Mod high. 1101 25611 Steu. 49
8259 Rog Imnrpl Control 1995 1103 102491 5smamc 99
sekpadel
Power PNP and NPN transstor.. UNSM SUPPORT 7101161011 25694
Madman, Dab Rata ..300 Bald
DEVICES
Slier 3 %" x 6 %" x 2" MC6800 MN 2102 102161
51.111
5tabc
95
Dab Fermat AryrNnroaus Seul datum to man WA monied
'V" cell battery not Included. MC6802CP MPU nth Clock tea Ram
S14 95
21 95 11002 102491 SON 95
brween um Nestle")
Receive 17en11 frequencies 2025 HI Ion space. 2225 m for nark
MCN1gaR I tare Slaw Ram 595 2111181111 25694 Stalk 95
Trans-Check $29.95 ea. 166021 Penpn Into Adapt IMC68201
Pnonry Imnrup Wmrdkr
7 49 2112 25694 Stole OS 95
Transmit Calomel Nepenthe Switch Novak low Irannell
1210 man. Hph
1070 SDO..
125 New 2225 man
MC5528 12 95 7111 102184 Subs 450ns 95
Rain. S.101110ry 46 dom accouslrall{ Woad
Custom Cables & 14C683&t 112016 h1 ROM IMCUOA3O-13I 14 95 mn 102194 51,60 450m taw power
Transmit Level IS dbm nominal Adonlble iron -6 dam
MC6150 ApnrNoaus Comm Adapter 7 95 2114.3 102491 SON 0000. 95
-
to 0 dom
MC8852 S,w.:o:: 2111L3 102494 6tea
-
us Serial DAP Adapt 995 30ons taw power 95
atoll. {regency Teleran* Frequency tolerance .ulorneally /lusts la
MCM60 0 600 bps Nam MODEM 5101 25694 Slatx 95
a
12 95
AIC6662 5290/1107 4096X1 Lbw for°pennon0 IMO Re an021gn'
5. 2400 bps Modulator 14 95 BS
JJ
MC3891A add 3Sule Bus trans IMCet261 71N 1561 Slant
&pm Oeta kowtow EM RS232C or 20 mA current kos henni rs
2.25
caW
OPOINIAI rrl
1e010PROC'sog raft- I119CEl1AlIE0US 715200 25691 Stabs tnsulo
Peter Malnmesb 120 VAC. sep e prase
prate 0 Watts
DB 25 Series Cables 28017895t CPU 919 95
9N21
UPD411
25691
411
Who
Dynamo 16 pm
Alma! AS components mount on a single 5' try 9'
Part No. Cable Length Connectors Price 111147110-11 CPU 24 95
10X10271
nowt! seer board Ad components ended",
0OPI802 CPU 1995
Dynan.
Raguse. a 00 AWa Or.bbr Peg. :v Counter andor Oldbf0p0. Wag, g,
01125P-4.P Ft 2.DP2SP $15 95 ea uPD116 1611 16 an 95
2650 Orli 1995
(0K11181
DB25P 4 S Ft 1- DP25P:1-25S 516.95 ea 6035 tht MPU wrdodr, RAM 1,0 lines 19 95
1M54041.
TRS -80
1K Slabs 95
DB25S.4 S It 2-DP25S 517 95 ea P80135 CPU 19 95
/5X1
7M59900mL 1664 MPU wmpdware. mum*
Dip Jumpers 6 divide 49 95
1054015 1024k4 Rabe 95
2117 16,384711 Dyrum. 350ns
pon oEMSTERt 95
16K Conversion Kit

DJl4.1 ti 1 14 Pin 51.59 ea
(houses marked)
1116 -1 1.16 Pin 005000 Dual 25 Bd Dynamic 550
ft 1 79 ea MM5252 211X1 thwart 95
1111503 Oual 50 Bra DranU 50
0124.1 h 1.24 Pin 2 79 ea
M11504H &W 16 61 Sant
0J14 -I -14 h 2.14 Pin 2 79 ea 0M50611 Dual 195 61 Spec
50
50
Expand your 4K TRS -80 System to 16K. Kit
PROM'S
0116.1.16 h 2 -16 Pm 3 19 ea MUSIOI Deal 61 Oa ccunuutnr 50 1702A 2048 FAMOS 5595 comes complete with:
0124-1-24 h 2-24 Pin 4 95 ea 6105016H 500512 61 Dynamo M 1052516 186' EPROM11nrel 27161 49 95
25041 1121 Dynan. 395 (2716) 'Repures ups 5V power swat . B each UPD416 -1 (16K Dynamic Rams) 250NS
For Cunom Cables 8 Junp.rs, Sea JAMECD 1979 Catalog IDI Pncing 2518 Nn 32 BO Mahe 495
2522 COW ,3261 Sues 295
1152532 1018 EPROM 59 95
Documentation for conversion
2708 OK EPROM 10 95
641, tI
CONNECTORS 2524
2525
512
1924 %manic a
99
95
2716
"Reno
16A"
3
EPROM
ARtpts. -5V. 5V. '2V
29 95
TRS-16K $99.95
2527 Dual 256 BA Stabs 295 II
25 Pin -D Subminiature 252$ Duel 250 Supt 400
5201 2048 FA105 95
6301.1176111 1021 Innute Rooter 3 19
2529 Dual 240 61 Woe 400
0025P (as pictured) PLUG (Meets RS232) $2.95 2532 Deal 00 IN SUN
1824 Spa
295
63301176621 256
82523 320e
004e C
Open Colector
&Ddar 295
3 95
COMPUTER CASSETTES
DB25S SOCKET (Meets RS232) $3.50 2533 295 1096
Ftp
025115 &polar 19 95 6 EACH 15 MINUTE HIGH
3341 695 Lisle 395
DB51226-1 Cable Cover for DB25P or 08255 S1.75 7415670 all Aaron hk 219
825123 3200
QUALITY C -15 CASSETTES
nnSmel 74166 512 Tic Open CNadd 9 95
PRINTED CIRCUIT EDGE -CARD NIB'S 74108 256 rtl Open Colctor 395 PLASTIC CASE INCLUDED
A.Y.S. rock Surrt
- Mimosa Cameos - ids 051 to 33119410 5 95 74S287 1021 2 95 12 CASSETTE CAPACITY
GM=
i% Sy.o -In.00wk Wsa Our 070 P C Cron
ADDITIONAL CASSETTES
15/30
18/36
PINS (Solder Eyelet)
PINS (Solder Eyelet)
91.95
$2.19
CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES AVAILABLE NC -15 -$2.50 ea
PROTO BOARDS
Il
22/44 PINS (Solder Eyelet) $2.95
50/100 ( 100 Spacing) PINS (Wire Wrap) $6.95
50,100 125 Spacing) PINS (Wire Wrapi R681-1 56.95 $14.95
Profo Board 203
!
Pro o Board 203A ICase ana 6 Cassettes)
Solar Cells ïo w, SUP 'R' MOD II

2x2cm 05 wnn
n e 7011
V O.
.. .r UHF Channel 33 TV Interlace Unit KU
wide Band B/W or Color System
Can be added in series for
0.4 volts
higher voltage or parallel for on -liv w..
and
, Converts TV to Video Display tar
home computers. CCTV camera,
100n3A higher current. Apple II, works with Cromer") Daz-
-211
41 MW TSC 2x2 $1.95 ea. or 3/S5.00
zler. SOL -20, IRS -00. Challenger.
etc.
MOD II is pretuned to Channel 33
s124.95
the 3rd Hand

r1207A e
(UHF).
Model
00.011
laWaH
nMef Pry_
-" oeil
Humber
L.WAH
InchN Price
e *Includes coaxial cable and antenna
transformer.
P9-$ 60n45AI4 515.95 P9102 70,15,14 St1.Ñ
MAKES CIRCUIT ASSEMBLY A BREEZE! P9.100 60.<5nI4
60,15AI4
Ire r3
37
Pl-103
PI-101
90860.14
98,13 0111A
144.95 MOD II $29.95 Kit
Lets you work with both hands. 554.98
$9.95 ea.
$9
P8.101 95
Sturdy Aluminum Construction.

Clamp "3rd Hand" on edge
of bench, table or work -
board. Insert circuit board,
354 -D1gl1 Portable OMM
ae,,,: r,ulelk:
J n-Or íE0 0.099,
Belled or AC ode1elan
G 20 HI 100 kW, Range
M100 MHz
8
Counter
-Digit ELLti'4..U. [ALL
Model P180 includes 2.100' spools 620 AWG
Auld Errang 6 110 OAP., lout pour sauces wire weep win
position components. Im, IVs 0 Ohm I P[101001.
ramble
Flip circuit board to flat onnnge .1rng
Crystal-cgnrneed
Furry .1WOma10
banales. 110 or 220V nM -
tna19e1 12V with auto
position for soldering and
10 nag 'moot impenitence Potabie - Wmaeat1 IpMer ewer and nlrnal Supplies insulated Wire I rpm spool to rap-pout wrtho ul p "n-
OC Accuracy 1. towel e 210V te, WV,
W V,
- 7
tting using "daisy en rte
ping and precutting method
1
clipping. Ile,,gee: OC Ve11pe 0 411950' sSue

ue l 75 .7 35 Mut- 100134.95
.erlOnt .300 nt. Comm. um-
ode elapeV I
heg
IC Voda9e 0 NON
Rnoomse 50495 H!
63
Model P180 Tool $24.50
Vsee MM5314 clock chip OGAC Cowl 0 100mA P180A Replacement Bit $12.95
RttSlpae 0 10 rleg ohm
Switches for houe minutes
Sue 64 644 .! W28.2 Replacement wire 13 wool pkg.l .. $2.75 ea.
and hold modes
Slmuleted viewable a 7014. Specify color: Ayreen Bred Cc/per D-Blue
Model 2800 Arruarlas:
red walnut
walnut cale ACCESSORIES FOR MAX 100
'JE701
115 VAC Operation
12pr
onPareslon
Ince ell mDOrenw, uN d
.
t 614"1 or mer
$99.95 ACAdaptar BC -28
Rechargeable
Benin's
BP-29 20.00
$9.00
MOWN Ceaner ElledeeIM
use pon, lam eo nano
b99R/Bllna0an
Maki 100 - CIA 11 $
IDEAL FOR TRS 80
"Plug /Jack interlace to any
CASSETTE CONTROLLER
\
and spare we Carrying Care LC -21I 7.50 use 110V AC weed tee -CAltta Computer system requiring
remote control of clesene
lunchens"
6 -Digit Clock Kit $19.95 REGULATED PO WER SUPPLY The 00100 controls cassette
motor functions. monitors
REMOTE CONTROL JE200 5V -1 AMP
POWER SUPPLY
JE205 ADAPTER BOARD
- Adepts to -
Ope location w6h 119 internal
speaker and requires no
TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER 1E209 Power EOminates the plugging
UNS LM300K 25V,±9V and ±12V and unplugging 01 cables dur- Nec -100
ing computer loading Opt,
Heil sink provided DC /DC converter w/ lion ham Casfene $29.50
PC Board construction .5V input
Provides slid 1 amp Toriodal hi-sped 63 -Key Unencoded Keyboard
@ 5 volts switching XMFR
Can supply up to 15V, Short eirc.pretection
19V and ±12V with PC Brd. conesruction
J1205 Adapter Piggy -beck to JE200
cl n e Iodas components, board
hardware d Instruction.
SIae: 315'0,2",t 9/16"h
JE200 514.95 SIae: 355"x5 "o2"H JE205 $12.95
--
This IS a 63 -key, terminal keyboard newly manufactured by a
510.00 Minimum Order U.S. Funds Only Spec Sheets 25/ - large computer manufacturer. It is unencoded with SPST keys.
1979 Catalog Available-Send 41C stamp unattached to any kind of PC board. A very solid molded plastic 13
INSTRUMENT /CLOCK CASE California Retldenta Add 6% Sales Tax 9 4' base suits most application. IN STOCK 529.95 /each
This case is an injection molded
unit that is Ideal for uses such
as UVM, COUNTER. or CLOCK
cases. It has dimensions of 4W
in length by 4 In width by
'9FPCA
r l^S
5
Jameco ELECTRONICS
WELCOME
WEL
PHONE
(415) 592.8097
Hexadecimal
Unencoded
Keypad
1-9/16' on height It comes
complete with a red bezel. ORDER ELECTRONICS eMAIL - WORLDWIDE 19-key pad Includes -10 keys, 1
1021 HOWARD AVENUE, SAN CARLOS, CA 94070 ABCOEF and 2 optional keys and a
ART NO: IN -CC $3.49 each ADVERTISED PRICES GOOD THRU JUNE shin key $10.95/each
Circle 200 on inquiry card- t1y I kin:. 1979 257

What's New? PERIPHERALS
Universal Interface Converts IBM Low Cost Modification to DECwriter

Selectric Typewriters Printer Adds Graphics
The Graphics II system is a low cost

graphics modification for the Digital
Equipment DECwriter II printer. It is
available to upgrade existing printers,
or can be factory installed with a new
printer. The Graphics II system con-
sists of a replacement circuit board for
the DECwriter II and is plug compatible
with internal cables for simple installa-
tion. The new circuit board uses the
Fairchild F8 microprocessor.
The DECwriter is a dot -matrix
printer, and the Graphics II allows
This universal interface unit has printing of a dot anywhere on the
been designed for IBM Selectric type- page. Bidirectional line feed is intro-
writer conversions. The unit will inter- duced, and the Vector Graphics capa-
face to any RS -232, IEEE -488 or par- bility allows the printing of a line
allel port. A microprocessor is included between any two points on the page by
on the circuit board for data flow using ASCII characters to specify the
control, formatting and character set end point coordinates. This means that
selection. Installation on the Selectric graphics can be generated by using the
is easy and does not affect normal printer keyboard.
typewriter operation. For those who ASCII and APL character sets are
do not want to convert their own standard, and other character sets can be
typewriter, the company provides fac- used. Characters can be printed in any of
tory installation service. Selectric type- four rotational orientations, and printed
writers with conversion systems in- normal size, heavy bold face, or ex-
stalled in accordance with factory panded width. The printing of bar code
instructions are still eligible for IBM is also available.
warranty and service provisions. For The average printer speed has been
further information, contact ESCON increased to 50 characters per second,
Products Inc, 171 Mayhew Way, Suite and data may be transmitted in bursts of
234, Pleasant Hill CA 94596. up to 1000 characters at 1200 bps.
Circle 581 on inquiry card. Other features included as standard are $850 as a field installed circuit card.
EIA RS -232, 20 mA current loop and For further information, contact Sela-
Printerm Model 879 Micro /Mini Printer TTL interfaces. auto linefeed, top of nar Corp, 3054 Lawrence Expressway,
form, and horizontal and vertical tabs. Santa Clara CA 95051.
The Graphics II system is priced at Circle 584 on inquiry card.
High Density Video Programmable

Memory Module
The MTX -2064 and MMD -2480 are

new members of the Matrox video
programmable memory family (VRAM)
of TV video controllers. The family
provides an interface between any micro-
processor and a TV monitor. On the
input side the VRAMs look like a 1280
The Model 879 Micro /Mini printer is or 4098 by 8 bit static programmable
a high speed bidirectional printer which memory with an access time of 500 ns.
prints 120 characters per second at 75 The output of the MTX -2064 is a video
lines per minute. It has a 9 by 7 or 9 by signal providing a flicker free display of available for both models is a choice
9 high density matrix format, and pro- 20 lines by 64 upper and lower case of American and European television
vides up to four copies. The Model 879 characters. The MMD -2480 provides 24 standard field rates.
has an ASCII 96 character set (upper lines of 80 characters and limited graph- The units are completely self-
case, lower case and triple wide expand- ics capability. No external refresh or contained and ready to use, including
ed) and is operator switch selectable for memory is required. Any character may sync generator, programmable memory,
an 80 or 132 column format. This RS- be displayed normally, inversely or read only memory and bus interface.
232 and parallel interface printer is blinking. They are housed in pin compatible 4.5
available with roll paper feed, combina- The bus structure permits direct by 6 by 0.5 inch (11.43 by 15.24 by
tion pin form and roll feed, or tractor interfacing to most micro and mini- 1.27 cm) modules and draw under 800
feed. It contains 2 K bytes of memory computers. Being part of memory, mA from a single +5 V power supply.
for full page video dump. The price is the full power of the processor in- The MTX -2064 is priced at $295 and the
$1395 for the standard model. For struction set is available for display MMD -2480 is $395. For further infor-
further information, contact Printer manipulations. A universal phase lock mation, contact Matrox Electronic Sys-
Terminals Corp, POB 535, Ramona CA loop module permits the MMD -2480 tems Ltd, 2795 Bates Rd, Montreal,
92065. to be locked to an external sync source Quebec CANADA H35 1B5.
Circle 582 on inquiry card. such as a TV camera. Another option Circle 583 on inquiry card.

r
CALiFORNiA
st Office
uicirrAl
Torrance, California 90503
PB Box 3097 B
S -100 Mother Board
Evan If we haea to glee them
I 43
Sankyo Magnetic Quiet away, were going to ship mote

43's In 1979 than the aggregate
Buss The Quiet Buse from Wiwi. Industrial
of all our competitors.
Card Reader
:
quality engineered. No anon cols have been taken

$2995 to produce this mother board. Active termination
circuitry prevent. noise and cro.ntek. Manuts.
Model 43AAA TTL i
*59
tuned from extra heavy FR. POKY 01... EACH 3 10
ß803.1e
$925. 875. 850. 825.
rgr
.29 95
18 slot
IMSAI RS- 232Interface "K "Add575O0 .blppipepang
These Sankyo l/O units are capable of storing and retrieving over
.100 characters of data in under two aecords. HEXADECIMAL KEYBOARD
the DexabUlty of this device lends itself to numerous applications.
As an input reader to a computerized security system, the com-
puter has the ability of identifying the card holder and admitting
Maxi-Switch hexadecimal keyboards are designed
rMcrocomputer erel.m. Mel require 4 bit outbid
In standard hu code
nor
$3495 BOX of 10
only those individuals who are authorized to enter the premises Eachs.wmbly con«ala or to ha m.°
cal a salad road s "ima.. and TTL.
during specified time frames. The device is also suitable for 'hor debo0nc circuitry
maintaining customer Information files, or any other application
ISKETTES
alterable low Incllen Novel resin
where small amounts of information must be quickly entered Into plund.re are credited tot the smooth
lit
erb
a data processing system. operation and long of premium
keyboard
Accepts 2" by 4" HP style mag- cards. (Similar to bank cards.)
/TRS80 APPLE
atlm.
Rebuiree Whole s veil supply.
Motorized feeder pulls the magi tic card across the four channel
read/write head. NEW surplus. original cost $200. Full documentation Mini -Soft sector
CONNECTORS Edge
Connectors $24.88
0 SPECAL
Apple TEN KEY
your choice
DB25P
male plug& hood Data Entry Pad
Owners:
DB25S female
or GOLD
100 PIN UNIVAC $7950 APPLE 11
16K MEMOR
.
IMSAI /ALTAIR
5395 KEYBOARD Plugs directly into you Apple 11.
.a::«,
wail solder .125x.250 $3.95 3/$ 9.00 Allows you to enter numerics.
Qty male bd. !meal vw .125c.nters $4.95 3/$13.00 COLOR GRAPHICSSOUND
- µ
145 2.45 1.15 Altair sold.rtell .140 row 15.95 3/515.00 e don. punctuation and upper case alpha
l ""'"'"
10 .6.81 computer
characters. all from the data
°
waoat
25 315 2.25 1.05
100 2.15 1,90
500 1.25 1.60
IN 1.97 1.37
.95
.55
.73
SPECIALS
22:44 Sim .y.iSt.l56"
25 %S0 solder tab .156"
36/72 wide poet w /w.156
1.95 3/55.00
1.09 3/$2.00
1.95 3.' 15.00
demo mum
.. .
w.
` '«
M
oaama «
IQ
ew,ow:.
«n hai
eM
,e
U
roa data entry
ao....,,,.,w.
« entry pad. Sold assembled in
walnut finished enclosure. $1024LUS SHIPPING
Mig.Sug
Retail....
,1195
lí°"41
for SCOtc
o Certified Digital
CASSETTES
V Shugart Associates CALIFORNIA DIGITAL
DIGICAST
50 +5385 Won't drop BIT! SA800-R Floppy Disk Drive 16 BiT 8086 A/V-100
NIDISKETTES 4550 :ht. most cost effective way to store data proc-
CALIFORNIA essing information. when random recall is a MODULATOR
R.F,
8inchSoft(IBM'
flinch 32 sector
INDUSTRIAL
is an
Aulho heed
prime factor. the SA800 is fully compatible
with the IBM 3740 format. Write protect cir-
S -100 CPU
Directly addresses
Board
one megabyte.
s29 '
Ilrnadcust Luth
audio and vidto
Mini Soft sec. Dealer of cuitry, low maintenance & Shugart quality. 8 bit unidirectional & 18 bit bi- on your existing color
Mini 10 sector
Mini 16 sector
Scotch Brand
Data Products
r
5449.50 directional. 4K of static memory
is supplied on board. $850.00
tel ' vision. Recommend-
ed for the Apple II.
MEMORY n
$65 :
MINIATURE
SWITCHES aß
TRS -80 $13950

APPLE II
16k memory(8)4116's your choice
10 50 100 IN
\s you n.uy be aware. publishers

, $98 $.88 .81.73.66
require advertisers to submit their SPDT Miniature Toggles
ad copy 60 to 90 days prior to "press"
_
F 7101 CAA ONNONEON
date. That much lead time in a volatile market place, 7107 ibl 0W-OFFImnt.010
such as memory circuits, makes it extremely difficult PORTABLE DATA ENTRY SYSTEM nos CA 00-lmoment.ONl
to project future cost and availability. DPDT
These used data terminals were originally designed for chain store inventory con-
Rocker JOT
l'o obtain the best pricing on memory we have made trol and order entry systems. The operator enters the inventory control number.
Rotary 3P -4 -Pot.
volume commitments to our suppliers, which in turn Rotary 3P- 6-Pos.
affords us the opportunity to sell these circuits at the merchandise on hand and the unit price. After all pertinent data has been entered Into Push 8 IN.O.i S.39ea.4'SI
most competitive prices. Please contact us if you the recorder, the main warehouse is telephoned. the handset is placed in the acoustic
If you have a demand for volume state of the art mem- coupler and all the recorded information is transmitted back to the master computer. DIP Switch
ory products. With a little imagination and one of these portable entry systems, you should be able 10 25 100 15
to exchange programs and computer information with associates across the country. 51291.15 .97 83
STAT IC -31 32 -99 100 -5C -999
1 1K+
All units were removed front service in working condition. Original cost $2,500. specify 4
21L02 450nS. 1.49 1. 19 1.05 . 95 Each system comes complete with: dr Bpba.
21L02 250n5. 1.69 1.49 1.45 Portable Cassette Drive Unit Five Gould "D" NiCads DB25 Cable
2114 11(x4 450 6.95 6.50 6.25 6.00 Removable Entry Keyboard Acoustical Coupler Shoulder starp
2114 111x4 300 8. 95 8.50 8. 00 with LED Display Battery Charger Full Documer.fation
4044 4Kx1 450 5.95 5.50 5. 00 SPST
4044 411x1 250 9. 95 9.50 9. 00 DISCOUNT i
4045 111x4 450 8. 95 8.50 8.00 e
4045
5257
11(x4250
low pow.
9.95
7.95
9. 50
7. 50
9.00
7. 05 6.75 Digital Cassette Drive Wire Wrap Center
SPECIAL CIRCUITS CONTROLED
COMPUTER IC SOCKETS
This precision I/O assembly features
remote software controlled search sol re wrap low pro
2130A MHz. 4 24.95 AY5 -1013A UART 4.95
8060A CPU 9.95 Floppy Disc Controllers capabilities. Two independent capstan pi u. 25 50 u. 25 5Ile0
8085 22.50 WD 1771 single D. 39. 95 drive motors allow the computer to 9 17' 16 15
8086 Intel 16 bits e WD 1781 Double D 85. 00 control direction and speed of the
transport. IO 37, 36 35 18 l7 16 1.;495
TMS9900 16 bits 49.95 WD1791 13/D3740
The assembly consists of a Raymond tc 36 19 18 17
PROMS -15 16 -63 64+

cassette transport, chassis, mother- 24
38 37
99 93 85 36 35 34
s29s5
E 1
board and three edge cards: read /write, BW 630
4.95 4.50 4.00 capstan drive & control card. 40 139 63 60 58
\1--, 1702A 2K 169 155

2708 9.95 9.50 9.00
8K Current replacement valued at over -s NOISY woke-so
27165v16K 49.95 45.00 42.50 KYNARwRAP n aarietoo
$700.00. Schematics and complete SOft
ILlal
I
2532 32K ` documentation Included. USED, but in s98 o0 1 11,000 S545

excellent condition. 1s000
9 115. 1105.
All
(213)679-9001
merchandise sold cal iferal., aletl al is premium grade.
its
VISA m:i,lel rhale I
Sorry. no C(10's. Orders :ore shipped l he sonic day received.

California resldenta add 5$,. Foreign orders add 10%.
urdtrs over $25. when accompanied by payment, are shipper)
Circle 39 on inquiry card. ai our expense. (;th,rwisr. please add $2. It1 II hone li 'v 259
====.
Polytonic Keyboard System Generates The 1550 Stringz -n- Thingz kit is a filtered strings, and other polytonic
Orchestral Textures polytonic keyboard system from PAIA synthesizer effects.
Electronics, 1020 W Wilshire Blvd, Optional features include foot pedals
Oklahoma City OK 73116. This multi- for volume or sustain time control,
purpose Instrument is capable of gen- foot switches for sustain control, and
erating orchestral textures consisting the 1551 stereo option to convert
of violin, cello, and piano voicings. the mono string output to a true stereo
A separate output also provides piano output with two switch selectable modes
only, to allow separate processing, of stereo operation. Other options
amplification, or mixing of the two include a processor interface to allow
types of voices. A full complement of memorization of string or plano parts
operator controls allows switch select- for later reproduction at any tempo
able keyboard split, separate mixers and key desired. Also, the processor
for upper and lower keyboard, variable interface will allow the 1550 keyboard
vibrato and chorusing rate and depth to simultaneously control a modular
controls to allow reed organ and pipe polyphonic synthesizer system.
organ voicings, and variable sustain The complete Stringz -n- Thingz kit
controls for piano and strings. including 84 page, step -by -step assembly
A standard gate trigger jack allows and operation manual is available for
the 1550 to be interfaced to any of $295.
the commercial synthesizers which fea- Circle 604 on inquiry card.
ture systems interfacing jacks. This
allows capabilities for brass synthesis,
Right Angle PC Mount Original D
Connectors
Energy Monitor Saves Money
The Energy Monitor is an electronic

device with a built-in microcomputer
that budgets energy use on a daily basis
and converts kW usage to visual dollars
and cents. The amount of energy used
is continually and automatically dis-
played In dollar amounts on a lighted An expanded range of right angle,
digital display. Set a budget, and if printed circuit mount original D type
usage exceeds the desired budgeted subminiature connectors has been intro-
amount, a warning flashes. At the end duced by Souriau Inc, 7740 Lemona Av,
of the billing period the Energy Monitor Van Nuys CA 91405. The 831 series
has been updated to include a fixed
automatically resets to zero and starts a
new month's computation. In addi- contact strap and a nonmetallic, fully
tion to the savings on utility bills, insulated plastic mounting bracket and
consumers are entitled, under the a new Underwriters Laboratory 94 -VO
Energy Tax Bill, to receive an invest- rated thermoplastic insulator with a
ment tax credit for the purchase of budget, cost per kW hour, date and time temperature range of -55 °C to +105 °C
this energy- saving tool. ( -67 °F to 221 °F). The 831 series
of day.
Installation is simple and Inexpensive. The unit retails for $295. For further modifications are available in all layouts
A lighted panel displays eight functions: information, contact Dupont Energy from 9, 15, 25, 37 to 50 pin and may
current dollar cost for energy used, Management Corp, 3301 Conflans, Suite be used with units from competitive
projected amount of next bill, amount 102, Irving TX 75061. manufacturers.
of last bill, billing date, chosen energy A comprehensive 12 page catalog
Circle 606 on Inquiry card.
detailing subminiature D, original D,
D *M, and Norman /D connectors and
Computer Desk for Cromemco Cromemco Is offering a new com- accessories available free
Is upon
Computers puter desk for the System Three and request.
other Cromemco computers. The desk Circle 606 on inquiry card.
is styled and constructed to fit Into
any office surroundings or professional
Standard Reference Alignment Cassette
environment. The computer is mounted
into a special shelf under the desk. Magnetic Information Systems has
This leaves the top free for a termi- announced the Introduction of an align-
nal, printer, or other unit, or as a work ment reference metal cassette for use in
surface, while still providing the oper- the calibrating of digital and word pro-
ator easy access to the computer for cessing equipment. This cassette is pre-
disk loading and unloading. The desk- recorded at 1600 flux changes per inch
top is an attractive beige color designed (FCI) on an optical alignment recorder
to harmonize with the medium light which employs precision magnetic heads.
wood veneer ends. The top surface Is The magnetic tape Is especially made for
a tough, laminated plastic. the digital reference tape application.
The Computer Desk (Model Z3- These cassettes are priced at $12.50 and
MDSK) is available for $695. For addi- are available in several special configu-
tional information, contact Cromemco rations. For further information, contact
Inc, 280 Bernardo Av, Mountain View Magnetic Information Systems Inc, 415
CA 94043. Howe Av, Shelton CT 06484.
Circle 607 on inquiry card. Circle 808 on Inquiry card.

ITHACA A IO
THE OEM MARKETPLACE
Assembled and Tested Pascal/Z Ready

The first Pascal Compiler for the Z80, and the
Added at Ithaca Audio The leading manufacturer of blank S -100

fastest Z80 Pascal ever is now ready. Over
one year in development, Ithaca Audio was
obviously pleased with the results. "We really
have outperformed them" states Jeff
Field- proven boards is adding a new wrinkle -now all their
boards are available assembled and tested.
:1 ,skow, Director of Software Engineering,
beaming over the recently released bench-
reliable engineering "This is a natural progression for the corn-
pany" according to Mr. James Watson,
marks, in which Pascal /Z averaged better
than five times the speed of a recent P -code
Over 15,000 boards worldwide prove Ithaca President. "Actually we've been supplying implementation.
Audio provides the quality and reliability you assembled and tested for some time to our "Pseudo -code means a vendor only has to
demand. volume customers and OEM's, particularly supply one compiler to lots of people using
Ithaca Audio Boards are fully S -100 com- those overseas. Our production staff is now lots of different machines, and that makes his
patible, featuring gold edge connectors and fully up to speed, so just about everything is life very easy, but it also means users' pro-
plated- through holes. All boards (except the available from stock." The company sched- grams execute significantly slower. There-
Protoboard) have fully buffered data and uled 6 months to phase in assembled and fore, we chose to write a native compiler that
address lines, DIP switch addressing, solder tested to allow time to build base inventories, delivers fast re -entrant ROMable code, with
mask and parts legend. before offering the boards to the public. "We no need for an intermediate language and
feel this is quite important. A lot of companies interpreter. That's where our speed comes
Z -80 CPU Board still the most power- have earned themselves a bad name in this from." As a matter of fact, Pascal /Z is often
ful bit central processor available. Featuring
8 business by announcing products they can't twenty times as fast as UCSD's implementa-
power -on -jump, provision for on -board 2708. really deliver. We simply won't do that." Mr. tion and may well be faster than dedicated
Accepts most 8080 software. Watson further explained that Ithaca Audio Pascal machines such as the recently
intends to remain leader in blank boards and announced Western Digital Pascal Micro -
A &T 4 mHz $205.00 expects to release a minimum of 6 new engine.'" Unlike the Microengine, Pascal /Z
A &T 2 mHz $175.00 designs by August, which will be offered both does not require any new special CPU
Blank PC $ 35.00 blank and assembled and tested. hardware and has the added benefit of com-
Disk Controller Board controls up patibility with existing Z80 software.
Operational requirements of Pascal /Z are
to 4 single or double sided drives. Supported
by a host of reliable software packages: Memory Prices the Ithaca Audio K2 Operating system and
48K of memory during compiles. The output
K2 FDOS, Pascal, Basic and complete diag-
nostics. Tumble is standard Z80 Macrocode which is linked
and run through the Ithaca Audio Macro -
A &T $175.00 Ithaca Audio first to break assembler. Binary files may be as small as
Blank PC $ 35.00
10 /Byte Barrier 2.5K, or even less if the full library is not used.
K2 FDOS Disk software in the DEC By cutting prices for 32K of RAM to $319 The compiler, including the Macroassembler,
tradition. Includes character oriented text Ithaca Audio becomes the first computer is available on an 8" K2 floppy disk. Price
editor (TED), File Package (PIP), Debugger vendor ever to offer high speed memory for including full documentation is $175.00. The
(HDT), Assembler (ASMBLE), HEXBIN, 1 less than a penny a byte. Commenting on the Macroassembler is available separately for
COPY, System Generator (SYSGEN) and announcement, Steve Edelman, Director of $50.00. Delivery is from stock.
more. Command syntax follows Digital's Engineering said "Just a few years ago More Software:
OS- 8/RT-11 format. First in a family of high people were wishing for a penny a bit, and For those that don't require the speed of a
level software. Basic and Pascal available even now memory for most large computers compiler like Pascal /Z, Ithaca Audio also
now. Soon-to -be- released Fortran. costs about 2f /byte and that's only in 1 offers the convenience of BASIC. BASIC /Z,
K2 Disk $ 75.00 Megabyte chunks." In fact it's the relative an extended version of TDL's Super Basic,
modest capacity of the 32K board that makes
Video Display Board features the it so interesting. Users need not buy the full
runs in slightly over 12K and is supplied on an
full 128 upper /lower case ASCII character 8" K2 disk for $75.00.
64K to take advantage of the low price per bit.
set. Easy -to -read 16 line x 64 character SAVE Even More -
Furthermore, the board is available both as a
format can be displayed on an inexpensive kit and assembled and tested. When you buy your software as a package
video monitor or modified TV set. Includes
Delivery is stock to two weeks. Pricing is: K2 and Pascal /Z $225
TTY software. Add our powerful K2 FDOS to
create a versatile operator's console. 32K kit $319 SAVE $25
A &T $145.00 32K A &T $359 K2, Pascal /Z and Basic /Z $275
Blank PC $ 25.00 64K kit $645 SAVE $50
64K A &T $695
8K Static RAM Board High speed
static memory at a reasonable cost per bit. 8" Disk Drives
Includes memory protect/unprotect and
selectable wait states.
Shugart compatible Memorex
stock.
550's are in HOW TO ORDER r. include $2.00 shipping per order.
Send check or moinnecly ordeax.
A &T 250 ns $195.00 Single and double density compatible, 330K N..
Y.S Residents ude t
A &T 450 ns $165.00 bytes capacity with our controller or use your For technical assistance call or write to:
Blank PC $ 25.00 own.
2708/2716 EPROM Board Indis-
pensable for storing dedicated programs and
Either way $456
ITHACA
often used software. Accept up to 16K of
2708's or 32K of 2716's.
Protoboard Universal wire -wrap board
for developing custom circuitry. Room for
AUDIO
P.O. Box 91
A &T (less EPROMs) $ 95.00 three regulators. Accepts any size DIP
Blank PC $ 25.00 socket. Ithaca, New York 14850
2708 EPROMs $ 11.00 Blank PC $ 25.00 Phone: 607/257 -0190
Circle 190 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1979 261
What's New? SOFTWARE
Personal Computer Software Packages Time Series Analysis and Statistical Software for the PET and TRS -80
Software Package for North Star
Speakeasy Software has announced
Potters Programs, 22444 Lakeland, the availability of consumer oriented
St Clair Shores MI 48081 has announced software for the PET and TRS -80,
a comprehensive time series analysis and in addition to the Apple versions. The
statistical software package written in titles fall into two categories: the Con-
BASIC for the North Star floppy disk tinuing Education Series, which includes
system. This package allows the user to financial analysis and transactional anal-
load data into disk data files, edit the ysis; and the Home Entertainment Series
data, analyze it with a series of programs, with Warlords, Bulls and Bears, Sports-
and output the data in various conven- trivia, Microtrivia, and Kidstuff. For
ient formats. further information, contact Speakeasy
The analysis programs include a fast Software Ltd, POB 1220, Kemptville,
Fourier transform, auto correlation, Ontario CANADA KOG 1J0.
cross correlation, distribution function, Circle 578 on inquiry card.
probability function, negative peak, posi-
tive peak, average, root mean squared,
and various statistical and correlation
calculations. The data can be recorded Software and Hardware for Jolt and
on disk from manual input or from ana- TIM Owners
log to digital converters. It can be
scanned and edited to remove obvious Three new products have been
noise, and any part of the file can be announced by The 6502 Program
analyzed by any of the methods. This Exchange, 2920 Moana, Reno NV
package is available on North Star disk 89509. The JAB (Jolt Adapter Board
for $120. Kit) is a hardware device designed to
Circle 578 on inquiry card. interface the Jolt computer to the
KIMSI S -100 interface. The $19 JAB
Kit includes a manual and all parts
Learn PET BASIC except the Jolt connectors.
A program called ERAC (Editor
PET BASIC Comp /eat consists of and Resident Assembler Controller)
twenty lessons of PET BASIC, including was developed for users of the read
all the major BASIC keywords, cursor only memory version of the Jolt Resi-
control, screen editing, and use of the dent Assembler. ERAC allows source
GRT Corporation's G/2 personal graphic characters. This two cassette text and object code to be placed in
computer software group has introduced tutorial is especially designed for begin- programmable memory. Residing in
15 program packages containing 26 dif- ning Commodore PET users. The 170 2 K bytes, ERAC is an extension of the
ferent programs for education, family page manual which accompanies the RAP. A paper tape is available for
entertainment, personal development cassettes is indexed for quick reference, $5 and the manual is $4.50.
and household data management. The three hole punched for easy review, LEDIP (Line Editor Program) is a
G/2 line is compatible with the Radio and reproduces all data appearing on compact line oriented text editor that
Shack TRS -80, Apple II, Exidy Sor- the screen (except PET's graphics). readily lends itself to modification or
cerer, Processor Technology SOL and Quizzes and exercises add to the fun expansion. LEDIP will output source
Southwest Technical Products 6800 of learning how to use and program the text suitable for usage with the program-
computers. Commodore PET. The package is priced mable read only memory version of the
The first available G/2 System at $39.95. For further information, Jolt Resident Assembler. The paper tape
Software includes two BASIC pro- contact ARESCO, POB 43, Audubon is $2.75, the manual is priced at $3.25
gramming language packages by Micro- PA 19407. and the cross assembly is $5.
soft. The G/2 Standard BASIC for Circle 577 on inquiry card. Circle 579 on inquiry card.
the Southwest Tech 6800 computer
is faster than Southwest Tech's BASIC,
and offers 6800 owners a significantly Accounting Programs for Small both current and year -to -date totals and
broader selection of application pro- Computers percentages. Volume 2 (Accounts Re-
grams. The G/2 Extended BASIC for ceivable) provides a fully automated
the Processor Technology SOL is totally The Standard Software Library is a system for dealing with customer ac-
compatible with SQL's operating system, series of books containing listings or pro- counts. Volume 3 (Payroll) enables a
and provides features not available in grams written in BASIC with complete business to automate all of the normal
Processor Technology BASICs. documentation. Each volume in the series payroll functions.
Every G/2 product is produced on is devoted to a single application. All of the programs are written in a
a tape cassette and packaged in a sturdy The first three volumes deal with ac- level of BASIC which is common to al-
hard cover book style box along with an counting programs for small computers. most all current microprocessors and
instruction manual. The application pro- Volume 1 (General Ledger) enables a minicomputers. The modular nature of
grams include source listings. The price small business to set up a fully automated the programs and the accompanying
for the G/2 personal computer program general ledger system with a complete documentation make it easy to revise
packages is $14.95; $34.95 for the chart of accounts. Included are programs the program to meet special user re-
Southwest Technical Products Standard for editing, sorting, merging and posting quirements. The price of the Standard
BASIC; $49.95 for the SOL Extended of transactions. A trial balance report is Software Library is $49.95. For further
BASIC. For further information, con- available in either summary or detail at information, contact Creative Computer
tact GRT Corp, 1286 Lawrence Sta- the user's option. Income statement and Consultants Inc, P08 2111, Norwalk CT
tion Rd, Sunnyvale CA 94086. balance sheet reports may be obtained at 06852.
Circle 575 on inquiry card. the close of each accounting period with Circle 580 on inquiry card.

10 -DAY FREE TRIAL Send for our
FREE Catalog
NCE COMPUMART'S
PET WAREHOUSE
We have more PETh than anyone, call for quick delivery.
f ..
UP TO $100 ON
READER /PUNCH
Our reconditioned paper tape Reader /Punches are reli-
able performers and now for a limited time they're all on
sale! The serial Reader/Punch which was $950 is sale
priced at $850. The Reader/Punch alone is marked down
PET ACCESSORIES from $175 to $157, prices with interface follow:
Interlace Interlace Interlace Interlace, Power
ommodore Dual Floppy Disk Drive $1295.00 Model Added and Power and Enclosure
New! PET Terminal Package
Second Cassette
Commodore PET Service Kit
-
from Commodore
$99.00
$95.00
$30.00
Serial
Parallel
$472
$355
5616
$598
$850
$675
Beeper - Tells when tape is loaded $24.95
4K - Keyboard C S 595 Petunia - Play music from PET $29.95
8K - Keyboard C
16K - Keyboard B
$ 795
$ 995
Video Buffer - Attach another CRT
Combo - Petunia and Video Buffer
$29.95
$49.95
01°4 for $895
16K - Keyboard N 5 995 New Serial Printer Interface for PET $79.95 SORCERER
®
32K - Keyboard C $1195 Integral Data Printer w /new interface $878.95 Top value moor catalog s,mply add
32K - Keyboard B $1195 PET - Compatible Selectric in Desk $895.00
110
..ro=. and tape dears m con

ponto/
32K - Keyboard N $1195 TTY KSR -33 Screen Printer for PET $395.00 ieta the system Can be used as a
--
.
up to 300 on bolu0 RAM lermnal Later ROM PADS will over

C calculator keyboard (only version with tape deck) Originate /Answerback Modem for PET $320.00 z -00 Assembly Language APL
Bi- directional RS-232 Interface $280.00 PILOT Word PrOoessln and. D05
B
N - large business keyboard without graphics symbols
large keyboard with graphics symbols Betsi 4 -slot S -100 Motherboard
S -100 PET Interface was $289.00 SALE
$160.00
$99.00 s.
30
.r
0.30,01
Meöa,ROM
.,,d P.r.II.1 I o
PAC for d,sk.based FORTRAN and
COBOL What
Sorcerer AK
system io, $695
58.5
Sorcerer lee 51166
apple II
Sorcerer 32K $138$
16K 0. pnsn,n 878
OF THE 50% OFF

/0,9)7"` 200 FREE ACCESSORIES MONTH CENTRONICS PRINTERS
Buy a 48K Apple II, mention this ad and take $200 in
accessories free (if ordered together). This offer is good NEW PET Refurbished. excellent working condition. 90 day war
ranty 10 day return privilege of course. While they last.
for $150 on 32K and $100 on 16K Apple 115. Now you can
enjoy more of the best for less. TERMINAL OPTION Model Speclllcallon Centronics
Lrsl
NCE
Price
16K Apple II -- $1195 (take $100 in free accessories) Gt Get a PET & a terminal in one
Data rates to 2400 baud
CENTRONICS 700 r>o
reed
cps 132 6a 5 7
chars trade, SI 520 $ es
32K Apple
48K Apple
11
II - $1345 (take $150 in free accessories)

$1495 (take $200 in free accessories) Full Duplex operation
Auto line wrap-around
CENTRONICS
CENTRONICS 703
701 Same as 700 o,d,recl,onal
Std. recnonal 180 cps. 132 cot 647
7 chars tractor feed
1
2
615
805
1.045
1.895
Apple II Accessories With or without auto line -feed CENTRONICS 779 60100 cps 60132 col 64 5 . 7 1 250 625
Centronics Printer Interface 8225
Disk and Controller $595 Buy any model PET & get a free NCE PET CENTRONICS 7e0 60 cps 6O col 64 5 . 7 chars 905 1.095
Second Disk Drive $495 terminal option, normally $69. Now your PET CENTRONICS 781 S,a,Ioctional. 60 cps 60 col $3 1900 1.125
Parallel Printer Card $180 can handle two different jobs. You can use 5 7 chars tractor teed
Communications Card $225 the PET for a powerful BASIC computer or CENTRONICS 761.1
1K SR)
Keyboard send receve. 0101180.
11000160 Cps. 132 column 64707
1 850 1.025
Hi -Speed Serial Card $195 you can load our machine-code program to chars valor teed. 1103001200
Firmware Card $200 baud
Hobby /Proto Card $24
use the PET as a dumb terminal (not both at CENTRONICS 781.5 Same as 761 -1 rece0ve only 750 945
once). Please specify this option with order.
1
Microverter RF Mod. $35 1110)
<
Sanyo M2544 Recorder $55 For those of you who already have a PET, you SCE
Reg. PrIe
may order an NCE PET Terminal option sepa- CENTRONICS 101 165 cps. 132 col 64 5 e 7 chars $1 500 1.125
rately for $69. irdctor leed
® LaHazeltine Operator's Manual Included. Eel Technical Manual, add 515.00
1400 cza LOW -COST PRINTER

144 NOW IN STOCK
FOR PET TI
#Now
oc Only
This is a completely returbnhed
Teletype K5R.33 terminal ready rr
attach to your PET s
INTRODUCTORY
. tertace PROGRAMMER
adec,mal
pal..utdreonrtórL1
NOYI
a, ,mal
:
SYM BASIC $159
1N $699.00
Now a 5th Generation
PRICE $395 Reg. $59.95 $49.95
CAT KIM -1
in Terminals:
Immediate Delivery Datei /Selectric COUPLE
Table -top $169.95
Hazeltine 1410 with numeric keypad $835
Hazeltine 1500 full of features
Hazeltine 1510 with buffer logic
$999
$1149
® Terminals
New 300 baud
Originate /Answerback
Acoustic Coupler.
wok
,,,pt
$214.95
Hazeltine 1520 with printer interface $1499
® 3295 Looks good, works
P
sass
great and sale
EXPAND YOUR KIM
call or write for more information priced at $189. SYSTEM:
KIM SI
List KIM to S -100 Board
Assembled $169
189 95.
NCE/CompuMart, Inc .
S-100 MPA
5
SPIE Connector Set
KIM
Expansion board
4
89.95
15
1250 North Main Street, Department BY69 MICRO TECH POWER SUPPLY
P.O. Box 8610 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48107 S -100 MPA gives your PET
complete control of the S -100
SANYO KIM ENCLOSURE
$34 95
bus (even DMA). Get an MONITORS Oym your KIM a mohsswn.V appea
rice No eterahons temp,' slu d.
10 DAY RETURN PRIVILEGE assembled unit at kit price.
K yrie. 100 Bract
$23.50
(31 3) 994 -3200 Michigan residents add 4% sales tax Add 4% Open accounts invited call for credit applica- -
shipping and handling for all domestic orders
Foreign orders (except Canada) add 10% -
tion Most items in stock for immediate shipment
call for delivery quotation Sorry, no C.O.D.'s
All prices subject to change without notice In
additional handling (U.S. currency only) P.O.'s ac-
cepted from D 8 B rated companies shipment
contingent upon receipt of signed purchase order
- the Ann Arbor area? Retail store open 11:00 a.m. to
7:00 p.m. Tuesday- Friday, 10:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
Phones open from 9:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. EST Saturdays (Closed Sunday and Monday)
Monday-Friday. 10:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Saturdays SEND FOR FREE TERMINAL FLYER
Circle 283 on inquiry card. BYTE Tune 1979 263

Parallel /Serial I/O Card with Modem Floppy Disk Read Amplifier System
From Motorola
Motorola has introduced its MC3470

Floppy Disk Read Amplifier System.
Combining both linear and digital func-
tions on one integrated circuit, the
MC3470 provides all signal processing
from the read head through to the stand-
ard logic level digital output.
Contained in the circuit are the re-
quired gain stages, an active differ -
The 8P2SM Parallel /Serial I/O (input/ entiator- comparator for peak detection from amplitude and waveform variations
output) card with modem is the latest and a time domain filter for wave shap- present at the read head, with a guaran-
product from MicroDaSys, POB 36051, ing and elimination of false outputs. teed maximum unadjusted peak shift
Los Angeles CA 90036. It combines External connections for the required of 5.0 %.
eight parallel ports (including full filter network, active differentiator and The MC3470 Floppy Disk Read
handshaking) with two serial input and timing control components allow the Amplifier is available in an 18 pin plas-
output ports. It also enables the user system designer optimum flexibility in tic dual -in -line package at the price of
to configure one set of serial ports for meeting overall system performance $5.95 for quantities of 100 and up. For
full RS -232 operation, and the other requirements. more information, contact Motorola
as a full duplex answer or originate This single monolithic device pro- Semiconductors, POB 20912, Phoenix
modem. A complete documentation vides a standard TTL (transistor -tran- AZ 85036.
package is included with the board. sistor logic) digital output which is free Circle 600 on inquiry card.
The price is $149 in kit form and $199
completely assembled and tested.
Apple II Software tric Crayon ($17.95) is a graphics
editor similar to U -Draw but in low
The MUSE Co, POB 13365, Balti- resolution color. The Music Box
Self -Pace Logic Trainer more MD 21203 has announced a com- ($12.95) gives three octaves of sound
plete line of software for the Apple II with no additional hardware. Type in
computer. A full feature text editor a song, and the Music Box will play
($17.95) allows management of free it for you. Notation includes sharps,
form text. Multiple space compression flats, note time, rests, dotted notes
and tape I/O (input /output) are used and tempo. It can be retuned easily
for efficient file storage. U -Draw for special sound effects. The Number
($17.95) is high resolution program-
a Cruncher ($9.95) is a set of single
mable graphics editor with tape I/O precision math and ASCII to hexa-
for storing finished drawings. Docu- decimal subroutines. Games which are
mentation includes instructions for link- priced at $12.95 each are also available.
ing figures to user programs. The Elec- Circle 601 on inquiry card.
DC Motor Speed Control in a New Module Solves TRS -80 Cassette

Dual -In -Line Package Drive Hang -Up
The Model 100 Broder Logic Trainer
trains students without previous elec- This monolithic integrated circuit DC
tronic background for digital electronic motor speed control, housed in a 14
related assignments. It improves and pin, low profile plastic dual -in -line pack-
grades the ability of the user. The Model age, is available from Cherry Semicon-
100 includes all gates, flip flops, positive ductor Corp, 3600 Sunset Av, Waukegan
and negative edge triggered devices, IL 60085. Designated the CS -175, the
master -slave clocking, preset and clear motor speed control is designed to pro-
functions. Switch circuit and Venn vide maximum flexibility at a low cost.
diagram problems as well as BCD and Requirements for adjustment and exter-
binary counting modes are included. nal components in multiple speed appli-
Physical logic state manipulation cations have been reduced by giving
and the visual display make for fast accurate, pin -programmable speed ratios The TBUFF module is a simple inex-
and retained learning. In operation, for slow, medium, or fast motor veloc- pensive nonrepair shop solution for TRS -
the user manipulates component logic ities. 80 cassette drive hang -up. The module
states using the eight logic switches. While many other applications are simply plugs in series with the remote
Solving a problem requires logic switch possible, the CS -175 is primarily Intended cable between the TRS -80 and the
manipulation to force a logic at the1 for use with AC tachometer signals. recorder. TBUFF reduces the current
problem card output, which will turn The unit is capable of providing such passed through the reed relay in the
on the designated bar indicator. A stability that errors are dominated by TRS -80. At the same time, TBUFF
manual, 40 digital problems, and a 9 V terms created by the finite loop band- delivers full power to the recorder,
battery cell are Included. The Model width made necessary to ensure stabil- thus maintaining proper tape speed
100 requires no wire or integrated circuit ity with the dynamics of the specific and volume levels. TBUFF sells for
manipulation. It is priced at $69.95 motor and load. $7.95 (California residents add 6 %).
and is available from L Broder Enter-
J The price for the CS -175 is 51.68; For further information, contact Web
prises Inc, 3192 Darvany Dr, Dallas $.79 in 1,000 piece quantities; and Associates, POB 60, Monrovia CA
TX 75220. $.65 in 10,000 quantities. 91016.
264 June 1979 U BYTE Publications Inc

e 1
SOLID STATE SALES.. . esatmuseemeed a efhelaktfiio«ihi Ginftate4 9ec/zncd
A PICTURE MAY BE TAKEN BY OUR CAMERA,
STORED IN A COMPUTER IN REAL TIME AND THEN
DISPLAYED ON A CRT AT AN AFFORDABLE PRICE
VIDEO COMPUTER
PROCESSING
41.". : t. A
. SYSTEM
OUR VP1 VIDEO SYSTEM CONSISTS
GRAY LEVELS
OF THE FOLLOWING KITS:
THE CAMERA WILL TAKE BETWEEN
15 AND 100 FRAMES /SECOND. CCD 202C SOLID STATE VIDEO CAMERA
THE CAMERA CONNECTS TO THE KIT ASSEMBLED & TESTED $49900
THIS REMARKABLE VP -1 COMPUTER/ PROCESSOR WITH SEVEN LINES. THIS
INTERFACE KIT HAS THE FOLLOWING: INCLUDES VIDEO AND TIMING SIGNALS VP-1 COMPUTER/VIDEO INTERFACE
FEATURES APPLICATIONS SYSTEM (3 BOARDS) ASSEMBLED &
IT PRODUCES COMPOSITE VIDEO CONTINUOUS SURVEILLANCE TESTED $99900
OUTPUT IN A 128x 128 MATRIX INSPECTION OF MOVING PARTS ASSEMBLED 8K MEMORY BOARD
FPOM A DIRECT MONITOR CONNEC- WITH PROPER STROBING
TION USING 8K OF MEMORY (OPTIONAL) $23500
VISUAL GRAPHIC INPUT TO A
THE SYSTEM USES A STANDARD COMPUTER
S 100 BUSS CHARACTER OR PATTERN
WILL NOT TIE UP COMPUTER RECOGNITION THIS VIDEO COMPUTER KIT
SOFTWARE WHEN NOT ADDRESSED PICTURES MAY BE TAKEN DIRECTLY
IT DISPLAYS CONTINUOUSLY FROM A TV WITHOUT ELECTRICAL CAN WORK WITH THE GE,
WHEN NOT ADDRESSED CONNECTIONS REDICON, OR ANY OTHER
IT MAY PRODUCE PSEUDO COLOR THE INTERFACE KIT MAY BE USED
AND /OR GRAPHICS (UP TO 16 GREY SEPARATELY AS A 128 x 128 128 x 128 SENSOR CAMERA
LEVELS, 4 BIT BINARY) 16 LEVEL GRAPHIC DISPLAY
REGULATED PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD TRANSISTOR SPECIALS u Fare :ridges DIP SOCKETS
2N6233.NPN SWITCHING POWER 51.95 PRV 2A 6A 25A 8 PIN .17 24 PIN .35
POWER SUPPLIES 4.1/77.6.1/7" SINGLE SIDED EPDXY MRF-8004 e CB RF Transistor NPN S .75 100 1_30
BOARD 1/16 Mick un2iChed 14 PIN .20 28 PIN .40
253777 NPN Si TO 3 S 1.00 200 .75 1.25 2.00
POWER SYSTEMS PS1111 60 ea 657.60
3.00 16 PIN 22 40 PIN .60
S
115 -230V 50/60 cy. in 5v DC at 35A out. 2N1546 PNP GE TO-3 $ .75 400 .95 1.50
6 "x 18% "x 151." 26 Ibs. shipping weight 565.00 7 WATT LD-65 LASER DIODE IR $13.95 2N4908 l'NP SI TO 3 S 100 600 1.20 1.75 4.00 18 PIN .25
2N5086 PNP Si TO 92 4 S 00 1
POWER SYSTEMS PSI106 2N 3820 P F ET S 45 2N3137 NPN $i RF S .55 SANKEN AUDIO POWER AMPS
115230V 50/60 cy. in 12v DC at 154 out. 75 5457 N PET $ 45
1922,
5"x 166"73 5" 1911x. shipping weight. 2N2646 UJT 45 2/43919 NPN Si TO -3 HF 5 1 50 S. 1010G 10 WATTS. S 7.80
$49.00 S .
ER 900 TRIGGER DIODES 4 SI 00 2NI420 NPN Si TO 5 3/S 1.00 Si 1020 G 10 WATTS. 515.70
10V PROTECT/
.
2N 6078 PROG UJT S 65 2N3767 NPN SI TO 66 S 70 5, 1050 G 50 WATTS $28.5

C /MOS (DIODE CLAMPED) MINIATURE MULTI TURN TRIM POTS 7152772 NPN S. TO18 5,5 1 00
4001 .18 4019 - 37 4049 - .45 74073- 65 7N3055 NPN S. 10.3 S .50 TANTULUM CAPACITORS
100, 1K, 2K, 5K, 10K, 20K. 50K,
4002 18 4020 - 90 4050 - 35 74074- 45 2143904 NPN Si 70.97 6/S 1.00 .22UF 35V 5/51.00 6.8UF 35V 4/$1.00
- 200K. 1Meg, 2Meg, $.75 each 3/52.00 6/$ 1.00
4006 95 4021 - 90 4151 65 74086- no 2N3906 PNP S. TO 92 .47UF 35V 5/$1.00 lOUF 10V S.25
4007 18 4022 - 90 4053 - "O 74C93- 75 CHARGED COUPLE DEVICES 2N5296 NPN Si TO 220 S 50 .68UF 35V 5/51.00 22UF 25V S.40
4009 37 4023 - .18 4055 - 1.25 740151 1.40 CCD 2010 1004100 Image Sensor $95.00 2N6109 PNP S. T0.220 S 55 1UF 35V 5151.00 15UF 35V 3/51.00
4010 .37 4024 - .75 4066 - .10 740160 tos CCO 202C 1004100 Image Sensor
. . .
$145.00 7153638 PNP S. TO 5 5S 100 2.2UF 20V 5/$1.00 30UF 6V 5/51.00

4011 .18 4025 .18
408 - .46
740161 1.05 MPSA 13 NPN Si
.
4/$ 1.00 3.3UF 20V 4/$1.00 33UF 20V S.40

4012 .18 4077 - .37 2t VERIPAX PC BOARD $4.00
4072
740174 1.05 This board is a 1 /16"single
sided paper ebony 4.7UF 15V 5/$1.00 47UF 20V 5.35
4013 .29 4078 - 80 - 740175 1.05 "65"
4014
4015
.75 4029
75 4030
-
-
95
33
4076
4618
4570
-
91
95
10
740192 1.20
740193 1.20
board. 4Y4 DRILLED and ETCHED which
will held up to 21 single 14 pin Co or 8,16 or L51
DIP IC's with busses for power supply connector.
I' TTL IC SERIES
7400 15
446 7411-
741M-
74155- a 7415 SERIES
68UF 15V 5.50
LINEAR CIRCUITS
LM 101
4016 29 4035 - 97 74C00- 22 741901 48 >4157 - .54
4017 1.06 4042 74002- 48 FP 100 PHOTO TRANS S 50 7.507 31 74.13S LM 301174 25
-- - 65 22 140902 7407 74160 .65 .31 7111Y. 1.51307 30
4016 - 90 40.1 - Gr. 14010 27 74.914 170 RED, YELLOW, GREEN 7403 IS 741111- SS ] LM 308 75
LARGE LED's. 2" 6/51.00 7404 la 74167- MY. >, 16M6 97 1.51311 15
TIL- 118OPTO- ISOLATOR S .75 740. 70.517. 4L61M
LM 316 1.20
MCT-6 OPTO ISOLATOR S .80
7306 n 74 74.167
LM 324 .70
.cré.+a. 4 Pi 8711.28178 44 n.N..a- 3. 1 WATT 2ENERS: 3.3, 4.7. 5.1, 5.6. 9.1,
7407
7400 H
74LS10 ]1 1451140
744141 I 31 LM 339 1.10
.70
.n YU PRY 1115 10, 12, 15, 18, or 22V 6/51.00 7440 10 40
40 74.113
I
I 21
21 LM 358
LO 370 1.15
7 MO. MOM MO nil MCM 6571A 7 x 9 character gen S 10.75 0 1s
Y. 401095 n 773 74. 1e
uó LM 377 760
s
_ 06}»61»
7L520 31
781.0.4850 pinny. 140- 3 75 UNIVERSAL 4Kx8 MEMORY BOARD KIT 7417 7.321 74.140
LM 380
LM 392
95
25
- A
589.95 740 3e6
711,177 74.1»
I
32- 2102.1 fully buffoon,. 16 address lines- on 60 » .3311 745.111n 1M386 80

board decoding for any of 64 pages. standard 7416 .n .577 » 74.174 135 LM 287 1 25
7417 74501 74.171 LM 637 2 60
44 pin bun, may housed with P.O 6 KIM .39 135
7420 a JI
]0
74.181
561p
79/ LM 553 260
.n-- 2 75 Silicon Power Rectifiers 7475
74.
30
72
0
1
7474.»1
74L6140 LM
LM
655
556 66
A5
i.
m-7a 40ñ Ls 40v-1.5
1511511 7n
PR
ISO
1A
06
3A
14
12A
.35
50A
.90
1250
3 /0
240A
5,00
7427
7417
21
A]
31
.1e
74.183
74.140
74.140
371
NE540L
560
565
2
2.25
200 07 20 .40 1.30 4 25 6 50 7437 90

74 74.1117 I OS 568
CRYSTALS f3A6r.. RIBBON CABLE 400 09 65 1.50 650 Tae 77 74.341 1q
25 9.50 7440 IS
3 37 567
F LAT COLOR CODED/
I
600 11 30 80 2.00 8.50 12.50 11, 7456»I I IS 103 .W
400000 retí. 430 WIRE 7441 N567Y
.1 7330
741174 47 1 III
5.000 M00 800 15 35 1.00
10.50 260 16.50 5142 NUM 709 TS
6 000
8 000
MHz
MHz
40 tond.
50 cond.
.75/per fool
.90/per 1001
1000 20 205 3.00 12.50
1.25 20.00
7445 65
7.11.11201 33
710 6
7.ICH
10 000 MHz SAO 1024 a REDICCN 1024 stage analog "Bucket DATA CASSETTES 1/2 HR S .95 /45593 74.219 cwv m
70014 MH. 0, nade" r0,10 014.94 747 .60
4" diameter AV AMP N 414E1115914/ 15/51.00 14 pin headers 3 /81.00 .7
74L566á603
566á60
LM 1310 150
Cl 1 510.00 I
74.113
of 25V ceramic caps 16/51.00.55.00/100 7.56á6 1455 .95
CTS 2068 eight position dip switch $1.60 .1
MM 5387AA new clock chip which will dneclly M 74.)40 SI 50
CTS 206-4 four position dip switch $1.45 RS232 08 25P male 52.95 790D
LIGHT ACTIVATED SCR's to 18.200y íA..5.70 drive LED's 12/24 hrs., supply a alarm $5.95
1
w4ñ6i 1103600 - 3.90
CONNECTORS DB 25S female 53.50 .un) i44 ULAN 791 -195
SILICON SOLAR CELLS HOODS $1.50 74.470 70
LF368H - 1.20
NO. 30 WIRE WRAP WIRE SINGLE
28." diameter .4V at 500 ma $4.00
REGULATORS STRAND 100' $1.40
FND 359 C.C..4" 5.60 LED READOUTS 323K 5V3A..55.75 340K-12,15 ALCO MINIATURE TOGGLE SWITCHES PRV IA 104 25A .5A 6A 35A
FCS 8024 4 dielt DL704 C.A..3" $ .75 309K . . . . .S 1.10 or 24 V . . . . 5 1.10 MTA106 SPOT .. S 95
1
$5.95 DL 747 C.A..6" 51.25 723 MTA 206 DPOT 70 100 .40 .70 1.30 .40 59 1.20
C.C. B" display S.50 3401 - 5, 6. 8, 12 . $ 1
FND 503 C.0 5" 5 .85 HP3400.8"CC $1.95 320T. 15,18or24V$1.10 MTA 206 P. °PDT CENTER OFF $ 1.85 200 70 1 10 1.75 60 70 1
60
END 510 A [ 5" S 85 HP3405.8"CA $1.95 5, 12, or 15 V 78 MG .35 MOD 206 P'DPOT CENTS R OFF 400 110 I.60 2 60 100 1.20 2 70
DL 704 3'- C C. 5 85
S1.10 79MG
S 1
S I 35
LEVER SWITCH . .. S 1.85
0 1.70
Terms' FOB Cambridge, M.00.

nd Check or Money Order.
Send 251' Ior our catalog featuring SOLID STATE SALES WE SHIP OVER 95%
Transistors an174ecofiers OF OUR ORDERS THE
nelude Postage Minimum 145 Hampshire S1.. Cambridge, Mass
P.O. BOX 748
6 rder 05.00. COD'S 520.00 DAY WE RECEIVE THEM
SOMERVILLE, MASS. 02143 TEL. /617) 5477053

Visit our new reto location! i I
Extensive documentation clear-

The EXPANDORAM is available
in versions from 16K up to 64K, so
SD EXPANDORAM ly written
Complete Kit includes all
for a minimum investment you 74 Zf.á'l.,uate S400 7Xemtvgy
Sockets for 64K
can have a memory system that Memory access time: 375ns,
will grow with your needs. This is Cycle time: 500ns.
a dynamic memory with the in- No wait states required.
visable on -board refresh, and IT 16K boundries and Protection
WORKS! via Dip Switches
Bank Selectable Designed to work with Z -80,
Phantom 8080, 8085 CPU's.
- Power 8VDC, ± 16VDC, 5 Watts EXPANDO 64 KIT (4116)
Lowest Cost Per Bit 16K $245.00
Uses Popular 4116 RAMS
PC Board is doubled solder
32K $310.00
masked and has silk -screen 48K $375.00
parts layout. 64K $440.00
DISC CONTROLLER
SD "VERSAFLOPPY" Kit
The versatile Floppy Disk
SAVE 9 00°°
Controller Only'15900
DM2700S DISK &
CABINET with
POWER SUPPLY
DM2700S includes Siemans
Sugart SA400 51/4" FD120 -8" Disk Drive with the
with attractive metal case following features:
FEATURES: IBM 3740 Solt Sectored Compati.
ble. S-100 BUS Compatible for 2.80 or 8080. Con. Single or Double Density
S29500 bols up lo 4 Drives (single or double sided).
Directly controls the following drives'.
Hard or Soft Sector
Sugar, 801 1. Shugart SA4001450 Mini Floppy Door Interlock Cabinet includes:
2. Shugart SAB00/850 Standard Floppy. Write Protect 110V to 125V 60 Hz power supply
with attractive metal case 3. PERSCI 70 and 277
$ 495.00 4.
5.
MFE 700/750.
CDC 9404/9406.
Hard Sector Detection
500 KB/S Transfer
Data Cable
Fan
6. GSI /Siemans FDD120.8.
Siemens FDD 200-88" 34 Pin Connector for Mini Floppy. 50 Pln Con. 800 KB unformated Accepts per SCI, Shugart, Siemans
nett.- for Standard Floppy Operates with
double -sided modilie4 CP/M operating system and CBesic Bit density 6536 BP1 8" Drives
Complier The new "Versafloppy" from S.D. Sugart 800 Series Compatable
double density Computer Products provides complete control
for many of the available Floppy Disk Drives.
DM2700 Cabinet, less Drive
$599,00 Both Mini and Full Size. FD1771B1 Single Den- DM2700S Disk Drive & Cabinet
S65 000 >KA
C5
sity Controller Chip. Listings for Control Solt-
are are Included in price. REG. $750 SALE PRICED =22500
CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES CORP
Logic Probes and Digital Pulsars SALE "42t64)1
PEE
LOGIC PROBES 5
--4011*-A101P
CSC logic probes are the ultimate tool for breadboard design and testing.
These nand -held units provide an Instant overview of circuit condition..
Simple to use. just clip power leads 10 circuit's power supply. sel logic
lamily switch lo TTUOTL or CMOSIHTL. Touch probe to test node. Traie
logic levels and pulses through digital circuits. Even stretch and latch for
DIGITAL PULSER
easy pulse detection. Instant recognition of high. low or invalid levels, open
circuits and nodes. Simple. dual/awl detector LEDs tell It quickly, correct. The intimate in speed and ease of operation. Simply connect clip leads to
MODEL LP-2 positive and negative power. then touch DP-14 probe to a circuit node;
IT HI (Logic -1"), LO (Logic "0 "I. Also Incorporates blinking pulse detector
e g . Hi and LO LEDs blink on or oil. tracking "1" or "0" slates at square Economy version of Model LP1 Sale, than a voltmeter More accurate then automatic polarity sensor detects Circuit'. high or low condition. Depress
e scope Input Impedance: 300.000 ohms. Minimum Detectable Pulse: 300 the puehbutlon and trigger an Opposite polarity pulse into the circuit Fall
Each
wave frequencies up to 1 5 MHz. Pulse LED blinks on for V. second during
pulse transition Choice of Inree models to meet individual requirements. ns Maximum Input S19nal (Frequancy): S MHz Pulsa Detector (LED): Hugh
1 troubleshooting includes injecting signals at key points in TTL. DTL. CMOS
speed train or single event Pulsa Memory: None. or other popular circuits. Test with single pulse or 100 pulses per second
budget. project and speed of logic circuits.
CSC Model LP -2 Logic Probe-Net $23.70 via bolli-in dual control push-button. button selects single shot or con -
MODEL LP1 tlnuous modes. LED indicator monitors operating modes by flashing once
Handheld logic probe provides Instant reading of logic levels for TTL. DTL, MODEL LP.3 for single pulse or continuously for a pulse train. Completely automatic.
HTL or CMOS. Input Impedance: 100.000 ohms. Minimum Delclbl
Pulse: High speed logic probe. Captures pulses as short as 10 ns Input Im. pencil. site lab /field pulse generator for any family Ol digital clrcults. Out.
50 ns. Maximum Input Signal (Frequency): 10 MHz. Pulse Detector (LED): padanca: 500.000 ohms Minimum Dalecleble Pulse: 10 ns. Maximum Input putt Tri. stale. Polarity: Pulse. sensing eulopola,ity. Sync and Source: 100
High speed train or single event. Pules Memory: Pulse or level transition Signal (Frequency): 50 MHz Pulsa Detector (LEDIT High speed train or mA Pulse Train: 100 pps LED Indicator: Flashes for single pulse. slays Ill
detected and stored bungle event. Pulse Memory: Pulse or level translllon detected and stored. for pulse train
CSC Model LP1 Logic Probe -Net Each $42.70 CSC Model LP3 Logic Probe-Net Each ......
C.130475 $86.45 -
CSC Model OP-1 Digital Pulser Net Each ci4O S $71.20
S100 PLUG BOARDS

' lin'
DEC LSI1t.
4407
PDPB. PDP11.
8801-1
e--- PI . a DIP" has full power and ground planes back
Heath H.11, P Pattern Epoxy 8802-1 to back. Board accommodates 3. 4, 6. 9" Dips.
Plain no etched Circuitry except contacts Pro
Glass. Plug Board 6 43 "x5 187 ". Pad per 2 holes. Two-holE pads allow tack solder-
duces maximum flexibility. 1.4 5-9 10-24
Dual 7B pin OEGHEATH Ing of socket. plus second hole for component
10.24 2115 19.76 17.58
Connectors. 1.4 5-9 leads.
1.4 5-9 10-24 14.95 13.48 11.96
14 5-9 10-24
1995 17.96 15.96 21.95 19.76 1758 4808
leform and size compatible with IN-
VECTOR -PAK ASSEMBLED VP-2 TEL SBL80 Series and NATIONAL
MICROCOMPUTER CASES BLC 80 Series microcomputer
boards. Power and Ground buses on
Adl Listable packaging system for S -100 bus
both sides.
microCOmpulerS, compatible with Altair
8800 and IMSAI BOBO size cards. 1-4 5.9 10-24
Smart looking, deluxe cases unmarred by 4500 40 50 3600
6601
unsightly screws or lasteners. Individual tinned square pads surround most holes. 48081
Finished in dark blue textured vinyl. VP-2
Instantly accessible Interiors with slip out Ideal for mounting components by "tack soldering" Same as 4608. except plain less
$1 59.00 Top of board pod free for mounting V0 connectors 00we, buses.
covers VP -1 Same as VP1 except 104
f
Removable recessed rear and front $163.00 5-9 10-24
cards oriented side 1-4 b9 10-24
panels Shipping Weight 25 lb. to side 19.95 17.95 15.96 34 00 30 60 27 20
Fully adjustable interior mounting
systems for any card or card spacing within
size limitations No cutting or drilling PRIORITY ELECTRONICS 111
o
necessary
Perforated bottom cover for cooler opera.
lion
16723B Roscoe :Ivd. Sepulveda, CA 91343
DESCRIPTION
Terms: Visa, MC, BAC, Check, Money Order, C.O.D. U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6% sales tax.
Assembled case with perforated bottom Minimum order $10.00. Prepaid U.S. orders less than 575.00 include 5% shipping and handling.
Cover Installed mountIng struts for
guides and receptacles or mother board.
card minimum $2.50. Excess refunded. Just In case please include your phone no. ... «'p
Cards top loaded. spanning Iront to back. Prices subject to change without notice. sd,
Card guide (12 pair) and chassis plate sup- We will do our best to maintain prices thru June 1979. OEM and Institutional
plied uninslalled.
phone orders welcome (213) 894.8171, (800) 423.5633 Inquiries Invited.
26tf II, II nun, lii
Visit our new retail locctionl Circle 312 on inquiry card.

HICKOK LX303 $74.95
HICKOK LX303
s7495*
$318.
MS-15
MINISCOPE Nln Red*Mpeeeh 8les 6 Cvrpa un.r
n
15megahertz bandwidth.
External and Internal trigger.
Time Dane
eewnpa. -Jx.
- .l mlcroeec. lo 0.5 SeCidiy -21 PROBE 1C 0
rX
PROBE IC wlln Ire
Battery or line operation.
Automatic S line sync modes purchase or SCOPE
Power consumption 15 walte - and The MENTION or
Vortical
ca,vino
a. -
resat l 36
dl to 50
1
w.. 12 v1 013% Inas MAGAZINE
se sirr 2 T'He 4"w v16' D. a pounds
...onto.
10 527.
.. ,.. $45.
MS-215 Dual Trace Version of MS -15 $435.
digit 19
Range DVM. '/2" LCD displays
.5 %, 31/2
UNGARmatic
Controlled Soldering station
THREAO.TOGETHER MODULAR DESIGN FOR The EXPANDORAM is available
1' 'll
Extensive documentation clear-

o
G1i
runs 200 hrs on
QUICK, ONLINE HEATER OR TIP CHANGE in versions from 16K up to 64K, so ly written
battery. 10 Meg 1 Arnlame in 3 p,e.el temperaWUS.
for a minimum investment you
Ohm Input. yr. guarantee, made in eooF 70oF. or 800F lo, any apohcsr,pn
. Complete Kit includes all
U.S.A., test leads included.
1
Closed mop, non magnetic control
Low voltage system. 3 wire grounded
can have a memory system that Sockets for 64K EA
will grow with your needs. This is Memory access time: 375ns.
Available Accessories
RC -3 115V AC Adapter
CC3 Deluxe Padded Vinyl
$7.50
L
Biomec namcal designed handle *Oh cool ono tor operator comfort
Cord is Super Sevier. 3 wire grounded, heat resistant
capacity aileron tray and sponge. removable Or optional place
Log Me ,nlerchangea °
lips iron clad. chrome pitted. pre -Dnnea
a dynamic memory with the in-
visable on -board refresh, and IT
Cycle time: 500ns.
No wait states required. -06
Designed Io, US. on sensitive components WORKS! 16K boundries and Protection
Carrying Case $7.50
VP-10 X10 DCV Probe Adapter/
Protector 10Kv $14.95
COMPLETE STATION ANO REPLACEABLE NEATER SELECTION GUIDE
I.nprsbrs
00F
Cossets Stow Ceni,SNd MHH, Me
5076 76
Bank Selectable
Phantom
via Dip Switches
Designed to work with Z -80,
W
co
VP -40 40Kv DC Probe
CS -1 10 Amp Current Shunt
$35.00
700F
600F
.00
5077
5078
. talions include 70e Posse, Supply with anloll switch.
77
078 -Power 8VDC, t
16VDC, 5 Watts 8080. 8085 CPU's.
$14.95 Each of the
mdKw, light. and 3 wire po.., 00,0. OI Handle win 3 wire h..t nsnlant
Lowest Cost Per Bit EXPANDO 64 KIT (4116)
Uses Popular 4116 RAMS
*FREE seconders, co,0. 589 Tray and Sponge, 72 Iron noiaer. Controlled Mallet
n 087 Screwdriver Irp 916'
as TIP ADAPTER Tip adapter 095 IC, special micro opl,ca.ons 'hie
PC Board is doubled solder
masked and has silk-screen
16K
32K
$245.00
$310.00
Just for Asking. Adcle,,e designed 10 Ir6 t n P,inc.,, N,a
48K $375.00
Conbplled wasters era 05 Each! Tip. 12.25 Each Adapter. Sr 30 Each parts layout.
FREE BATTERY with your meter. List $59.50 SALE PRICE $49 95 64K $440.00
Plugboards
NT -5
- 17p,1Tre.+.
y'nra.'2w,
ro +°" «+
.r7
8803
MOTHER
BOARD FOR
t
_
i
w.. Stop RUS
'-
e COot
a MICRO -
"r .,.i. S'' °a +'a COMPUTERS

°w.+teaat.+ Notaotl./wort
e 0316 3677 9 6" x 4.5"
6800V
wee+tot. motto., otoOtoos OA Universal MicroCOmputPr/processor 682 9.6" 4.5"
con. t.rt u.11 to ay. at tt000to saw
pIugboard use with S100 bus Com-
$10.97
$10.90
,Hra,_in
aunm+wrn 1Wro.0a1
...tit? píele win heat sink b hardware 5 3 a
3682 -2 6.5" x 4.5" 3677 -2 6.5" x 4.5" 3890.12

1/16
1
eau Mr '°
vrsiMro
IO
1.4
a
5.9 1024 $9.81 $9.74 3662 6.5 "x4.5' CARD EXTENDER
o toe
ua
7 o
äss;r, "Q*' bVt7

n«mr e
Price:
519.95 $17.95
8801 -1
515 96 Hi-Density Duablm Lise
Plugbaard for Wire Wrap Gen. Purpose 0 I.P.
Boards with Bus' Pattern
3662 -2
$7.65
9.6"
$11.45
x 4.5"
Card Extender has 100 con-
tacts 50 per side on .125
centers -Attached connec-
WI Coto,' r.P re Or
p;òwWO
5 t
Same as 8800V érrepl Slain less power with Power S Grd. Bus tor-is compatible with
X ..C
MO St w.?
Epoxy Glass 1/16" 44 for Solder or Wire Wrap. P pattern plugboards for S -100 Bus Systems $25.83
$29.50 neat sink
J
buses .
1.4 5 -9 10-24 pin con. spaced 156 Epoxy Glass 1/16" 44 ICs Epoxy Glass 1/16" 3690 6.5" 22144 pin .156
pin Ccn. spaced .156 44 pin con. spaced 156 Ctrs. Extenders $13.17
14 95 SI] 46 11
14 & 16 PIN
2708
A
1116 BOARD
O .042 dia holes on

0.1 spacing for IC's
TRS -80/APPLE 8K 450 ns
GOLD 3 LEVEL
Oi/k WIRE WRAP .C1)
MEMORY EXPANSION KITS SOCKETS
U
Phenolic
PART NO
64P44XXXP
SIZE
4.5x6.5"
1
PRICE
-9
$1.56 $1.40
10 -19
4116's RAMS EPROM 14 - G3 100 for
$ 30.00
FACTORY PRIME
169P44XXXP 4.5x 17" $3.69 $3.32
(16Kx1 200ns)
Epoxy Glass
64P44 4.5x6.5" $1.79 $1.61
$ 9.00 ea. 16 -G3 100 for
$30.00
84 P44
169P44
169P84
4.5x 8.5"
4.5x 17"
8.5x 17"
$2.21 $1.99
$4.52 $4.07
$8.03 $7.23
8 for $69.00 25 + Call For
Price
50 of each for
Sockets are End & Side stackable.
closed entry
$32.00
PRICE. s18. 98
PC. BOARD
HOLDER ORDER TOLL FREE
LOW -PROFILE
BASE
STANDARD
BASE
2114N -3L
315 -5 same as 315
but
boards
with 14" bar Ir
üomudare ''s10
PRICE 519.98
705
,ABI
513.49
`111P
- 4096 BIT (1024x4) 300 ns
-
Low Power Static Ram 1-800-423-5633

PRICE:
HI Cali
_
STANDARD
VISE HEAD PRICE 513.49 8 for $5000 except CA., AK.,
r/
VACUUM BASE (213) 894.8171
a
304
HORIZONTAL
JAW VISE HEAD 1307
1
PRICE: 514.49
380
2102LPC
450ns Low Power RAMS
TMS 4044/
PRICE: 514.49 366 M M 5257 -3L
(Illp
PRICE: 518.49
$1.00 Ea. in lots of 25
4096x1 300 ns
2102LHPC
90
tOto
OING
PANAVISE TIluTS. TURNS, ANO
ROTATES TO ANY POSITION.
IT MOLDS YOUR WORK
, :tF
1 - Nt, V IOÉ HEAD
..VISE
250ns Low Power RAMS
Low Power Static Ram
8 for 55000
EXACTLY WHERE YOU WANT IT. I 49
$1.25 Ea. in lots of 25
ONE 1 r
WRAI? POST
tio 16723B Roscoe Blvd. Sepulveda, CA 91343 2716
for .042 dia. holes Terms: Visa, MC, BAC, Check. Money Order. C.O.D. U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6%, sales tax.
Minimum order -$10.00. Prepaid U.S. orders less than $75.00 include 5% shipping and handling, 5 volt only
tail boards On this pagel
minimum $2.50. Excess refunded. Just in case ... please include your phone no. 16K EPROM
i
T44IC pkg 100 5 2.34

T441M pkg Prices subject to change without notice.
1000 914.35 We will do our best to maintain prices thru June 1979. OEM and Institutional 55000
A -13 hand installing
tool ... S 2.94 .hone orders welcome (213) 894.8171 800 423-5633 in nines invited.
HICKOK LX303 $74.95 HICKOK LX303 $74.95

We have 5V 2716's in Stock. We have the Best Prices on 2102's, 2114's, 4116's.
unbeatable GREAT JUMPERS
5100.WWG 501100 Cont. 125 ctrs. 3 S100 -STG 50/100 Cont. 125 clrs. DIP
LEVEL WIRE WRAP .025" sq. posts on SOLDER TAIL on 250 spaced rows for
250 spaced rows. GOLO PLATED. VECTOR and MASI motherboards GOLD
1.4 5.9 10 -24 plated FLAT RIBBON
S4.00 $3.75 03.50 1.4
$3.50
5.9
03.25
10.24
53.00 CABLE ASSEMBLIES
SIOOALT 50!100 Cont. 125 ctrs. DIP
SOLDER TAIL on 140 spaced rows for 51005E 501100 Cont 125 Ctrs PIERCED .
AT AFFORDABLE PRICES
ALTAIR motherboards. GOLD plated. SOLDER EYELET laps GOLD
1.4 5.9 10-24 14 5.9 1024 Choice of 3 types of end connectors molded
04.00 $3.75 03.50 05.00 04.50 04.25 on and factory tested.
OTHER POPULAR EDGE CONNECTORS Daisy chain and single -end also available.
All Edge Card Connectors are GOLD PLATED (not Gold Flash) Bodies are non brittle. Solver.! CARD -EOCE JUMPERS
res. G E Valo.. Con!eels are Bifurcated: PhoswBronze. GOLD over Nickel
.
5 popular sizes to choose from
20. 26. 34. 40 and 50 contacts. each DOUBLE END SINGLE END DAISY CHAIN
ABBREVIATIONS: SE = Solder Eyelet WW = 3 Level Wire Wrap ST = Solder Tall 1Elact
Electric Pink Rainbow
-100" Contact Center Connectors with line-by-line probe access holes. No ne oi.i
Contacts
PRICE Choice of 2 cable types and 5 lengths. 924052 06 R 92406236 0 924032 06 R
PART NO. TYPICAL APPLICATION 1.4 5.9 1024 FLAT RIBBON CABLE 20
S5 69 58 42
N D 1326.1SE
D22441WW
Irosai M SIO
Vector Plugboards
2.60
4.00
2.40
3.80
220
3.60 Slranded. 28 AWG wish laminated PVC insulation.
"Electric Pink" cable has red stripe on one edge for ors 26
924053 06 R
54 11
92406336 8 924093 06 R
D2250 15E Imsal P10. Intel Mullibuss 3.70 3.50 340 $646 5488 595/
02250 ST 1 Imsal P10. Intel Mullibuss 3.50 3.30 3.10 enlatlor) Used only on double end and daisy chain as- 924054 06 R 924064 36 R 924084 06 R
D2040-1SE TRS80 3.20 3.05 2.90 sembbes 34
N D2040 ST
D2040.1 ww
1 TR5'80
TRS'80
3.00
3.30
2.85
3.15
2.70
3.00
"Rainbow" cable coded in standard 10'colo1 se.
is
quence 0Y front Serpentine striping on back aids In identi'
S796
924055 06 R
$6 15
924065 36 R
511
924095 06
7
R
40
D30601WW Intel Mullibuss 4to 3.90 3 70 tying wire number and wire group during tear down sepa- 5929 s7 20 513 70
D3672.1SE Vector Plugboards 500 4.75 45o
o 1736721ST
036121WW
Vector Plugboards
Vector Plugboards
495
4.90
4.70
4.65
4
4
45
40
ration for discrete wire terminations Used only on single.
end Its mper5
PCB JUMPERS
50
924056 06
51010
R 924066 36
5821
R 92409606
514 86
R
04080.15E PET 5 95 570 5 as SOCKET JUMPERS

O 4080 15T PET 5.00 4.75 4 50 DOUBLE ENO SINGLE END DOUBLE ENO JUMPER ASSEMBLIES SINGLE END DAISY CHAIN
(/) 040601WW PET 5.20 4.95 4.70 Electric Pink Rainbow Electric Pink Cable Rainbow 13 connecforal
No Nu Electric Pink
O 43B6.1SE Cos. ELF 5.60 5.35 505
C.) 04386.15T Cos. ELF 5 40 5.15 490 Contacts Contacts 18
D4386.1WW Cos. ELF 5 50 5.25 5.00 924032 06 0 924042 36 R 924002 06 R 924002 18 R 924002 36 R 92401236R 924072 06 R
20 20
0501001WW 5 95 5.75 5.55 S2 57 52 55 $3 70 s 4 16 5 4 85 S3 12 5544
.125" Contact Center Connectors M
924033 06 R 924043 36 R
26
924003 06 R 924003 18 R 924003 36 R 924013 36 R 92407306 R
PRICE
S3 32 S3 31 54 78 S 5 38 s628 M04 S 7 02
PART NO. TYPICAL APPLICATION 14 5.9 1024 924034 06 R 924044 36 R 924004 06 R 924004 18 R 924001 36 R 924014 36 R 924074 06 R
(I) D 3B722WW 525 500 4.75
34
5395 sau 34
$625 5 705 S 825 5530 S 918
Q) 040602WW Vector 4350 595 5 65 5 35 924035 06 R 924045 36 R 924005 06 R 924005 1611 924005 36 R 924015 36 R 924075 06 R
SI 00sTG 5100. Imall, Vector, Cromenco, Mother. 40
S4 57 sa ea 40 s7 33 5 827 5 968 5622 51076
boards 150 3.25 3.00
924106 fMi R 924046 36 924006 06 R 924006 18 R 924006 36 R 974016 36 R 924076 06 R
5100WWG S-100 WI,. Wrap 400 3.75 3.40 50
11
50
S100.ALT Altair 4.50 4,25 4.00 S59/ s915 5103, 51205 57 73 513 43
Q) I
.156 Contact Centers Connectors

PART NO TYPICAL APPLICATION 14
PRICE
5.9 1024
double -row Ideal mates for
56055E
JUMPER HEADERS "GREAT JUMPERS" (
Q) PeI, NSC CLK Modules 1.40 130 120
5612.55E Pet. NSC CLK Modules 1.60 1.50 1.40
01224.55E Per 2.40 2.30 2.20
D2224.550 Pet 130 2.20 2 10
D1530'55E Vector Plugboards. GPI Keybrds 2.50 2.35 2.10
Solder to PC boards .025" square posts are Choice of straight
01530'557 Vector Plugboards. GRI Keybrds 2.40 2.25 205 for instant plug in molded into plastic or right angle con -
01S30.5W W Vector Plugboards. GRI Keybrds 260 2.40 2.15 access via socket - header strip on a figurations
(3) 01636.55E 3.00 2.80 2.60
0224455E Vector. Kim. etc 100 2.60 220 connector jumpers .10" x .10" matrix
02244.5ST Vector. Kim, etc 3.00 2.80 50
02244'SW W Vector, Kim, etc. 395 3.70
2
340
No. Dim Dim. Part Price
0367255E Vector Plugboards STRAIGHT Posts Number 2 sets
03672.5ST
D3672.5WW
Vector Plugboards
Vector Plugboards
5.50
5 45
5.30
5.25
500
500 o
DE4786'SSE Mot 6800. Intel Multibuss. NSC pacer
5.60 5.40 510 20 10 09 923862 R S .98
6.00 5.75 5.25
D4366.557 Moi 6800, Intel Mullibuss. NSC pacer 590 5.65 5.15 mn._ 26 13 12 923863 R 5 1.28
D1386.SW W Mol 6800. Inlet Mullibuss, NSC pacer 650 630 5.90 onso tr.
nits CG1 Imsal Slyle Card Guides 5/.00 or 100110.00 17 16
34 923864
4
R S 1.64
RS232 & "D" TYPE CONNECTORS 40 20 19 923865 R 5 1.94
P = PlugMale S = SocketFemale C = Cover-Hood
50 2.5 2.4 923866 R S 2.36
PRICE
PART NO. DESCRIPTION 1.4 5.9 1024
DE9P 9 Pin Male 1 50 1.30 1 10
DE.95 9 Pin Female III I I 1111 1 1.95 1.75 1 45
No Dim. Dim. Part Price
DE9C 9 Pin Cover
o 07)15P
°MSS
15 Pin Male
15 PIn Female
a
44i
1.50
200
2.90
1.30
1.80
2.70
1.10
1.55
245
I
RIGHT-ANGLE Posts Number 2 sets

DA15C 15 PIn Cover t 80 1.60 1.30 Vb ifdd'd5'fflflr on' 20 10 09 923872 R 1.20
5025P
-- eTSO rye imtr.
S
25 PIn 2.50 2.20 2.05
00 25 PIn Famale
Female 3.50 3.10 2.95 11 26 13 2 923873 R S 1.52
13951212d pc. Grey Hood 1 1.65 1.35 1.20
5131226.1A
DB110963.3
2 pc. Black Hood
2 pc. Grey Hood
1.80
1.70
1.50
1.40
1.35
115
I r-_.._.__ MO
34 7 16 923874 R S 1.96
Q1
DC37P 37 Pin Male 395 3.75 3.50 40 20 19 923875 R 5 2.30

DC375 37 Pin Female 5.50 5.25 4.90
DC37C 37 Pin Cover o 0 200 1.80 160
4,
50 25 24 923876 R S 282
DC/50P 50 PIn Male FEMALE 5.00 4.75 4.60
DIP JUMPERS
D0505 50 Pin Female o e Pa 6.50 6.00 5.75
0050C 50 Pin Cover 2.50 2.30 CD
2 20
0204185 Hardware Set (2 pair) 100 80 70
Connector for CENTRONI 700 SERIES:
-C3 Amphenol 5710360 for back of Centronics 700 Sertes printers 1.4 -5900 5.up -5750 FLAT RIBBON CABLE ASSEMBLIES
DIP PLUGS WITH DIP CONNECTORS
E Pen a No. of
PRICE
1.24 25.99 10499 Pad a No. of 1.24
PRICE
2599 100499
(1) Pins Pine
fn P081102 8 at 36 29 P22P02 22 .75 .67 Available with 14, 16.24 and 40 contacts.
co
PI 4P02 14 46 42 34 P24P02 24 .79 .71 6666 Mate with standard IC sockets.
P16P02 16 55 47 38 P26P02 28 1.10 .93 81
Fully assembled and tested.
Q P18P02 18 67 57 46 P40P02 40 1.25 1.07 14
Integral molded -on strain relief.
GOLD SOLDERTAIL STANDARD
124 2549 5099 1.24 25.49 5099 LIne -by -line probeability.
BSTS 30 27 24 22STO .70 63 57
1450 35 32 29 24ST0 70 .63 57 A P DIP Jumpers are the low -cost, high - board; interconnecting between PC boards,
165TG 38 35 32 285TG 1.10 1.00 90
185TG 52 47 43 405TG 1 75 1.55 1 45 quality solution for jumpering within a PC backplanes and motherboards; interfacing In-
20STG 60 56 52 put /Output signals; and more.
TIN SOLDERTAIL LOW PROFILE All assemblies use rainbow cable. Stan-
6CS2
1.24
25
25.40
16
50.99
15 22C52
1.24
37
25.49
.36
50.99
35
dard lengths are 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 inches.
Ai,o.. o.nera. Pm no I
o
ICS2 25 18 16 24C52 38 .37 36
16C52 25 20 .18 28C52 45 44 43
18CS2
20CS2
29
34
28
32
27
30
AOCS2 63 62 61
DOUBLE-ENDED
DIP JUMPERS N
No Length Length Length Length length
O
N
C9atecte 6" 12" 18" 24' 36"
3 LEVEL GOLD WIRE WRAP SOCKETS 14
9241066.R 924106.12 R 92410618 -R 92410624.8 924106360
$241 5261 5282 53.02 S343
Sockets purchased In multiples of 50 per type may be combined o 9241166 R 924116 12.R 924116.18 -R 924116.24.8 924116 368
best p Ice. 1.9 10.24 25-99 100-249 250 999 18
5265 $288 53.11 1334 $380
8 pin* .40 .36 .34 .31 .27 24
924126 6 R 924126 12 R 924126 188 924126 24.6 924126 36 H
5450
14 pin'
$4 15 5485 1523 5590
.45 -39 .37 -34 .32 9241366 R 92413612.R 924136 t8 -R 924136 24 R 924136368
16 pin .50 .42 .40 .36 .34 40
56.93 57.52 SR II 5R 73 59 88
Ql
18 pin
20 pin
.70
.90
.60
.80
.55
.75
.50
.65
-45
.62
PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS ©
E 22 pin .95 .85 .80 -70 .65 16723B Roscoe Blvd. Sepulveda, CA 91343
Terms: Visa, MC, BAC, Check, Money Order, C.O.D. U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6 % sales tax.
Q) 24 pin .95 .85 .80 .70 .65 Minimum order $10.00. Prepaid U.S. orders less than $75.00 include 5% shipping and handling,
28 pin 1.25 1.15 1.00 -95 .90 minimum $2.50. Excess refunded. Just In case ... please include your phone no.
40 pin 1.65 1.45 1.35 1.20 1.10 Prices subject to change without notice. OEM and Institutional
All sockets ate GOLD We will do our best to maintain prices thru June 1979. inquiries Incited.
3 level closed entry End and side stacable 2 level Solder Tail Low
Profile, Iin Sockets and DIP Plugs available. CALL FOR QUOTATION phone orders welcome (213) 894-8171, (800) 423.5633
We have the Best Prices on 2102's. 2114ís, 4116's. We have 5V 2716's in Stock.
What's New? PUBLICATIONS
TRS -80 Microcomputer Technical Z -80 Instruction Handbook Comprehensive Microprocessor Design
Reference Handbook Manual Announced by TI
The Z80 Instruction Handbook by
Radio Shack has published a tech- Nat Wadsworth is a handy, compact
nical reference handbook for their reference providing a clear detailed
TRS -80 microcomputer system. The explanation of the Z -80 microprocessor
illustrated 108 page book is intended instruction set. Standard Zilog mnemon-
primarily for technically oriented per- ics are used throughout and machine
sons with a good working knowledge codes are presented in both octal and
of digital logic circuits. Written in a hexadecimal format. An index lists all
straightforward, informal manner, the instructions alphabetically along with
TRS -80 Microcomputer Technical Ref- machine codes and timing information.
erence Handbook includes technical This 128 page book is priced at $4.95.
information and schematic diagrams For further information, contact Scelbi
for both Level I and II TRS -80 systems. Publications, POB 133 PP STN, Milford
Topics covered in the book include: CT 06460.
Theory of Operation, Adjustments and Circle 570 on inquiry card.
Troubleshooting, The Outside World
(connections to control external devices),
parts list and fold -out schematics. The
handbook is priced at $9.95 and is avail- Connect Your Computer to an
able from Radio Shack stores and deal- Automatic Musical Instrument
ers. For further information, contact
Radio Shack, 1400 One Tandy Center, Vestal Press has recen4 announced
the release of its 15th catalog. It con- This self-teaching microprocessor
Fort Worth TX 76102.
tains all types of automatic musical in- design manual, written for both begin-
struments including music boxes, car- ners and experts, is available from Texas
ousel organs, orchestrions (mechanical Instruments Inc, Mail Station 54, POB
orchestras), reproducing pianos (player 225012, Dallas TX 75222. 9900 Family
Pascal: An Introduction to Methodical
pianos that play with full artistic fidel- Systems Design and Data Book offers
Programming more than 1,000 pages of educational
ity), violin playing machines, and all
and applications information that can
sorts of unusual music devices. The cata-
help users develop a deeper understand-
log is available for $2 from Vestal Press,
ing of the complex technology and the
Dept B, POB 97, Vestal NY 13850.
potential in microprocessors.
The first chapter discusses the semi-
conductor technology advances on
which today's microprocessors are based.
Free Catalogs from Hayden Book It also provides guidelines for selection
Company and application of microprocessors and
w FAVi scl Two new catalogs that include per-
microcomputers, and lists general and
basic design decisions. The second
sonal computing and professional com- chapter is a product selection guide,
puting books are available from Hayden covering the complete TI 9900 family
Book Co Inc. They feature Hayden's of microprocessors, microcomputers,
new and forthcoming books on introduc- peripheral support circuits, assembled
tory computing, programming, and appli- microcomputer modules, software and
cations and advanced technology. For development systems. Chapter Three
free copies of either the personal or the moves step -by -step through a "first
This book, intended for use in a first professional computing catalog, write to encounter" with a 9900, describing basic
course in programming, is based on the Hayden Book Co Inc, 50 Essex St, Ro- concepts in an introductory application.
Pascal language. It assumes no prior chelle Park N J 07662. Chapters Four, Five, and Six cover hard-
knowledge of computing and only ele- Circle 572 on inquiry card. ware and software design, architecture
mentary mathematical skill. It empha- and interfacing techniques, programming
sizes programming principles, good style, methods and the instruction set.
and a methodical approach to program TRS -80 Monthly Newsletter Chapter Seven contains reference
development. This introduction to Pascal materials for development systems used
includes a thorough treatment of both The TRS-80 Monthly Newsletter con- by experienced system designers to
the fundamental language features and tains articles and programs (with com- develop 9900 software programs, debug,
the few features which are not truly plete program listings and instructions) and prototype final systems. It also
fundamental. The programming tech- related to business, personal finance, includes in -depth technical specifications
nique of incremental refinement is im- money management, games, practical on all currently available products in
parted by consistent example through- applications and gambling. The programs the 9900 family.
out the book. In addition, two chapters are also available on cassette or floppy Chapter Nine offers detailed examples
are devoted exclusively to programming disk. A summary of the latest TRS -80 of real world uses of TI's 9900 product
methodology. Each chapter is followed system developments and a list of family in the design of a low cost data
by a number of exercises, answers to TRS -80 related software are published in terminal, a floppy disk controller, and
some of which are provided. This 306 every issue. A one year subscription to a simulated industrial control applica-
page book is priced at $10.95. It is this newsletter is $24. For more information.
published by Computer Science Press tion, contact Mathematical Applications The 9900 Family Systems Design
Inc, 9125 Fall River Ln, Potomac MD Service, POB 149 RS, New City NY and Data Book is priced at $9.95 (soft
20854. 10956. cover).
-4- Circle 312 on inquiry card. June 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc 269
Microchess for the PET and Apple On Screen Text Editors for 8080 New Family of RS -232 Switching Units
Computers Systems
A new family of low cost miniature
Two Daisy text editing programs switching units has been introduced by
allow fully interactive visible text edit- Giltronix Inc, 3156 Avalon, Palo Alto
ing and advanced word processing and CA 94306. The family, called RS232 -X,
formatting, using a serial video terminal. switches serial RS -232 peripherals be-
The editors provide extended file usage, tween several driving sources. Model
and use dynamic screen imaging to RS232 -X3 allows three driving Sources.
minimize disruptive screen activity so By turning the three position switch
that the editors can be used on a slow mounted on the RS232 -X3, the user
(2400 bps) video terminal. can select the driving device that will
WPDaisy is the word processing exchange data with the peripheral unit.
version of this system which includes A unique arrangement allows the cascad-
both space and proportional justifica- ing of two or more RS232 -X switches,
tion. WPDaisy allows calling disk files thereby expanding the selection from
while formatting, and has 26 in- memory three devices to five or more. Model
buffers. Also included is a mail merge RS232 -XF is similar to the RS232 -X3
program which is useful in producing but switches additional signals. Both
form letters and labels. come with 25 pin female connectors.
The TSA /os version is $125 for Daisy, The price of the RS232 -X3 is $64.95
and $300 for WPDaisy. The CP /M assembled, and $47.95 in kit form. The
version is $175 for Daisy; $350 for RS232 -XF is $78.95 assembled and
WPDaisy. For further information, con- $59.95 in kit form.
tact TSA Software Inc, 39 Williams Dr, Circle 613 on inquiry card.
Monroe CT 06468.
Multi- Universal Integrated Circuit

Plug -In Adapter
This multi -universal integrated circuit

Microchess 2.0, developed by Peter plug -in adapter accepts integrated circuit
Jennings, has been designed for the 8 K patterns of up to 40 leads, including
PET and the 16 K Apple computers. large scale integration, medium scale
In 6502 machine language, it offers 8 integration, and programmable memory
levels of play to suit everyone from devices. The adapter is used for mount-
the beginner to the serious player. At ing a variety of mixed devices which will
its highest level the program plays a then plug into any standard universal
good game and will beat most average integrated circuit packaging panel.
players and many other chess playing The P/N 640 -MUI adapter will accept Analog Interface Card
programs. It examines positions by as the following packages: single -in -line,
many as six moves ahead, and includes dual-in -line, memory package, interface, The ADAK -1 board is a general pur-
a chess clock for tournament play. and large scale devices. The adapters are pose analog interface for bit micro-
8
Microchess checks every move for fabricated of 0.062 inch (0.157 cm) computers. It includes a monolithic
legality, handles castling and en passant thick epoxy with electro -tin- plated cir- digital to analog converter, a 5 pole low
pawn captures, and displays the current cuitry. The plug -in contacts are brass, tin pass filter for waveform generation, an
position on a graphic chessboard. You plated, with a gold plated berrylium cop- audio amplifier, an eight channel analog
can play white or black, set up and per four-tine spring socket member. input multiplexor, and a comparator to
play from special board positions, or They are available at prices ranging perform analog to digital conversions by
watch the computer play against itself. from $2 to $6 per unit. For more in- successive approximation routines. This
Microchess 2.0 is available for $19.95 formation, contact Garry Manufacturing combination permits real time music
from Personal Software, POB 136, Co, 1010 Jersey Av, New Brunswick generation by Fourier synthesis tech-
Cambridge MA 02138. NJ 08902. niques and permits the outputs from up
Circle 609 on inquiry card. Circle 612 on inquiry card. to eight joystick channels, thermometers,
light sensors, or other devices to be
digitized. A modified version, ADAK -1
New Publication on Patching and Pro- chapter contains patches which are most PET, plugs directly into Commodore
gramming from Polyphony useful for actually playing tunes. In the PET computers. The software cassette
techniques chapter is found a multitude supplied with this version includes pro-
The Source is a compilation of analog of patches which provide insight into grams for machine language coding,
music synthesizer patch charts which how to use modules efficiently and imag- music generation, Fourier waveform
have appeared in Polyphony magazine inatively. The final chapter on software synthesis, analog to digital conversion
plus some extras. The magazine and this contains the basis for an understanding and several paddle input games. Both
book adhere to two important concepts: of a few of today's newest musical tools. versions are completely tested and in-
to show the average synthesist how to do Program listings for computer music are clude connectors and instructions.
it, and to promote and publish informa- provided. This 124 page book costs $4 ADAK -1 is priced at $69.50 and the
tion exchange between synthesists. The and is available from Polyphony Publish- ADAK -1 PET version is $99.50. For
first of the six chapters in the handbook ing Co, 1020 W Wilshire Blvd, Oklahoma further information, contact Technical
is spent familiarizing the reader with the City OK 73116. Hardware Inc, POB 3609, Fullerton CA
standard symbology used to represent 92634.
various synthesizer modules. Another Circle 610 on inquiry card. Circle 614 on inquiry card.

MEMORY SALE! have it your way ...
16K $295.00!! (4MHz) (Reg. $370.00) 32K $485.00!! (4MHz) (Reg. $ 620.00,
ALL BOARDS ASSEMBLED AND TESTED (KIT PRICING AVAILABLE)
Extended addressing allows board Static, of course
to exist anywhere in 256K memory Phantom line
on standard S -100 bus Each 4K block locateable
LOW Power, 1.6 amp per 16K anywhere
9 Regulators for perfect heat Fully tested and burned in
distribution for 48 hours
ADD -ON MEMORY CHIPS - $4.95 EACH!! (TMS 4044 or MM 5257) - 8 Chips - Minimum Order
`Sale extended one last month
16K
32K
Z -80 CPU (one serial chip set, less eprom) $195.00 (Reg. $280.00)
2 Parallel + 2 Serial Port
*4=04: 2 MHz or 4 MHz Switch

Baud Rates 150 -9600
Selectable
Power on Jump to On /Board Eprom (2708 or 2716)

Memory Management on A16 and A17
VIDEO TERMINAL SIMULATOR $295.00 (Reg. $400.00)

Plugs into S -100 Bus and simulates all functions of a
Soroc or other RS -232 type terminal. A simple video
monitor such as a Sanyo or Sony TV will perform as a
smart terminal by writing into an 10 Port.
2K Eprom, 4K Ram (2 video pages on 16 x 64)
Lower Case Descenders (16 x 64 or 24 x 80)
Tabs, protected fields, home /load cursor, blink, reverse
video, underline, page erase, etc. (Intel 8275 CRT
controller)
DOUBLE DENSITY DISC CONTROLLER $385.00
CPM* Compatible, TAR BELL Pin -out compatible
On /Board Boot
2 or 4 MHz Jumper Selectable
8 inch Single or Double sided (5.25 inch available)
52 Sectors, runs CPM *, IBM Format
'CPM is a trademark of Digital Research, Inc.
West: ORDER NOW ! ! East:

DELTA PRODUCTS SALES DELTA PRODUCTS
1653 E. 28th Street 411 AND 1254 South Cedar Road
Long Beach, Calif 90806 New Lenox, Illinois 60451
SERVICE
Tel (213) 595 -7505 Tel (815) 485 -9072
Circle 89 on inquiry card. Dealer inquiries invited.

Personal checks must clear before shipment 90 day unconditional warranty B of A, M/C Okay
%TA. 3110 Computer Products
* DISK DRIVES *
B51 5`/t" $295.00
by Micro Peripherals, Inc. Operates
Vista veo 3 -100 MOTHER BOARDS
JADE 6 -SLOT
K ir $41.95
JA DE
MAINFRAMES
in eithe, single density (125KB,
unformatted) or double density
(250KB, unformatted) modes, up
Mint Dish Assembled & Tested
Bare Board
$56.95
$24.95
to 40 tracks, with a track -to -track SYSTEM 9 -SLOT "LITTLE MOTHER"
access time of only 5 ms.
,SA801 R $495.00 FOR TRS -80 K it 585.00
by Shugart Single -sided 8" floppy
disk drive.
$395.00 Assembled & Tested
Bare Board
S99.00
S35.00
FD8 -100 $395,00 13 -SLOT "OUIET MOTHER"
GSI /Siemens. Runs cooler and
quieter than 801 (8 ") Kit $95.00
SA400 $325.00 Assm. & Tested $110.00 Accomodates all S -100
Single density 5V., 35 -Track drive. Bare Board $40.00 Mother Boards. Built -In card
Cabinet and power supply available 22- SLOT "STREAKER" cage with card guides. Lighted
Assm, & Tested $149.00 reset switch. Rotron whisper Ian.
1791 Bo1 Includes heavy duty power
Dual Density Controller Chip JA1313E1 supply. (+ 8 volts DC @ 30 AMPS,
$49.95 Includes disk drive, power supply, S -100
VIDEO INTERFACE
Compatible Serial Inter-
+ 16 volts DC @ 4 AMPS, -8 volts
DC may be added.
regulator board, and compact case. face with Sockets included.
TWO SIEMENS 'GS' 8
DRIVES
FLOPPY The V -80 offers 23% more storage
capacity. Simply take it out of the box,
Kit
Assembled 6 Tested
$117.95
$159.95
$389.00
POWER SUPPLY FOR ABOVE
JADE TARBELL DISK CONTROL
KIT IS100I
plug In the cable, and its ready to run.
Requires 16K, Level II, expansion
Interface.
Bare Board w /manual
Z80A SPECIAL
S 35.00
y 3M
VERBATIM
or
FLOPPY DISKS
CP M OPERATING SYSTEM WITH Signal Cable $24.95
4MHr CPU Chip 55' in. Minidiskettes
BASIC E
3 -LEVEL GOLD Solt sector, lO sector, or 16 sect',
PACKAGE OF 10 BLANK
WIRE WRAP SOCKETS
$14.95 $4.40 each or
8 DISKETTES box of 10 for 940.00
14 PIN 39t each 8 in. Standard Floppy Disks
Price II purchased separately 16 PIN 43t each TU-L Solt Sector
$1192.50 100 for $35 Convert your T, V. set into a $4.75 each -10 for 942.50
JADE SPECIAL PACKAGE DEAL Sockets are end and side stack Video Monitor
able, C Insert entry. Kit $8.95
S1050.00
EXPANDOR'S BLACK BOX PRINTER JA D]IEZ

PARALLEL/SERIAL
FLOPPY DISK INTERFACE
JADE FLOPPY DISK (Tarbell
board)
This 64- character ASCII impact printer
with 80- column capability is portable INTERFACE Kit $195.00
and uses standard 81/7" paper and reg- S -100 compatible 2 serial I/O Assembled 8t Tested $250 00
ular typewriter ribbon. Base, cover Ports, parallel 1/0,
and parallel interface are included. Kit
1
JG -P /S $124.95 S.D. Computer Products
Assembled and complete with manual Assembled 6 Tested: VERSA -FLOPPY
and documentation. JG -P/SA 6179.95 Kit $159.95
only $470.00 Bare Board w /Manual 9 30.00 Assembled R Tested S239 00
(90 day manufacturer's warranty)
TRS -80 Interface Cable for Black Box Printer Integral Data Systems
wills nlatlnq cunnellols: $48.00
(twist be used Willi expans.uri module, ,8v /1
atop power supply required *Check the impressive
Power Supply for TRS -80 /Black Box Printer $49.00 features on Integral's
IP-125 Impact Printer
TRENDCOM 100 only $799
Intelligent Printer
LOADED WITH EXTRAS AT NO EXTRA COST
M,croPr oc essu, controller Seo,a, R5237C 111/.11.¡. allai t L level ,nl
1 s uu
upper and lower case Aseii character sel Si. c acters) ar oil e':'- wide paper Lu,e
1
ingth nt SO columns at 10 characters per inch Impact pun

P apr
"q
/a dol 'nal,, Urd,n.ov
nil. tenfold o sheet Serial bared raie tuf 1200 0,1s per Second Multiple line bulle,
Oh.
256 Print rate i0 100 characters Per Second Multiple cool.,
Interface & Cable O
w,IPOUI adjustmnt
!bole I op cnnlnle
Re,ncinq "Delon rnChanis,n runt Panel no.,ato, controls Attractive
1
for TRS -80

$455.00 IP -225 Integral Data System IP-225 Tractor Feed Printer
40 character per second rate
Ali standard features of IP -125
Tractor feed paper drive
Interface Cable & Low cost thermal paper Forms Control Option (P1250) $949
for Apple 96 character set IP -125 Integral Data System IP-12S Friction Feed Printer
Microprocessor controlled 96 upper & lower case ASCII character set
Bidirectional look -ahead printing Enhanced character control
Quiet operation No external power supplies Only two Serial RS232C Interface (std. factory wiring)
High reliability Parallel TTL Interface (factory wired on req.)
driven parts Clear 5 x 7 characters
Attractive metal and plastic case 2 rolls of paper for $5.00
80 column line
256 byte multiline buffer $799
Aga Plugboards
8800V
M,c,pcomputer/p,oceso,
plugboard Ure w"h 5.100 bus Cons
pltte with heal unk IS hardware,
5.3" 10" 1/16"
U,- Densde Dual ,nL,ne Plug
Gen Purpose 0.1 Boards with
3690.12 soh Bus
P
Patton log Solder or 8801-1 p pattern plugboads for IC's
board
Power
for
Wore Wrap
a Ord Bus Epoxy
CARD EXTENDER woe wrap. Epoxy Glass 1/16" S.t as $800V cacao, Mom. Ins Epoxy Glass /16" M pin con
1
Glass 1/16" 44 pm non 1pKed
44 pin torr paced 156 power bows a heal sink paced 156 .156
Ca,n E.,,.4, her 100<oniac 50pe, idg 14 1024
17S hrd conec,o,,s corn 59
...
c
Pat,. won 100 BK Sr1,.,,

S $2.5.00 3677 0-r a 4.5" . 510.N 01961/ 10.05 17.15 15.96 3652 6.0" 4.5" $7.15 3612 0.1" 4.5" . . . . 510.17
3690 SY 2214 am ISO cm 36772 5.5" 4.5" 0901
51200
. . . . 96.74 14115 13.46 11.96 3962-2 9.6" 4.5" . . . s11-45 3652-21.5" 4.5". . - - 96 .11
443,
272 13Y11 June 1979 Circle 195 on inquiry card.

800/421 -5809 Continental U.S.
PLACE ORDERS TOLL FREE: 600/262 -1710 Inside CaNfomia
1RPPLETRS-80RPPLETRS 80RPPLETRS -80

LEEDEX MONITOR
JADE'S
DOUBLE DENSITY
ei
NEW! Jade memory
12" Black and White Controller Board JADE Z80 BOARD Expansion Nita for
12MHZ Bandwidth IMPROVED DESIGN AND THE -10 and Apple!
Handsome Plastic Case KIT: $249.00 FEATURES 4116's
Assmb. & Tstd: S299.00 ON BOARD 7708 or 7716 EPROM & Everything a person needs to
$139.00 Single or Double Density Recording
VERY RELIABLE AT 4 MHZ OR
2MHZ E
add 16K of memory. Chips
$ come neatly packaged with °
KIM -1 Module monit- Full Size or Mini Floppy
POWER ON JUMP AND RESET easy to follow directions. In
or, programs stored in
TEE 2048 ROM Bytes. User
CP /M Computable in either density
ON BOARD USART (8251)
minutes your machine Is m
ready for games and more
10M 1
Manual. Wall size
schematic, Hardware
Programmed Data Transfer. no DMA
ZMHz ñ advanced software. g
manual. Programming Controls up to 8 drives Kit sI3S.00
CASES
$179
- 529.95
manual, Programmers
reference card,and
Keyboard display.
IBM format in either density
Software Selectable Density
Assembled 6 Tested
Kit
wig
s1eS.00
$149.95 $82.00
Assembled d Tested $199.95
This controier utilizes the proven Bare Board $ 35.00
¡IL1
6502 - based
computer with keyboard /dis-
$245
single board
reliability of the IBM standard format
as well as the lastest phase- locked-
loop for data seperation. All clocks
are generated from an on -board
cyrstal oscillator Right precompen-
sation is used to enhanced data
Kit
JADE 834a64COA
with lull documentation
Assembled 8 Tested
$I00.00
$149.95
2 t9-S91. 91ddF1.09'S81. 31ddN.09'S B1.31ddd.
"IMSAI" -TYPE CARD

GUIDE SPECIAL:
play, KIM -1 hardware compa- Bare Board $ 30.00 Regular Price 304 each
recovery reliability in the double
tible, complete documentation. density mode Density selection is SPECIAL: 10 for $1.00!
SYM -1 CASE $39.95 enllirely transparent to the user EPROM BOARD KITS
Single and double density diskettes
MICROPROCESSORS
can be mixed on the same system. JG8/16 tunes 2708 or 27161 $69.95
F8
180 (2MHr)
Z80A (4MFiz)
CDP1802CD
51695
$20.00
$14 95
$17 95
iteat PPrieee
6502
6800
$1.1 95
$16,95
Rockwell AIM-85: The Head-Start DYNAMIC RAM BOARDS
6802
8008.1
$25.00
$12 95 In Microcomputers EXPANDABLE TO 64K
8035 $20.00
80358 $21 00
8080A $10 00 A KIM -1 compatible machine with 32K VERSION KITS
8085 $23.00 on -board printer and a real keyboard! Uses 4115 (8Kx 1, 25Ons) Dynamic
TM59900TL $19.95
B080A SUPPORT DEVICES $375.00w/1K RAM RAM's, can be expanded in 8K
8212 5 2 90 $450.00 w /4K RAM increments up to 32K:
8214 5 4 65 4K assembler /editor in ROM $ 80.00
8216 5 2 15 8K $159.00 24K $249.00
8224 2MHz) $ 4 30 8K BASIC in ROM: $100.00 16K $199.00 32K $299.00
8224.4 (4MHa) s 9.95 Power supply: S 59.95
8226
8228
5 2 75
S 6 40 Case for AIM -65: S 49.95 4115 SALE
8238 5 6.40 8for $39.95
8243
8251
5 8 00
$ 7 50
Special Package Price: $599.00
8253 $20 00 AIM -65 (4K), Power Supply, Case, and 6K BASIC ROM 64K VERSION KITS
8255 5 6 45
8257 $20 00 Jses 4116 (16Kx 1, 20ons) Dynamic
8259 $20 00 RAM's, can be expanded in 16K
USRT
8275
8279
$7500
$18 50 DYNABYTE
Naked Terminal
EXTOOL
increments up to 64K:
16K $249.00
32K $369.00
45K $469.00
64K $569.00
52350 $10 95
UARTS
AY5 1013A
AY5.1014A
5 5 25
8.25
350.00 ZIP* * STATIC RAM*
FEATURES 8 BENEFITS
DIP° II
S
TR1602B 5 5.25
TM56011 $ 5.95 80 character by 24 line format (Model 57) SPECIALS
íM6403 Completely sell contained terminal electronics, just
BAUD RATE GENERATORS
MC14411
14411 Crystal
s 9 00
$10.00
$ 4 95
add CCTV monitor and key board
Duplex, Full Duplex. Block mode

No support
software required Switch selectable modes: Hall
Block mode
Sockets 2114's, low power (1024x4)
450ns
1 -15 16 -99 j00
6800 PRODUCT allows for editing before transmit Keyboard 6.95 5.50
8.00
6810P $ 4.00 30ons 9.00
8.00 6.50
6820P
6821P
6828P
5 6.60
s 6.60
511.25
Interface provided Fully assembled, socketed.
tested, burned in, and guaranteed for a lull year
from date of purchase Video is switch selectable
CRII TMS4044 /MM5 57, low power
450ns
6834P 516.95 7.50
6850P S 8.65
"Black -on- While" or "White -on- Black" *ZERO 300ns 5,95 8.75 8.00
6852P 511.00
6860P S 9.25 S-100 EDGE CONNECTORS INSERTION FORCE 4200A (4Kx1, 200ns)
ú8.O5 sockets
6871P
PRICES: I9.95 8.50 18.00
6875P 5 8.75
6880P s 2.50 Swdei S3.25 16 pin Zip Dip II $5.60
CHARACTER GENERATORS 10 for $35.00 24 pin Zip Dip It $7.50 410D (4K x 1, 200 ns)
2513 upper -12.5)( $ 6.75 Wire Kral) $4 00 each 5.25 7.00 6.75
2513 Lower ( -12.5) 6.75 Lill 540.00 40 pin Zip Dip II $10.25
JADE
S I n
2513 Upper (5 vó11) 5 9.75
2513 Lower (5 volt)
MCM6571 up scan
$10.95
$10.95
STATIC RAM
PROMS
MCM6571 A down scn $10.95
BOARDS
1702A
2708
2716 (5.12) TI
$5 00
S 9.95
560.00
Computer Products JADE 8K
Kits: 450ns $125.95
2716(5v) INTEL $60.00 4901 W ROSECRANS AVENUE Telephone 250ns $149.75
2758 5v Department "F" 3 (213) 679 -3313 Assembled & Tested:
DYNAMIC RAMS
HAWTHORNE. CALIFORNIA 90250 (800) 421 -5809 Continental U S. 450ns $139.75
416D/4116 (200es) $12.50 2SOns $169.75
2104/4096 s 4.00 U.S A (800) 262 -1710 Inside California
Bare Board: S 25,00
2107 8-4
TM54 02 7 /4 096 (300ns)
STATIC RAMS -15 1
5 3.95
5 4.00
16-100
16K -Uses 2114's (low power)
Assembled & Tested:
21L02 450ns S 1.50 5 1.20 RAM 16 (2SOns ) $375.00
21L02 (250ns) S 1.75 s 1.50 RAM 1613450ns $325.00
2101 -1 S 2.95 5 2.60 Cash, checks, money orders, and credit cards accepted. Add
21111 S 3.25 S 3.00 freight charge of $2,50 for orders under 10 lbs. and $1.00 service 16K with memory management
21121 S 2.95 If 2.65 Assembled & Tested:
FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLERS charge for orders under $10.00. Add 6% sales tax on all parts RAM 65 (250ns) $390.00
1771801 $39.95 delivered in California. Discounts available at OEM quantities. RAM 65B4SOns $350.00
1791 $49 95 32K Static
KEYBOARD CHIPS Assembled & Tested:
AY5.2376 $13.75 WRITE FOR OUR FREE CATALOG 250ns $785.00
AY5 -3600 $13.75 All prices subject to change without notice. 450ns
MM5740 $18.00
$725.00
250ns Kit $575.00

What's New? SOFTWARE
Full Standard PILOT on PET programs will need the second cassette KIM -1 Control System
drive offered by Commodore.
Commodore PET owners can get full The package offered by the PET - PCROS is a Process Control Real -
standard PILOT on a minimum size PET PILOT project contains both programs, time Operating System for the KIM -1
with the PETPILOT language processor a sample PILOT program, a teacher's microcomputer board. The operating
and editor which is suitable for preparing manual, a quick reference card, and system is designed to function in the 1 K
long programs of up to 80,000 char- licenses to run the programs on a single byte KIM -1 programmable memory.
acters. The product features full BASIC PET. A tutorial course of 4 one hour PCROS can control up to twelve switches
in compute statements as well as two lessons in effective use of PILOT is also and is driven by a real time clock routine
new keywords designed to make PILOT available. The basic package costs $12, that makes use of the KIM -1 timer and
programming easier and faster. All lan- and the tutorial is an extra $8. Both interrupt circuitry.
guage features of the most recent PILOT products can be ordered by specifying A process control language inter-
standard are implemented. Only the tape the PET serial number to be licensed. preter has been included as an integral
drive supplied with the PET is required For further information contact Dave part of PCROS. The interpreter utilizes
to run any PILOT program. While simple Gomberg, 7 Gateview Ct, San Francisco the on board KIM -1 keyboard and di-
PILOT programs can be created on a CA 94116. play. The process control language inter-
single drive PET, authors writing long Circle 620 on inquiry card. preter provides nine commands for appli-
cation program development: set swit-
ches, hold full- second current settings
FORTRAN Compiler for 6800 Produces mented by Smoke Signal's Linking (up to 255), hold quarter-second current
Relocatable Object Code Loader for loading the object listing settings (up to 255), repeat command
into any portion of memory specified. sequence, reset repeat loop, go to sub-
A FORTRAN compiler for 6800 Requiring 24 K bytes of user pro- routine, return from subroutine, load
microprocessors, which produces re- grammable memory, the compiler has a and execute next program (from cassette
locatable object code in a Motorola data initialization capability, features tape), and halt. Application programs
compatible format, has been introduced arithmetic and logical IF statements, and can contain up to 56 commands.
by Smoke Signal Broadcasting, 31336 handles sequential access files so that up PCROS on KIM format cassettes with
Via Colinas, Westlake Village CA 91361. to four files can be opened at any one users manual is priced at $14.95. The
Programs are compiled to run under the time. FORTRAN library subroutines can assembly listing is available for $24.95.
company's DOS -68 disk operating system also be built. For further information contact H Geller
for scientific applications, number The 6800 FORTRAN compiler is Computer Systems, POB 350, New York
crunching and multidimensional array priced at $99. NY 10040.
processing. The compiler is also comple- Circle 621 on inquiry card. Circle 622 on inquiry card.
TM
PERSONAL COMPUTING SOFTWARE FOR APPLE PET AND TRS -80®
APPLE COMMODORE POWERSOFT

GRT PERSONAL SOFTWARE P.D.I. SOFTAPE
EXCLUSIVELY AT ALL PARTICIPATING ComputerLand STORES.

...:'.;
..
....
..
...
16K EPROM CARD -S 100 BUSS
$59.9t1
6K LOW POWER RAM KIT -S 100 BUSS
250 NS SALE!
ADD $5
..
.
tes ,Tar.üdca 1el-mir1f FOR
.... KIT
..
vas Tsar i',Irl;i 'xis,;slrn YT.7411)T.
250NS!
... OUR
BEST
isus Puss taaal;5etc
:1a1 111111171.''k':'
.,. s,
as
_
.. $129
SELLING
see... KIT! KIT
..
.. .
....
....
USES 2708's!
Thousands of personal and business systems around Thousands of computer systems rely on this rugged, work
the world use this board with complete satisfaction. horse, RAM board. Designed for error -free, NO HASSLE,
Puts 16K of software on line at ALL TIMES! Kit features systems use.
a top quality soldermasked and silk- screened PC board KIT FEATURES:
I 111f ill (450 NS RAMS!)
....:i
.\.
.... and first run parts and sockets. All parts (except 2708's) 1. Doubled sided PC Board with solder Blank PC Board w /Documentation
.
mask and silk screen Iayout.Gold $29.95
are included. Any number of EPROM locations may be
..
plated contact fingers. Low Profile Socket Set...13.50
disabled to avoid any memory conflicts. Fully buffered 2. All sockets included. Support IC's (TTL & Regulators)
3. Fully buffered on all address and data S9.75
and has WAIT STATE capabilities. Bypass CAP's (Disc & Tantalums)
'.
lines.
OUR 450NS 2708'S 4. Phantom is jumper selectable to pin $4.50
ASSEMBLED
ARE $8.95 EA. WITH 67.
AND FULLY TESTED
J ..i
ASSEMBLED AND FULLY
5. FOUR 7805 regulators are provided
PURCHASE OF KIT
.
ADD $25 on card. BURNED IN ADD $30
16K STATIC RAM KIT -S 100 BUSS =3_

COMPLEMENTARY POWER TRANSISTORS ....5
SILICON NPN AND PNP. TO -220 CASE.
$295 KIT ....:
M
VCEO - 40V PD - 30 WATTS
FOR AUDIO POWER AMPS, ETC
.
.... YOUR CHOICE
FULLY TIP29 -NPN
STATIC, AT
TIP30 - PNP 3 FOR $1
ji....
_
."
DYNAMIC PRICES
...
WHY THE 2114 RAM CHIP?
We feel the 2114 will be the next industry standard
RAM chip (like the 2102 was). This means price.
KIT FEATURES:
1. Addressable as four separate 41( Blocks. 16K DYNAMIC RAM CHIP NOT ASSOCIATED
WITH
...
...
2. ON BOARD BANK SELECT circuitry. 16K X Bits. 16 Pin Package Same as Mostek 4116 -4. 250 NS access. 410
1
availability. and quality will all be good! Next. the (Cromemco Standard'). Allows up to 512K on NS cycle lime. Our best price yet for this state of the art RAM 32K and64K DIGITAL RESEARCH
2114 is FULLY STATIC! We feel this is the ONLY line! RAM boards using this chip are readily available. These are new. fully CALIFORNIA,
..
way to go on the S-100 Buss! We've all heard the OF
3. Uses 2114 (450NS) 4K Static Rams. guaranteed devices by a major mfg VERY LIMITED STOCK!
..
THE SUPPLIERS OF
HORROR stories about some Dynamic Ram
Boards having trouble with DMA and FLOPPY
DISC DRIVES. Who needs these kinds of
4. ON BOARD SELECTABLE WAIT STATES.
5. Double sided PC Board. with solder mask and
silk screened layout. Gold plated contact lingers.
8 FOR $89.95 CPM SOFTWARE. .....
problems', And finally. even among other 4K
2708 EPROMS
...
6. All address and data lines fully buffered.
Static RAM's the 2114 stands out' Not all 4K static 7. Kit includes ALL parts and sockets
450 NS!
Rams are created equal! Some of the other 4K's
have clocked chip enable Ines and various timing
6. PHANTOM is jumpered to PIN 67.
9. LOW POWER: under 2 amps TYPICAL from the
Now full speed! Prime new units from a major U.S. .....s
windows just n critical as Dynamic RAM's. Some e Volt Buss Mfg. 450 N.S. Access time. 1K x 8. Equiv. to 4 -1702
..
of our competitor's 16K boards use these tricky' 10. Blank PC Board can be populated as any
devices. But not us! The 2114 is the ONLY logical
choice for a trouble -free. straightforward design.
multiple of 4K. A's in one package. ..
... BLANK PC BOARD W /DATA -S33

LOW PROFILE SOCKET SET -412 ASSEMBLED & TESTED -ADD $30 44645-ea,<
$995 -4-FOR---$6e111
....
.. .
SUPPORT IC'S & CAPS -$19.95 2114 RAMS-8 FOR $69.95 PRICE CUT
NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR NEW! EXPERIMENTER'S HEATING PLATE MALLORY COMPUTER

_.... CAR CLOCK MODULE - #MA6008 Large Manufacturers Surplus. 51/4x101/2 in. Made GRADE CAPACITOR
of 3/8 in. tempered glass with heating element 30,000 MFD 15 WVDC
Originally used by HYGAIN to indicate time and .
laminated on back. Works off 120 VAC. Small: 3 x 2 Inches
....
.... $699 channel on an expensive C.B. Mini size, self
contained module. Not a Kit. Four digits plus Protected by thermostat and two thermal fuses.
flashing indicator for seconds. Includes MM5369 Rated 120 Watts. Use for any heating
$1.99 ea. 3 For $4.99
New REAL TIME
each
.. and 3.58 MHZ crystal for super accurate time base. applications. Perfect for heating ferric chloride
seer". Computer Clock Chlp
to increase PC Board etching efficiency. Units
.... With hookup data.
MFGR's CLOSEOUT are brand new, non -submersible.
N.S. MM5313. Features
BOTH 7 segment and
INCLUDES CRYSTAL
WORKS ON 12
TIMEBASE!
VDC! LIMITED QTY. WHILE THEY LAST each
BCD outputs. 28 Pin
DIP. $4.95 with Data
-$2.99
...
Z -80 PROGRAMMING MANUAL GENERAL INSTRUMENT "THE COLOSSUS"
By MOSTEK, or ZILOG. The most detailed explanation
FULL WAVE BRIDGE of FAIRCHILD SUPER JUMBO LED READOUT
.....
Ò A full .80 inch character. The biggest readout we have
'
4 AMP 600 PIV
ever on the working of the Z 80 CPU CHIPS. At least
.... one full page on each of the 158 Z -80 instructions. A 3/4 IN SOUARE WITH LUGS
ever sold! Super efficient. Compare at up to $2.95 each
from others! YOUR CHOICE
MUST reference manual for any user of the Z -80. 300 -f5al 3 FOR $2 LM1 FND 843 Common Anode =
49
pages. Just off the press. $12.95 I Yr FND 850 Common Cathode 1 ea (6 for $6.95)
.... Digital Research Corporation 0

TERMS: Add 30e postage. we pay balance Orders under $15 add 75C handling
C We accept Visa. MasterCharge. and American Express cards Tex Res add
No
TEXAS) (OF 5% Tax Foreign orders (except Canada add 20% P d H 90 Day Money Back
''/
Guarantee on all items
P.O. BOX 401247Y GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 (214) 271 -2461
.
::::
i¡¡o
Circle 100 on inquiry card. u ii ,,, 275
The TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 800 -223 -7318
COMPUTER FACTORY
COMMODORE pp::I!
wore
"PET" al
my $795 S549D
14K ROM Operating systen
8K RAM Memory
9' Video Monitor
Built Nn Keyboard
Digitally controlled tape S1495 Complete! BILLINGS MICROSYSTEM
Today s hest value in personal computers. along with the latest 16K Model add $200
EXPANDABLE TO
M SS
Nn peripherals are always in stock at the COMPUTER FACTORY
PE sBUS
32K Model add $500 2 MEGABYTES NEW.
NEW!
The PET is now a truly sophisticated
Compuool,or II
COMPUCOLOR II Disk -Based Model 3
Advanced hardware and software technology
features.
12" CRT
64K RAM
Z -80
Dual mini floppy
320 K Storage
Graphics
94 Keys
2 RS -232 ports
1 parallel port
Business System with the Floppy gives you
Disk and Printer which makes an 13" Color Display BUSINESS SOFTWARE AVAILABLE?
ideal cost efficient business Advanced Color Graphics
system for most professional and 51K Disk Built -In APVtl n
specialized fields: medicine.
16K ROM Operating System ,miditnnn,1nV1
...,.
a
8K RAM User Memory .1111 RASII. ,n RIME lost ASL 11
law, research. engineering, 4K RAM Refresh ,ard or hpnwr,l,t mmd r
, r,iw
education, etc. 8080A Microcomputer ....t.iun,l,hir
t'I i., 4eK
RS -232 I/O
PET 2001 - f
Every unit comet with an extended DISK - APPII 11 One SS9S
12 K BASIC that has lull file management capa- APPIlSill or

Inieilat C,a,
1 ROM SAM
SI /9
bility resident in the COMPUCOLOR II in
32K 1295 16K of ROM Color is fantastic. but COM-
16 or 32K Byte. MICROPRUOUCIS
PUCOLOR II has the power to handle com- (PROM nun 99 95
Dynamic RAM 14K ROM plex tasks and small business applications
S
[PROM Suck Aapi S 14 9S

Operating System An impressive software library supplements APPI 1111 Mmlr.n SIM 9S
Upper/Lower Case and your own creativity
Graphics
PERIPHERALS
Full Sized Business Keyboard
Full Screen Editing
Operating system will support
FOR PET
BUSINESS
COMPUTER r
SUPER SOFTWARE
245 Memory expansion 5499 Word This super advanced lull function program will allow
multiple Languages (BASIC
resident)
16K Memory Expansion
PET to RS232 Serial
399
169
.
IMSAI Processing you to create text from PET or terminal keyboard.
INSERT DELETE CENTER UNDERLINE
Machine Language Monitor 2 Way Serial/Communication 229 The low cost solution For PET
FULL SCREEN EDITING MOVE LINES OR
8K ROM Expansion Sockets Modern Board for PET for all small business
9' CRT_ Analog to Digital Board
37S
problems A wide variety IOW" BLOCKS SAVE TEXT ON TAPE AUTO PRINT
FEATURE....545
t For 16 Devices........
Second Cassette Drive
275
95
of software rs
available for all your needs Apple's This fantastic program disk allows the statistician.
Parallel Printer Interlace 199 PCS series include dual floppies. 32K RAM Moving mathematician. trader in stocks, money or
i O. DOS. BASIC Average commodities, the ability to maintain 30 database
PCS -42 (400KB) $3295 Plot series of up to 300 values and plot 3 different moving
PCS -44 (780KB) $3995 Program averages of a series at the same time, In 3 different
VDP -42 series adds video terminal. key- colors. Files can be updated, deleted, changed.
board and VIO to above extended, etc.
VDP -42 $4995 VDP -44 WAS A sure value disk at only $401
VDP 80 $7995 Word Processing For Apple on disk...$50
PET Bottom and Rear Tractor Feed
PRIN ERS 8'.,' Paper Width
ANDERSON JACOBSON
2023 $849
6504 Microprocessor Controlled
150 cps BI- directional
SORCERER
2022 $995 4K ROM 'rK RAM
Upper /Lower Case and Graphics
SPECIAL .1111.15'
(Includes 7 x 6 Dot Matrix
Tractors) PET br Ex10y
12" Video Monitor
80 P101eu0i
MUSIC BOX 7
Add music and sound

effects to your
Keibo,rd and Numnu
8K RAM (up to 32K1
Pad
$895
for SORCERER
sepal and PanIW PO
fá299 value)
issogs programs. Compose.
play. end hear music on
your pet. Completely
self -contained (no
wiring). Free 3
Oual Cassette 110
30
s 100
64
comanele
Onan
M Urn Defined Che, r
240 512 Rnaloilon Guphici

i
Modulai design gown use of both uuenn

ONLY
$125 with 8K unit
Mt IIO Tnrmul
NMI for
ASC
IS
rd processing and lnWi
11 Code
[a w,ncaut
attain', Sluhn Amimg
+ônsoru
tu
giNl,i
$1095
programs Including Star High
Wars theme. sound

effects, etc. S39.
for proyamr and ROM PAC a,ni.agro loi
future language ,nnoanmmni Ide API. 95 with 16K unit Um Keyboard lof
Rlrbie hurt duty M,chnnm
PET
sane/
DUAL DRIVE FLOPPY

COBOL. Plko T, FORTRAN. etc Add mar
.tor end i,pe or dnk toi complete compute. 65 with 32K unit Completely Refurbished by A.J
Senora in 15 Melor Corn $1195
irstem
DISK 2040 $1295
360 K Bytes Storage RADIO SHACK PET SORCERER
LE
High Speed Data Transfer
Plugs into IEEE Port APPLE COMPUCOLOR ETC.
6504 Microprocessor
8K ROM Operating System PRINTERS PRINTERS PRINTERS
aK ROM Encoding and The COMPUTER FACTORY'S extensive CENTRONICS 51095
Decoding
4K RAM
Come In Or Call For inventory and wide selection of computer AXIOM (Parallel)
printers assures you of finding the printer AXIOM (Serial)
445
520
Uses Single or Dual sided
Diskettes
Special Low Prices best suited for your needs and TRENOCOM
specifications The following printers workINTEGRAL DATA
375
WE'RE MOVING TO well with all known personal computers OUME or DIABLO
795
3400
SINGLE DRIVE INTERTEC's
/
LARGER QUARTERS
FLOPPY UNIT AND MUST SELL Open INTERTUBE video terminal
2041 $895 EVERYTHING IN OUR Min Credit Card Mon, -Fri. Full screen editing 24 x 80 Maple
and microprocessor
INVENTORY Order $75 10 -6
residents add 8ko sates tax Same day
,Only $8ió SPmet aid
C\ P
5K nel user storage N Y
71
shipment on prepaid and credit ca orders Sat 10 -4 d
pcic'
Add 55 shipping for computers. $3 for SQa
53501 Sotlwarewnh ouichase of any 0\\ e
FREE computer on This page
boards.5 25 each cassette lape. gUV \QI 0 Ch
Ut
vake t
TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 800- 223 -7318 a \ pt è (46th St.)
485 Lexington Avenue 750 Third Avenue New York, N.Y. 10017
The COMPUTER FACTORY (212) 687 -5001 (212) PET -2001 Foreign order desk - Telex 640055
276 BYTE lune 1979

North Star CRT INTERFACES
Utilities Package
SUPPLIES black white /color
Monitors Combination Row/monitor sets
With these programs the user can:
Modulator kits B -W Cameras Color
Read a basic program directly from a Cameras Audio Subcarrier kits Parts
disc and list all variables appearing in
the program (Listings can be made
of variables versus line numbers or
line numbers versus variables.)
Selectively print out any statement, FLOPPY DISKS. MINI OR

function or command versus the line STANDARD MEMOREX OR 3M
numbers that it appears in 3M DATA CARTRIDGES
OC300A OC100A
Print out a "flow chart" of the basic 3M DIGITAL CASSETTES
program 3M OR MEMOREX AUDIO
CASSETTES. C.60
3M DISK CARTRIDGES
This package is essential for examin-
WE OFFER:
ing and modifying basic programs. It
COMPETITIVE PRICING WRITE or PHONE for DETAILS PRICING.
is provided on a North Star Diskette S
IMMEDIATE DELIVERIES
for $ 15.00. Any Ou.ntity)
UNCONDITIONAL GUARANTEE
I DIAL: 402- 981 -37111
Potter's Programs
c
BETA BUSINESS SYSTEMS Dealers welcomed. Well established program.
22444 Lakeland 9369 VICKERS ST.. IG
SAN DIEGO. CA 92111
St. Clair Shores, MI 48081 17141 5E64506 141, 13 -B ATV R -.dJcar'c'h Dakota City,
1313) 573 -8000 Broadway _,,,,t._ NE. 68131
BASIC
SHORT CASSETTES SUBROUTINE ADVERTISE YOUR
LIBRARY PROGRAMS IN OUR NEW
\ Volume 1
C-10
O FEET ARRAYS
MATRIX ALGEBRA
-
searching. sorting.
minimum, maximum, sums,
- addition, subtrac- Computer

List $1.00 10 for 57.50 50 for 532.50 tion, multiplication, transposition.
Software
determinant, inversion.
MICROSEI IL CO. SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS non -
777 Palomar Ave. Sunnyvale. CA 94086 symmetrical, symmetrical, banded.

three -diagonal.
Any routine you'll ever need, involving
Duplication Services
Microsette also offers professional
duplication services for Commo-
arrays, matrix algebra or simultaneous
equations, can be found in this com-
prehensive collection of subroutines,
compactible with any version of BASIC
having subscripted variables.
Directory
FOR AS LITTLE AS $20 YEAR!
dore PET and Radio Shack TRS -80 Numerous examples show how to incor-
porate those subroutines into your pro-
Level I and Level I1 cassettes. Our grams or how to use them as stand EVEN I F YOU ONLY HAVE ONE
service provides mastering, quality alone programs.
control, all material including two - Order now and save days of work. PROGRAM TO SELL, WRITE:
piece box. affixing of your labels or 518.00 U.S. plus $2.00 for handling
supplying our blank labels and ship-
ping. Prices start at $2.00 each in
and postage. CYBE RT RON
100 quantity. VM Professional Application
Software, Inc.
P.O. BOX 5056
MICROSETTE CO.
777 Palomar Ave. Sunnyvale, CA 94086
2703 Bainbridge Avenue
BURNABY, B.C. V5A 2S7
BETHLEHEM, PA.18015
/ /
RECYCLE(D) (TRs8o
SPECIAL PROMOTION SALE
FLOPPY DISK
COMPUTERS SAVE 10%, 15% or more on ALL REPAIR
Computers, Peripherals, Software,
BUY' .': SELL ,/,7 SWAP and ALL other fine Radio Shack®
products.
Hardware & Software
NEW PRODUCT ANNOUNCEMENTS
NO TAXES on out-of -state ship- PerSci and Shugart
ments.
27 ¡nee* FREE Surface delivery in U.S. Quick turnaround
Mailed 1st Class every 3 Weeks WARRANTIES will be honored Factory' trained on
by your local Radio Shack® store.
I yr. (18 issues) r $3.75
Offered exclusively by PerSci
ON LINE
Radio Shack°
Authorized Sales Center
1117 Conway
I4:a. aff +.: ú
COMPUTER SERVICE CENTER
A Ire
Oat 116611,. 12414116 8114611601 10i: Mission, Texas 78572 7501 Sunset Blvd
24698 Banta Cruz Hwy. Loe Datos, CA 95030 (512) 585 -2765 Hollywood CA 90046
iJAA 13JA 41118
213 -851 -2226
TRS -80 ES. MODEM* APPLE 11*
T.V. TAPE ,
TYPEWRITER
SERIAL I/O Type 103
half duplex
Full or
Works up SERIAL I/O Stand alone TVT
INTERFACE
Can input into basic to 300 baud Origi- 32 char /line, 16 Play and record Kan-
Can use LLIST and nate or Answer No
INTERFACE lines, modifications for sas Oty Standard tapes
LPRINT to output, or coils, only low cost 64 char /line included Converts a low cost
output continuously components TTL in- Baud rate is continuously adjustable from 0 Parallel ASCII (TTL) tape recorder to a
RS -232 compatible put and output -serial Plugs into any peripheral input
Can be used with or
to 30.000 Video output digital recorder Works
Connect 8 n speak- connector Low current drain. RS -232 input 1K on board memory up to 1200 baud Dig-
without the expansion er and crystal mic. and output On board switch selectable 5 to Output for computer ital in and out are TTL-
bus On board switch directly to board controlled curser
8 data bits, 1 or 2 stop bits, and parity or no serial Output of
selectable baud rates Uses XR FSK demod- parity either odd or even Jumper selectable Auto scroll Non- board connects to mic.
of 110. 150, 300, 600, ulator Requires +5 SOFTWARE Input and Output destructive curser in of recorder Ear-
address
1200, 2400, parity or volts Board only routine from monitor or BASIC to teletype or Curser inputs: up. down, phone of recorder con-
no parity odd or even, $7.60 Part No. 109, left, right, home, EOL, nects to input on board
other serial printer Program for using an
5 to 8 data bits, and 1 with parts $27.50 Part Apple II for a video or an intelligent terminal. EOS Scroll up, down No coils Requires
or 2 stop bits. D.T.R. No. 109A Also can output in correspondence code to Requires +5 volts +5 volts, low power
line Requires +5, interface with some selectrics. Also at 1.5 amps, and -12 drain Board only
-12 VDC Board only watches DTR Board only $15.00 Pert No. volts at 30 mA All $7.60 Part No. 111,
$19.95 Part No. 8010, 2, with parts $42.00 Part No. 2A, assembled 7400, TTL chips with parts $27.50 Part
with parts $59.95 Part $62.00 Part No. 2C Char. gen. 2513 No. 111A
No. 8010A. assembled Upper case only
$79.95 Part No. 8010 Board only $39.00
C. No connectors pro- Part No. 106, with
vided, see below. 8K EPROM PIICEON parts $145.00 Part
Saves programs on PROM permanently (until No. 106A
erased via UV light) up to 8K bytes. Programs
may be directly run from the program saver
such as fixed routines or assemblers. S-
100 bus compatible Room for 8K bytes of
EPROM non -volatile memory (2708's). On-
board PROM programming Address
relocation of each 4K of memory to any 4K
/RS232 con- boundary within 64K Power on jump and
EIA
nector Part No. reset jump option for "turnkey" systems and UART 6 HEX ENCODED
0925P Se m, wrth
e conductor
computers without a front panel Program BAUD RATE KEYBOARD
saver software available Solder mask both
'.
cable 51095 Part E.S.

No Oe25P8 sides Full silkscreen for easy assembly. GENERATOR* This HEX keyboard
obbon cede
3'
w9h attached con
Program saver software in 1 2708 EPROM has 19 keys, 16 encod-
$25. Bare board $35 including custom coil, Converts serial to
-
[Auk TRS ed with 3 user defin-

AMU 80 and ow sensi board with parts but no EPROMS $139, with parallel and parallel to able. The encoded TTL
41111111110
board 519 85 Pan
4 EPROMS $179. with B EPROMS $219. serial Low cost on outputs, 8 -4 -2 -1 and
No 3CAa40
board baud rate gener- STROBE are debounced
ator Baud rates: and available in true
RS- 232 / TTL# RS-232/ TTY? 110. 150, 300, 600, and complement form.
1200, and 2400 Four onboard LEDs
INTERFACE INTERFACE Low power drain +5 indicate the HEX code
volts and -12 volts generated for each
Converts TTL to RS- I Converts RS -232 to required TTL com-
232, and converts RS- 20mA current loop. key depression. The
patible All characters
232 to TTL Two sep- and 20mA current loop board requires a single
contain a start bit, 5 +5 volt supply. Board
arate circuits Re- to RS -232 Two sep- to 8 data bits, 1 or 2
quires -12 and +12 arate circuits Re- only $15.00 Part No.
stop bits, and either HEX -3, with parts
volts All connections quires +12 and -12 odd or even parity. All
go to a 10 pin gold volts Board only $49.95 Part No. HEX-
connections go to a 44
plated edge connector
Board only $4.50
$4.50 Part No 600,
with parts $7.00 Part
WAMECO INC. 11-#W7ma pin gold plated edge
3A. 44 pin edge con-
nector $4.00 Part No
connector Board only 44P.
Part No. 232, with No. 600A $12.00 Part No. 101,
parts $7.00 Part No. FOC -1 FLOPPY CONTROLLER BOARD will
drive shugart, pertek, remic 5. E. 8- drives with parts $35.00 Part
232A 10 Pin edge up to B drives, on board PROM with power No. 101A, 44 pin edge
connector $3.00 Part boot up, will operate with CPM (not connector $4.00 Part
No 10P included). PCBD $42.95 No. 44P
FPB -1 Front Panel. (Finally) AMSAI size hex
...A...4,-.
o a
Byte or instruction singlle42 eft
' .
PCplays.
MEM -1A 8Kx8 fully buffered. S -100. uses
2102 type RAMS.
PCBD $24.95, $168 Kit
OMB -12 MOTHER BOARD. 13 slot termi-
o nated, S -100 board only $34.95
$89.95 Kit
CPU -1 8080A Processor board S -100 with
P.12r NO 60'0
8 level vector interrupt PCBD $25.95
$89.95 Kit
RTC -1 Realtime clock board. Two independ-
ent interrupts. Software programmable.
S -100 BUS PCBD
EPM -1 1702A 4K EPROM
$25.95, $60.95 Kit
DC POWER SUPPLY*
card PCBD $25.95
ACTIVE TERMINATOR $49.95 with parts less EPROMS
EPM -2 2708/2716 16K/32K
Board supplies a regulated +5
volts at 3 amps., +12, -12, and -5
Board only $14.95 Part No. 900, with parts EPROM card PCBD $24.95 volts at 1 amp. Power required is
$24.95 Part No. 900A $49.95 with parts less EPROMS
OMB -9 MOTHER BOARD. Short Version of 8 volts AC at 3 amps., and 24 volts
OMB -12. 9 Slots PCBD $30.95 AC C.T. at 1.5 amps. Board only
$67.95 Kit $12.50 Part No. 6085, with parts
MEM -2 16KxB Fully Buffered 2114 Board
PCBD $25.95, $269.95 Kit
excluding transformers $42.50
Part No. 6085A Nib
Mention part number, description, and price. In USA. shipping paid for orders accompaniedby check, money order, or Master Charge, BankAmericard. or VISA
To Order
=
number, expiration date and signature. Shipping charges added to C.O.D. orders. California residents add 6.5% for tax. Outside USA add 10Wc for air mail
postage and handling. no C.O.D.'s. Checks and money orders must be payable in US dollars. Parts kits include sockets for all ICs, components. and circuit
board. Documentation is included with-all products. Prices are in US dollars. No open accounts. To eliminate tariff in Canada boxes are marked "Computer
Parts." Dealer inquiries invited. 24 Hour Order Line: (400) 226 -4064 o Circuits designed by John Bell
For free catalog including parts lists and schematics. send a self- addressed stamped envelope.
ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS Dept. g, P. 0. Box 21638, San Jose, CA USA 95151
278 BY E )une 1979 Circle 125 on inquiry card.

The DAlI-TRANS 1000
A completely refurbished
ISM Selectric Terminal with
built-in ASCII Interface.
Features:
300 Baud
14.9 characters per second
printout
Reliable heavy duty Selectric
mechanism HOW TO ORDER
RS -232C Interface DATA -TRANS 1000
Documentation included 1. We accept Visa, Master For orders and information
Charge. Make cashiers checks or
60 day warranty -parts and
labor personal check payable to: DATA -TRANS
High quality Selectric printing DATA-TRANS 2154 O'Toole St.
Off-line use as typewriter 2. All orders are shipped Unit E
Optional tractor feed available F.O.B. San Jose, CA SanJose, CA 95131
15 inch carriage width 3. Deliveries are immediate Phone: (408) 263 -9246
TIDMA:c T.V. INTERFACE
Tape Interface Direct
+R
y
M
4
1M y
:r
11 131 ry1
n1 11 ro
h KI
ItN
N
hb r
16 lrnl<
Il v x
s, Memory Access Re-
cord and play programs
without bootstrap load-
er (no prom) has FSK
Converts video to
AM modulated RF.
Channels 2 or 3. So
powerful almost no
4 r al ,q ril IA Iris K K If : encoder /decoder for tuning is required. On
+d 4 4 'q ''1 we r Ir IN K+ M . direct connections to
low cost recorder at
board regulated power
supply makes this ex-
1200 baud rate, and tremely stable. Rated
direct connections for very highly in Doctor
inputs and outputs to Dobbs' Journal. Recom-
ASCII KEYBOARD Mounted to DECWRITER Panel a digital recorder at
any baud rate S -100
mended by Apple
Power required is 12
By Cherry Products ... ASSEMBLED 89.95 bus compatible Board
only $35.00 Part No.
volts AC C.T., or +5
volts DC Board only
112. with parts $110 $7.60 part No. 107,
Part No. 112A with parts $13.50 Part
No. 107A
ASCII to Correspondence code converter

This bidirectional board is a direct replacement for the board
inside the Trendata 1000 terminal. The on board connector
provides AS -232 serial in and out. Sold only as an assembled and
triPpia II
(Illegal where
With 16K $1024.00 prohibited by law.)
tested unit for $330.00. Part No. TA 1000C
Mention part number, description. and price. in USA. shipping paid for orders accompanied by check, money order, or Master Charge. GankAmericard. or VISA
To Order number. expiration date and signature. Shipping charges added to C.O.D. orders. California residents add 6.5 °I° for tax. Outside USA add 10% for air mail
postage and handling, no C.O.0's. Checks and money orders must be payable in US dollars. Parts kits include sockets for all ICs, components. and circuit
board. Documentation is included with-all products. Prices are in US dollars. No open accounts. To eliminate tariff in Canada boxes are marked "Computer
Parts." Dealer inquiries invited. 24 Hour Order Line. í40B1 226 -4064 # Circuits designed by John Bell
For free catalog including parts lists and schematics, send a self- addressed stamped envelope.
ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS Dept. B, P. 0. Box 21638, San Jose, CA USA 95151

8" Siemens FDD120 -8 Drive Low Profile Socket Spectacular!!!

All Siemen's options included Featuring a kind of "Mexican Hand.
in this drive which can be con-
figured hard or soft and single
or double density. (Others give
Electrolabs shake" principle, these sockets will
NOT let your IC's vibrate outil In
8,14,16,18,20,22,24,28 &40 lct /pin
only stripped unit) $425.00 POB 6721, Stanford, CA 94305 1000+:.75 /pin, 20,000 +:.65/pin
415- 321 -5601 800 -227 -8266
Visa, American Express, Master
"Power One" Model CP206 10 Megabyte
Floppy Power Unit. For two
drives going full -out, and pass- SUPER DISK !!! NEW
ably more on less severe service. =MTBF
2.8A @24V, 2.5A @5V, 0.5A@ -5V. 4000hrs PRODUCT
Beautiful quality. $99.00 %.1-uÜ i.. RELEASE !!!
DISKETTES (Standard)
8" Boxed 10 $39.00
51/4" Boxed 10 $34.95
Tarbe11 ("It Works ") Interface NEW Breakthrough
(Includes cable set for 2 drives) SHRINKS In Size, Weight (391bs)
$265.00 BUT ONLY $219.00 your media Power (125W) Perform-
with purchase of two drives.
RELIABLY !! ance (3600rpm) and
Cable Kits 10' with 50 cond. cost effectiveness (10
cable and connectors and also MBy and controller
Molex connectors and power
cable: For one drive: $27.50 for $6750.00) For
For two drives: $33.95, and PDP -11, LSI.11
for three drives: $38.95 AND
S -100 machines
r CABINETS for FDD120 and

801 Drives, or CP206 power
R ll
supply. Matte finish in mar ESAT200B (Bi- Lingual) 80X24
resistant black epoxy paint
Stacking type design. $29.99 Communicating Terminal
Scrolling, Full Cursor, Bell, 8X8
matrix, 256 addressable characters
Used Sylvania 12" Video 110.19,200 baud, etc, etc
Monitors. Composite video This terminal has been purchased
15mhz, 115vac, 50 /60hz by many agencies, universities &
companies. Fully stand-alone, it is
New Tube. As shown $109 the only dual font terminal of any
OEM style without case: kind for less than $2500.
$99, Anti -glare tube option Supplied complete and fully guaran-
e:-:ß'
ÿti
add $12. Specify p4 or p 39 teed: (many graphics applications) r;
$349.00
/wmç4;,,, WAMECO INC.

JUNE SPECIAL SALE
PREPAID ORDERS
ON PREPAAID
LC CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS
FDC -1 FLOPPY CONTROLLER BOARD will drive
Shugart, pertek, remic 5" & 8" drives up to 8 drives,
(charge cords not included on this otter)
5% OFF ON WAMECO PCBD's
16K RAM BOARD. Fully buffered addressable in 4K on board PROM with power boot up, will operate MIKOS PARTS ASSORTMENT
blocks. IEEE standard for bank addressing 2114's with CPM (not Included). WITH BOARDS AND
PCBD $26.95 PCBD $42.95 CCS COMPUTER PRODUCTS
Kit 450 $259.95 FP191 Front Panel. IMSAI size, hex displays. Byte, (lam not Included)
PT -1 PROTO BOARD. Over 2,600 holes 4" regu- or instruction single step.
lators. All S -100 buss functions labeled, gold fingers. PCBD $47.50
MIKOS PARTS ASSORTMENT
PCBD $29.95 MEM -1 8KX8 fully buffered, S -100, uses 2102 type WITH WAMECO AND CYBERCOM PCBDS
PT -2 PROTO BOARD. Similar to PT-1 except set- rams. PCBD $25.95 MEM -2 with MIKOS o7 160 ram
up to handle solder tall sockets. with L2114 450 NSEC $235.95
PCBD $29.95 0M -12 MOTHER BOARD, 13 slot, terminated, S -100 MEM -2 with MIKOS a13
board only $34.95 160 ram
with 250 NSEC .. $289.95
CPU -1 8080A Processor board S -100 with 8 level
vector interrupt PCBD $26.95 MEM -1 with MIKOS #1 450 NSEC 8K
p
RAM $119.95
FORMERLY CYBERCOM/SOLID STATE MUSIC. RTC -1 Realtime clock board. Two independent in-
terrupts. Software programmable. PCBD $23.95 CPU -1 with MIKOS #2 8060A CPU $94.95
PB1 2708& 2716 Programming Board with provisions MEM -1 with MIKOS #3 250 NSEC 8K
for 4K or 81( EPROM. No external supplies require EPM -1 1702A 4K Eprom card PCBD $25.95
RAM $144.95
textool sockets. Kit $124.95 EPM -2 2708/2716 16K/32K
CB-1 8080 Processor Board. 2K of PROM 256 BYTE EPROM CARD PCBD $25.95 081-12 with MIKOS #4 13 slot mother
RAM power on /rest Vector Jump Parallel port with board $89.95
0M -9 MOTHER BOARD, Short Version of 0M -12.
status Kit $119.00 PCBD $30.95 9 Slots PCBD $30.95 RTC -1 with MIKOS #5 real time clock $54.95
MB -8E Basic 8KX8 ram uses 2102 type rams, S -100 MEM -2 16K x 8 Fully Buffered VB-1B with MIKOS #6 video board lesa
buss. Kit 450 NSEC $139.95 PCBD $26.95 2114 Board PCBD $26.95 molex connectors $99.95
MB -7 160(8, Static RAM uses 0410 Protection, EMP -1 with MIKOS #10 4K 1702 less
`
fully buffered Kit $299.95 8080A $9.95 2114 (450 NS) low pwr..$7.25 EPROMS $49.95
MB -8A 2708 EROM Board, S -100, 8K8X or 16Kx8 8212 2.49 2114 (250 NS) low pwr... 7.99
EPM-2 with MIKOS #11 16 -32K EPROMS
kit without PROMS $75.00 PCBD $28.95 8214 4.49 2102A -2L 1.50
less EPROMS $59.95
8224 3.49 2102A -4t. ..___._.._ 1.20
MB -9 40X8 RAM /PROM Board uses 2112 RAMS or 8708 9.49 1702A -6 ...4.50 0M -9 with MIKOS #12 9 slot mother
82S129 PROM kit without RAMS or PROMS $72.00 5101 -1P 6.90 1702A INTEL (not prime)4.00 board $79.95
10 -2 S -100 8 bit parallel /10 port, 35 of boards is for 5101 -8e 8.40 4116 _ 8/89.95 FPB -1 with MIKOS a14 all parta
kludging. Kit $46.00 PCBD $26.95 for front panel $134.95
10-4 Two serial I/O ports with full handshaking
20/60 ma Current loop: Two parallel I/O ports. MIKOS PARTS ASSORTMENTS ARE ALL FACTORY PRIME
PARTS. KITS INCLUDE ALL PARTS LISTED AS REQUIRED
Kit $130.00 PCBD $26.95 FOR THE COMPLETE KIT LESS PARTS LISTED. ALL SOCKETS
x 16 video board, upper lowert case Greek, INCLUDED.
composite and parallel video with software,
VISA or MASTERCHARGE. Send account number, Interbank
Kit $125.00 PCBD $26.95 number. expiration date and sign your order. Approx. postage
Altair Compatible Mother Board, 11 x 111/2 x 1/2". will be added. Check or money order will be sent poet paid In
Board only .. _.$39.95. With 15 connectors $94.95
(415)
415 592.1800 U.S. If you are not mguur customer, plum use charge,
P. O. Box 424 San Carlos, California 94070 cashier' check or postal money order. Otherwise them will
Extended Board full size. Board onlyy $ 9.49 be a Iwo-week delay for checks to clear. CIII. maiden's add
With Connector $13.45 Please send for IC, Xistor 6% lax. Money back 30 day guarantee. We cannot accept re-
SP-1 Synthesizer Board S -100 turned ICs that have been aoldemd to Prices ubleet to
and Computer
p parts list
p change without notica. Ito minimum order. 11.10 e.nlee Owls
PCBD $42.95 KIT $135.95 on orders Nu Men 110.00.
280 ilpiI luna 1979 Circle 230 on inquiry card.

P.O. Box 4430x Santa Clara, CA 95054
Same day shipment. First line parts only. For will call only: (408) 988 -1640
u
Factory tested. Guaranteed money back. 2322 Walsh Ave.
Quality IC's and other components at fac-
tory prices.
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
706171
74004
74024 2
1513790
043904
UI
100
ELECTRONICS
740414 19 10381 1 60
CD45B5
CLOCK MODULES Como., 4.4rm outs
74094 23 14382 160 a
74104 1M703H 0040192 300
17 40
74300
te1y . wu wnn 50 and
7444 63 1.547094 28
28
COP18020 2500 5 94 d.0 P.
74204 17 74304 33
1072311N 0 COP1661 12.95 MAMMA. C or 50 8.95
1422M 39 74010 25
1.1473314 657 6821 9 95 10253 10.541m.,
74304 /4CIJ 210 1.25
20 1.074101 35 6950 12 95 11110144. 4 I95
74424 50
7020 28 0 or
1.517414 25 6502 11 55 50450 711nporrar
7454 74030 75 2 25
69 1474711
14.174 60 1741489
62
700 1 95 540,0174nNarmel ana sta
74484 69 1M1303N
75
62
74C74 r,
SN4r
IC SOCKETS
TM law Pralu.
lwrichel warn aural.
74C76 +D
745011 17 101304 10 PM 1U1 IUP
7.95
74744 79 L01305
1
74L90 1 Is PIN
,module
5003 car module 3
74154 49 1161307 2 W 740 54
140 8
15 224 35
preen Mum anpl 0.55
74054 86 101310 3 00
2 75 16 16 28 42
74894 100 70160 RESISTORS ', .111 1`.
1161458 1/ IB 27 36 58
74904 43 101800 75
70175 15 O oer type 03 1000 per type 012
74192 20 19 40 57 25 pr type 015
1
7492N 65 350 P.ce Pace

43 101812 750 ]46321
I
100 per type 015
74934 2 00 5 per type 8 15
43 101889 300 74G905
74954 3 00
69 102111 1 75 11ePrn Pn ..a]0 KEYBOARDS
74c906
RCA Cosmac Super Elf Compute r $106.95 7410074
741074
90
79
102902
11439004
150
60
74[914
70922
1
550
15
95 WIRE WRAP LEVEL S
56 key ASCII keyboard 14 56150
1412174 34 143905 /5 ryboard
Compare features before you decide to buy any tect. monitor select and single step Large on 7412374 59 1039094
I
/0923 550
PIN PIN 53piry
fury assembled
ASCIII An 6000
61
14C925 6 95
25 24 86 70 00 EMawre 14 95
other computer. There is no other computer on board displays provide output and optional high 39 M;14589
71C926 6 95
16 13 28 IDO
7ii45Ñ 69 4E5504 65 B 57 40 123 LEDS
the market today that has all the desirable bene- and low address There is a 44 pin standard 741504 95 4F555V 49
I4C927 6 95 Rea 1518 IS
741514 69 615564 MISRULE Green 5510r, 1018 20

fits of the Super Elf for so little money. The Super connector for PC cards and a 50 pin connector for 79 WRT;EIf0
747544 CO 1165659 00 Jumbo Red 20
1 1
8095 95 AYS 1014 5 50
Ell is a small single board computer that does 74157N 69 N6566V Green 010194 0184. Jumbo 75
the Quest Super Expansion Board. Power supply I 50 8096 95 Ass -1014 750
ell
741614 81 N6567V 10 8097 95 3341 695 GiMll. LED 111M11tl.2 CUP 25
many big things. It is an excellent computer for and sockets for all IC's are included in the price 14162N 67 1415706 00 11peady red. 012045 preen. ye**. Ow
5 8096 95
/41634 81 905718 560 8109 PROM Mod
Iraulmg and for learning programming with its plus a detailed 127 pg. Instruction manual which 741144 96 78105 60 8110
1 25
17024
CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES M
4 50 3 95 Complete line al ó1e0801415,8 491
machine language and yet it is easily expanded now includes over 40 pgs of software info in- 741754
741904
90
15
78108
79105
60 8113 3 00 482523 2 95 I
MA1.103 ANN Ens. Co-. 1128 35
I 10 8120 5 50 9675115 3 50
with additional memory. Tiny Basic. ASCII OK WIRE WRAP TOOLS M M.a1
cluding a series of lessons to help get you started 741924
74193N
87 76405 e5 ar23 310 4825126 3 IS
PMWI. M.Mm.ler EII W
85 75108 I 75 8124 50 4825129 3 75
Keyboards, video character generation. etc. and a music program and graphics target game. 14121N 1 55 7549101 50 5725
1
3 20 /1826131 3 15 DIGITAL 6NERM00ETER SKI30
142984 65 7549201 55 8726 169 4825136 8 ]5
Bon ope, General purpose II Mea[M
The Super Ell includes a ROM monitor for pro- Remember. other computers only offer Super Ell 743554 95 7349401 e9 8128 2 75 4825137 8 75 32 -2307 0,10ss45e Cope ca
7436611 95 1050 a Cu Comb Ass,
gram loading. editing and execution with SINGLE features at additional cost or not at all. Compare 743674 95 A N D CONVERTER
8791 i 69 2706
compact
2
II 4
8198 69 008577 2 90 4Ìo

80388 4 50
STEP for program debugging which is not in- before you buy. Super Ell Kit 5106.95. High 6 113 2. 90 COMPUTER UOAIO WITS
74E00 M. 8700C3 13 95 MONMEMORY MM 17101 29 50 8K RAM Bu,d Ke 511511P
cluded In others al the same price. With SINGLE address option S8.95, Low address option 7i1500N 25 870101 15 95 2101.1 395 27161741 48 00 46 EPROM Kn 1,4 95
741502M 25 575053 13 95 2102- 95
STEP you can see the microprocessor chip opera- 50910061 1450
59.95. Custom Cabinet with drilled and labelled 741.5004
7415054
25 10130
9000V, f
9 95
7 0
210261.4
211021
160
58
CRYS
AL Enenaer Board *connector 12 50
ting with the unique Ouest address and data bus 25 I
Mnt 169 EPROM paus Ot v o 595045
plexiglass front panel 524.95. NiCad Battery 7413086 25 1C17103 9 50 21102 125 2440
4 50 74 50
i 4 50 WNW Wer Floss, 0144 III 5665 00

displays before, during and alter executing in- Memory Saver Kit 56.95. All kits and options 741.5104 IC17107 14 25 21044.4 95 4Mal 4 25 6611,5,41 Dore 6e 415 00
7415134 8702 7195 UPI
5 4 25
structions Also CPU mode and instruction cycle also come completely assembled and tested 7445101 90 2111.1 3 75 10 MHz 4 25
SPECIAL PRODUCTS
7415704 CMOS 2,122 395 44145565 5,50.015 Toner 900
aredecoded and displayed on eight LED indicator 25 18 0115 190 PC 6003
7415224 001001 fair 50 21111 3 6 75 411 7 50
lamps Ouestdata. a 12page monthly software publica- 705284 ii 20 3 90
80WOS4 Ulm Pu5x.03n
An RCA 1861 video graphics chip allows you to

tion for 1802 computer users is available by sub-
741.6304
7415334
25
39
CÚ100
C04002
26
21
4116
25138
005262
70 95
640
32 MHz
32766 MHz
1 6432 MHz
i oD
4 50
60166.,
3 pos
100105.5
SI&
21
25
6 95
74153874 C00p6 005280 3 00 3 OINK 001474M
scription for $12.00 per year 30 I IO
005320
3 5795 MHz 1 20
CavM. low4
connect to your own TV with an inexpensive video 7415701 1.15 9 95 2 0100 MHz 195
-18
KK
7415754 47 C0008 21 005330 2.097152 MHz 4 50
S VW1 DC lo 5 MHz
modulator to do graphics and games. There is a P011104 500
:Alai/ i:p4k
7415904 51 C04009 39 2 4576 MHz 9 50
gOperala 10.50
741.5934 C0010 P04110.4 00 YÓ14 0
speaker system included for writing your own Attention Elf Owners 7405959
51
C00I1
39
551011
5
3 2768 001 4 50
INN
69 21 13 95
5 0663 MHz 450 8974541164 IDD4
music or using many music programs already 74051074 42004 9 95 5 185 Mlit 4 50 PAalwr 011 5235 CO
New products in hardware and software 140511214 35 60013 ]6 82525 290 5 7141 MIN 450 MOOS IO 1lpder
written The speaker amplifier may also be used 741.51136 35 C0014 86 50 6 5536 MHz 450 1.516051111 5229 00
coming soon. 7051324 72 C00,5 ÑOp165-5 6 95 11818 MHz Model 150 Bus
to drive relays for control purposes 74151369 35 C040,6 10 0451100 4 50
14
18 432 414
4
4
05
50 6,106e, 47 5369 00
74151514 61 Ó4011 94 640385001 9 95 12 1164 Mit 50 5915055 374 0111
A 24 key HEX keyboard includes 16 HEX keys Tiny Basic cassette 510.00 on ROM S38.00, 741515574 67 C04018 94 MCM6571A 9 95
4
Mo8u41er 85115
plus load. reset. run. wait. input. memory pro- 741.51574 67 C0019 21 9368 3 so
CONNECTORS Gal 00414.518 x3.85
original Elf kit board S14. 95. 74151624 91 004020 1 02 4100 loon 44 pm 201 75
74LS163N 91 CD+021 102 416 16 00 I00 pm eapr 1 S0 6VM300Em4YFR3 3 25
74151744 95 C0022 86 po p0e WW 12 Volt 300 ma MNllormer
Super Expansion Board with Cassette Interface $89.95 CIOGLS 100 4 75 1 25
741.519311 06 C0/023 21 005309 300 12 6V C7 600 m4
1
1 75
95
7,L5221N 1
C04024 51515311 360 KEYIOARD ENCODERS IN 250 ma nu piu9 2 95
This is truly astounding value, This board has
an Improvements and revisions are easily done with 7.11325811 67 C04025 25
0515312 4 B0 AY5n16 s,2 so 1NCT250ma wall Mpg 350
74153674 35 C0026 I 51
M165313 360 245 CT 400 ma 3 95
been designed to allow you to decide how you 4553600 13 50
the monitor If you have the Super Expansion C04027 36 0145314 3 90 74C912 s s0 0v 12 amp as plug 4 65
011048 C0028 19
M14530 400 `20
want it optioned. The Super Expansion Board Board and Super Monitor the monitor is up and CA3045 90 C04029 I OZ
140917 5.50 6 amp 12 95
CA3046
005316 500 11001655 695 DISPLAY 1.101
comes with 4K of low power RAM fully address- running at the push of a button CA38'
67 C04030
C0035
21 005318 3 60 MANI CA 270 2 90
able anywhere in 64K with built -in memory pro- CA30B1
I
190
BO
Cp4040
1
102
02 0515369 2 0 IC 1e0 Ups MANS CC 525 39
Other on board options include Parallel Input 2 95 cD4a42 11
1 10 04412 74 CA CA 300 100
tect and a cassette interlace. Provisions have 1038
0745865 195 Red 55 41 01104 CC 300 125
and Output Ports with lull handshake. They 1.143054
AM 411 35 C04043
C044
63 C.IIo01 5 80 1001 55 47 01707:011074 CA 300 100
been made for all other options on the same 81 63 07001 10 95 01721.123 190
allow easy connection of an ASCII keyboard Io the 1.03074 35 C0 016 I 01 C17010 8.95
CA CC 500
board and it fits neatly Into the hardwood cabinet
Input port. RS 232 and 20 ma Current Loop for
154301111 89 00049 3 C17015 1 95
11e8.4 8043
comp .. spec
14
.sock
50 017471750
01I50
MCC
Ce
500
600
1.95
195
1.030911 15 C0050 36 0053754A N
alongside the Super Ell. The board includes slots 390 F40359
teletype or other device are on board and if you M396 50 C0051 I 0 00511568.M 490 110500507
CC 357 70
1743116 4 90 C00160 141 TRANSISTORS CC CA 500 135
for up to 6K of EPROM 12708. 2758 2716 or TI .92 7205 16 50 M0501 510
need more memory there are two 5 -100 slots for 1431719 C0066 7I 1207 7 50
2N1991 JO
fI40600 807
CC CA 500 90
2716) and is fully socketed. EPROM can be used 10318 35 C04068 40 7205
2M22224 CGCA 800 2 20
static RAM or video boards A Godbout 8K RAM 101207.5 60 C04059 7209
15 95
495 262369 3 3 0,0e Bu6Me 60
for the monitor and Tiny Basic or other purposes. 103239.5 95 co407o ó 2429044 20 40.g4 bubble 80
board is available for 5135 00 Also a 1K Super 1M3209.12 60 C00/1 n 050026CN 3 15
2429074 25 DGI flu5rescenl I 75
05005601 3 75 DGIO fluorescent
A IK Super ROM Monitor 519.95 is available as Monitor version 2 with video driver for full capa- 143204.15 60 C0012 21 06153104 2 50
243053 40
090 05040
I 75
143375 60 C040]] 21 2113639 25 5 14 mn I 00
an on board option in 2708 EPROM which has bility display with Tiny Basic and a video interface 1532978 60 C04015 21 MICROPROCESSOR 243641 is 45469 9 Opt dnP41 60
103207 12 C04016 6800 ppYtocelts 39
been preprogrammed with a program loader/
2143904
board. Parallel I/O Ports 59.85, RS 232 54.50, 18320715
50
60 C04078
7 75
40 6902
11 50
24 95 263906 6B iRIlI4r.r 9 50
editor and error checking multi file cassette UV 20 ma I/F S1.95. S -100 54.50. A 50 pin 1031411 15 C00B1 21 90904 API an 8 95 243055 25 COMPUTER GRADE CMS
0633914 55 C04082 21 8085 2100 244400 25 1600 511 0 200V 4.50
read /write software. (relocatible cassette file) connector set with ribbon cable is available at 103409.5 35 CD4I16 47 /BOA 19.75 2114401 75 2000 O 459 2 50
043409.11 35 C04490 5 50 B212 290 244402 20
another exclusive from Ouest. It includes register 512.50 for easy connection between the Super L4340912 35 CO1507 00 8214 800 I1P31 6o
3290
5500
50V
25v
2 50
1
2 50
save and readout. block move capability and Ell and the Super Expansion Board. 14309.15 35 62,6 290 IIP334 l ao 5600 3 00
10109 24 35 C04510ó 1 Ó1 B124 2 90 440V 3 00
video graphics driver with blinking cursor Break 103401.5 75 C04511 94 35 0 COMMONS RS232
The Power Supply Kit for the Super Expansion 10301.8 25 co5i5 8251
5
25 Pe, 546742.04,45
6100 509 3 00
points can be used with the register save feature 2 52 8 50 7100 50V 150
Board is a 5 amp supply with multiple positive 04301.12 25 C04516 I 10 6253 10 00 09255 2 95 8000 55V 2 50
to isolate program bugs quickly, then follow with 1M301.15 25 C04518 102 8255 9 25 00155 3 95 10000 20V 2 50
and negative voltages $29.95. Add $4.00 for 10301.18 25 8257 19 50 Corer ISO 12000 30V 50
3
single step. The Super Monitor is written with shipping. Prepunched (rame 55.00. Case 103401.21 25 CD 527 1 5? 6259 19 50 05232 COm40e Set 650 35000 25V 00
5
1434344 50 CD4528 79 802CP plal 13 95 085F 150 55000 25V
subroutines allowing users to take advantage of for shipping 10350 102011 pias
00
5
510.00. Add 51 50 10370
50 C114553 3 50 17 95
II
0E95 95 82000 15v 6 00
monitor functions simply by calling them up. 15 C01566 2 25 18615 50 09155 210 60000 409 6 00
10371 00 00583 4 50 cOP1902C0 19.95 04155 3 10 76000 10V 6 00
120000 10v 600
Auto Clock Kit $15.95 Digital Temperature Meter Kit

DC clock with 4 -.50' displays. Uses National Indoor and outdoor. Switches back and forth. Multi -volt Computer Power Supply Stopwatch Kit $26.95
MA -1012 module with alarm option. Includes Beautiful. 50' LED readouts. Nothing like it 8v amp. - 18v .5 amp. 5v 1.5 amp,
5 5v Full six digit battery operated. 2 -5 volts.
light dimmer. crystal timebase PC boards. Fully available. Needs no additional parts for com- 5 amp. 12v 5 amp, - 12 option. - 5v. - 12v 3.2768 MHz crystal accuracy. Times to 59
regulated. comp. instructs. Add 53.95 for beau- plete. full operation. Will measure - 100 to are regulated. Kit $29.95. Kit with punched frame min.. 59 sec., 99 1/100 sec. Times std., split
tiful dark gray case. Best value anywhere. +200 F. tenths of a degree, air or liquid $34.95. Woodgrain case $10.00. and Taylor. 7205 chip, all components minus
Very accurate. $39.95 case. Full instructions.
RCA Cosmac VIP Kit S229.00 Beautiful woodgrain case w bozel 511.75 Video Modulator Kit $8.95
Video computer with games and graphics. Convert your TV set into a high quality monitor Hickok 3t/ Digit LCD Multimeter
Fully assem and test $249.00 NiCad Battery Fixer /Charger Kit without affecting normal usage. Complete kit Batt AC open 0.1 mv- 1000v. 5 ranges. 0.5"%
Opens shorted cells that won't hold a charge with full instructions occur. Resistance 6 low power ranges 0 1
and then charges them up. all In one kit w lull ohm-20M ohm. DC curr..01 to 100ma. Hand
Not a Cheap Clock Kit $14.95 2.5 MHz Frequency Counter Kit
parts and instructions. 57.25 held, 5/2" LCD displays, auto zero, polarity, over -
Includes everything except case. 2 -PC boards. Complete kit less case 537.50 range. 574.95.
6- 50 LED Displays. 5314 clock chip. trans-
PROM Eraser Will erase 25 PROMs in 30 MHz Frequency Counter Kit
former all components and full instructions
15 minutes. Ultraviolet. assembled $34.50 Complete kit less case 547.75 S -100 Computer Boards
Orange displays also avail. Same kit w /.80
Prescaler kit to 350 MHz 519.95 8K Static RAM Kit Godbout 5135.00
displays. Red only. $21.95 Case $11.75
Rockwell AIM 65 Computer 16K Static RAM Kit 265.00
6502 based single board with lull ASCII keyboard 79 IC UpdateMaster Manual $3500 24K Static RAM Kit 423.00
60 Hz Crystal Time Base Kit $4.40 and 20 column thermal printer. 20 char al- Complete IC data selector. 2500 pg master ref- 32K Dynamic RAM Kit 310.00
Converts digital clocks from AC line frequency phanumeric display. ROM monitor. fully expand- erence guide Over 50,000 cross references Free 64K Dynamic RAM Kit 470.00
to crystal time base. Outstanding accuracy. Kit able. 5375.00. 4K version 5450.00 4K Assem- update service through 1979. Domestic postage 8Ki16K Eprom Kn (less PROMS) $89.00
includes: PC board. IC. crystal. resistors. ca- bler $85.00. 8K Basic Interpreter 5100 00. $3.50 Foreign 55.00. 1978 IC Master closeout Video Interlace Kit $139.00
pacitors and trimmer Power supply assembled incase 560.00. 519.50 Motherboard $39. Extender Board $8.99
TERMS: $5.00 min. order U.S. Funds. Calif residents add 6 %tax.
BankAmericard and Master Charge accepted. FREE: Send for your -copy of our NEW 1979
Shipping charges will be added on charge cards. OUEST CATALOG. Include 28c stamp.
Circle 311 on inquiry card. Byte tune 1979 281

.
i OTRS-80 Complete System
Includes:
TRS -80 Complete System
CPU /Keyboard, Power Supply,
Il -4K RAM
corp. MORE DATA PER DOLLAR
Description Each 1MEG +
Video Monitor, Cassette Recorder, Manual, Level
$ 628.20
and Game Cassette. TRS -80 Complete System OF DISK MEMORY
b'Line Printer Level II -16K RAM
Expansion Interface
$ 889.20
$ 269.10
on line for TRS -80
QMini Disk System Pertec FD200 Disk Drive $ 385.00
QC -10 Cassettes BASF 6106 $ 495.00
$2195
IF 4j Verbatum Diskettes Centronics 779 Printer $1299.00 Includes- Operating System (CP/M)
Centronics 101 Printer $1400.00
-
Anadex DP -8000 Printer $ 995.00 HUH Electronic S -100 Interface
III Centronics P1 Printer $ 445.00 to TRS-80
0 560 (selectric) Printer
Memory Unit (installed)
$ 975.00
$ 138.00
Kit $280.00 Assembled $350.00
Outlet Hours: Mon. -Fri.; 9 am. -7 pm.
(kit) $ 98.00 Sat. 12 -5 pm.
Verbatum Diskettes ea. $ 4.95 Write or call for new innovations-
3
3 $ 12.00 Printers, Disks, Etc.
10 $ 37.00
Maxell Diskettes ea. $ 7.50
777 Henderson Boulevard N -6
10 $ 60.00 Folcroft Industrial Park
C -10 Cassettes 5 $ 4.50 Folcroft PA 19032 VISA
!
4-4,-
25 $ 18.75 (215) 461 -5300
C-30 Cassettes 12 $ 23.95
40 min In Washington, DC area:
411 I t Paper (91/2" x 11" fanfold,
29.95 (703) 938 -1099
3500 sheets) $
Classroom Instruction offered in Level II Basic -$49.95; and DOS /Disk Basic -569.95
-- -- -
I BECKIA N ENTERPRISES
llilili ltitititif ltititil tititif milmimmummommENINE
All Prime Quality - New Parts Only
Satisfaction Guaranteed
II
EDGE CARD CONNECTORS: GOLD PLATED. Not Gold Flash) RS232 & 'D TYPE SUBMINIATURE CONNECTORS:
BODY: Non brittle, Solvent res., G.E. Valox. QUANTITY 1 -4 5 -9 10 -24 I.C. SOCKETS. GOLD
CONTACTS: Bifurcated; Phos /Bronze: Gold over Nickel. DE9P Male 1.45 1.35 1.25 WIRE WRAP 3 TURN.
ABBREVIATIONS: SIT Solder Tail; SIE Sold. Eyelet: DE9S Female 1.93 1.80 1.70 14 pin S0.36 ea.
W/W Wire Wrap 3; SW /W Short WIWrap; DE11O963 -1 2pc. Grey Hood 1.20 1.10 1.00 16 pin 0.38 ea.
DA15P Male 1.95 1.80 1.70
PART a Description Row Sp. 1 -4 5 -9 10 -24 DA15S Female 2.80 2.60 2.40
5010 50/100 S/T ALTAIR .140 3.75 3.50 3.30 DA51211.1 1pc. Grey Hood 1.25 1.15 1.10
5020 50/100 S/T IMSAI .250 3.95 3.75 3.50 DA110963.2 2pc. Grey Hood 1.22 1.10 1.05 I.C. SOCKETS.
5030 50/100 W/W IMSAI .250 4.10 3.90 3.70 DB25P Male 2.20 2.10 1.90 Dip Solder. Tin.
5040 50/100 S/E ALT/IMSAI .140 DB25S Female 3.20 3.00 2.70 14 pin $0.15 ea.
5.00 4.50 4.25 DB51212.1 1.30 1.10 0.17 ea.
5050 50/100 S/T CROMEMCO .250 6.25 6.00 5.75 1pc. Grey Hood 1.20 16 pin
1450 IMSAI CARD GUIDES 0.16 0.14 0.12 0851226 -1A 2pc. Black Hood 1.40 1.30 1.20
DB11O963 -3 2pc. Grey Hood 1.35 1.25 1.15
.100" Contact Center Connectors. DC37P Male 3.70 3.50 3.35
1020 13/26 S/E Imsai MIO: .140 2.10 1.85 1.75 DC37S Female 4.90 4.70 4.40 8080 PRIME
1040 25/50 S/E .140 2.95 2.75 2.50 DC110963 -4 2pc. Grey Hood 1.95 1.85 1.75 38.00 ea.
1050 25/50 S/T .140 3.00 2.80 2.60 DD5OP Male 4.40 4.30 4.10
1060 36/72 W/W Vector. .200 4.80 4.60 4.30 DD50S Female 4.90 4.70 4.50
1065 36/72 S/T Vector. .200 4.00 3.75 3.50 DD51216 -1 1pc. Grey Hood 2.30 2.10 1.90
1070 40/80 SIE PET .140 4.80 4.50 4.30 DD110963 -5 2pc. Grey Hood. 2.40 2.20 2.00 2708 EPROMS PRIME
1075 40/80 W/W PET .200 5.00 4.65 4.35 D20418 2 Hardware Sets 0.75 0.70 0.65 $ 14.00 ea.
1080 40/80 SIT PET .140 4.90 4.60 4.25 CONNECTORS FOR CENTRONICS 700 SERIES:
1085 43/85 S/E Cos.ELF .140 5.00 4.75 4.50
1090 43/86 SIT Cos.ELF .140 5.10 4.85 4.60 Amhpenol 57 -30360 For Back of Centronics '700' Series:
1093 43/86 SIT Cos.ELF .200 4.95 4.70 4.45 Price: $9.00ea. 5 pcs. $7.50ea.
1095 43/86 W/W Cos.ELF .200 5.50 5.20 4.90 WHISPER FANS: Excellent for Computer cabinet cooling. Extremely quiet.
POLARIZING KEYS: For Above 0.10 0.10 0.10 Dim. 4.3.'4" x 1 -1/2" thick. U.L. Listed. 1.4 5.9 10 -24
$22.00 $19.00 51$.00
.158" Contact Center Connectors. WRITE FOR LARGER QUANTITY DISCOUNTS. DEALER INQUIRIES ARE
1 550 6/- S/E PET,Etc .140 1.30 1.10 0.90 WELCOME.
1560 6/12 S/T PET:NSC. .140 1.35 1.15 0.95
1575 12/24 S/E PET .140 2.15 1.95 1.75 WE ARE CONNECTOR (EDGE CARD) SPECIALISTS. IF YOU DO NOT SEE
1580 12/24 SIT PET .140 2.10 1.90 1.70 WHAT YOU NEED IN THIS ADVERTISEMENT, PLEASE WRITE US. WE WILL
1590 15/30 S/E GRI Keybd. .140 2.25 2.05 1.85 REPLY.
1620 18/36 S/E .140 2.40 2.20 2.00
1650 22/44 S/E KIM,VECTOR .140 2.20 2.00 1.80 TERMS: Minimum Order $10.00: Add $1.25 for handling and shipping. All orders
1660 22/44 S/T KIM.VECTOR .140 2.00 1.80 1.70 over $25.00 in USA and Canada: WE PAY THE SHIPPING.
1670 22/44 W/W KIM.VECTOR .200 2.40 2.20 2.00 NOTE: CA residents please add 6% sales tax.
1690 36/72 W/W .200 3.90 3.75 3.50 NO C.O.D. SHIPMENTS OR ORDERS ACCEPTED.
710 36/72 .140 3.50 3.30 3.10
1
1720 36/72
S/E
SIT .200 3.30 3.10 2.90 MAIL ORDERS TO: Dec kjanEnterprises
1730 43/86 S/T Mot. 6800 .140 4.40 4.15 3.90
1740 43/86 SIT Mot. 6800 .200 4.35 4.10 3.85
1750 43/86 W/W Mot. 6800 .200 4.45
0.10
4.25
0.10
4.10
0.10 P.O. Box 3089
Im__It_____________mil
POLARIZING KEYS: For Above
Simi Valley, CA 93063

282 IIYTE June 1979 Circle 30 on inquiry card.
cornouter
0 rocts,
11542 -1 KNOTT STREET
O p cu inc.
GARDEN GROVE, CALIFORNIA 92641
(714) 891 -2663
MICROBYTE Z80/1-0
A complete single board Z80A
CPUyanS100allBusallcommpatible,
Gold Contacts for higher retie- 8251 IMSAI CONN.
Power requirements: +8V ® PROGRAMMABLE /U -ART 100 PIN- SOLDERTAIL
IMSAI, 16V, ®B6mA, - 18V TESTED ®4 MHZ
version of the ® 100mÁ
Operating temperature O'-55'C 00
GOLD CONTACTS
Z80)
158 instructions -
superset of Will operate with or without $6. each $3.25 each or 10 / 2.75 ea.
and upward compatible from the IMSAI/ALTAIR front panel
8080's 78 instructions Low power shotttky tri-slate but-
1K (2708), 2K (2716), or 4K (2732) fers on all address and data lines
EPROM onboard with Z80 Fully warranted for 120 days from
Monitor program
On board EPROM M can be hard-
ware and/or software deselected
date of shipment
27087 s SA400
2MH5 or 4MHs operation Is DISK DRIVE INCLUDES
,
-
0or 1 wait state all cycles is -_ _ LOW POWER CABINET, NO PWR SUPPLY
switch selectable
Full vectored Interrupt capability -Al "-:, ,il'i :, r 450 N S. CUTOUTS FOR SWITCH,
(7
2RS2)32C serial
USARTS
(1
bit)
with 8251 L_'
.. -''í,, '
.
it': ''-
. - f; 4,.- f. l'
QQoQ
Ws+.00 each
FUSE, & INTERFACE CABLE
Mfg. By Lobo Drive
Serial baud rates switch
selectable
1 8-bit parallel port with 2 control 8 for $69.00 $325.°°
lines with 280A-P10 $360.00
MICROBYTE 16K STATIC RAM BOARD

Fully 5100 Bus Compatible,
IMSAI, SOL, ALTAIR, ALPHA
Will operate with or without front
panel
TRS - 80 2716
MICRO
Uses National's Low Power 5257
Compatible with ALPHA MICRO,
with extended memory manage -
FLOPPY DISK DRIVE WITH 5VOLT ONLY
4K x Static Rams
1
2 MHz or 4 MHz operation

ment for selection beyond 64K
No DMA restriction
CABINET & PWR. SUPPLY LOW POWER
On board single 5 amp regulator Low power consumption 1.3 amp COMPATIBLE WITH RADIO HIGH SPEED
Thermally designed heat sink Fully warranted for 120 days from
(board operating temperature 0' date of shipment SHACK INTERFACE ASSEMBLED
- 70C) & TESTED WITH YR. WARRANTY
; ----- 1
Inputs fullylow power Sholtk $45,0°
Schmitt Trigger buffered on all
address and data lines
Phantom is jumper selectable to
pin 67
Each 4K bank addressable to any
_ --
-
-
--
. . . ° - -.
ON PARTS & LABOR
Mfg. By Lobo Drive $385.00 Limited Qty.
4K slot with in a 64K boundary.
4K hardware or software select-
able
Selectable port address
4K banks can be selected or dis-
abled on power on clear or reset
450 NS $340."
300 NS $360.00
REGULATORS M M 5257
1.9 10.49 50 up 4K X 1 STATIC RAM
MICROBYTE 32K STATIC RAM BOARD 320 T-5 .90 .85 .75
Fully S100 Bus Compatible, Will operate with or without front 320 T-12 .90 .85 .75 1.16 17 -48 49 up
IMSAI, SOL, ALTAIR, ALPHA panel 340 T5 .85 .80 .70
MICRO Compatible with ALPHA MICRO, 340 T-12 .85 .80 .70 300 NS 6.50 6.05 5.65
Uses National's Low Power 5257 with extended memory manage-
4K x Static Rams
1 ment for selection beyond 64K 78 H05 6.50 6.00 5.50 450 NS 6.25 5.85 5.50
No DMA restriction
2 MHz or 4 MHz operation
On board single 5 amp regulator
Thermally designed heat sink
Low power consumption 2.3
2.5 amps
- -
pd
SOCKETS -LO
(board operating temperature 0' Fully for 120 days from
-Inputs
70'C)
fully lowpower Shottky
date of shipp mment
(tin)
PROFILE SPECIAL
Schmitt Trigger buffered on all
address and data lines 1.24 25.99 100.499 500 up
Phantom is jumper selectable to
14 PIN 18 .17 .15 .13 .1 4 1 2 VOLTS
pin 67
Each 4K bank addressable to any
4K slot with in a 64K boundary. - -
16 PIN .19 .18 .16 .14 CERAMIC CAP
t
-
hardware or software select. 18 PIN 24 .23 .20 .18

4K
able
20 PIN .29 .28 .26 .25
9¢ each
One on board 8-bit output port
enables or disables the 32K In 4K 24 PIN .34 .33 .32 .30 100 for $8.0°
blocks
Selectable port address 450 NS $650.00 40 PIN .60 .59 .58 .56
4K banks can be selected or dis-
abled on power on clear or reset 300 NS $680.00
CALL FOR INFO SHUGART

MICROBYTE DISK
CONTROLLER ON OUR NEW 801 -Disk Drive
IBM 3740 Solt Sectored Compel. Selectable port/address PROM/ WITH CABINET & POWER SUPPLY
ible On bord 270812716 for bootstrap
ZBus or 8080 compatible on S-100 ASSEM BLED & TESTED
Single density runs both mini and
No onitorrerogramrs, uses plug
in modules for different drives
PROGRAMMER Y R PARTS & LABOR 1
full size drives, runs CPM, on Uses 17716 -01 controller Chip
Shugart, Persci, Memorex etc. Assembled and tested Mfg. By Lobo Drive
PROGRAMS 2708 I
$250.00 2716 1 2732 $585.00
MICROBYTE MOTHERBOARD ORDERING INFORMATION: TERMS:

Name, Address, Phone We accept cash, check, money
Active Diode termination Extra wide ground plane Ship by: UPS or P.P. orders, Visa, and Master Charge
Slot for IMSAI front panel Silk screen and solder mask Shipping Charge: Add $2.50 up to cards.
Terminal block connection for Assembled and tested
easy hook-up 5 lbs., all excess shipping COD's: on approval only
charges will be refunded. Credit Open Acct's: companies may
9SLOT $135.0° cards will be charged appropriate inquire for net terms.
freight. Tax: add 6% for Calif. residents only
20 SLOT $200.°°
/
Circle 11 on inquiry card. BYTE fune '1979 28.3
WAMECO
THE COMPLETE PC BOARD HOUSE
EVERYTHING FOR THE S -100 BUSS
* FPB -1FRONT PANEL BOARD * EPM -216K or 32K BYTE EPROM
Hex Displays, IMSAI Replaceable $54.95 2708 or 2176 interchangeable .$30.00
* FDC -1 FLOPPY DISC CONTROLLER BOARD * OMB -9 9 SLOT MOTHER BOARD
Controls up to 8 Discs $45.00 Terminated $35.00
* MEM -1A 8K BYTE 2102 RAM Board ....$31.95 *OMB -12 12 SLOT MOTHER BOARD
* MEM -2 16K BYTE 2114 RAM Board -...$31.95 Terminated $40.00
* CPU -1 8080A CPU Board * RTC REALTIME CLOCK
With Vector Interrupt .$31.95 Programmable Interrupts $27.95
* EPM -1 4K BYTE 1702A EPROM $29.95
FUTURE PRODUCTS: 80 CHARACTER VIDEO BOARD,

10 BOARD WITH CASSETTE INTERFACE.
DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED, UNIVERSITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE
AT YOUR LOCAL DEALER
(wmc WAMECO INC, 111 GLENN WAY #8, BELMONT, CA 94002 (415) 592 -6141
COMMERCIAL GRADE PERIPHERA LS FOR THE MICROCOMPUTER
PRINTER
TERMINALS TAPE DRIVES
MODEMS
ASCII SELECTRIC PRINTER /TYPEWRITER: Why settle for less than POS 103/202 "MIX or MATCH" MODEM: BELL 103 and /or BELL 202
letter -quality printout from your computer? Refurbished IBM Model 725 FREQUENCIES: Unique POS control design permits use in one housing of
can be used as off -line typewriter or on -line printer. Complete with solenoids,
power supply, case and ASCII interface card (TTL to CPU parallel port.)
both Bell-compatible 103 (0 - 300 baud) and 202 (0 - 1200 baud) modem
modules originally made by VADIC Corp. for a.telephone company subsidiary.
Interface includes programmable ASCII translation table on EPROM with up to FEATURES: RS -232 serial interface, auto -answer, auto -dial, LED display,
8 tables for use with various type spheres. Feedback signals on completion of
telephone line interface via acoustic coupler, manual DAA, or auto-answer
each print cycle insures fastest printing speed (15 cps.)
Price: programmed w/3 translation tables (one type sphere)- $695.00 DAA (sold separately.) FULLY ADJUSTED; no special tools required.
3,000 mile range over standard dial -up telephone lines.
SELECTRIC I/O TERMINALS (by GTE /Information Systems). Both ASCII -POS 103 MODEM (with Auto Answer, Auto Dial). $199.95
& IBM code versions with microcomputer interface software & hardware (RS-
-POS 202 MODEM (Half- Duplex with Reverse Channel) $249.95
232 connector.) Cassette drive models permit up to 2400 baud data transfer
-POS 202 MODEM (Half- Duplex w /Rev. Ch., Auto -Answer). $279.95
rate as well as off -line data storage, use as memory typewriter, & use as data
-POS 103/202 MODEM (Auto- Answer, Auto -Dial) $399.95
entry device for office personnel familiar with Selectric typewriters but not
POS -100 NRZ1 TAPE DRIVE CONTROLLER/FORMATTER: Designed as
computers. Wide -carriage, interchangeable type spheres; optional built -in interface between S -100 bus mCPU and 9- track, 800 BPI, NRZ1 tape drive.
modem. All units cleaned, adjusted & warranted. Allows microcomputerist to read and write IBM -compatible h" mag tapes.
Model 5541 ((BM Correspondence code) $695.00 Software provided for 8080 or Z -80 systems. Requires modification for drives
Model 5550 )corres. code, built -in cassette drive) $1195.00 of various mfrs.
Model 5560 (ASCII code, built -in cassette drive) $1295.00 Price: (Includes S -100 card, controller card, 10' cable, software listing) . $750.00
IBM SELECTRIC 725 TYPEWRITER I/O w /solenoids switches & magnet NRZ1 TAPE DRIVE by WILLARD LABS. 9- track, 800 BPI, NRZ1 format,
driver PCB (from GTE /IS terminal) plus instructions for 8080 printer -driver 12"/sec., 1200 ft. reels (10 megabyte capacity) Fully tested and warranted $599.00
interface hardware & software. CONVERT 15" IBM OFFICE SELECTRIC TO I/O TYPEWRITER: Kit
includes assembled solenoids, switches, wire harness, magnet driver PCB plus
a) Typewriter mechanism complete, cleaned & adjusted . $375.00
. .
instructions for installation and mCPU interface $200.00
b) Case from terminal & power supply) +24V, +12V, +5V @5A). $ 75.00
.
DIGITAL CASSETTE DRIVE (from GTE /IS Terminal): 1800 baud, 6" /sec;
DIABLO HVTYPE I Model 1200 PRINTER MECHANISM: used, complete AC motor; fwd /rewnd circuitry plus tape head, no read /write electronics $25.
and tested. Requires power supply, case & mCPU interface. 15 day return FORMS TRACTORS, Moore Variable width "Form A- Liner" for print terminals:
-
privilege no other warranties. LIMITED QUANTITY) $750.00 a)Model 565P for 15" Carriage IBM Selectrics (new): $50.00
-6' Ribbon cable & connector for printer Main Logic PCB $10.00 IA Model K81 for QUME or DIABLO Hytype or II printers (new):
I $90.00
-14-pin Winchester connector & 18" power supply cable $5 00 POWER SUPPLIES for Disk Drive, mCPU, tested under load shown:
-"As -is" spare printer PCB's for parts (Logic, Heat Sink, Control): ea. $20.00 - No. 519 (w /fan & AC cord): +5V reg., +12V reg., +24V, @4A 110 lb.). $29.95
-New Pin -feed Platen (14 "l: $50 if bought w /printer; separately ... $100.00
.
-LAMBDA No. LMEE5 w /OV protect: +5V reg. @ 25A (35 lb ) $59.95
NO RISK! 15 DAY APPROVAL ON ALL MAIL -ORDERS,
Full documentation included PLUS interface instructions PACIFIC OFFICE SYSTEMS, INC. Call or write for details, quantity prices, catalog. 15 day
where indicated. All equipment is shipped insured FOB 2600 El Camino Real, Suite 502 return privilege PLUS 90 day no charge replacement of
Palo Alto within 14 days after check clears or COD Palo Alto, Calif. 94306 defective parts. All orders shipped from stock. No back
order is received. Prices may change without notice. 1415) 321 -3866 orders, no substitutions. M/C & VISA accepted.

BUILD YOUR OWN LOW COST

MICRO -COMPUTER
POWER SUPPLIES
FOR S -100 BUS, FLOPPY DISCS, ETC.
POWER TRANSFORMERS (WITH MOUNTING BRACKETS)

ITEM USED IN PRI. WINDING SECONDARY WINDING OUTPUTS SIZE UNIT
NO. KIT NO. TAPS 2x8 Vac 2x 14 Vac 2x24 Vac WxDxH PRICE
T1 1 OV, 110V, 120V 2x 9A 2 x 2.5A 33/4" x 35/8" x 3'/e" 19.95
T2 2 OV, 110V, 120V 2x 12.5A 2 x 3.5A 33/4'x44"x3'/8' 25.95
T3 3 OV, 110V, 120V 2x 10A 2 x 2.5A 2x 2.5A 33/4'x43/é'x3'/e" 27.95
T4 4 OV, 110V, 120V 2x4.5A 2x4.5A 33/4"x35/e"x3'/e" 19.95
POWER SUPPLY KITS (OPEN FRAME WITH BASE PLATE, 3 HRS. ASSY. TIME)
ITEM USED FOR @ +8 Vdc @ -8 Vdc @ +16 Vdc @ -16 Vdc @ +28 Vdc SIZE WxDxH UNIT PRICE
KIT 1 18 CARDS SOURCE 18A 2.5A 2.5A 12 "x6"x47/8" 46.95
KIT 2 SYSTEM SOURCE 25A 3A 3A 12 "x6"x47/e" 54.95
KIT 3 DISC SYSTEM 18A 1A 2A 2A 4A 14 "x6"x47/8" 62.95
KIT 4 DISC SOURCE 8A 1A 8A 10 "x6 "x47/e" 44.95
EACH KIT INCLUDES: TRANSFORMER, CAPACITORS, RESIS., BRIDGE RECTIFIERS, FUSE & HOLDER, TERMINAL BLOCK, BASE
PLATE, MOUNTING PARTS AND INSTRUCTIONS.
REGULATED POWER SUPPLY "R1" ASSY. & TESTED, OPEN FRAME, SIZE: 9" (W) x 5" (D) x 5" (H) $49.95
SPECS: -5V.::_1%, @ 5A, OVERCURRENT PROTECTION, 5% ADJ. FOR +5V. -24V UNREG. @ 5A FOR PRINTERS OR DISCS.
REMARK IDEAL FOR ROCKWELL AIM -65 MICROCOMPUTER ALSO UNREG. 8V @ 8A ATTAINABLE FOR USE IN S -100 BUS
SHIPPING FOR EACH TRANSFORMER: $4.75. FOR EACH POWER SUPPLY: $5.00 IN CALIF. $7.00 IN OTHER STATES. CALIF. RESIDENTS ADD 6% SALES TAX. OEM WELCOME.
SUNNY INTERNATIONAL STORE:

MAIL ORDER: 7245 E. ALONDRA BLVD.
V/yl P.O. BOX 4296 (TRANSFORMERS MANUFACTURER) PARAMOUNT, CA 90723
TORRANCE, CA 90510 STORE HOURS: 9 AM -6 PM
Telephone: (213) 633 -8327
COMPUCOLOR II IS HERE!!
HERE IS A SURPRISINGLY PRICE & OPTIONS

AFFORDABLE COMPUTER
THAT MAKES THE COMPE-
MODEL 3 -
8K USER RAM- 1495.00
MODEL 4-
16K USER RAM- 1695.00
TITION LOOK TWICE I I
MODEL 5 -
32K USER RAM - 1995.00
STANDARD FEATURES 2nd DISK DRIVE - 400.00
EXPANDED KEYBOARD -135 .00
' 13" COLOR CRT
FORMATTED DISKETTE - 5 .00
SPECIAL GRAPHICS PKG.
EXTENDED DISK BASIC
MANY PROGRAMS AVAILABLE *
* MINI DISK DRIVE TO ORDER
8K RAM MEMORY SEND CHECK OR MONEY ORDER
* 72 KEY KEYBOARD CALIF. RES. add 6% TAX
shipping 1% all orders
CATALOG 50C -
HOLLYWOOD 9100 SUNSET BLVD.
SYSTEMS SUITE 112
L.A. CALIF. 90069

NEW UNCLASSIFIED POLICE
Readers who have egu ,pmenr, software o other hems

ro buy. sell or swap should send in a Clearly rtyped notice
Unclassified Ads
to that effect. To be considered for pubhcarron, a Sayer.
',semen( must be clearly noncommercial, typed n double
spaced on plain white paper. contain 75 words or less, and
include complete name and address information.
These notices are free of charge and volt be printed one
time only on a space available basis. Notices can be ac,
cepted from individuals or bona fide computer users Clubs
only. We can engage in no correspondence on these and
your confirmation of placement is appearance ,n an issue of
BYTE.
Please note that it may take three or lour months for an
ad to appear rn the magazine.
MUST SELL: SwTPC 6800 computer system, in- FOR SALE: AMD9511 arithmetic integrated cir-
cludes 16 K programmable memory, two serial cuit on S -100 card with BASIC -E. Calculate SIN
ports, PerCom Data CIS -30 plus cassette storage (X1 in 2.8 ms in BASIC. $250. G Lyons, 280
unit, software and manuals. $525 buys everything; Henderson St, Jersey City NJ 07302, (201) 451- FOR SALE: SwTPC M6800 with 8 K memory
shipped post paid. Don Domek, 535 Burlington, 2905. $300; MP-A processor board $100; AC -30 $65; 4 K
Billings MT 59101, (406) 248 -3477. memory boards $60; MSI 2708 erasable read only
WANTED: Microcomputers; TRS -80, PET, memory board $85; Digital Group Phi -Deck
FOR SALE: One SD sales expandoram set up with Apple; any condition and quantity. Immediate system, two drives, controller (not working), soft-
integrated circuits for 16 K (for 115 -41); has prob- cash available or trade for DEC PDP8e, f, m. 4 K ware, $250: above items fully socketed. Phillips
lem. Data can be entered and retrieved but pro- PDP8m with teletypewriter interface $1100. Port - Digital cassette drives, simple interface $125;
grams will not run, $200. CFI add-on memory for acom briefcase ASCII terminals with modems Heathkit oscilloscope I/O (input /output) 105
IBM system Ill, mod 6 or 10, 16 K. Working con- .595. K2DCY. Box 632, W Caldwell NJ 07006, 15 MHz, dual trace $425; Sola constant volt-
dition, with cables, $2000 or best offer. Norm (201) 226 -9185. age xfiner, 750 W $150. Jim Georgoulis, 504 Fort
Doty, 53 Kaufman Rd, Cheektowaga NY 14225, Drum Dr, Austin TX 78745, (512) 441 -6568.
(716) 892 -8829. FOR SALE: Digital Group 10 K Z -80 system,
assembled, includes MINI -BASIC, MAXI -BASIC, FOR SALE: Two MITS Altair 4 K memory boards,
FOR SALE: KIM system KIM -1 Computer, Enclo- Assembler II, Editor, Op -sys, and all documenta- model 88 -4MCD, assembled and in service now,
sures Group case, miniature 4 K wire wrap memory tion. Asking $1000. Will consider selling compo- no bad bits. Includes original documentation. I
'21 LO2s1, TVT -6 video interface, surplus video nents separately. Also 8 K of 21 L02 integrated need the slots. Price $75 each, postpaid and in-
monitor, Radio Shack ASCII keyboard, oscillator/ circuits, 450ns; unused, $65. J E Tucker, Box sured. Money order or certified check, or allow
driver board and speaker, I/O (input /output) con- 4338, APO NY 09223. three weeks for personal check to clear. Lewis
nector block, 5 V, A supply, 5 V, 2 A +/12 V,
1 Mosley Jr, 2576 Glendale Ct NE, Conyers GA
1 A supply. All for $450. Ron Kushnier, 3108 FOR SALE: Surplus pipe organ parts, Direct 30208.
Addison Ct, Cornwells Heights PA 19020, (2151 electric chests, keyboards, console, cable, and
757 -9057. various ranks of pipes. Low pressure, good to FOR SALE: IMSAI microcomputer with 28 K
excellent condition with reasonable to ridicu- programmable memory, read only memory board,
FOR SALE: IMSAI 4 K static, $80. MITS 4 K lously low prices. Also Friden Flexowriter, Potter Tarbell cassette interface, poly video board, key-
dynamic, $50. Tarbell cassette board, $90. MITS high speed photo tape reader, 8 level punch and board, monitor, and cassette tape recorder. All
ACR, $70. MITS disk drive with BASIC and reader with power supply and interface electronics. documented and working, $1300. Leo Breiman,
FORTRAN, $1,300. MITS -Okidata printer with Ferranti tape spoolers, other readers. Prefer pick- 905 Centinela Av, Santa Monica CA 90403,
controller, $1,500. All boards fully socketed and ups. Andy LaTorre, 45 Ellis Av, Northport NY (213) 828-2840 or 829 -7411.
factory checked out. Make offer. For trade: 8080 11768, (516) 757 -1913.
FORTRAN MITS disk version for 8080 COBOL or FOR SALE: Seattle Computer Products 16 K plus
MITS timesharing BASIC. Manuals available. K R FOR SALE: Vista 5 1/4 inch floppy disk drive static memory, $350; Tarbell Electronics floppy
Roberts, 10560 Main St, Suite 515, Fairfax VA, with S -100 controller and cables. Factory assem- disk controller, $225. Both new, factory assembled
22030, (703) 591 .6008 or 378 -7266. bled, mint condition. Tao small for my needs. In- and tested units. Glenn Nelson, 205 Meadows Rd,
cludes CP -M, BASIC -E compiler, VOS assembler, Whitefish MT 59937, (406) 862 -3854.
FOR SALE: SwTPC MF-68 minifloppy disk sys- text editor, other utilities, plus five diskettes of
tem, $850. CT -64 terminal with two pages mem- software and games. Paid $750, asking $500. FOR SALE OR TRADE: S D Sales, 16 K Expand -
ory, screen read board, etc. Also CT -VM monitor, Also, new cabinet and power supply for above. oram (has sockets for 32 Kl. This board will not
$450. Two MP -8M memory boards, $190 each. Paid $80, asking $50. David Schwinck, 2221 SW work with DMA or any application that requires
Expandor black box printer with base, cover and 14th, Lincoln NE 68522. wait states. prefer to trade for static memory.
I
case of paper, $390. Will make good price on TSC I will sell for $200 ONO. Wayne Miller, 905
disk software to purchaser of minifloppy. All units WANT TO TRADE: Have a Kenwood KT5300 Fairmount Blvd, Jefferson City MO 65101.
are complete with documentation, were assembled tuner and KA7300 ntegrated amplifier with
by a professional and are 100 percent functional. CT -F9191 Pioneer cassette and Infinity 2000 II FOR SALE: One Processor Technology VDM -1
John Gorman, 143 Chenault Rd, Lexington KY speakers in excellent condition. Worth $2600 board kit, $130; one Processor Technology 8 K
40502. new. Would like a good computer system with programmable memory board kit, $170. Both kits
mini disk of similar value. Leroy A McDaniel, in original factory package -
never opened. Best
FOR SALE: Digital Group Z -80 26 K, dress cab- 916 N 4th St, McAllen TX 78501, offer. Joe Haran, 607 Painters Xing, Chadds Ford
inet, 64 character TV controller, two Phi -Decks PA 19317, (215) 358 -3346.
and controller, PHIMON, Business BASIC etc. FOR SALE: Complete assembled and running
Original cost over $3,000. Will sell for $1,995. microcomputer system. Includes 680b mother FOR SALE: Assembled Cromemco D +7A analog
William C Dewberry Jr, 314 Interbay Av, board with cabinet and power supply, 16 K static I/O (input /output) board. Ribbon cable and edge
Pensacola FL 32597, (904) 456 -1061. memory, 680 KCACR cassette interface, 8 K connector included. will include all driving and
I
BASIC on cassette, Assembler and Editor on applications software have written to date. Ex-
I
FOR SALE: A complete computer system consist- paper tape, SwTPC. 0T -1024 terminal system cellent condition, only $112. John Peterson, 1820
ing of an Altair 8800 -A with 36 K of static pro- complete with all options plus cabinet for key- Camino Dr, Forest Grove OR 97116.
grammable memory, a North Star 5 inch floppy board, scrolling conversion kit, and fully socketed
disk drive, VDM -1, 3P +S, Cherry Switch keyboard, with 74LS series integrated circuits. Asking $1000 FOR SALE: 8 K programmable memory board,
ALS -8, Sanyo video monitor, Bytesaver, and a real US. R Pieracci, 43 Mayfield Rd, Regina S -100, fully buffered. Memory protected,
time clock. Highest offer above $1700 accepted. Saskatchewan CANADA, S4V 087. NEC2102L-450. Used over 50 hours; $129.
Also, Sol motherboard computer for $500. Juan J Grina, 1284 Fifield PI, St Paul MN 55108.
Rivera, 354 Marshall Dr, Walnut Creek CA 94598, WANTED: Manuals fo- Wang BAS system. Also,
(415) 935 -3235. software suitable for Wang 2200C cassette based FOR SALE: Model 123P Expandor /Mite printer.
computer. J E Thompson, FOB 128, Monee IL Complete with case and interface electronics.
FOR SALE: Used Selectric I/O linput /output) 60449. Ready to plug into any 8 bit parallel port. Full
printer Model 731 in working condition, $450. documentation. $325 postpaid. A P Stumpf,
TVT II board assembled with full data $50. Core FOR SALE: Four 8 K memory boards for Heath- Box 1603, Litchfield Park AZ 85340, (6021
memory plane 4 K by 16 bits or 8 K by 8 with kit H8(WH8 -B); assembled, : eeted and burned in. 935 -2053.
interface and drive information $50. Shipping Heathkit price, $250 each; asking $195 each or
extra. Ted Becker, 317 158th St SE, Bothell WA four for $750. Henry Fale, 2918 S 7th St, FOR SALE: A limited number of BYTE, Volume
98011, (206) 743-1321. Sheboygan WI 53081, (414) 452 -4172. 1 #1, in mint condition. Never been opened.
Highest bids can have them while they last. Joe
WANTED: Back issues of BYTE, Interface Age, FOR SALE: Intel SDK -85 development kit; Haran, 607 Painters Xing, Chadds Ford PA 19317,
Popular Electronics, Popular Mechanics, Radio fully assembled. 3 K programmable memory, (2151 358-3346.
Electronics and Scientific American in good cassette interface (software in 2708). Powermate
condition. Send details of holdings and price. PS 5 V/6 A. All integrated circuits socketed; FOR SALE: Digital Group Z -80 26 K system,
Also, I have some duplicates of the above maga- contain all connectors. Packaged inside attache keyboard, dual Phi -Decks, printer. All working,
zines to sell or swap. SASE would be appreciated. case. Full documentation. First money order for in dress cabinets; lots of software. No reasonable
Michael Carter, 62B Escondido Village, Stanford $375 gets it; I pay shipping. L Stroll, 211 -05 offer refused. Scott Bishop, 2221 Charlotte Dr,
CA 94305. 85th Av, Hollis Hills NY 11427, (2121 464 -7341. Maitland FL 32751, (3051 869-4203.
286 lune 1979 v BYTE Publications Inc

oat venus 2001 Vìdeo Board
Assembled and Tested $259.95 Complete Unit with 4K
of Memory and Video Driver on Eprom assembled
and tested $339.95
Iro kit19995 ;A.
OPTIONAL: Sockets $10.00 2K Memory $30.00 4K
Memory $60.00 Video Driver Eprom $20.00 Text
Editor Eprom (Includes Video Driver $75.00)
S -100 Plug -In Parallel Keyboard Port
On board 4K Screen Memory (Optional). On board
Eprom (Optional) for Video Driver or Text Editor
Software.
Up and Down Scrolling through
Video Memory
Reverse Video, Blinking Characters. American or European TV Compati-
Display: 128 ASCII Characters 64 X 32 or 32 X
ble (CRT Controls Programable)
16 Screen format (Jumper Selectable). 7 by 11 Dot
Matrix Characters. Dealer Inquires Invited
ASCII Keyboard Kit $77.
MVO OPEN/NC SPEC/AL !
15 MHZ DUAL TRACE
Portable .
Scope
BIG PRIC
BREAKTHRU
E399. Assembled and Tested $93.00
MODEL MS -215
Single +5V Supply Full ASCII Set (Upper and Lower
Battery or A.C. Operated External and Internal Trigger Case) Parallel Output Positive and Negetave Strobe
Time Base -.1 m Sec. /Div. Into 21 Calibrated Ranges
2 Key Rollover 3 User Definable Keys P.C. Board
3% Accuracy Input Impedence 1M Ohms Complete
Size: 17- 3/16" X 5" Control Characters Molded on Key
with Input Cables, Battery and Charger. Optional Provision For Serial Output
Caps
OPTIONAL: Leather Case $45.00 10:1 Probe $27.00 OPTIONAL: Metal Enclosure $27.50 Edge Con. $2.00
(2 for $49.00) Prices Good through 6/30/79 Sockets $4.00 Upper Case Lock Switch $2.50 Shift
MS -15 Single Trace Scope $299. Register (For Serial Output) $2.00
1 31/2 DIGIT DMM
LCD Readout Apple I1 I/O Board Kit
Plugs into Slot of Mother Board
SIZE: 1.3" H 2.7" W 4.0" D
1 8 Bit Parallel Output Port (Expands to 3 Ports) 1 Input
.5% Accuracy AC-DC
Port 15mA Output Current Sink or Source Can be
-1000V Ohms 1K -10M
used for peripheral equipment such as printers, floppy
1
Current ImA-1 Amp

discs, cassettes, paper tapes, etc. 1 free software listing
100% Overload Protection MODEL LM -350 for SWTP PR40 or IBM selectric.
OPTIONAL: Leather Case $20.00
NiCad Battery and Charger $16.00 $13995 PRICE: 1 Input and 1 Output Port $49.00
1 Input and 3 Output Ports $64.00
e3.5 LED DIGITS
SHIPPING $3.50 / California residents add 6% sales tax
Panel Meter
.5% Accuracy ELECTRONICS WAREHOUSE Inc.
Voltage Range 15820 Hawthorne Boulevard
0-1000V Lawndale, CA 90260
Power: +5V 200mA $5 2 MODEL PM -349 (213) 370 -5551
Auto Zero Update Rate: 3 Rdg. I Sec.
Circle 130 on inquiry card. 1{YTI. lunr l'IN 28

Ir Sispvice
To get further information on the products advertised in BYTE, fill out the reader service card with your name and address. Then circle
the appropriate numbers for the advertisers you select from the list. Ada a 1S cent stamp to the card, then drop it in the mail. Not only do
you gain information, but our advertisers are encouraged to use the marketplace provided by BYTE. This helps us bring you a bigger BYTE.
Inquiry No. Page No. Inquiry No. Page No. Inquiry No. Page No. Inquiry No. Page No.
1 Aaron Associates 205 Data Set Cable Co 237 207 Maxwell Data Products 105 314 Radio Shack Authorized Sales Center 277
2 Administrative Systems 150 96 DDC Publications 241 McGraw Hill Book Co 25 322 RCA 85
4 Advanced Computer Products 251 89 Delta Products 27t 215 Measurement Sys & Controls 173 323 Realty Software 67
5 American Square Computers 245 84 Digital Engineering Inc 193 216 Measurement Sys & Controls 231 The Recreational Programmer 245
7 Anadee 82,83 98 Digital Equipment Corp (Book Div.) 13 213 Micro Ap 169 325 RNB 233
15 Apple Computer 19 86 Digital Pathways 171 214 Micro Architect 245 326 RNB 243
10 apple tv & computing 247 95 DRC ICAI 154 217 MicroComputer Technology 147 316 S -100 Inc 203
11 ASAP Computer Products Inc 283 100 DRC (TX) 275 220 MicroDaSys 189 31 7 Sara Tech Computers 210
19 ATV Research 277 114 Eclectic (Div of Tanol 66 219 Micro Diversions 35 331 S C Digital 237
20 Avery Labels 231 115 Electrolabs 280 221 Micro Focus LTD. 113 318 Scelbi Computer Consulting Inc 219
21 Avionic Enterprises Inc 245 120 Electronic Control Technology 239 222 Micromail 72 Scientific Research 115
22 base 2, inc. 101 125 Electronic Systems 278 204 Micro Mike's 216 319 Michael Shrayor Software 185
23 Basic Time 175 126 Electronic Systems 279 Micropolis 190, 191 Shugart 6, 7
30 Beckian Enterprises 282 130 Electronics Warehouse 287 228 Micro Pro International 48 320 Sierra Cybernetic Systems 215
27 Beta Business Systems 277 132 Epoch Data Devices 247 229 Microsette 277 327 Ed Smith's Software Works 194
Bits Inc 181, 200, 211 133 Exidy 54, 55 Microsoft 195 328 Smoke Signal Broadcasting 73
33 Body Peripherals 122 134 Federal Communications Corp 123 232 Micro Software ICAII 241 Software Development & Training 215
34 Broadcast Computer Systems 231 135 Forethought Products 205 231 The Micro Works 206 340 Solid State Sales 265
31 Business Applications Software 163 141 GRI 11 233 Micro World 139 350 Southwest Technical Products Corp CII
32 Buss /Charles Floto 215 142 HGeller 194 234 Mikan Optical 245 351 Speakeasy Software 131
BYTE Back Issues 217 143 General Scientific Corp 245 230 Mikos 280 335 SSM 77
36 BYTE Books 113, 125 -128, 133, 199, 248 144 Gimix 247 236 Mini Computer Suppliers 220 352 Stirling /Bekdorf 124
37 California Computer Systems 22, 23 150 Godbout 159 255 Morrow /Thinker Toys CIII 353 Structured Systems Group 5
39 California Digital 259 153 Go Forms 37 256 Morrow /Thinker Toys 39 358 Sunflex Co Inc 245
40 Cambridge Development Labs 222 154 Gowan Industries 247 257 Mountain Hardware 226 354 Sunny International 285
45 Central Data 111 152 Graham Dorian 247 258 National Small Computer Show 107 357 SuperSoft 202
46 Chatsworth Data 12 151 GRT 81 281 NEECO 155 356 Sybex Inc 157
47 Chrislin Industries 207 159 H & E Computronics 154 282 NEECO 165 355 Synchro Sound 43
50 "Compucolor" (Div Intelligent Sys) 27 160 Hayden Book Co 212 280 Netronics 225 360 Terbell Electronics 135
51 Compucolor (Div Intelligent Sys) 69 161 Hexagon Systems 202 283 Newman Computer Exchange 263 363 Technical Systems Consultants 137
53 CompuMax Associates 141 170 Hobby World 36, 255 285 North Star Computer 45 364 Technology Systems South 237
52 The Computer Cookbook 63 174 Hollywood Systems 285 284 Ohio Micro Systems 109 365 Terrapin 235
Computer Factory NY 276 171 Houston Instruments 29 onComputing 33 266 Texas Instruments 31
Computer Headwear 227 172 HUH 187 288 On Line 277 366 Texas Instruments 179
Computer Lab NJ 239 169 HUH 187 Oregon Software 217 368 3/M Company 91
75 Computerland 8, 9, 274 176 ndependent Business Systems 213 292 Osborne & Associates 183 371 Tora Systems Limited 231
66 Computer Mart of NJ & PA 21 177 nfinite Inc 247 290 OSI CIV, 57, 89 372 Trans Data 204
67 Computer Packages Unlimited 245 173 nfo 2000 151 Owens & Associates 203 374 TRS -80 Software Exchange 197
77 Computer Service Center 277 178 nmac 223 295 Pacific Exchanges 231 373 TSA Software 241
73 Computex Corp 235 80 1 ntecolor IDiv Intelligent Sys) 65 296 Pacific Office Systems 284 380 Ucatan 245
71 Computhink 229 179 ntegrand 189 297 PAIA 221 383 US Brokers Co (Div. CM Corp) 247
78 CT Micro Computer 58, 21 5, 233, 243 175 nteractive Microware Inc 241 301 Per Corn Data 116, 1 7 1 382 US Robotics 119
82 Covox 218 181 nternatinal Peripheral Systems 59 305 Per Com Data 253 381 Vector Electronics 51
83 Creative Software 118 190 thaca Audio 281 302 Personal Software Inc 142, 143 378 Vista 201
87 Cromemco 1, 2 195 Jade Co 272, 273 Potomac Micro Magic 227 393 Viste 161
72 Custom Computing 247 200 Jameco 256, 257 310 Potters Programs 277 379 V M Professional Application Software 277
74 Cutting Edge of Technology 133 183 Key Supply Co 217, 231 312 Priority 266, 267, 268
1 384 VR Data 282
85 Cybernetics Inc 204 203 Leedex Corp 235 300 Processor Technology 94, 95 387 Wameco 284
90 Cybertron 277 Lifeboat Associates 120, 121 307 Program Design Inc 209 388 Western Digital Corp 32
88 Cygol 231 202 Mad Hatter Software 97 308 PRS 46,47 389 Wintek 231
91 Data Discount Center 201 199 The Mail Mart 247 306 Quality Software 163 391 Worldwide Electronics 231
94 Datamation 214 205 Marketline Systems 221 311 Quest Electronics 281 392 XComp 217
93 DataSearch 192 206 Marinchip Systems 103 313 RACET Computes 192 400 Xitex 239
401 ZS Systems 247
*Correspond directly with Company
COMB -
CYTE's ongoing Monitor Cox March BOMB Results
Article No. ARTICLE PAGE In the voting for the March 1979 BYTE,
first prize and a $100 bonus check go to Ira
1 Albus: A Model of the Brain for Robot Control 10
Allen: Simple Maze Traversal Algorithms Rampil for his article, "Preview of the
2 36
3 Ciarcia: Mind Over Matter 49 Z- 8000." Two articles shared second place,
4 Watson: More Colors for Your Apple 60 and will receive bonus checks of $50 each.
5 Dawes: A Home for Your Computer 70
6 Gupton: Talk to a Turtle 74
These were the third installment of Joel
7 Stanfield: My Computer Runs Mazes 86 Boney and Terry Ritter's article on the de-
8 Johnston: Computer Generated Maps 100 sign and implementation of the Motorola
9 Powers: The Nature of Robots 132
10 Melton: The 1802 Op Codes 146 6809 processor, "A Microprocessor for the
11 Reid- Green: History of Computing: The IBM 7070 148 Revolution," and the second part of Andrew
12 Kiehn: Artificial Intelligence and Entropy 152 Filo's article, "Designing
13 Ruckdeschel: BASIC Text Editor 156
Robot from Na-
a
14 Halsema: Bubble Memories 166 ture." Remember, it your votes which
is
15 Radhakrishnan, Bhat: Stacks in Microprocessors 168 determine whether an author will receive
16 Van den Bout: Designing a Command Language 176
17 Linker: Timesharing: Squeezing the Most from Your Micro 228 this bonus each month, so be sure to send
18 Honess: Three Types of Pseudorandom Sequences 234 in the BOMB evaluations.
288 lune 1979 CO BYTE Publications Inc

Now you can put your S -100 system solidly into DOS, and DISK-ATETM assembler/editor. Patches for
a full -size, single /double density, 600K bytes /side CP/M* are also included. CP/M *, MicroSoft Disk
disk memory for just $1149 complete. BASIC and FORTRAN are also available at extra cost.
DISCUS /2DTM single /double density disk DISCUS /2DTM is the really solid single /double
memory from Thinker ToysTM is fully equipped, fully density disk system you've been waiting for. We can
assembled, and fully guaranteed to perform perfectly. deliver it now for just $1149. And for just $795 apiece,
DISCUS /2DTM is a second generation disk you can add up to 3 additional Shugart drives to your
memory system that's compatible with the new IBM system. Both the hardware and software are ready
System 34 format. The disk drive is a full -size Shugart when you are.
800R, the standard of reliability and performance in Ask your local computer store to order the
disk drives. It's delivered in a handsome cabinet with DISCUS /2DTM for you. Or, if unavailable locally, write
built -in power supply. Thinker Toys,TM 5221 Central Ave., Richmond, CA
The S -100 controller utilizes the amazing Western 94804. Or call (415) 524 -2101 weekdays, 10-5 Pacific
Digital 1791 dual- density controller chip ... plus Time. (FOB Berkeley. Cal. res. add tax.)
power -on jump circuitry, 1K of RAM, 1K of ROM with *CP /M is a trademark of Digital Research.
built -in monitor, and a hardware UART to make I/O
interfacing a snap. Morrow makes disk memory for
The DISCUS /2DTM system is fully integrated with
innovations by designer /inventor George Morrow.
Software includes BASIC -VTM virtual disk BASIC,
Thinker
"See us in booths 98 and 99 at the NCC"
Yule NIENTIFIG DOEI IT AGAIN
Ohio Scientific has taken its standard C3 computer and Yields the Microcomputer of the Future
married it to the new Shugart 29 Megabyte Winchester With an eye toward the future, the C3 -C, like all other
Drive. The result is the C3 -C. This new microcomputer C3'swasdesigned with provisions for future generation
now fills the vacuum that existed for computer users 16 bit microprocessors via plug -in options. There are
who need more mass storage capability than floppies ten open slots for lots of I/O and multi -user operation.
-
can offer yet until now, could not justify the additional Truly, the Ohio Scientific C3 -C is a computer with a
future.
cost of a larger capacity hard disk computer such as
our C3 -B 74 Megabyte disk system.
The new C3 -C computer
Winchester Technology
Winchester hard disk drives offer small business and with 29 Megabyte
professional computer users the logical solution to
mass storage problems that are beyond the capability
Winchester Hard Disk.
of floppy disks. n addition, Winchester
I
disksfeatureatrack seek-
time that is much better S9340 with 48K static
than floppies and because RAM and OS -65U
they spin at eight times the operating system
rate of floppies, Winches-
ters have a shorter latency.
Both of these points reflect
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advantage Winchester disks
have over floppies.
600K byte
Dual 8" floppys
Coupled to the C3 Computer
Ohio Scientific's award win-
ning C3 computer is a classic.
It is the only computer series
that utilizes the three most
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6502A, 68B00 and Z -80. This
tremendous processor versatil- Easy to configure
ity enables one to utilize a seem- and service.
Rack slide mounting
ingly endless selection of quality on all subassemblies..
programs available from Ohio 10open slots for
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Scientific's software library as
well asfrom many independent
suppliers.
Shugart SA -4008
And Advanced Software 29 Megabyte
Winchester Disk
For instance, there are single user, (23 Megabytes of
multi -user and network operating
systems. A complete turnkey small
orT formatted user space
under OS -65U).
business package, OS -AMCAP pro-

vides accounts receivable, accounts
payable, disbursements, cash re-
ceipts, general ledger, etc. OS -CP /M
offers a complete FORTRAN and
COBOL package. And there is WP -2, a
complete word processing system. For
information management, OS -DMS,
features an advanced file handling system
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OHIO SCIENTIFIC
1333 S. CHILLICOTHE RD., AURORA, OHIO 44202 (216) 562 -3101 OEM pricing available

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r

SOUTHWEST TECHNICAL PRODUCTS CORPORATION

EEITI 219 W. RHAPSODY

You can do surprising things

280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 (415) 964-7400

Use muscle signals to produce computer input

100 COMPUTER GENERATED MAPS, Part 2. by William D Johnston

60 MORE COLORS FOR YOUR APPLE, by Allen Watson Ill

70 A HOME FOR YOUR COMPUTER, by Joseph Dawes

146 The 1802 OP CODES, by Henry Melton

In This BYTE telligence into your computer system. David

Publishers Production Editors Circulation Manager Comptroller Drafting

4 June 1979 0 BYTE Publications Inc

Some Pleasant Surprises

The Honest -To-Business $12,000 Computer*

Circle 353 on inquiry card. BYTE lune 1979 5

6 lune 1979 <, BYTE Publications Inc

"Why? Shugart invented the minifloppy. The minifloppy."

minifloppy gives me fast random access and data

Buffalo, NY 836 -6511

8 lune 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 75 on inquiry card.

You'll find educational materials to give

nYTU lune 1979 9

Part 1: Defining Notation United States Dept of Commerce

In order to build a computer model of rules of many multivalued variables. We will

10 June 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 141 on inquiry card. .

INDUSTRIAL ROBOT KITS

PICTURED ABOVE: 3 -AXIS MANIPULATOR (KIT NO. 3) WITH ELECTRONICS - $750.00

SEND FOR DEALERS

411 `A pencil, a card, and this low-cost reader...

20710 Lassen Street

(213) 341 -9200

(a) Now,a book

Figure l: Defining space

States and Trajectories

A vector can specify a state. This is the

14 June 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

W is the command: Reach to Position A;

June 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc 15

to it than to any other VARIATION IN Si COMPONENT OF e

16 June 1979 CJ BY1E Publications Inc

which reads: y equals a function f of x. o 0 o

variables onto a set of states defined by de- the operator h as a func-

which reads, "f is a relationship which maps

hyperspace onto points in another.

ator h as a function which maps the input

lune 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc 17

Goal Seeking Control Systems

We are now ready to consider the struc-

Figure 13: A multivariable

is the vector C consisting

of the variables si thru s..

18 lune 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

may be caused by external forces imposed

Figure 14: A stationary C vector establishes a setpoint, and as time progresses

20 lune 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Assume that the command vector C in

subsequence P1, P2, P3, is called by the

Circle 66 on inquiry card. June 1979 ci BYTE Publications Inc 21

puls atino gdd.pn S21.00